1024:
1016:
676:
1146:, who was the daughter of a chief, and was wooed by a fulmar who promised her, if she would marry him, a delightful life in his distant home. So she went away with him. But she had been ruefully deceived, and was cruelly mistreated. A year later her father went to pay her a visit; and discovering her misery he killed her husband and took his repentant daughter home. The other fulmars in the village followed them, mourning and crying for their murdered fellow, and fulmars continue to utter doleful cries to this day.
2378:
84:
661:
1113:
considerably higher than in past studies on northern fulmars, possibly implying increasing plastic debris in marine ecosystems and shorelines. However, more research is needed to substantiate such conclusion. Long-term data from the
Netherlands dating back to the 1980s show an increase in consumer plastics and a decrease in industrial plastics in the stomach contents of fulmars. The increased plastic ingestion can occur through
59:
31:
236:
1112:
in marine environments because of their high abundance and wide distribution. A study of 143 northern fulmars from 2008 to 2013 found 89.5% of them containing microplastics within their gastrointestinal tracts. A mean score of 19.5 pieces of plastic and 0.461 g per individual was calculated. This is
1349:
Fauna svecica: sistens animalia sveciae regni: mammalia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes, distributa per classes & ordines, genera & species, cum differentiis specierum, synonymis auctorum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium, descriptionibus
337:. Fulmars come in one of two colour morphs; a light one in temperate populations, with white head and body and grey wings and tail, and a dark one in arctic populations, which is uniformly grey; intermediate birds are common. Though similar in appearance to
1096:. The range of these species increased greatly last century due to the availability of fish offal from commercial fleets, but may contract because of less food from this source and climatic change. The population increase has been especially notable in the
1039:
to allow weeks to pass between copulation and the laying of the egg. During the breeding season adult
Fulmars usually remain within 500 km of their breeding colony instead of traveling up to thousands of kilometres while searching for food. Their nest is a
2397:
286:
1125:
entering the ocean. By going deeper into the food web of marine life, it is evident that fulmars could be indirectly affected through tropic transfer and biomagnification, and similarly could also affect their predators ingestion of
1072:
The mating ritual of this fulmar consists of the female resting on a ledge and the male landing with his bill open and his head back. He commences to wave his head side to side and up and down while calling.
420:. This can be sprayed out of their mouths as a defense against predators from a very early age, and as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights. It will mat the
428:
that is situated above the nasal passage that helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe. This gland excretes a high saline solution from their nose.
400:. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. One of these plates makes up the hooked portion of the upper bill, called the
690:
The northern fulmar has a wingspan of 102 to 112 cm (40–44 in) and is 46 cm (18 in) in length. Body mass can range from 450 to 1,000 g (16 to 35 oz). This
1084:
The northern fulmar is estimated to have between 15,000,000 and 30,000,000 mature individuals that occupy an occurrence range of 28,400,000 km (11,000,000 sq mi) and their
1911:
Terepocki, Alicia K.; Brush, Alex T.; Kleine, Lydia U.; Shugart, Gary W.; Hodum, Peter (2017-03-15). "Size and dynamics of microplastic in gastrointestinal tracts of
Northern Fulmars (
287:
721:. They look bull-necked compared to gulls, and have short stubby bills. They are long-lived, with a lifespan of 31 years not uncommon, and exceptionally over 50 years, recorded on
1773:
Baetscher, Diana S.; Beck, Jessie; Anderson, Eric C.; Ruegg, Kristen; Ramey, Andrew M.; Hatch, Scott; Nevins, Hannah; Fitzgerald, Shannon M.; Carlos Garza, John (March 2022).
2182:
2715:
1035:, and forms long-term pair bonds. It returns to the same nest site year after year. The breeding season starts in May; however, the female has glands that store
396:; however, nostrils on albatrosses are on the sides of the bill, as opposed to the rest of the order, including fulmars, which have nostrils on top of the upper
2780:
2239:
Maynard, B.J. (2003). "Shearwaters, petrels, and fulmars (Procellariidae)". In
Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.).
