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conspecific calls rather than to the frequencies of the calls of other species. Frogs of the same species generally prefer local calls, which are calls of other frogs located geographically close. One study demonstrated that the basilar papilla tuning is different among
Northern cricket frog females from three different populations (Bastrop, Austin, Indiana), with Bastrop frogs having the highest tuning and Austin frogs having the lowest. Further tests demonstrated that some populations showed a preference to local rather than foreign calls, while other populations preferred foreign calls, and some with no preference. However, if there is a preference for call type, females generally prefer lower frequency calls. There appears to be a reasonable explanation for such a preference, since larger males produce lower frequency calls. Attraction to larger males is beneficial since larger males fertilize more females eggs. More specifically larger females are more sensitive to and prefer lower frequencies, while smaller females prefer higher frequencies.
627:. Male northern cricket frogs were collected at the peak of the breeding season and injected with sheep blood cells to elicit an immune response. Researchers found that spermatic cyst diameter, germinal epithelium depth, and gonadosomatic index were smaller in the injected males compared to males injected with saline (control) as well as their noninjected counterparts. This suggests that sperm production decreases under immunological stress. More generally and importantly, these results demonstrate that resource investment in reproduction decreases as more resources must be allocated to the immune system under immunologically-challenging conditions.
338:. The southern cricket frog has longer legs, with less webbing on the hind feet, and a more pointed snout, though northern cricket frogs have been observed with snouts indistinguishable from those of the southern species, and the markings on the back of the thigh are typically more sharply defined than that of the northern cricket frog, though biologists have recorded northern cricket frogs in the northern fringes of their range with extremely sharp posterior leg stripes. Northern cricket frogs do not have toe pads. This frog is active throughout most of the year, with activity significantly decreasing during December and resuming around mid-March.
614:
with point polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) were significantly related to sex-ratio reversal: contaminated sites had more males compared to control ponds, suggesting that organochlorines can influence cricket frog sexual differentiation. For example, the same study had shown that in certain parts of
Illinois that are more industrialized and had organochlorine peptides there was a larger proportion of intersex frogs. In the case of Illinois, this was in the northeast. However, more environmentally friendly regions, like southern Illinois, had a more diverse frog population.
89:
347:
found together along the muddy banks of shallow streams, especially during pre-migratory clustering. The northern cricket frog has been observed to hibernate upland, often at considerable distances from water. Given their small size and their large surface to volume ratio, it comes as no surprise that this species utilize microhabitats. There are various factors that influence microhabitat site selection for this species: temperature, proximity to water, shelter accessibility, etc.
133:
652:
northern cricket frog's overall small size and limited skull ossification suggests miniaturization of this species. Miniaturization, or the evolution of a smaller body size, due to changes in anatomy, physiology, life history, and behavior over time. For this species, the necessity to rapidly attain sexual maturity could explain its miniaturization; frogs grow 12 to 26 mm within a few months in preparation for the breeding season.
270:
307:. These frogs are majorly in grey, green, and brown color with blotching patterns. Many have a brown or orange stripe down the center of their back and a triangular marking on the top of their head. Despite being members of the tree frog family, they are not arboreal. These frogs prefer habitats near the edges of slow-moving bodies of water, and in close proximity to shelter items, like rocks. It has two recognized
488:
108:
504:(otherwise known as the voice box), vocal tract, and cartilages that control the flow of air out of lungs. Sound is produced when air hits the vocal cords, causing them to vibrate. The frequency of sound is dictated by the pressure of airflow through the larynx, as well as characteristics of vocal cords such as size and mass. Movements of various muscles in the throat and abdomen can create a pulsing sound.
328:
stripes vary in brightness and hue and are not present until metamorphosis occurs. One New York biologist has identified six distinct color morphs and four pattern morphs, and several intergrades between these. Typically there is dark banding on the legs and a white bar from the eye to the base of the foreleg. The skin has a bumpy texture. It is very similar to the southern cricket frog,
25:
605:, both cricket frogs, have been observed to show similar orienting mechanisms, namely the Y-axis concept. The Y-axis is a reference axis established by land and water. Frogs require information about shore position, direct view of a celestial cue, and sense of time in order for the successful use of Y-axis type of orientation during the day.
583:, and other frogs. To escape predators, they are capable of leaping up to 3 feet in a single jump and are excellent swimmers. It has been found that not only temperature, but hydration also has an effect on how far these frogs can jump. Being hydrated at a higher temperature is thought to allow them to jump farther and higher.
