4677:
very much alike and that mutual intelligibility still persists...". G. Trager (1946): "The two Tiwa groups are fairly homogeneous: Sandía and Isleta differ very little and are mutually completely intelligible; Taos and Picurís diverge more from each other. Further, the group as a whole is very similar: Taos and Picurís are each intelligible to the other three, and Sandía and Isleta are understood in the north, though with difficulty". G. Trager (1943): "Taos and Picurís are much alike, and mutually understandable. Sandía and Isleta are almost identical. A speaker of the southern languages can manage to understand the northern two, but the reverse is not true." F. Trager (1971): " is most closely related to Taos; these two languages are in part mutually intelligible." Harrington (1910) observed that an Isleta person (Southern Tiwa) communicated in "Mexican jargon" with Taos speakers as Taos and
Southern Tiwa were not mutually intelligible.
179:
1421:
5220:
203:
4676:
Sources on mutual intelligibility report conflicting information. Mithun (1999): "they are close but generally considered mutually unintelligible". But, G. Trager (1969): "The facts that there are considerable phonological differences between the two languages , but that the grammatical systems are
296:
Taos speakers have historically been reluctant to provide linguists with language data to work with and have preferred to keep their language secret from outsiders. G. Trager had to work with his consultants in private and keep their identities in confidence. The tendency for secrecy is a continuing
284:
in either
Spanish or English: speakers over 50 years of age were fluent in Spanish, adult speakers younger than 50 spoke Spanish and English, children around 5 years old could speak English but not Spanish—generally a decrease in age correlated with a decrease in Spanish fluency and an increase in
2627:
Nouns in classes II and III are opposed to class I in that they are inanimates. However, there is no apparent semantic motivation for distinguishing the types of nouns with membership in class II and class III. Both classes include body parts, plants, natural phenomena, and man-made materials.
301:
reaction starting in the 17th century in large part due to the oppressive persecution (including public executions and torture) of Pueblo religious practices by the colonial
Spanish. The Taos community has been particularly guarded about revealing their language (and culture) to outsiders when
4795:
Gomez, Henrietta. (2003). Written testimony of
Henrietta Gomez, Taos Pueblo Head Start Program Tiwa culture specialist and language instructor before the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs on the reauthorization of the Head Start Act and on Native American Indian language and culture. Online:
1492:
Nouns are generally composed of a noun stem with a following number suffix. The number suffixes distinguish between singular and plural. However, in verbs, three numbers are distinguished—singular, dual, and plural—because of this distinction in verbs the plural suffixes on nouns are more
292:
pressures. Nonetheless, it is one of 46 languages in North
America that are being spoken by significant numbers of children as of 1995 (Goddard 1996). The most recent estimate is from 1980 with about 800 native speakers out of 1600 ethnic population (50% of the population).
944:. However, his transcription differs between his earlier work exemplified by Trager (1946) and his later work following and explained in Trager (1948). The following chart lists the symbolization of Taos phonemes in Trager (1946) and Trager (1948) and also a corresponding
358:, which "does not formally encourage persons outside the tribe to learn their language" hosted a Tiwa Language Festival for tribal members to keep Tiwa from "going to sleep". The Cultural Education Committee hopes to incorporate the Tiwa language into
4737:
linguistic studies these suffixes are known as "inverse number" suffixes. In this type of analysis nouns belong to grammatical classes which have a default grammatical number specification. The inverse suffixes change (or toggle) to a non‑default
1600:
Taos nouns can be grouped into four grammatical classes based on which number affixes are required for the singular and duoplural inflectional forms. Trager calls these noun classes "genders". One class requires the singular suffix
3958:
The noun class system also applies to some other word types besides nouns. Demonstratives and some numerals are also inflected for number with different suffixes that agree with the noun that they modify.
4667:
For example, the Taos degree of Indian "blood" averaged around 95% in 1972. In 1970 only one
Spanish-American female and 23 non-Taos Indians were living in Taos Pueblo. See Bodine (1979) and Eggan (1979).
5366:
5371:
948:
symbolization. However, the chart only lists symbols that differ between the three—if Trager (1946), Trager (1948), and the IPA all use the same symbol it is not listed in the chart below.
1609:
in the duoplural. A third class requires the singular and duoplural suffixes for the singular and duoplural forms, respectively. A fourth class only occurs with the duoplural suffix
1245:
Both Trager (1946) and Trager (1948) use the same vowel symbolization. This symbols have roughly approximate values of corresponding IPA symbols except that the vowel transcribed as
1397:. Trager rescinded this view in Trager (1948) and onward. In Trager's terminology, primary stress is called "loud" stress, secondary stress is "normal", and unstressed is "weak".
288:
A more recent report by Gomez (2003) notes that the language "until a few years ago remained viable only in age groups of thirty and older", a sign that Taos is being affected by
4688:
5090:
1393:
The conflation between primary + high and secondary + high as well as primary + low and secondary + low in Trager (1946) was due to the belief that they were in
178:
5361:
213:
302:
compared with other eastern pueblos in New Mexico. Due to secrecy practices, the details of language preservation are not known outside of the community.
5258:
4114:(in both class I duoplural and class II singular). The following examples show the patterning of reduplication and number suffixes found by Trager.
1400:
The orthography used in this article is essentially that of Trager (1948) with one modification: Trager (1948: 158) mentioned that the glottal stop
1249:
by Trager is phonetically IPA and in Trager's phonemic categorizing a low back vowel (with rounding details irrelevant to the categorization).
3700:
nouns. All nouns in this class only are inflected with the duoplural. They may be semantically either singular or collective. Examples follow.
1605:
in the singular form and an inverse suffix in the duoplural. Another class requires an inverse suffix in the singular and the duoplural suffix
5083:
4716:
This list of consonants rests on Trager (1948). A different analysis is in Trager (1946) (and earlier publications). Both can be compared in
1548:"eye" (singular). Following the terminology used for other Tanoan languages, these will be called here "inverse" number suffixes. These
4871:
4863:
4797:
1552:
suffixes effectively indicate the grammatical number opposite the other suffix that appears on a given noun. Thus, since the stem
5224:
5076:
1921:). Membership of this class is represented by the following list of nouns (cited in the singular form). The first list uses the
4696:
945:
225:
322:
Taos belongs to a northern sub-grouping on the Tiwa branch of the Tanoan language family. It is closely related to and partly
5251:
1252:
More different is Trager's two ways of transcribing tone and stress. The table below shows the differences on the syllable
5133:
941:
1512:
can express either singular number or duoplural depending upon the grammatical class of noun. For example, the noun stem
4322:
Noun stems of the nouns in class I can standalone as free words when they are used to refer to persons as proper nouns.