285:
3012:
1996:
1130:. With the increase in freshwater pollution of plastic debris, there may be a further rise in microplastic content of seabird gastrointestinal tracts.
2971:
2666:
2728:
2111:
Double, M.C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed
Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.).
2317:
1868:
Franeker, J.A.; van Blaize, C.; Danielsen, J. (2011). "Monitoring plastic ingestion by the northern fulmar
Fulmarus glacialis in the North Sea".
2030:
1962:
1495:
2839:
2199:
1849:
1546:
1503:
1491:
3047:
2336:. National Audubon Field Guide Series. Vol. Birds (Western Region) (First ed.). New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 358–359.
1023:
1015:
2689:
2614:
2139:
498:. Linnaeus based his description mainly on the "Mallemucke" that had been described and illustrated in 1675 by the German naturalist
2341:
2306:
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2120:
2101:
2078:
1288:
1048:
Recently, they have started nesting on rooftops and buildings. Both sexes are involved in the nest-building process. A single white
702:
there is an intermediate morph as well. Only the dark morph has more than dark edges on the underneath but they all have pale inner
2069:. The Audubon Society Field Guide Series. Vol. Birds (Eastern Region) (1st ed.). New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. p.
3037:
2984:
2917:
2190:
Floyd, Ted (2008). "Tubenoses: Albatrosses, Shearwaters & Petrels, and Storm-petrels". In Hess, Paul; Scott, George (eds.).
1052:, 74 mm × 51 mm (2.9 in × 2.0 in), is incubated for a period of 50 to 54 days, by both sexes. The
2627:
2209:
694:
is grey and white with a pale yellow, thick bill and bluish legs. However, there are both a light morph and dark, or "blue",
2733:
675:
2243:. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 123–133.
2115:. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111.
1775:"Genetic assignment of fisheries bycatch reveals disproportionate mortality among Alaska Northern Fulmar breeding colonies"
1707:
2767:
2549:
1266:
3022:
2466:
1563:
392:, and they all share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called
2526:
2909:
1253:
523:
meaning "foul-mew" or "foul-gull" because of the birds' habit of ejecting a foul-smelling oil. The specific epithet
2645:
2130:
Dunn, Jon L.; Alderfer, Jonathan (2006). "Shearwaters, Petrels (Family
Procellariidae)". In Levitt, Barbara (ed.).
1452:
2785:
3027:
2658:
2367:
83:
3042:
3032:
2793:
2389:
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on a grassy ledge or a saucer of vegetation on the ground, lined with softer material. The birds nest in large
939:
575:
2694:
2007:
2321:
1429:
2457:
2798:
2513:
2419:
2049:
2026:
1992:
1425:
1394:. Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society, Issue 18. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. pp. 2–140 .
1387:
513:
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2495:
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1928:
1877:
1786:
1966:
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They make grunting and chuckling sounds while eating and guttural calls during the breeding season.
2258:
1032:
554:
472:
330:
48:
2759:
1414:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 62.
1353:(in Latin) (2nd ed.). Stockholmiae: Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. p. 51.
1007:, as well as refuse. When eating fish, they will dive up to 4 metres deep to retrieve their prey.
2896:
2286:
2176:
1279:
264:
78:
2883:
2870:
2070:
2062:
2054:
The BirdLife checklist of the birds of the world, with conservation status and taxonomic sources
1274:
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2298:
2290:
2158:
3017:
2852:
2746:
2562:
2337:
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2225:
2195:
2162:
2135:
2116:
2097:
2074:
1944:
1893:
1845:
1820:
1802:
1714:. No. 19 August 1996. Herald and Times Archive. Newsquest Media Group Ltd. 19 August 1996
1542:
1499:
1383:
1364:
1284:
1270:
1143:
1127:
583:
499:
452:
389:
135:
2857:
1936:
1885:
1810:
1794:
1456:
1185:
1114:
636:
579:
2904:
2681:
2518:
2482:
2221:
2213:
2826:
2358:
1841:
The Book of Eggs: A Life-Size Guide to the Eggs of Six
Hundred of the World's Bird Species
695:
660:
648:
640:
456:
386:
361:
1167:
1060:
after 70 to 75 days. Again, both sexes are involved. During this period, the parents are
1963:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Birds in Legend Fable and Folklore, by Ernest Ingersoll"
1932:
1881:
1790:
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2151:
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1815:
1774:
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913:
587:
562:
417:
346:
322:
145:
706:
on the top of the wings. The
Pacific morph has a darker tail than the Atlantic morph.
