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individuals undertake them. Research done in Quebec suggests a postbreeding migration into the forest occurs in June. These adult salamanders may move over 100 m from the stream. The second migration is that of the newly metamorphosed juveniles leaving the stream, but they tend to remain closer to it. About 75% of individuals dispersing over 100 m into the forest did not return, and they were believed to have been consumed by predators. The majority of above-ground movements are made after dark and in wet weather. The diets of the adults are more wide-ranging than the larvae because of the amount of habitat that can be exploited, both terrestrial and aquatic. The movements of juveniles and adults usually occurs in the first hour after dark, when they emerge from under their retreats and forage along the stream bank or forest floor. Food items recorded include wood roaches, arachnids, worms, isopods, millipedes, centipedes, beetles, snails, springtails, flies, hymenopterans, sowbugs, mayflies, annelids, stonefly nymphs, and thrips and rarely trout fry. Adult population densities are variable by habitat quality. Adults are also territorial, so if resources are scarce, the population is less dense. In some populations, densities are as low as 0.02-0.04 animals/m. In other areas, localized densities can be as high as 11 individuals /m. Adults overwinter up to 80 cm deep into the soil of the stream bank in cold climates, but may remain somewhat active in southern regions, and may continue feeding during this period.
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and a summary of these observations are: the male becomes restless, as if searching for a female. Upon finding the female, he will lift her by pushing his snout under her cloacal region or chest. The male adopts a distinct posture, bending his body laterally around her snout. The pair may remain in this position for an hour or more. The female eventually slips out of this posture and begins to straddle the male's tail with her fore limbs, while pressing her chin against the base of the male's tail. The male may undulate his tail from side to side in a slow and exaggerated manner, and the female moves her head from side to side, alternately from the male's tail. This tail-straddling walk may last for over an hour, at which point the male deposits a spermatophore, leading the female to walk over it, at which time she may either accept or reject the male's sperm. The spermatophore of this species is described as conical, 2.5 mm in height and with a colorless stalk that tapers towards the tip.
329:, indicate that 65% of nests found were under cobbles (2.5 to 30 cm), 16% were under boulders (greater that 30 cm), and 19% were under slate tiles (30x30x1 cm), which were added to the stream experimentally. To deposit eggs on the under surface of a rock, the female must flip on her back to make cloacal contact with the substrate. Three minutes is required to lay each egg in this manner, and up to several hours to lay an entire clutch. The eggs, when freshly laid appear white or pale yellowish, and each egg is 2.5–3 mm in diameter and is surrounded by two distinct membranes. Communal nesting in northern two-lined salamanders has been documented on several occasions and localities; New York, in Ontario, and likely in Ohio.
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invertebrates by prowling the bottom of the stream. Typical prey items for northern two-lined salamander larvae include chironomid larvae and other dipteran larvae, stonefly larvae, cladocera, and copepods. Predators of the larvae are many, such as fish, crayfish, and other salamander larvae, such as the larger northern spring salamander (
325:
mental gland, found on the chin, into her circulatory system, which stimulates her to mate. Prior to egg laying, the female searches for a suitable oviposition site in the stream. Nest sites are frequently under rocks, sometimes logs, and perhaps vegetation. Research done in the
Georgia Piedmont on the closely related
294:
The northern two-lined salamander is a small salamander, with adults ranging from 65–120 mm in total length. This salamander is yellow or yellowish-brown, with two black stripes running down the back which tends to break up after the base of the tail. The flanks are mottled grayish or brown. The
324:
This species exhibits sexual dimorphism in the shape of the premaxillary teeth. The teeth of breeding males are unicuspid and elongated when compared to the shorter bicuspid teeth of the females. These enlarged teeth are used to help abrade the female's skin and introduce the secretions on the males
303:
This species prefers small rocky streams or seeps in forests, but may occur in moist areas far from running water. Also, some data suggest this species may be found on stony shores of small lakes and rivers. Northern two-lined salamanders are found throughout northeastern North
America, ranging from
337:
Upon hatching, the gilled larvae are about 10 mm long, and remain in slow-moving pools, or less frequently, hiding in crevices between rocks and boulders in swift-flowing streams. The larvae do not begin feeding until their yolk sacs are reabsorbed, at which point they begin to feed on benthic
346:
is variable depending on latitude. In the southern portion of their range, such as New York, metamorphosis occurs at 50 mm total length or two years old, while further north, such as in Quebec and likely
Ontario, metamorphosis takes place at nearly 70 mm total length, or three years old.