151:
5148:
3995:
vowels occurring directly before number suffixes are this intervening vowel as there also some stems which end in a
1613:. The first two classes, which use an inverse suffix, can be separated into two subclasses based on whether inverse
1394:
5356:
5244:
4635:
280:(1946) notes that Taos was spoken by all members of the Taos Pueblo community. Additionally, most speakers were
4054:
represents the reduplication of any vowel that occurs at the end of the preceding noun stem. Thus "washing" is
1469:
235:
163:
169:
5099:
1481:
1405:
188:
5351:
5305:
5205:
5153:
4900:
4896:
1383:
1367:
1351:
1335:
1319:
1303:
1287:
1235:
1221:
1217:
1200:
1196:
1182:
1178:
1165:
1152:
1138:
1134:
1120:
1116:
1103:
1089:
1085:
1067:
1063:
1047:
1043:
1030:
1017:
1003:
999:
986:
973:
735:
727:
650:
632:
609:
602:
595:
573:
568:
556:
551:
544:
539:
519:
499:
494:
483:
478:
462:
451:
446:
335:
5128:
4588:
590:
323:
5023:
Trager, George L. (1961). Taos IV: Morphemics, syntax, semology in nouns and in pronominal reference.
5299:
901:
5189:
5184:
2628:
Loanwords are incorporated into both classes. Examples of nouns in class II follow. Those with the
658:
530:
327:
289:
5118:
5056:
Trager, George L.; & Trager, Felicia H. (1970). The cardinal directions at Taos and
Picuris.
4912:
1549:
1477:
1461:
917:
400:
390:
359:
4110:
The reduplication occurs in all four noun classes before the all number suffixes except inverse
5123:
4867:
4859:
440:
434:
427:
422:
415:
405:
285:
English fluency. Pre-school children and a few very old women were monolingual Taos speakers.
5293:
5267:
395:
298:
277:
184:
85:
4921:
Trager, George L. (1939). The days of the week in the language of Taos Pueblo, New Mexico.
5143:
5138:
563:
410:
77:
4658:
G. Trager's primary consultants in 1935 and 1937 were young men of about 30 years of age.
5332:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5113:
4825:
Harrington, J. P. (1910). An introductory paper on the Tiwa language, dialect of Taos.
4734:
4730:
4717:
4583:
4104:
3967:
When some stems are followed by the number suffixes, they are followed by a connecting
745:
620:
371:
331:
257:
90:
1420:
142:
5345:
5317:
5168:
5163:
4016:
3693:
1493:
appropriately duoplural (Trager uses the term "nonsingular"). The singular suffix is
343:
339:
4976:(pp. 184–221). New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research.
5158:
1886:
1404:
was not written when word-initial in the practical orthography he was teaching his
669:
4594:
722:
694:
355:
261:
202:
192:
156:
49:
4950:
Trager, George L. (1943). The kinship and status terms of the Tiwa languages.
4618:
4613:
1917:
1457:
763:
699:
265:
4019:
stem material appearing between the stem and the number suffix. For example,
17:
673:
506:
472:
377:
311:
281:
135:
118:
5068:
4972:
Trager, George L. (1946). An outline of Taos grammar. In C. Osgood (Ed.),
4939:
Trager, George L. (1942). The historical phonology of the Tiwa languages.
125:
4032:
3697:
1898:
654:
243:
231:
4916:
4763:
Bodine, John J. (1968). Taos names: A clue to linguistic acculturation.
3955:
Trager treats class III and IV as sub-classes of a larger single class.
1882:
239:
4785:(Vol. 9, pp. 224–235). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
4778:(Vol. 9, pp. 255–267). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
4103:
Further details about the phonology of the reduplication are found in
1907:
4836:
Harrington, J. P. (1916). Ambiguity in the Taos personal pronoun. In
1473:
1465:
210:
4792:(Vol. 17, pp. 1–16). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
5236:
665:
5045:
Trager, George L. (1969). Taos and
Picuris: How long separated?.
4961:
Trager, George L. (1944). Spanish and
English loanwords in Taos.
5240:
5072:
4881:. Memoirs of the American Folklore Society (Vol. 34). New York.
4781:
Eggan, Fred. (1979). Pueblos: Introduction. In A. Ortiz (Ed.),
1415:
679:
4788:
Goddard, Ives. (1999). Introduction. In I. Goddard (Ed.),
3975:
and in the inflected forms the intervening vowel appears:
242:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4990:
Trager, George L. (1954). Taos II: Pronominal reference.
3971:
vowel. For example, the word "flower" consists of a stem
5034:
Trager, George L. (1961). The typology of paralanguage.
5012:
Trager, George L. (1960). The name of Taos, New Mexico.
4979:
Trager, George L. (1948). Taos I: A language revisited.
4774:
Bodine, John J. (1979). Taos Pueblo. In A. Ortiz (Ed.),
4843:
Jones, William. (1960). Origin of the place name Taos.
1885:
nouns. The animate nouns include persons, animals, and
1432:
27:
Northern Tiwa dialect spoken in Taos Pueblo, New Mexico
5367:
4932:
Trager, George L. (1940). Appendix. In E. C. Parsons,
4814:
Harrington, J. P. (1909). Notes on the Piro language.
4803:
Hall, Robert. (1947). A note on Taos k'owena 'horse'.
4689:"Taos Pueblo works to keep Tiwa from 'going to sleep'"
1621:
is used. These are summarized in the following table.
672:
contrast. Taos has five (native) vowel clusters (i.e.
5372:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
4752:
de Angulo, Jaime. (1925). Taos kinship terminology.
5198:
5177:
5106:
4884:Trager, Felicia. (1971). The phonology of Picuris.
209:Taos is classified as Definitely Endangered by the
162:
150:
133:
116:
111:
74:
64:
56:
45:
37:
32:
5001:Trager, George L. (1960). Taos III: Paralanguage.
260:branch of the Tanoan language family is spoken in
4636:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
3048:Examples of noun in class III are the following:
1897:"egg". The class includes both native words and
4798:indian.senate.gov/2003hrgs/092503hrg/gomez.PDF
4105:Taos phonology: Reduplicative vowel patterning
2441:The following belong to noun class I with the
5252:
5084:
5047:International Journal of American Linguistics
5025:International Journal of American Linguistics
4992:International Journal of American Linguistics
4981:International Journal of American Linguistics
4963:International Journal of American Linguistics
4886:International Journal of American Linguistics
4805:International Journal of American Linguistics
4790:Handbook of North American Indians: Languages
4783:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
4776:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
195:is about two miles north of the city of Taos.