3006:
2741:
2271:. Peterson Field Guide. Vol. 2 (Second ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
2263:
1343:
1176:
1122:
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754:
699:
628:
620:
566:
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481:
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326:
216:
195:
68:
63:
2935:
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30:
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2702:
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2451:
1045:
1041:
616:
503:
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405:
334:
1031:
The northern fulmar starts breeding at between six and twelve years old. It is
2930:
2407:
1460:
1405:
668:
606:
in the east. Tail pale grey. Mostly light morph, with white body. Included in
539:
425:
354:
1806:
1381:
A translation of
Martens' work was published in 1855 by the Hakluyt Society:
713:, their walking ability is limited, but they are strong fliers, with a stiff
2601:
2291:"Albatrosses, Petrels and Shearwaters Families: Diomedeidae, Procellariidae"
2134:(fifth ed.). Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. p. 82.
1061:
1053:
1000:
770:
722:
683:
517:
409:
393:
318:
95:
2619:
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1948:
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1824:
424:
of avian predators, and can lead to their death. Finally, they also have a
2956:
2436:
1565:
Atlas of Pelagic Seabirds off the West Coast of Canada and Adjacent Areas
1369:
Spitzbergische oder Groenlandische Reise Beschreibung gethan im Jahr 1671
1118:
1049:
996:
879:
603:
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380:
115:
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848:
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691:
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421:
314:
2194:(First ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 82.
1798:
984:
931:
927:
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894:
864:
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726:
632:
558:
350:
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155:
105:
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235:
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935:
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125:
2417:
2157:(First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp.
1108:
Northern fulmars' stomach contents are a hallmark indicator of
455:
in Northeastern Greenland is named after the northern fulmar (
2132:
National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America
565:; remains at high latitudes in winter, occasionally south to
2334:
National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds
1438:. Vol. 13, Part 1. London: Kearsley et al. p. 236.
2149:
Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988).
2297:(First ed.). New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. p.
2067:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds
1732:
1211:
1088:
population is on the rise, hence it is listed with the
1695:
1392:
A Collection of Documents on Spitzbergen and Greenland
512:
that was introduced in 1826 by the English naturalist
2264:"Shearwaters, Fulmars, Large Petrels: Procellariidae"
2192:
Smithsonian Field Guide to the Birds of North America
329:
oceans. There has been one confirmed sighting in the
1844:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 42.
2946:
2426:
485:. He placed it with the other petrels in the genus
2262:
2150:
2089:
1608:
1331:
1191:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697866A132609419.en
1117:: their diet consists of such invertebrates like
506:. The northern fulmar is now placed in the genus
2332:; Farrand, John Jr. (1994) . Locke, Edie (ed.).
1064:, and will even be inactive on well-lit nights.
360:The northern fulmar and its sister species, the
1673:
1435:General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History
1254:"A new bird for New Zealand – northern fulmar"
1121:that have shown an increase of consumption of
2220:. New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley. pp.
1142:, for instance, is that of their race-mother
443:in 1761, based on a specimen from within the
8:
2181:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2061:Bull, John; Farrand, John Jr. (June 1993) .
1708:"Orkney fulmar is oldest wild bird in world"
1684:
1488:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
2320:. Norwegian Polar Institute. Archived from
1655:
1631:
1629:
1627:
525:
433:
431:The northern fulmar was first described as
378:
365:
2414:
2376:
1327:
731:
651:in the east. Tail contrastingly dark grey.
479:in 1761 in the second edition of his book
385:. The fulmars are in turn a member of the
234:
57:
29:
20:
1965:. 2019-09-30. p. 271. Archived from
1814:
1541:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 197.