320:
The reproductive strategy of the northern two-lined salamander begins with an elaborate courtship. It may take place from
September (in the southern parts of its range) to May (in the north). Observations of courtship in the species were made based on individuals held in captivity by Noble (1929),
355:
Once the larvae reach their maximum size, metamorphosis occurs. Sexual maturity is reached in this species at three to four years old. The adults and juveniles tend to be restricted to the stream edges, hiding under rocks and other debris during the day. Seasonal migration does occur, but not all
408:. Some individuals, when confronted with a garter snake, will remain motionless when contacted by the head of the snake, but would engage in a protean flip, where the tail is held over the body when contacted by the snake's tongue.
304:
central and southern Quebec, New
Brunswick, northeastern Ontario, and the northeastern United States, from central Virginia and Ohio northwards to the Great Lakes. Compared to many other species in the genus
416:, as a result of a struggle with a predator. Losing part of the tail increases the likelihood of surviving the encounter with a predator. In some populations, up to 32% of animals had autotomized tails.
286:, and can often be found in and around water such as rain puddles, streams, swamps, and damp stream beds, whereas the northern redback tends to be found in damp ground, but usually not near open water.
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Because of its small size and localized distribution around streams, the northern two-lined salamander is preyed upon by a variety of animals. Predators include birds, such as the
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belly is pale yellowish, nearly transparent. There are four toes on the fore feet and five toes on the hind feet. On the side of the body are 14–16 costal grooves.
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1101:
479:
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549:
MacCulloch, R.D. (2002). The ROM field guide to amphibians and reptiles of
Ontario. Royal Ontario Museum, McClelland and Stewart, Toronto, Ontario. pp.168.
859:
Ducey, P.K. and E.D. Brodie. (1983). Salamanders respond selectively to contacts with snakes: survival advantages of alternative antipredator strategies.
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Organ, J.A. and L.A. Lowenthal. (1963). Comparative studies of macroscopic and microscopic features of spermatophores of some plethodontid salamanders.
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388:). Other important predators of the northern two-lined salamander larvae are other salamanders, such as the large, stream-dwelling larvae of the
882:
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Barr, G.E. and K.J. Babbitt (2002). Effects of biotic and abiotic factors of the distribution and abundance of larval two-lined salamanders (
613:
species complex, with comments on the evolution on the evolution of the mental gland and pheromone delivery behavior in the
Plethodontidae.
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Crocker,J.B., M.S. Bank, C.S. Loftin, R.E. Jung Brown (2007). Influence of observers and stream flow on northern two-lined salamander (
779:
MacCulloch, R.D. and J.R. Bider. (1975). Phenology, migrations, circadian rhythm and the effect of precipitation on the activity of (
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Burton, T.M. and G.E. Likens (1975). Salamander populations and biomass in the
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire.
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Noble, G.K. (1929). The relationship of courtship to the secondary sexual characteristic of the two-lined salamander.
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Holomuzki, J.R. (1980). Synchronous foraging and dietary overlap of three species of
Plethodontid salamanders.
561:
Harding, J.H. (1997). Amphibians and reptiles of the great lakes region. University of
Michigan Press. pp. 327.
698:
Wood, J. T., and N. H. McCutcheon (1954). Ovarian egg complements and the nests of the Two-lined Salamander
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Petranka, J.W. (1998). Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 587.
898:
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Guy,C.J., R.E. Ratajczak, G.D. Grossman. 2004. Nest-site selection by southern two-lined salamanders (
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Kozak, K.H. (2003). Sexual isolation and courtship behavior in salamanders of the
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LeGros, D.L. (2012). Communal Oviposition in the Northern Two-lined Salamander (
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Baumann, Walter L.; Huels, Michael (1982). "Nests of the two-lined salamander (
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766:) relative abundance estimates in Acadia and Shenandoah National Parks, USA.
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Introduction aux amphibiens et reptiles du Canada. Musee Nationaux du Canada
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Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0
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The larvae over-winter in deeper pools not prone to freezing.