8:
334:). It is slightly more distantly related to
4840:(pp. 142–156). Washington: J.W. Bryan.
1524:"judges". On the other hand, the noun stem
5259:
5245:
5237:
5091:
5077:
5069:
4042:and a copy of the final vowel of the stem
4038:. This duplifix consists of the consonant
1572:"mountain". And, likewise, since the stem
1516:"judge" is duoplural with the addition of
1468:. Additionally, they may be inflected for
201:
177:
29:
4858:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4031:. Between the stem and the suffix is the
1889:. Two non-animate nouns in the class are
1528:"wheel" is singular with the addition of
4341:
4118:
1625:
1260:
952:
788:
685:
384:
214:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
4606:
3991:"woman". However, not all instances of
2873:Examples of nouns in class II with the
940:Taos has been transcribed by Trager in
376:According to one analysis, Taos has 18
236:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4974:Linguistic structures in North America
3692:The final class IV consists of mostly
1881:Noun class I is composed of primarily
1556:"mountain" requires the plural suffix
4856:The languages of Native North America
4466:
4463:
4407:
1576:"robin" requires the singular suffix
387:
7:
4046:. The duplifix may be symbolized as
276:In data collected in 1935 and 1937,
5362:Indigenous languages of New Mexico
25:
3979:"flower". Other examples include
1925:inverse suffix in the duoplural.
1408:—this practice is followed here.
314:variation in the 1930 and 1940s.
5219:
5218:
4027:and the duoplural number suffix
1419:
420:
4023:"washing" consists of the stem
1560:in the duoplural form (namely,
4877:Parsons, Elsie Clews. (1940).
1580:in the singular form (namely,
1484:with the number of noun stem.
1:
1476:that indicate the number and
942:Americanist phonetic notation
5129:Keresan Pueblo Sign Language
4687:Jim O'Donnell (2012-07-23).
4003:"coyote" which has the stem
1497:and the duoplural suffix is
1480:of the possessor as well as
1326:secondary stress + high tone
668:—five of these have an oral-
5058:Anthropological Linguistics
5036:Anthropological Linguistics
5014:Anthropological Linguistics
5003:Anthropological Linguistics
4845:Anthropological Linguistics
4765:Anthropological Linguistics
1358:secondary stress + low tone
1294:secondary stress + mid tone
5388:
4895:Trager, George L. (1936).
4854:Mithun, Marianne. (1999).
2877:inverse suffix are below.
2632:inverse suffix are below.
1564:"mountains"), the inverse
1544:"mothers" (duoplural) and
1504:Two other number suffixes
1395:complementary distribution
1310:primary stress + high tone
900:Taos has three degrees of
369:
310:George L. Trager found no
5326:
5274:
5214:
4838:Holmes anniversary volume
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4507:
4457:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4401:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4348:
4124:
4121:
4062:. Other examples include
4058:, which after copying is
1849:
1730:
1722:
1645:
1642:
1342:primary stress + low tone
1278:primary stress + mid tone
1264:Stress + Tone combination
796:
698:
693:
619:
589:
562:
529:
505:
433:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
222:
200:
176:
146: Taos Northern Tiwa
5100:Languages of New Mexico
4952:American Anthropologist
4827:American Anthropologist
4816:American Anthropologist
4754:American Anthropologist
4624:(subscription required)
4015:Several noun stem have
2140:"maternal grandmother"
1936:"paternal grandmother"
1588:marks the duoplural in
1536:"wheel". Examples with
5206:American Sign Language
4941:Studies in Linguistics
4897:ðəlɛŋgwiɟəvðəpweblowəv
4589:Category:Taos language
1901:from Spanish (such as
1584:"robin"), the inverse
1568:marks the singular in
318:Genealogical relations
224:This article contains
4336:Pronominal inflection
2364:"governor of pueblo"
324:mutually intelligible
290:language endangerment
5134:Mescalero-Chiricahua
4313:Place-gender (local)
3244:"carpenter's apron"
187:("Taos village") in
183:Location of city of
5190:New Mexican Spanish
5185:New Mexican English
916:, as well as three
791:
688:
659:New Mexican Spanish
3313:"(Catholic) mass"
2848:"rubber (object)"
2336:"daughter-in-law"
2327:"Cheyenne Indian"
2267:"younger brother"
1478:grammatical person
1462:grammatical number
1431:. You can help by
789:
686:
649:The alveolar flap
306:Language variation
5339:
5338:
5333:extinct languages
5234:
5233:
4905:Maître Phonétique
4622:(18th ed., 2015)
4570:
4569:
4303:
4302:
4293:
4283:
4265:
4255:
4237:
4227:
4209:
4199:
4181:
4171:
4153:
4143:
4099:
4098:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3936:
3927:
3884:
3827:
3818:
3809:
3778:
3755:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3688:
3687:
3664:
3653:
3644:
3635:
3624:
3615:
3606:
3563:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3491:
3454:
3431:
3374:
3365:
3356:
3345:
3336:
3327:
3316:
3301:
3270:
3255:
3218:
3209:
3192:
3183:
3166:
3157:
3146:
3137:
3088:"deerhide strip"
3080:
3071:
3062:
3044:
3043:
3020:
2997:
2869:
2868:
2851:
2842:
2813:
2802:
2793:
2776:
2767:
2730:
2681:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2623:
2622:
2571:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2396:"paternal uncle"
2390:
2373:
2330:
2321:
2298:
2235:"younger sister"
2227:
2218:
2209:
2192:
2183:
2172:
2163:"maternal uncle"
2157:
2126:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2074:
2011:
1877:
1876:
1682:"maternal aunts"
1678:"maternal aunt",
1488:Number inflection
1449:
1448:
1389:
1388:
1247:⟨o⟩
1241:
1240:
897:
896:
888:
887:
781:
780:
645:
644:
475:
443:
250:
249:
232:rendering support
228:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
5379:
5357:Tanoan languages
5268:Tanoan languages
5261:
5254:
5247:
5238:
5222:
5221:
5149:Plains Sign Talk
5093:
5086:
5079:
5070:
4902:
4898:
4739:
4727:
4721:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4695:. Archived from
4684:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4659:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4611:
4342:
4292:no reduplication
4291:
4281:
4263:
4253:
4235:
4225:
4207:
4198:no reduplication
4197:
4179:
4169:
4152:no reduplication
4151:
4141:
4119:
4067:
4066:
3945:
3934:
3925:
3924:"baking powder"
3882:
3825:
3816:
3807:
3776:
3753:
3730:
3721:
3712:
3705:
3704:
3662:
3651:
3642:
3633:
3622:
3613:
3604:
3561:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3511:"land, country"
3489:
3452:
3429:
3372:
3363:
3354:
3343:
3334:
3325:
3314:
3299:
3268:
3253:
3216:
3207:
3190:
3181:
3164:
3155:
3144:
3135:
3078:
3069:
3060:
3053:
3052:
3018:
2995:
2882:
2881:
2849:
2840:
2811:
2800:
2791:
2774:
2765:
2728:
2679:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2643:"glass tumbler"
2637:
2636:
2569:
2450:
2449:
2445:inverse suffix.