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1388:"A Voyage into Spitzbergen and Greenland"
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1189:
1635:
1588:
1586:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1571:. Canadian Wildlife Service. p. 47
1241:
1155:
1056:chick is brooded for 2 weeks and fully
2174:
1742:
1740:
1525:
1447:
1445:
1299:
1161:
1159:
1863:
1861:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1619:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1490:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1467:. International Ornithologists' Union
1408:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
7:
2819:9fa4f012-2895-422f-afac-ae829c836dc0
2659:19c2e606-4bf2-434f-81e3-0ac79a1ed53b
569:. Mostly dark morph, with grey body.
42:in Kongsfjord, Ny Alesund, Svalbard
3013:IUCN Red List least concern species
2404:Audio recordings of Northern fulmar
1177:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
578:, 1857 – breeds in the low arctic,
333:, with a single bird seen south of
2695:northern-fulmar-fulmarus-glacialis
2241:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
2113:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
2092:Handbook of the Birds of the World
1138:A popular story among the central
345:are in fact members of the family
14:
1838:Hauber, Mark E. (1 August 2014).
635:, and (in very small numbers) in
1465:IOC World Bird List Version 12.1
1411:Check-List of Birds of the World
1332:Ehrlich, Dobkin & Wheye 1988
598:in the east; wintering south to
516:. The genus name comes from the
502:in his account of his voyage to
82:
2359:BirdLife species factsheet for
1941:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.064
1166:BirdLife International (2018).
825:1,000,000—5,000,000 individuals
2269:A Field Guide to Western Birds
2088:del Hoyo, Joseph, ed. (1992).
1609:Harrison & Greensmith 1993
1371:(in German). Hamburg. p.
983:Northern fulmars will feed on
1:
2398:Northern fulmar photo gallery
1027:Nests in County Mayo, Ireland
762:500,000–3,000,000 individuals
2400:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1890:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.008
1733:BirdLife International 2009a
1212:BirdLife International 2009b
680:Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii
227:Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii
211:Fulmarus glacialis glacialis
40:Fulmarus glacialis glacialis
3048:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1748:"Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis"
1696:BirdLife International 2004
665:Fulmarus glacialis auduboni
557:, which breeds in the high
223:Fulmarus glacialis auduboni
3066:
2035:BirdLife Species Factsheet
1674:Udvarty & Farrand 1994
1539:All the birds of the world
1486:Jobling, James A. (2010).
778:10,000–100,000 individuals
475:by the Swedish naturalist
2295:The Sibley Guide to Birds
2212:; Greensmith, A. (1993).
1921:Marine Pollution Bulletin
1915:) and Sooty Shearwaters (
1779:Evolutionary Applications
1754:. Scottish Wildlife Trust
1562:Kenyon, James K. (2009).
1184:: e.T22697866A132609419.
954:Total (adult individuals)
944:2,600,000–4,200,000 pairs
822:1,000,000–2,000,000 pairs
270:
263:
242:
233:
208:
203:
184:
177:
79:Scientific classification
77:
55:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2390:Internet Bird Collection
2316:Strøm, Hallvard (2011).
2216:. In Bunting, E. (ed.).
2065:. In Opper, Jane (ed.).
1685:Dunn & Alderfer 2006
1537:del Hoyo, Josep (2020).
1390:. In White, Adam (ed.).
717:action quite unlike the
623:on the coast of eastern
471:The northern fulmar was
3038:Birds described in 1761
2385:"Northern fulmar media"
1870:Environmental Pollution
1656:Bull & Farrand 1993
1426:Stephens, James Francis
884:500,000–1,000,000 pairs
619:, 1862 – breeds in the
2050:BirdLife International
2027:BirdLife International
1993:BirdLife International
1461:"Petrels, albatrosses"
1028:
1020:
687:
672:
526:
460:
434:
416:that is stored in the
379:
366:
292:
2948:Procellaria glacialis
2879:Paleobiology Database
2866:Paleobiology Database
1712:The Herald (Scotland)
1026:
1018:
959:15,000,000–30,000,000
775:120,000–200,000 pairs
734:Population and trends
678:
663:
643:; wintering south to
496:Procellaria glacialis
435:Procellaria glacialis
367:Fulmarus glacialoides
290:
273:Procellaria glacialis
258: Wintering range
2654:Fauna Europaea (new)
2368:"Fulmarus glacialis"
2330:Udvarty, Miklos D.F.