480:
their chances of getting a mate. The sound suggests pebbles being clicked together, much like a cricket, hence the name. These click-like pulses are combined to form calls, and calls are repeated in call groups. Calls increase in the number of pulses and note duration from beginning to end of a call group.
651:
are morphologically unique among hylids because of their unusually small size, as well as their bumpy skin that is not really seen in the family of
Hylidae. A snout vent length of 20mm marks sexual maturity. Females are slightly larger than males and can reach a maximum snout vent length of 38mm. The
537:
The amphibian papilla and basilar papilla of
Northern cricket frog ears are tuned, or sensitive, to different frequencies; the Amphibian papilla is more sensitive to lower frequencies, while the basilar papilla is more sensitive to higher frequencies. Both papilla are more sensitive to frequencies of
528:
The calls at the beginning of a call group have been found to vary independently of calls from the middle and end of the call group. Researchers have found that nearest neighbor distance, measured through the sound-pressure level of nearby calls, exert the biggest effect on variation in male calling.
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The southern cricket frog has longer legs, with less webbing on the hind feet, and a more pointed snout, though northern cricket frogs have been observed with snouts indistinguishable from those of the southern species, and the markings on the back of the thigh are typically more sharply defined than
655:
The cranial cartilages of these frogs are very mineralized with calcium, which reinforce cartilage as frogs develop into adulthood. These frogs possess small, thin, and long nasals, which is consistent with its being a small anuran. The nasals take a triangle-like shape. Other skeletal abnormalities
613:
Numerous environmental factors have been associated with sex determination in amphibians, including temperature, pH, and presence of foreign chemicals that affect the gonads. A study observing
Northern cricket frogs in environments contaminated with organochlorides concluded that sites contaminated
546:
Subordinate males that have recently matured and cannot effectively compete with dominant male display patterns use alternative mating tactics, such as satellite behavior. The satellite tactic is intercepting and mating with females going toward other calling males. Interestingly, the frequency of
479:
Breeding generally occurs from late spring through the summer (May through August). The males call from emergent vegetation with a high-pitched, short, pebble-like call which is repeated at an increasing rate. If there are many males in one particular area, they will modify their calls to increase
431:
is a stronger swimmer due to having more complete webbing on its feet. Additionally, it is less likely to hop on the water surface than the southern cricket frog. Northern cricket frogs in
Mississippi live in open mud flats, call far from shore, and quickly dive into water when disturbed. Southern
327:
The northern cricket frog is one of the three smallest vertebrates in North
America, ranging from 19–38 mm (0.75–1.50 in) long. They have a prominent blunt snot. Its dorsal coloration varies widely, and includes greys, greens, and browns, often in irregular blotching patterns. The dorsal
512:
male calling, which perhaps offers insight into frog calling in general, include relationships between physical anatomy and auditory characteristics. A larger middle ear volume corresponded to a longer call duration, and the number of pulses in the calls showed a significant negative relationship
503:
Almost all male frogs have a unique call with the purpose of attracting mates. These calls are defined by unique acoustic characteristics in order to attract female frogs of the same species. In frogs, auditory sounds are produced as a result of the interaction between the structure of the larynx
346:
Cricket frogs prefer the edges of slow-moving, permanent bodies of water. They prefer open, shallow waters with an abundance of aquatic vegetation. Adults live in temperate environments while tadpoles live in shallow freshwater habitats with varying temperatures. Large groups of them can often be
465:
The diet of
Northern cricket frogs is strongly correlated with what is abundant and available. The most abundant above-ground invertebrates are dipterans, homopterans and spiders. Cricket frogs consume more ground-dwelling prey but such prey account for less volume of food consumed. Bigger frogs
639:
and generally active much of the year, except in midwinter in northern areas when the water is frozen. They are freeze resistant so during winter months, they stay underground near the surface to resist freezing. Individuals can increase the concentration of body fluids to lower their freezing
566:
The lipid stores of both males and females are lower during the breeding season than in non-breeding periods (pre-breeding, post-breeding, post-hibernation). Observation of dissected stomachs of males indicate that feeding is minimal or non-existent during the breeding season. Since feeding is
507:
Using snout vent length as an indicator of body size, researchers found that a longer snout vent length corresponded to a lower frequency call and lower pulse rate as well as fewer pulses in general. The production of lower frequency sounds can be attributed to the slower movements of larger
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Metabolic resources are allocated to different physiological systems. The amount of allocation may vary with changing external conditions and thus internal demands. Much research has been conducted to demonstrate the balance of resources between immunity and reproduction, including that of
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470:
stomach contents showed that ground prey composed of 45.6% of prey and 20.7% of the stomach volume, above ground prey composed of 33% prey and 38.7% volume, and aquatic prey composed of 3.2% prey and 5.0% volume, with the remaining being unidentified prey and non-prey items.