2431:
2388:
2371:
2328:
2319:
2310:"older brother"
2296:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2206:"Navajo Indian"
2190:
2181:
2170:
2155:
2124:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2072:
2045:"nephew, niece"
2039:"maternal aunt"
2019:"paternal aunt"
2009:
1930:
1929:
1626:
1464:with the number
1444:
1441:
1423:
1416:
1385:
1369:
1353:
1337:
1321:
1305:
1289:
1261:
1248:
1237:
1223:
1219:
1202:
1198:
1184:
1180:
1167:
1154:
1140:
1136:
1122:
1118:
1105:
1091:
1087:
1069:
1065:
1049:
1045:
1032:
1019:
1005:
1001:
988:
975:
953:
797:Final component
792:
737:
729:
689:
680:
652:
634:
611:
604:
597:
575:
570:
558:
553:
546:
541:
521:
501:
496:
485:
480:
471:
464:
453:
448:
439:
385:
278:George L. Trager
272:Sociolinguistics
216:
205:
181:
172:
145:
128:
121:
80:
30:
21:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5322:
5270:
5265:
5235:
5230:
5210:
5194:
5173:
5102:
5097:
5067:
4748:
4743:
4742:
4728:
4724:
4715:
4711:
4702:
4700:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4644:
4642:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4580:
4574:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4013:
3999:vowel, such as
3965:
3769:"chili powder"
3670:"burning coal"
3305:mę̀diaxų̀ci’ína
2744:"chief's cane"
2402:"older sister"
2071:"Kiowa Indian"
1864:
1829:
1785:
1749:
1705:
1669:
1598:
1490:
1456:Taos nouns are
1454:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1429:needs expansion
1414:
1246:
1211:
1078:
1057:
938:
898:
803:
790:Vowel clusters
374:
368:
352:
320:
308:
274:
230:Without proper
218:
217:
208:
196:
168:
141:
129:(Northern Tiwa)
124:
117:
107:
81:
78:Language family
76:
70:800 (2007)
67:
66:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5385:
5383:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5344:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5296:
5286:
5281:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5241:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5073:
5066:
5065:
5054:
5043:
5032:
5021:
5010:
4999:
4988:
4977:
4970:
4959:
4948:
4937:
4930:
4919:
4893:
4882:
4875:
4852:
4841:
4834:
4823:
4812:
4801:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4761:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4722:
4718:Taos phonology
4709:
4679:
4669:
4660:
4651:
4640:www.unesco.org
4627:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4584:Taos phonology
4579:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4259:kwę̀xòci‑’í‑ne
4256:
4251:
4249:kwę̀xòci‑’í‑na
4245:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4012:
4009:
3964:
3963:Connecting -e-
3961:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3933:"baking soda"
3928:
3919:
3912:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3876:
3869:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3849:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3829:
3828:
3819:
3810:
3800:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3780:
3779:
3770:
3764:
3757:
3756:
3747:
3741:
3734:
3733:
3724:
3715:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3655:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3616:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3554:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3525:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3505:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3482:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3462:
3461:
3455:
3446:
3439:
3438:
3432:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3382:"adobe brick"
3376:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3318:
3317:
3308:
3302:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3272:
3271:
3262:
3256:
3246:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3210:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3158:
3148:
3147:
3138:
3129:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3082:
3081:
3072:
3063:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3012:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2989:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2962:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2853:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2804:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2778:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2732:
2731:
2722:
2716:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2673:
2666:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2573:
2572:
2563:
2557:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2381:
2380:
2379:"hummingbird"
2374:
2365:
2358:
2357:
2356:"grandfather"
2351:
2345:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2322:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2287:"louse, flea"
2282:
2281:"rattlesnake"
2276:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2229:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2164:
2158:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2118:
2112:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2066:
2060:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1915:"cousin" from
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1597:
1596:Number classes
1594:
1489:
1486:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1426:
1424:
1413:
1410:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
997:
994:
990:
989:
984:
981:
977:
976:
971:
968:
964:
963:
960:
957:
937:
934:
895:
894:
890:
889:
886:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
869:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
852:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
835:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
818:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
799:
798:
795:
784:
783:
782:
779:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
760:
759:
757:
754:
751:
748:
742:
741:
738:
733:
730:
725:
719:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
702:
697:
692:
678:
647:
646:
643:
642:
640:
638:
636:
629:
627:
625:
623:
617:
616:
614:
612:
607:
605:
600:
598:
593:
587:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
571:
566:
560:
559:
554:
549:
547:
542:
537:
535:
533:
527:
526:
524:
522:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
503:
502:
497:
492:
490:
488:
486:
481:
476:
468:
467:
465:
460:
458:
456:
454:
449:
444:
437:
431:
430:
425:
419:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
372:Taos phonology
370:Main article:
367:
364:
354:In July 2012,
351:
348:
332:Picuris Pueblo
319:
316:
307:
304:
273:
270:
248:
247:
234:, you may see
220:
219:
207:
206:
198:
197:
182:
174:
173:
166:
160:
159:
154:
148:
147:
139:
131:
130:
122:
114:
113:
112:Language codes
109:
108:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
84:
82:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
47:
43:
42:
39:
38:Native to
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5384:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5352:Taos language
5350:
5349:
5347:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5306:Southern Tiwa
5304:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5262:
5257:
5255:
5250:
5248:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5227:
5226:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5154:Southern Tiwa
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5089:
5087:
5082:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5053:(2), 180–182.
5052:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5031:(3), 211–222.
5030:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4998:(3), 173–180.
4997:
4993:
4989:
4987:(3), 155–160.
4986:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4969:(4), 144–158.
4968:
4964:
4960:
4958:(1), 557–571.
4957:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4872:0-521-29875-X
4869:
4865:
4864:0-521-23228-7
4861:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4822:(4), 563–594.
4821:
4817:
4813:
4811:(2), 117–118.
4810:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4760:(3), 482-483.