2153:The Birders Handbook
1459:, eds. (July 2021).
1104:Anthropogenic impact
252: Breeding range
3023:Birds of the Arctic
1933:2017MarPB.116..143T
1882:2011EPoll.159.2609V
1791:2022EvApp..15..447B
1752:Scotland's wildlife
856:200–300 individuals
794:100–500 individuals
743:Breeding population
736:
555:nominate subspecies
331:Southern Hemisphere
317:found primarily in
276:Linnaeus, 1761
49:Conservation status
2936:Fulmarus-glacialis
2483:Fulmarus_glacialis
2458:Fulmarus glacialis
2428:Fulmarus glacialis
2361:Fulmarus glacialis
2259:Peterson, Roger T.
2218:Birds of the World
1999:Fulmarus glacialis
1913:Fulmarus glacialis
1455:; Donsker, David;
1384:Martens, Friderich
1365:Martens, Friderich
1280:Collins Bird Guide
1170:Fulmarus glacialis
1029:
1021:
732:
688:
673:
473:formally described
302:Fulmarus glacialis
293:
188:Fulmarus glacialis
3000:
2999:
2853:Open Tree of Life
2420:Taxon identifiers
2318:"Northern Fulmar"
2201:978-0-06-112040-4
2031:"Northern Fulmar"
2013:on 3 January 2009
1876:(10): 2609–2615.
1851:978-0-226-05781-1
1799:10.1111/eva.13357
1548:978-84-16728-37-4
1505:978-1-4081-2501-4
1457:Rasmussen, Pamela
1128:plastic pollution
971:
970:
904:1,000–2,500 pairs
869:7,000–8,000 pairs
791:1,300–1,350 pairs
746:Winter population
500:Friderich Martens
453:Mallemuk Mountain
404:. They produce a
390:Procellariiformes
349:, which includes
288:
282:
281:
220:
170:F. glacialis
136:Procellariiformes
72:
3055:
3028:Birds of Iceland
2993:
2992:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2939:
2938:
2926:
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2913:
2912:
2900:
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2835:
2834:
2822:
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2812:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2789:
2788:
2776:
2775:
2773:NBNSYS0000000003
2763:
2762:
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2724:
2723:
2711:
2710:
2698:
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2558:
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2496:049D9AEA4AFBFDFA
2486:
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2460:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2415:
2394:
2380:
2375:
2347:
2325:
2312:
2287:Sibley, David A.
2282:
2266:
2254:
2235:
2214:"Non-passerines"
2205:
2186:
2180:
2172:
2156:
2145:
2126:
2107:
2095:
2084:
2057:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2006:. Archived from
2005:
2001:Northern Fulmar"
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1744:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1704:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1671:
1658:
1653:
1638:
1633:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1606:
1595:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1510:
1509:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1380:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1256:. 14 March 2016.
1250:
1244:
1239:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1163:
1115:biomagnification
1068:Social behaviour
737:
647:in the west and
637:British Columbia
610:by some authors.
602:in the west and
594:in the west and
542:are recognised:
529:
437:
402:maxillary unguis
384:
370:), are the only
369:
289:
277:
257:
251:
238:
214:
190:
87:
86:
66:
61:
60:
33:
24:Northern fulmar
21:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3043:Holarctic birds
3033:Birds of Europe
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2903:
2895:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2843:
2838:
2830:
2827:Observation.org
2825:
2817:
2815:
2809:northern-fulmar
2807:
2805:
2797:
2792:
2784:
2779:
2771:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2745:
2740:
2732:
2727:
2719:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2693:
2688:
2682:northern-fulmar
2680:
2678:
2670:
2665:
2657:
2652:
2644:
2639:
2631:
2626:
2618:
2613:
2605:
2600:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2574:
2566:
2561:
2553:
2548:
2540:
2538:
2530:
2525:
2517:
2512:
2504:
2502:
2494:
2489:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2422:
2383:
2366:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2328:
2315:
2309:
2285:
2279:
2257:
2251:
2238:
2232:
2208:
2202:
2189:
2173:
2169:
2148:
2142:
2129:
2123:
2110:
2104:
2096:. Vol. 1.