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Many animals can navigate using the sun as a compass in combination with an internal clock providing a sense of time, which is known as sun compass orientation. Other orientation cues used by cricket frogs include the moon and stars.
513:
with arytenoid cartilage, vocal cord and constrictor muscle volumes. The pulse rate is also correlated with vocal cord, basal cartilage and constrictor muscle volumes, but not with arytenoid cartilage or dilator muscle volumes.
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One egg is laid at a time, generally attached to a piece of vegetation. The 14 millimeters (0.55 in) tadpoles hatch in only a few days, and undergo metamorphosis in early fall. Maturity is usually reached in less than a
1634:
Micancin, Jonathan P.; Mette, Jeff T. (2009). ". "Acoustic and morphological identification of the sympatric cricket frogs Acris crepitans and A. gryllus and the disappearance of A. gryllus near the edge of its range."".
466:
consume prey of longer length: less ants, springtails, mites and more leafhoppers, damselflies, butterflies, moths, grasshoppers, crickets. Cricket frogs generally feed little on aquatic species. A study of 279
427:
that of the northern cricket frog, though biologists have recorded northern cricket frogs in the northern fringes of their range with extremely sharp posterior leg stripes. Compared to its southern counterpart,
663:
Several hypotheses have been presented in an attempt to explain the observed abnormalities in this frog: small skeletal malformations are normally present at a high rate in this species, stress caused by
837:
McCallum, Malcolm L (2011). ""Growth, reproduction, and life span in
Blanchard's Cricket Frog (Acris blanchardi) with notes on the growth of the Northern Cricket Frog (Acris crepitans)".
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switching tactics, which can be explained by the overall lower occurrence of satellite males, less risk of predation, or lower mating success rate for satellite males of this species.
2037:
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Reeder, A. L.; Foley, G. L.; Nichols, D. K.; Hansen, L. G.; Wikoff, B.; Faeh, S.; Eisold, J.; Wheeler, M. B.; Warner, R.; Murphy, J. E.; Beasley, V. R. (1998-05-01).
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reduced, males metabolize more lipids during this period. Lower lipid stores in females can be explained by an increase in ovarian size during the breeding season.
2067:
1230:
Gray, Robert H. (1984). ". "Effective breeding size and the adaptive significance of color polymorphism in the cricket frog (Acris crepitans) in
Illinois, USA".
967:
Irwin, Jason T, et al. “Terrestrial Hibernation in the Northern Cricket Frog, Acris Crepitans.” Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol. 77, no. 8, 1999, pp. 1240–1246.
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genus even though two types of frogs are not closely phylogenetically related. Thus, the vocal mechanisms of the two frogs are assumed to operate the same way.
2012:
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2027:
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1018:"Microhabitat Selection by Northern Cricket Frogs (Acris creptians) along with a West-Central Missouri Creek: Field and Experimental Observations"
852:
Gray, Robert H. (1983). "Seasonal, Annual and Geographic Variation in Color Morph Frequencies of the Cricket Frog, Acris crepitans, in Illinois".
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cricket frogs inhabit low vegetation near shores, call near shore, and escape into vegetation, and quickly return to land when forced into water.
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physiological structures. High frequency calls were observed to have a shorter duration and faster pulse rate. Other findings of this study on
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784:"Microhabitat Selection by Northern Cricket Frogs (Acris crepitans) along a West-Central Missouri Creek: Field and Experimental Observations"
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64:
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1480:"Forms and prevalence of intersexuality and effects of environmental contaminants on sexuality in cricket frogs (Acris crepitans)"
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Walvoord, Mark E. (2003). "Cricket Frogs Maintain Body Hydration and Temperature Near Levels Allowing Maximum Jump Performance".
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1787:
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1597:"1 September 2007 Physiological Trade-Offs Between Immunity and Reproduction in the Northern Cricket Frog (Acris crepitans)"
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include lateral asymmetry in development of vomerine teeth and parasphenoid alae as well as tumor-like growth on the femur.