4759:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4736:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4699:on 2012-08-11
4698:
4694:
4693:The Taos News
4690:
4683:
4680:
4673:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4614:Taos language
4610:
4607:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4591:on Wiktionary
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4575:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4323:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4298:
4295:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4282:reduplication
4280:
4278:
4277:mę̀sotu‑’ú‑na
4275:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4264:reduplication
4262:
4260:
4257:
4254:reduplication
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4236:reduplication
4234:
4232:
4229:
4226:reduplication
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4208:reduplication
4206:
4204:
4201:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4180:reduplication
4178:
4176:
4173:
4170:reduplication
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4142:reduplication
4140:
4138:
4137:c’ìliyo‑’ó‑na
4135:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4011:Reduplication
4010:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3983:"chin, jaw",
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3823:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3767:cìlithə̀o’óne
3765:
3763:"chili soup"
3762:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3406:p’ȍtukw’ilóna
3404:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3290:"fingernail"
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3230:kwìawìp’į́ęna
3228:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2799:"frying pan"
2798:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2350:"son-in-law"
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:"grandchild"
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:kinship terms
1884:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:according to
1459:
1451:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1427:This section
1425:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1084:
1081:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
998:
995:
992:
991:
985:
982:
979:
978:
972:
969:
966:
965:
961:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
949:
947:
943:
936:Transcription
935:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
893:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
870:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
853:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
819:
815:
812:
809:
806:
801:
800:
794:
793:
787:
786:
785:
776:
773:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
739:
734:
731:
726:
724:
721:
720:
716:
713:
710:
707:
705:
704:
701:
696:
691:
690:
684:
683:
682:
681:
677:
675:
671:
667:
664:Taos has six
662:
660:
656:
641:
639:
637:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
618:
615:
613:
608:
606:
601:
599:
594:
592:
588:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
572:
567:
565:
561:
555:
550:
548:
543:
538:
536:
534:
532:
528:
525:
523:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
504:
498:
493:
491:
489:
487:
482:
477:
474:
470:
469:
466:
461:
459:
457:
455:
450:
445:
442:
438:
436:
432:
429:
426:
424:
421:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
386:
383:
382:
381:
379:
373:
365:
363:
362:in the fall.
361:
357:
349:
347:
345:
344:Sandia Pueblo
341:
340:Isleta Pueblo
337:
336:Southern Tiwa
333:
329:
325:
317:
315:
313:
305:
303:
300:
294:
291:
286:
283:
279:
271:
269:
267:
263:
259:
258:Northern Tiwa
255:
254:Taos language
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
227:
221:
215:
212:
204:
199:
194:
190:
186:
180:
175:
171:
167:
165:
161:
158:
155:
153:
149:
144:
140:
138:
137:
132:
127:
123:
120:
115:
110:
100:
97:
96:
95:Northern Tiwa
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:
83:
79:
73:
69:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:United States
40:
36:
31:
19:
18:Northern Tiwa
5328:
5310:
5298:
5284:Jemez (Towa)
5223:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5013:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4922:
4908:
4904:
4901:*nuwmeksikow
4889:
4885:
4878:
4855:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4804:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4753:
4746:Bibliography
4725:
4712:
4701:. Retrieved
4697:the original
4692:
4682:
4672:
4663:
4654:
4643:. Retrieved
4639:
4630:
4617:
4609:
4573:
4321:
4308:Stress shift
4286:
4276:
4258:
4248:
4230:
4220:
4203:yùwola‑’á‑ne
4202:
4192:
4174:
4164:
4146:
4136:
4111:
4109:
4102:
4090:
4080:
4070:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4017:reduplicated
4014:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3957:
3954:
3941:
3930:
3921:
3915:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3887:
3878:
3872:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3821:
3812:
3803:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3772:
3766:
3761:cìliłə̀’ə́ne
3760:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3727:biną̀gre’éne
3726:
3717:
3708:
3691:
3681:
3673:
3667:
3658:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3618:
3609:
3600:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3572:
3566:
3560:"bedspring"
3557:
3546:
3537:
3528:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3500:
3494:
3485:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3457:
3448:
3442:
3434:
3425:
3422:"underwear"
3419:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3368:
3359:
3353:"appletree"
3350:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3310:
3304:
3295:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3264:
3258:
3249:
3241:
3235:
3232:"racetrack"
3229:
3222:kwę̀xòci’ína
3221:
3212:
3203:
3196:kòwmą̏celéna
3195:
3186:
3180:"bed frame"
3177:
3169:
3160:
3151:
3140:
3131:
3125:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3074:
3065:
3056:
3047:
3037:
3031:
3023:
3014:
3008:
3000:
2992:telędúnenemą
2991:
2985:
2978:piakə̀nénemą
2977:
2971:
2965:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2874:
2872:
2862:
2856:
2845:
2836:
2830:
2822:
2816:
2807:
2796:
2787:
2781:
2770:
2761:
2755:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2684:
2675:
2669:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2629:
2626:
2616:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2568:"policeman"
2565:
2559:
2553:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2442:
2440:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2399:
2393:
2384:
2376:
2367:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2307:
2301:
2295:"white man"
2292:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2166:
2160:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2100:"godfather"
2098:kumpàyli’ína
2097:
2091:"godmother"
2088:
2079:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1905:"mare" from
1902:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1806:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1726:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1646:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1455:
1437:
1433:adding to it
1428:
1401:
1399:
1392:
1253:
1251:
1244:
939:
929:
925:
921:
913:
909:
905:
899:
891:
687:Oral Vowels
663:
653:is found in
648:
375:
353:
321:
309:
295:
287:
275:
253:
251:
223:
191:New Mexico.
164:Linguasphere
134:
98:
60:1,600 (2007)
52:, New Mexico
5064:(2), 31–37.
5042:(1), 17–21.
5009:(2), 24–30.
4936:. New York.
4833:(1), 11–48.
4771:(5), 23-27.
4595:Taos Pueblo
4326:Compounding
4271:"bracelet"
4081:cìwyu‑’ú‑na
3910:"clothing"
3786:"sickness"
3775:"gasoline"
3718:benę̀nu’úne
3661:"charcoal"
3639:tumą̀ti’ína
3601:tį̀ęndo’óna
3547:rarą̀xu’úna
3497:"trousers"
3351:monsònu’úna
3340:moltìyu’úna
3322:mę̀sotu’úna
3284:"buckskin"
3224:"bracelet"
3178:komòlto’óna
3114:"question"
3092:c’òwowo’óna
3068:"suitcase"
2960:"mountain"
2894:"shoulder"
2782:p’ȍk’úowoną
2764:"stocking"
2591:"bluebird"
2556:"daughter"
2245:p’ȍwàya’ána
2089:kumàyli’ína
2025:"relative"
1956:"squirrel"
1954:c’ùwala’ána
1893:"doll" and
1762:"leggings"
1758:"legging",
1570:p’íane‑nemą
1270:Trager 1948
1267:Trager 1946
959:Trager 1948
956:Trager 1946
591:Approximant
356:Taos Pueblo
338:(spoken at
330:(spoken at
262:Taos Pueblo
238:instead of
193:Taos Pueblo
189:Taos County
50:Taos Pueblo
5346:Categories
5107:Indigenous
4947:(5), 1-10.