2087:
2081:
2060:
2048:
2039:
2037:
2025:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1661:
1654:
1641:
1634:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1513:
1506:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1382:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1275:Zetterström, D.
1265:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1136:
1106:
1082:
1070:
1013:
981:
976:
749:Breeding trend
658:
649:Baja California
641:Triangle Island
614:F. g. rodgersii
608:F. g. glacialis
586:regions of the
561:regions of the
547:F. g. glacialis
491:and coined the
469:
374:members of the
362:southern fulmar
321:regions of the
313:is an abundant
297:northern fulmar
284:
275:
259:
255:
253:
249:
247:
225:
221:
213:
199:
192:
186:
173:
81:
73:
62:
58:
51:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2981:
2968:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2927:
2914:
2901:
2888:
2875:
2862:
2849:
2836:
2823:
2813:
2803:
2790:
2777:
2764:
2751:
2738:
2725:
2712:
2699:
2686:
2676:
2663:
2650:
2641:Fauna Europaea
2637:
2624:
2611:
2598:
2585:
2572:
2559:
2546:
2536:
2523:
2510:
2500:
2487:
2474:
2463:
2448:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2395:
2381:
2364:
2354:
2353:External links
2351:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2326:
2324:on 2012-09-14.
2313:
2307:
2283:
2277:
2255:
2249:
2236:
2230:
2206:
2200:
2187:
2167:
2146:
2141:978-1426208287
2140:
2127:
2121:
2108:
2102:
2085:
2079:
2058:
2046:
2023:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1954:
1927:(1): 143–150.
1917:Ardenna grisea
1903:
1857:
1850:
1830:
1785:(3): 447–458.
1765:
1736:
1725:
1699:
1688:
1677:
1659:
1639:
1623:
1612:
1596:
1582:
1554:
1547:
1529:
1511:
1504:
1478:
1441:
1417:
1397:
1377:Plate N fig. C
1356:
1344:Linnaeus, Carl
1335:
1303:
1292:
1259:
1245:
1215:
1204:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1135:
1132:
1105:
1102:
1086:North American
1081:
1078:
1069:
1066:
1012:
1009:
980:
977:
975:
972:
969:
968:
963:
961:
956:
950:
949:
947:
945:
942:
924:
923:
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919:
916:
914:United Kingdom
910:
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805:
799:
798:
795:
792:
789:
783:
782:
779:
776:
773:
767:
766:
763:
760:
757:
751:
750:
747:
744:
741:
657:
654:
653:
652:
627:(south to the
611:
588:North Atlantic
573:F. g. auduboni
570:
563:North Atlantic
553:, 1761) – the
514:James Stephens
468:
465:
418:proventriculus
347:Procellariidae
323:North Atlantic
280:
279:
268:
267:
261:
260:
254:
248:
240:
239:
231:
230:
206:
205:
201:
200:
193:
182:
181:
175:
174:
167:
165:
161:
160:
153:
149:
148:
146:Procellariidae
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
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34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
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4:
3:
2:
3061:
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3029:
3026:
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3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
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2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2343:0-679-42851-8
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2308:0-679-45122-6
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2278:0-395-13692-X
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2250:0-7876-5784-0
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2231:1-56458-295-7
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2170:
2168:0-671-65989-8
2164:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2122:0-7876-5784-0
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2103:84-87334-10-5
2099:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2082:
2080:0-394-41405-5
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2009:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1969:on 2019-09-30
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:Peterson 1961
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1289:0-00-219728-6
1286:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1271:Mullarney, K.