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798:"Eurycea bislineata (Northern Two-lined Salamander)"
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745:Trapido, H. and R.T. Clausen (1940). The larvae of
250:found in Canada and the United States. Its natural
1202:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)
842:Stewart, M.M. (1968). Population dynamics of
685:Bishop, S. C. 1941. Salamanders of New York.
282:. It is more water-oriented than the related
8:
457:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T59261A11907793.en
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642:
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195:
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715:) in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario.
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404:). Response to a predator is variable in
1212:Fauna of the Southeastern United States
1207:Fauna of the Northeastern United States
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312:has a large geographic distribution.
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1217:Ecology of the Appalachian Mountains
490:. American Museum of Natural History
1182:IUCN Red List least concern species
443:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
266:, intermittent rivers, freshwater
14:
700:Eurycea b. bislineata × cirrigera
73:
1197:Amphibians of the United States
876:Northern two-lined salamander (
687:New York State Museum Bulletin
24:Northern two-lined salamander
1:
1133:northern-two-lined-salamander
781:Eurycea bislineata bislineata
764:Eurycea bislineata bislineata
717:The Canadian Field-Naturalist
649:Eurycea bislineata bislineata
234:northern two-lined salamander
1222:Amphibians described in 1818
402:Desmognathus quadramaculatus
630:) in the Georgia Piedmont.
432:Geoffrey Hammerson (2004).
284:northern redback salamander
1238:
889:, Natural Resources Canada
394:Gyrinophilus porphyriticus
390:northern spring salamander
340:Gyrinophilus porphyriticus
732:) across spatial scales.
585:American Museum Novitates
478:Frost, Darrel R. (2014).
218:
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70:Scientific classification
68:
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747:Eurycea bislineata major
342:). The larval period of
299:Habitat and distribution
632:Southeastern Naturalist
615:Southeastern Naturalist
848:Journal of Herpetology
768:Journal of Herpetology
653:Journal of Herpetology
372:), snakes such as the
450:: e.T59261A11907793.
398:blackbelly salamander
374:eastern garter snakes
360:Predators and defense
222:Salamandra bislineata
1192:Amphibians of Canada
803:Animal Diversity Web
16:Species of amphibian
386:Diadophis punctatus
378:Thamnophis sirtalis
366:eastern screech owl
40:Conservation status
977:Eurycea-bislineata
951:Eurycea_bislineata
937:Eurycea bislineata
907:Eurycea bislineata
885:2010-05-28 at the
878:Eurycea bislineata
844:Eurycea bislineata
730:Eurycea bislineata
713:Eurycea bislineata
611:Eurycea bislineata
482:Eurycea bislineata
436:Eurycea bislineata
242:) is a species of
239:Eurycea bislineata
179:Eurycea bislineata
161:E. bislineata
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1168:
1141:Open Tree of Life
899:Taxon identifiers
628:Eurycea cirrigera
574:. Ottawa. pp. 211
570:Cook, F. (1984).
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1154:SeaLifeBase
1089:NatureServe
1037:iNaturalist
959:AmphibiaWeb
931:Wikispecies
787:31:433-439.
770:41: 325-329
736:133:176-185
719:125:363-365
463:16 November
290:Description
280:urban areas
276:arable land
224:Green, 1818
1176:Categories
850:2:176-177.
734:Oecologica
634:. 3:75-88.
420:References
396:) and the
244:salamander
617:2:281-292
370:Otus asio
260:shrubland
204:Range of
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1094:2.105466
1055:10200399
922:Q2213183
916:Wikidata
883:Archived
587:362:1-5.
252:habitats
213:Synonyms
133:Family:
117:Amphibia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1187:Eurycea
1029:5218376
1016:1018896
833:975:54.
673:1563908
494:1 March
306:Eurycea
272:springs
268:marshes
256:forests
189:, 1818)
148:Eurycea
143:Genus:
127:Urodela
123:Order:
113:Class:
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1146:541564
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1068:173685
861:Copeia
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380:) and
278:, and
264:rivers
1159:61424
1081:59261
1050:IRMNG
1042:27120
1003:3D3GS
990:27357
669:JSTOR
187:Green
1128:ODNR
1102:NCBI
1076:IUCN
1063:ITIS
1024:GBIF
985:BOLD
964:4049
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496:2015
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