2022:
1086:"Skeletal morphology and postmetamorphic ontogeny ofAcris crepitans (Anura: Hylidae): A case of miniaturization in frogs"
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1262:"Auditory Tuning and Call Frequency Predict Population-Based Mating Preferences in the Cricket Frog, Acris crepitans"
42:
35:
1940:
1361:"Social Correlates of Variation in Male Calling Behavior in Blanchard's Cricket Frog, Acris crepitans blanchardi"
923:"A comparison of energy substrates and reproductive patterns of two anurans, Acris crepitans and Bufo woodhousei"
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799:
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1185:"Prey Availability, Consumption and Selection in the Cricket Frog, Acris crepitans (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae)"
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switch from calling to satellite in proximity of other strong-calling males. A study observed much fewer
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1314:"Correlations between call characteristics and morphology in male cricket frogs (Acris crepitans)"
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1529:"The developmental high wire: Balancing resource investment in immunity and reproduction"
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Johnson, Laura M. (1991). "Growth and development of larval northern cricket frogs (
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Additionally, calling behavior significantly changes during aggressive encounters.
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Smith, Geoffrey, R.; Todd, Adam; Rettig, Jessica, E.; Nelson, Frank (June 2003).
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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
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334:, found in the US Southeastern Coastal Plain, but with some overlap along the
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1688:
A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America
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1285:
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759:"Species Profile: Northern Cricket Frog (Acris crepitans) | SREL Herpetology"
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1953:
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Ferguson, Denzel E.; Landreth, Hobart F.; Mckeown, James P. (1967-01-01).
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Smith, Geoffrey R.; Todd, Adam; Rettig, Jessica E.; Nelson, Frank (2003).
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Northern cricket frogs are preyed upon by a number of species, including
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Ryan, Michael J.; Perrill, Stephen A.; Wilczynski, Walter (1992-06-01).
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1138:"Sun compass orientation of the northern cricket frog, Acris crepitans"
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points, making them resistant to supercooling and flashpoint freezing.
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Breiner, Daniel J.; Whalen, Matthew R.; Worthington, Amy M. (2022).
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health and general environmental quality in the areas they inhabit.
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Maglia, Anne M.; Pugener, L. Analía; Mueller, Jessica M. (2007).
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Interestingly, northern cricket frog calls resemble calls of the
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Geoffrey Hammerson, Georgina Santos-Barrera, Don Church (2004).
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10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0383:MSBNCF]2.0.CO;2
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10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0383:MSBNCF]2.0.CO;2
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Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology
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10.1655/0018-0831(2007)63[269:PTBIAR]2.0.CO;2
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McClelland, B E; Wilczynski, W; Ryan, M J (1996-09-01).
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Amphibians and Reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia
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1705:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
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547:this tactic is not related to the size of males.
1595:McCallum, Malcom L.; Trauth, Stanley E. (2007).
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1062:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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740:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
720:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T55286A11272584.en
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981:) in relation to phytoplankton abundance".
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367:, and west along the Gulf Coast states to
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1395:"Male Mating Behavior in Acris crepitans"
906:(Conant et al. 1998, Martof et al. 1980).
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65:Learn how and when to remove this message
2038:Fauna of the Southeastern United States
687:
1055:
733:
2068:Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird
1445:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
7:
2043:Cenozoic amphibians of North America
377:occurs in southwestern Louisiana to
2013:IUCN Red List least concern species
706:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1377:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1989.tb00485.x
1003:10.1111/j.1365-2427.1991.tb00472.x
422:Northern vs. southern cricket frog
14:
2053:Pliocene animals of North America
2048:Extant Pliocene first appearances
1484:Environmental Health Perspectives
1359:Wagner, William E. (2010-04-26).
394:are important as an indicator of
562:Biological reproductive patterns
131:
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2028:Amphibians of the United States
1318:Journal of Experimental Biology
533:Female preference of male calls
456:(Burger, Smith and Smith, 1949)
1679:Frogs & Toads of Georgia:
1:
1154:10.1016/S0003-3472(67)80009-5
2063:Amphibians described in 1854
2033:Fauna of Northeastern Mexico
1690:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1244:10.1163/156853884X-005-02-05
1183:Labanick, George M. (1976).
939:10.1016/0300-9629(87)90429-4
921:Long, David R (1987-01-01).