1268:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1123:microplastics
1120:
1116:
1111:
1110:marine debris
1103:
1101:
1099:
1098:British Isles
1095:
1094:Least Concern
1091:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
978:
973:
967:
964:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
926:
925:
922:
920:
918:506,000 pairs
917:
915:
912:
911:
908:
906:
903:
900:
896:
893:
892:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
858:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
827:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
796:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
780:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
764:
761:
759:600,000 pairs
758:
756:
755:Faroe Islands
753:
752:
748:
745:
742:
739:
738:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
700:Pacific Ocean
697:
693:
685:
681:
677:
670:
666:
662:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:Kuril Islands
626:
622:
621:North Pacific
618:
615:
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
574:
571:
568:
567:Great Britain
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:
544:
543:
541:
536:
534:
530:
528:
522:
519:
515:
511:
510:
505:
501:
497:
494:
493:binomial name
490:
489:
484:
483:
482:Fauna Svecica
478:
477:Carl Linnaeus
474:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:Arctic Circle
442:
441:Carl Linnaeus
438:
436:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:triglycerides
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:
383:
382:
377:
373:
368:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:North Pacific
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:Arctic fulmar
308:
304:
303:
298:
278:
274:
269:
266:
262:
246:
241:
237:
232:
229:
228:
224:
218:
212:
207:
202:
197:
191:
189:
183:
180:
179:Binomial name
176:
172:
171:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
85:
80:
76:
70:
65:
64:Least Concern
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2947:
2427:
2388:
2371:
2360:
2333:
2322:the original
2294:
2268:
2240:
2217:
2210:Harrison, C.
2191:
2152:
2131:
2112:
2091:
2066:
2063:"Open Ocean"
2053:
2038:. Retrieved
2034:
2015:. Retrieved
2008:the original
1998:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:the original
1957:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1873:
1869:
1840:
1833:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1751:
1728:
1716:. Retrieved
1711:
1702:
1691:
1680:
1615:
1573:. Retrieved
1564:
1557:
1538:
1532:
1487:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1464:
1434:
1430:Shaw, George
1420:
1410:
1400:
1391:
1368:
1359:
1348:
1338:
1295:
1278:
1267:Svensson, L.
1262:
1248:
1242:Maynard 2003
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1181:
1175:
1169:
1137:
1107:
1083:
1080:Conservation
1075:
1071:
1030:
982:
965:
958:
953:
838:33,000 pairs
733:
708:
689:
686:, California
679:
664:
613:
607:
592:Newfoundland
572:
546:
537:
524:
520:
507:
495:
486:
480:
470:
432:
430:
359:
310:
306:
301:
300:
296:
294:
272:
271:
245:F. glacialis
244:
226:
222:
210:
209:
187:
185:
169:
168:
156:
39:
18:
2892:SeaLifeBase
2794:Neotropical
2755:NatureServe
2703:iNaturalist
2452:Wikispecies
1526:Sibley 2000
1453:Gill, Frank
1406:Mayr, Ernst
1300:Double 2003
1197:19 November
889:increasing
874:increasing
859:increasing
843:increasing
828:decreasing
812:increasing
797:increasing
709:Like other
656:Description
590:, south to
535:for "icy".
504:Spitzbergen
488:Procellaria
449:Spitsbergen
408:made up of
406:stomach oil
355:shearwaters
335:New Zealand
204:Subspecies
3007:Categories
2963:Q106447859
2931:Xeno-canto
2408:Xeno-canto
1973:2024-07-26
1620:Strøm 2011
1593:Floyd 2008
1471:30 January
1350:insectorum
1150:References
1033:monogamous
1019:Fulmar egg
966:increasing
669:Heligoland
540:subspecies
426:salt gland
410:wax esters
291:Bird Sound
2261:(1961) .
2177:cite book
2161:, 29–31.
2052:(2009b).
2029:(2009a).
1807:1752-4571
1758:27 August
1718:27 August
1575:27 August
1283:, ed. 2.
1062:nocturnal
1054:altricial
1001:jellyfish
974:Behaviour
938:), &
807:102 pairs
771:Greenland
723:Eynhallow
704:primaries
698:; in the
684:Morro Bay
671:, Germany
639:south to
584:temperate
576:Bonaparte
527:glacialis
518:Old Norse
394:naricorns
319:subarctic
243:Range of
164:Species:
102:Kingdom:
96:Eukaryota
38:Nominate
3018:Fulmarus
2957:Wikidata
2760:2.102679
2747:22697866
2721:11175529
2594:45511280
2519:22697866
2514:BirdLife
2503:BioLib:
2437:Wikidata
2289:(2000).