4934:Taos tales
4879:Taos tales
4703:2012-09-27
4645:2018-05-23
4619:Ethnologue
4287:mę́sotu‑ne
4221:yò‑’ó‑nemą
4147:c’íliyo‑ną
4128:Noun class
4125:Duoplural
3985:kwían‑e‑na
3977:pȍb‑é‑nemą
3835:"tobacco"
3824:"lettuce"
3822:lecùgo’óne
3773:gosulínene
3729:"vinegar"
3619:tomòli’ína
3610:tìkiti’ína
3589:"stomach"
3558:supòno’óna
3503:"pumpkin"
3298:"machine"
3296:mąkìno’óna
3288:mą̏c’élena
3206:"cabbage"
3098:cą̀pienéna
3015:xomúnenemą
2972:phùolénemą
2958:p’íanenemą
2940:"blanket"
2932:kə̀obénemą
2790:"blanket"
2701:"juniper"
2699:hų̏p’ôhaną
2672:"legging"
2536:"sparrow"
2528:"old man"
2502:"Mexican"
2488:"buffalo"
2456:"bluejay"
2420:upę̀yu’úna
2368:tràmpi’ína
2354:tàłułi’ína
2334:sə̀oyi’ína
2302:phų̀yu’úna
2239:p’ȍ’ǫ́yona
2222:oxènti’ína
2215:"soldier"
2154:"teacher"
2134:"chicken"
2029:k’ùo’ȕ’úna
2008:"rooster"
1718:"persons"
1714:"person",
1700:"mother",
1592:"robins".
1470:possession
1406:informants
1374:unstressed
914:unstressed
804:component
674:diphthongs
378:consonants
360:Head Start
266:New Mexico
5331:indicate
5119:Jicarilla
5020:(3), 5–6.
4911:, 59–62.
4851:(3), 2–4.
4511:Singular
4461:Singular
4405:Singular
4318:Vocatives
4299:"church"
4296:Class III
4268:Class III
4193:yúwola‑ną
4175:ȕ‑’ú‑nemą
4122:Singular
3987:"bitch",
3981:ȍd‑é‑nemą
3922:pòwdo’óne
3879:obènu’úne
3867:"return"
3865:mùoli’íne
3806:"coffee"
3720:"poison"
3711:"adobe"
3709:adùbi’íne
3668:úypha’ána
3641:"tomato"
3630:tròki’ína
3621:"tamale"
3612:"ticket"
3587:thį̀ę’éna
3549:"orange"
3538:ràncu’úna
3486:plòso’óna
3420:pànąthóna
3412:p’ȍxəłóna
3380:ną̀xù’úna
3371:"button"
3369:mųstúnena
3362:"pocket"
3360:mùlso’óna
3342:"hammer"
3331:mį̀yo’óna
3324:"church"
3311:mę̀so’óna
3307:"garter"
3242:kwę̀mų́na
3187:kòmpu’úna
3154:"canyon"
3143:"street"
3134:"cheese"
3128:"cherry"
3112:cìakǫ’óna
3077:"button"
3059:"valley"
3001:wę̀’énemą
2988:"flower"
2946:mą̏nénemą
2928:"cradle"
2926:kə̀nénemą
2918:kə̏dénemą
2912:k’ə́onemą
2906:į̏ęnénemą
2750:"window"
2748:łòxwóloną
2715:"ladder"
2707:"willow"
2695:"weapon"
2693:hų́łoliną
2652:"bottle"
2605:"father"
2599:"person"
2579:"friend"
2562:"rabbit"
2508:"maiden"
2468:"mother"
2414:ȕłęłę’éna
2394:tų̀łu’úna
2318:"cousin"
2316:prìmu’úna
2293:phonsáyna
2279:pę̀cu’úna
2275:"orphan"
2273:pènku’úna
2261:"beaver"
2253:p’ȍxwíana
2241:"spider"
2233:p’àyu’úna
2196:mų̀si’ína
2187:mùoya’ána
2180:"donkey"
2178:mùldu’úna
2152:mèstu’úna
2117:"magpie"
2109:kùylulúna
2063:kòw’ȕ’úna
2051:"badger"
2049:kòlno’óna
2023:k’òwa’ána
2017:į̀ęmę’éna
1994:ə̀wyu’úna
1966:cìwyu’úna
1948:"coyote"
1913:prìmu’úna
1899:loanwords
1895:p’ȍxwíana
1873:"coffee"
1744:"wheel",
1704:"mothers"
1664:"judge",
1638:Examples
1635:Duoplural
1590:cìbíki‑ną
1582:cìbikí‑na
1562:p’íane‑ne
1458:inflected
1002:(1946),
910:secondary
655:loanwords
531:Fricative
507:Affricate
473:voiceless
366:Phonology
312:dialectal
282:bilingual
136:Glottolog
119:ISO 639-3
57:Ethnicity
5225:Category
5178:European
4929:, 51–55.
4923:Language
4917:44704883
4892:, 29–33.