550:Other hylid species such as
410:is composed of two species:
1674:USGS: Northern Cricket Frog
635:Northern cricket frogs are
618:Immunology vs. reproduction
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676:Acris crepitans blanchardi
261:Acris crepitans paludicola
259:Acris crepitans crepitans
1681:Acris crepitans crepitans
1649:10.11646/zootaxa.2076.1.1
524:Variation in male calling
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128:Scientific classification
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499:Production of male calls
342:Habitat and distribution
1266:The American Naturalist
592:Sun compass orientation
351:Geographic distribution
2058:Pliocene United States
1701:Martof et al. (1980).
1686:Conant et al. (1998).
1666:Animal Diversity Web:
1330:10.1242/jeb.199.9.1907
1189:Journal of Herpetology
1022:Journal of Herpetology
788:Journal of Herpetology
678:
495:
452:Coastal cricket frog,
441:Eastern cricket frog,
82:Northern cricket frog
1975:Paleobiology Database
1533:Ecology and Evolution
1090:Journal of Morphology
713:: e.T55286A11272584.
674:
666:habitat fragmentation
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280:northern cricket frog
2023:Amphibians of Mexico
1496:10.1289/ehp.98106261
16:Species of amphibian
1545:2022EcoEv..12E8774B
995:1991FrBio..25...51J
894:(Westerveld, 1998).
542:Male mating tactics
98:Conservation status
1102:10.1002/jmor.10508
1052:– via JSTOR.
983:Freshwater Biology
882:(Westerveld,1977).
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1962:Open Tree of Life
1723:Taxon identifiers
1553:10.1002/ece3.8774
1232:Amphibia-Reptilia
609:Sex determination
303:and northeastern
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763:srelherp.uga.edu
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631:Thermoregulation
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1861:iNaturalist
1770:AmphibiaWeb
1755:Wikispecies
1643:(1): 1-36.
1028:: 383–385.
726:19 November
468:A. crepitan
436:Sub-species
363:, south to
323:Description
252:Subspecies
2007:Categories
768:2023-04-22
682:References
644:Morphology
603:A. gryllus
587:Physiology
552:H. cinerea
416:A. gryllus
406:The genus
402:Speciation
379:East Texas
309:subspecies
55:April 2024
47:footnoting
1561:2045-7758
1419:0045-8511
1338:1477-9145
1286:0003-0147
1209:0022-1511
1162:0003-3472
947:0300-9629
808:0022-1511
571:Predators
336:Fall Line
292:of small
213:Species:
151:Kingdom:
145:Eukaryota
1928:2.828419
1879:10184374
1746:Q2673608
1740:Wikidata
1621:38503330
1579:35414895
1465:14988797
1365:Ethology
1294:83518387
1118:30867522
1110:17278133
1050:85962268
824:85962268
361:New York
191:Family:
175:Amphibia
165:Chordata
161:Phylum:
155:Animalia
141:Domain:
118:IUCN 3.1
43:citation
1853:2427616
1637:Zootaxa
1570:8986548
1541:Bibcode
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1505:1533093
1427:1445945
1346:8831143
1217:1563065
1170:6031109
1042:1566156
991:Bibcode
955:2886261
870:1444372
839:Notes 4
816:1566156
637:diurnal
449:, 1854)
396:wetland
365:Florida
290:species
288:) is a
201:Genus:
195:Hylidae
181:Order:
171:Class:
116: (
1987:uBio:
1980:104844
1954:201419
1941:317300
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2018:Acris
1990:25991
1967:59141
1912:NAS:
1905:55286
1874:IRMNG
1866:24230
1617:S2CID
1423:JSTOR
1290:S2CID
1213:JSTOR
1114:S2CID
1046:S2CID
1038:JSTOR
866:JSTOR
820:S2CID
812:JSTOR
577:birds
484:year.
447:Baird
408:Acris
369:Texas
294:hylid
244:Baird
206:Acris
185:Anura
1936:NCBI
1900:IUCN
1887:ITIS
1848:GBIF
1835:EPPO
1814:9KKJ
1796:BOLD
1707:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1641:2076
1575:PMID
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1510:PMID
1461:PMID
1415:ISSN
1403:1988
1342:PMID
1334:ISSN
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1166:PMID
1158:ISSN
1106:PMID
1064:link
951:PMID
943:ISSN
804:ISSN
742:link
728:2021
711:2004
601:and
581:fish
518:Bufo
494:eggs
461:Diet
414:and
315:and
297:frog
278:The
45:and
1822:EoL
1809:CoL
1783:ASW
1775:670
1645:doi
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1565:PMC
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1500:PMC
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