1995:(2004).
1949:28063702
1898:21737191
1825:35386403
1428:(1826).
1386:(1855).
1367:(1675).
1346:(1761).
1273:, &
1119:plankton
1046:colonies
1011:Breeding
997:plankton
880:Svalbard
740:Location
604:Portugal
600:Delaware
596:Brittany
551:Linnaeus
509:Fulmarus
467:Taxonomy
461:Mallemuk
381:Fulmarus
265:Synonyms
217:Linnaeus
196:Linnaeus
157:Fulmarus
142:Family:
116:Chordata
112:Phylum:
106:Animalia
92:Domain:
69:IUCN 3.1
2990:1300851
2977:4408458
2858:1028832
2672:2481433
2491:Avibase
2372:Avibase
2040:17 July
2017:17 July
1985:Sources
1929:Bibcode
1878:Bibcode
1816:8965376
1787:Bibcode
1432:(ed.).
1277:(2009)
1058:fledges
1005:carrion
985:shrimps
979:Feeding
853:2 pairs
849:Denmark
834:Ireland
818:Iceland
803:Germany
781:stable
765:stable
711:petrels
692:species
625:Siberia
422:plumage
351:petrels
343:fulmars
315:seabird
219:, 1761)
198:, 1761)
152:Genus:
132:Order:
122:Class:
67: (
2923:137195
2884:335291
2871:368276
2845:137195
2816:NZOR:
2806:NZBO:
2799:norful
2734:174536
2679:GNAB:
2628:EURING
2607:FLMRGL
2581:norful
2555:bob220
2542:norful
2471:norful
2443:Q26896
2340:
2305:
2275:
2247:
2228:
2198:
2165:
2138:
2119:
2100:
2077:
1947:
1896:
1848:
1823:
1813:
1805:
1545:
1502:
1287:
1134:Legend
1042:scrape
1003:, and
932:Russia
928:Canada
899:Europe
895:Russia
865:Norway
787:France
727:Orkney
633:Alaska
617:Cassin
580:boreal
559:arctic
538:Three
521:Fúlmár
457:Danish
451:. The
372:extant
307:fulmar
256:
250:
2985:WoRMS
2918:WoRMS
2897:73745
2786:30455
2716:IRMNG
2646:96576
2615:EUNIS
2576:eBird
2568:6K3X3
2539:BOW:
2532:19287
2011:(PDF)
2004:(PDF)
1569:(PDF)
1144:Sedna
1140:Inuit
1037:sperm
993:squid
719:gulls
696:morph
645:Japan
533:Latin
447:, on
387:order
376:genus
339:gulls
309:, or
2972:GBIF
2910:7106
2840:OBIS
2781:NCBI
2742:IUCN
2729:ITIS
2708:4180
2667:GBIF
2620:1054
2602:EPPO
2527:BOLD
2506:8373
2338:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2273:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2183:link
2163:ISBN
2136:ISBN
2117:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2075:ISBN
2042:2009
2019:2009
1945:PMID
1919:)".
1894:PMID
1846:ISBN
1821:PMID
1803:ISSN
1760:2024
1720:2024
1577:2024
1543:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1473:2022
1285:ISBN
1199:2021
1182:2018
1090:IUCN
989:fish
936:Asia
715:wing
682:off
582:and
412:and
398:bill
353:and
325:and
295:The
126:Aves
2905:TSA
2832:298
2768:NBN
2690:IBC
2633:220
2589:EoL
2563:CoL
2550:BTO
2478:ADW
2467:ABA
2406:on
2071:314
1937:doi
1925:116
1886:doi
1874:159
1811:PMC
1795:doi
1496:173
1492:166
1186:doi
1092:as
1050:egg
725:in
667:at
631:),
531:is
463:).
439:by
305:),
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2222:50
2179:}}
2175:{{
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940:US
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