4578:See also
4489:mąpę-n-
4413:mąpę-n-
4397:Inverse
4391:Singular
4382:Singular
4373:Singular
4349:Objects
4240:Class II
4231:yò‑’ó‑ne
4215:"skirt"
4212:Class II
4091:ȉa‑’á‑ne
4071:cì‑’í‑ne
4060:ko‑’o‑ne
4056:ko‑’V‑ne
4033:duplifix
4001:c’ȕné‑na
3989:łȉw‑é‑na
3931:sùdo’óne
3904:"water"
3898:"steam"
3896:p’ȍxúone
3888:p’ȍcíane
3847:"wheat"
3841:"grass"
3815:"cocoa"
3813:kùku’úne
3796:į̀ękǫ́ne
3784:hə́olene
3752:"chili"
3750:cìli’íne
3740:"liver"
3698:deverbal
3694:abstract
3676:"penis"
3650:"grape"
3632:"truck"
3603:"store"
3573:t’ółəona
3569:"cheek"
3567:t’àmų́na
3540:"ranch"
3531:"cigar"
3529:pùru’úna
3515:púlulúna
3472:pį̏ę’éna
3468:"heart"
3451:"peach"
3437:"cloud"
3426:pèro’óna
3400:p’ȍpə́na
3388:"bread"
3267:"lemon"
3265:lìmunéna
3213:kùti’ína
3204:kùli’ína
3172:"vulva"
3161:kèke’éna
3152:kayúnena
3141:kàyi’ína
3132:kàsu’úna
3120:"shirt"
3100:"yeast"
3094:"ankle"
3075:bùtúnena
3066:belísena
3057:bòyi’ína
3038:yò’ónemą
2986:pȍbénemą
2980:"chest"
2974:"yucca"
2900:"cedar"
2865:"skirt"
2863:yúwolaną
2857:xų̀p’íną
2839:"towel"
2833:"birch"
2819:"wheel"
2788:pisóloną
2773:"table"
2762:mę́dianą
2758:"glove"
2756:mą̂nmųną
2742:łòwatúną
2738:"mouth"
2727:"quilt"
2725:kwíltoną
2719:kwę́łoną
2713:į̂ęthuną
2650:butéyoną
2609:ȕp’iléna
2583:sə́onena
2566:pulísena
2546:pə̏’ə́na
2526:łùłi’ína
2522:"woman"
2516:"bitch"
2514:kwíanena
2506:kwə́lena
2462:"eagle"
2428:yàwo’óna
2416:"youth"
2385:tùlu’úna
2377:tȕculóna
2370:"tramp"
2344:"giant"
2342:t’òyłóna
2325:sayénuna
2285:phìayána
2224:"agent"
2213:nòdu’úna
2204:nábahuna
2167:mùlo’óna
2115:kw’àyána
2111:"skunk"
2080:kùci’ína
2057:kòsi’ína
2043:kìłu’úna
2006:gòyu’úna
2002:"quail"
1988:"judge"
1980:cùlo’óna
1976:"mouse"
1962:"robin"
1960:cìbikína
1903:yàwo’óna
1826:pùlulúne
1824:"plum",
1822:pùlulúna
1748:"wheels"
1716:t’óynemą
1668:"judges"
1632:Singular
1540:include
1482:agreeing
1474:prefixes
1466:suffixes
1440:May 2008
1220:(1946),
1199:(1946),
1181:(1946),
1137:(1946),
1119:(1946),
1088:(1946),
1066:(1946),
1046:(1946),
401:Alveolar
391:Bilabial
297:general
244:Help:IPA
170:64-CAA-a
143:nort1550
5329:Italics
5294:Picuris
5144:Picuris
5124:Keresan
4866:(hbk);
4738:number.
4557:Plural
4552:ąpę-n-
4494:Plural
4458:Second
4444:Plural
4439:ąpę-n-
4361:Second
4243:"song"
4184:Class I
4165:ȕ‑’ú‑na
4156:Class I
4095:"corn"
4085:"bird"
4075:"knot"
3918:"fire"
3916:phà’áne
3902:p’ȍ’óne
3881:"oats"
3875:"soil"
3873:ną̀méne
3861:"rain"
3855:"wood"
3845:łitǫ́ne
3804:kopháne
3798:"hail"
3792:"corn"
3746:"knot"
3682:xwílena
3648:ùbo’óna
3593:thȕléna
3583:"bean"
3523:"ball"
3521:pùohóna
3517:"plum"
3509:pǫ̏’óna
3495:pòmų́na
3488:"city"
3480:"road"
3460:"hair"
3449:phò’ína
3445:"nose"
3443:phə́yna
3428:"pear"
3414:"star"
3408:"mint"
3394:"moon"
3386:p’ȍkúna
3333:"mile"
3276:łòxóyna
3261:"belt"
3215:"coat"
3198:"hoof"
3189:"camp"
3163:"cake"
3108:"anus"
3086:c’únena
3040:"song"
3032:xų́nemą
3011:"wind"
3009:wǫ́nemą
3003:"pine"
2994:"fork"
2968:"head"
2966:p’ínemą
2954:"chin"
2952:ȍdénemą
2948:"hand"
2934:"shoe"
2920:"door"
2914:"neck"
2908:"foot"
2898:hų̂nemą
2859:"knee"
2837:tûoyoną
2831:tų́łęną
2825:"tree"
2817:t’áwaną
2810:"silk"
2797:púeloną
2771:mę́soną
2736:łòmų́ną
2687:"lung"
2685:hǫ́luną
2676:hálgoną
2670:cìatúną
2661:"boot"
2611:"baby"
2603:tǫ̏ména
2554:phȉwéna
2548:"fish"
2542:"deer"
2534:p’į́wna
2494:kǫ̏wéna
2482:"wolf"
2476:"bear"
2454:c’ȁwéna
2430:"mare"
2422:"girl"
2408:tùxwána
2387:"bull"
2265:p’ǫ́yna
2259:p’óyona
2247:"worm"
2169:"mule"
2161:mį̏mína
2144:mą́kuna
2123:"king"
2069:kóywona
2065:"colt"
2031:"lamb"
2000:hȕolóna
1968:"bird"
1946:c’ȕnéna
1942:"doll"
1940:c’ìpána
1934:àłu’úna
1891:c’ìpána
1883:animate
1871:kopháne
1863:"liver"
1842:"axes"
1838:"axe",
1828:"plums"
1818:pululu‑
1798:"arms"
1794:"arm",
1780:"eye",
1760:cìatúne
1756:cìatúną
1746:t’áwane
1742:t’áwaną
1574:cibiki‑
1554:p’iane‑
1550:inverse
1546:cí‑nemą
1542:ká‑nemą
1534:t’áwaną
1412:Grammar
1224:(1948)
1203:(1948)
1185:(1948)
1141:(1948)
1123:(1948)
1092:(1948)
1070:(1948)
1006:(1948)
1004:tʃʔ~tsʔ
1000:tʃʼ~tsʼ
906:primary
802:Initial
435:Plosive
428:lateral
423:central
416:Glottal
406:Palatal
350:History
328:Picurís
256:of the
240:Unicode
5139:Navajo
4915:
4899:Taos (
4870:
4862:
4526:mą-n-
4508:Third
4503:mąpi-
4416:mąpi-
4402:First
4394:Plural
4388:Plural
4379:Plural
4364:Third
4358:First
4187:"son"
4159:"bat"
4131:Gloss
4050:where
4021:kò’óne
4005:c’ùne‑
3946:(loan)
3944:"tea"
3935:(loan)
3926:(loan)
3890:"ice"
3883:(loan)
3859:łùléne
3853:łò’óne
3826:(loan)
3817:(loan)
3808:(loan)
3790:ȉa’áne
3777:(loan)
3754:(loan)
3744:cì’íne
3731:(loan)
3722:(loan)
3713:(loan)
3684:"bow"
3663:(loan)
3652:(loan)
3643:(loan)
3634:(loan)
3623:(loan)
3614:(loan)
3605:(loan)
3595:"sun"
3575:"ear"
3562:(loan)
3551:(loan)
3542:(loan)
3533:(loan)
3490:(loan)
3478:pį́ęna
3474:"bed"
3453:(loan)
3435:phę́na
3430:(loan)
3402:"sky"
3373:(loan)
3364:(loan)
3355:(loan)
3344:(loan)
3335:(loan)
3326:(loan)
3315:(loan)
3300:(loan)
3278:"lip"
3269:(loan)
3259:lílena
3254:(loan)
3252:"law"
3238:"axe"
3217:(loan)
3208:(loan)
3191:(loan)
3182:(loan)
3165:(loan)
3156:(loan)
3145:(loan)
3136:(loan)
3126:ə̂bena
3118:cûdena
3106:cȅdéna
3079:(loan)
3070:(loan)
3061:(loan)
3034:"leg"
3026:"arm"
3024:xónemą
3019:(loan)
3017:"ham"
2996:(loan)
2938:kínemą
2892:ę́nemą
2888:"eye"
2886:cínemą
2850:(loan)
2841:(loan)
2823:túłoną
2812:(loan)
2808:sédoną
2801:(loan)
2792:(loan)
2784:"fir"
2775:(loan)
2766:(loan)
2729:(loan)
2721:"oak"
2705:íałoną
2680:(loan)
2678:"rug"
2663:(loan)
2659:bútoną
2654:(loan)
2645:(loan)
2641:bósuną
2619:"son"
2597:t’óyna
2589:sȕléna
2585:"man"
2577:púyena
2570:(loan)
2560:pȉwéna
2520:łȉwéna
2500:kwę́na
2496:"owl"
2486:kònéna
2480:kòléna
2474:kə́ona
2460:cíwena
2432:(loan)
2410:"fox"
2400:tùtúna
2389:(loan)
2372:(loan)
2362:tòbúna
2348:tà’ána
2329:(loan)
2320:(loan)
2308:pòpóna
2304:"fly"
2297:(loan)
2255:"egg"
2226:(loan)
2217:(loan)
2208:(loan)
2198:"cat"
2191:(loan)
2182:(loan)
2171:(loan)
2156:(loan)
2138:łìtúna
2132:lìlúna
2125:(loan)
2102:(loan)
2093:(loan)
2084:(loan)
2082:"pig"
2073:(loan)
2059:"cow"
2037:kàyúna
2010:(loan)
1996:"boy"
1986:cùpána
1982:"dog"
1974:cìyúna
1911:, and
1867:kopha‑
1792:xónemą
1784:"eyes"
1778:cínemą
1752:ciatu‑
1712:t’óyna
1702:kánemą
1680:káyuną
1676:kàyúna
1666:cùpáną
1662:cùpána
1526:t’awa‑
1522:cùpáną
928:, and
912:, and
902:stress
892:
717:nasal
711:nasal
666:vowels
441:voiced
396:Dental
299:Pueblo
211:UNESCO
86:Tanoan
46:Region
5279:Kiowa
5199:Other
5114:Jemez
4913:JSTOR
4903:). .
4735:Jemez
4731:Kiowa
4601:Notes
4566:ipi-
4543:Dual
4517:ą-n-
4486:mą-n-
4483:mą-n-
4480:Dual
4464:may-
4453:ipi-
4436:ką-n-
4430:Dual
4331:Verbs
3738:c’óne
3581:tą́na
3466:píana
3458:phóna
3392:p’óna
3250:láyna
3236:kwóna
3170:kə́na
2875:‑nemą
2846:úliną
2617:ȕ’úna
2540:pę́na
2443:‑nemą
2189:"ox"
2121:láyna
1918:primo
1908:yegua
1861:c’óne
1840:kwóne
1836:kwóna
1768:‑nemą
1738:tawa‑
1708:t’oy‑
1688:‑nemą
1672:kayu‑
1658:cupa‑
1629:Class
1619:‑nemą
1566:‑nemą
1538:‑nemą
1514:cupa‑
1510:‑nemą
1472:with
1452:Nouns
1018:fɾ~ɸɾ
987:tʃ~ts
918:tones
714:oral
708:oral
695:Front
670:nasal
657:from
564:Nasal
411:Velar
326:with
5318:Tewa
5311:Taos
5300:Piro
5289:Tiwa
5169:Zuni
5164:Tewa
5159:Taos
4868:ISBN
4860:ISBN
4733:and
4549:ą-n-
4546:ą-n-
4529:mą-
4500:mąw-
4450:kiw-
4433:ą-n-
4425:pi-
4385:Dual
4376:Dual
4048:‑’V‑
4036:‑’o‑
3973:pob‑
3942:téne
3908:páne
3839:łíne
3833:łáne
3696:and
3674:wána
3659:úyna
3501:póna
3282:łúna
2466:kána
1857:c’o‑
1832:kwo‑
1803:III
1796:xóne
1782:cíne
1698:kána
1508:and
1273:IPA
962:IPA
922:high
884:əo
867:uo
723:High
700:Back
621:Flap
342:and
252:The
185:Taos
157:Taos
99:Taos
91:Tiwa
33:Taos
4729:In
4616:at
4563:iw-
4538:i-
4523:ą-
4520:i-
4514:o-
4497:mą-
4475:i-
4472:ku-
4419:ti-
4410:ą-
4112:‑ną
4044:ko‑
4029:‑ne
4025:ko‑
3969:‑e‑
2630:‑ną
1923:‑ną
1851:‑ne
1847:IV
1834:)
1812:‑ne
1807:‑na
1788:xo‑
1774:ci‑
1732:‑ne
1727:‑ną
1723:II
1694:ka‑
1652:‑ną
1647:‑na
1617:or
1615:‑ną
1611:‑ne
1607:‑ne
1603:‑na
1586:‑ną
1578:‑na
1558:‑ne
1530:‑ną
1518:‑ną
1506:‑ną
1499:‑ne
1495:‑na
1435:.
1368:ˌtà
1352:ˈtà
1336:ˌtá
1320:ˈtá
1316:ta̋
1304:ˌtā
1297:tˌa
1288:ˈtā
1281:tˈa
1166:s~ʃ
1090:kwʔ
1086:kʷʼ
1082:kw’
1014:phr
946:IPA
930:low
926:mid
844:įę
830:ia
824:ie
777:ǫ
774:o
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