1062:. The area is divided into 100 km squares, each of which is denoted by a two-letter code. Within each 100 km square, a numerical grid reference is used. Since the Eastings and Northings are one kilometre apart, a combination of a Northing and an Easting will give a four-digit grid reference describing a one-kilometre square on the ground. The convention is the grid reference numbers call out the lower-left corner of the desired square. In the example map above, the town Little Plumpton lies in the square 6901, even though the writing which labels the town is in 6802 and 6902, most of the buildings (the orange boxed symbols) are in square 6901.
565:
1099:
Northing values. Each successive increase in precision (from 6 digit to 8 digit to 10 digit) pinpoints the location more precisely by a factor of 10. Since, in the UK at least, a 6-figure grid reference identifies a square of 100-metre sides, an 8-figure reference would identify a 10-metre square, and a 10-digit reference a 1-metre square. In order to give a standard 6-figure grid reference from a 10-figure GPS readout, the 4th, 5th, 9th and 10th digits must be omitted, so it is important not to read just the first 6 digits.
1083:, and thus our six-figure grid reference for the church becomes 696017. This reference describes a 100-metre by 100-metre square, and not a single point, but this precision is usually sufficient for navigation purposes. The symbols on the map are not precise in any case, for example the church in the example above would be approximately 100x200 metres if the symbol was to scale, so in fact, the middle of the black square represents the map position of the real church, independently of the actual size of the church.
1108:
64:
45:
1035:, the above coordinate is in grid 11U (representing UTM Zone 11 5xxxxxx mN), and grid cell NS within that (representing the second digit 5xxxxxmE x6xxxxxm N), and as many remaining digits as are needed are reported, yielding an MGRS grid reference of 11U NS 949 361 (or 11U NS 9493 3617 or 11U NS 94934 36174).
835:, e.g., at which the ellipsoid and flat map surfaces coincide, at which point the projection formulas generate a coordinate of (0,0). To ensure that the northing and easting coordinates on a map are not negative (thus making measurement, communication, and computation easier), map projections may set up a
1098:
receivers enables determination of accurate grid references without needing a map, but it is important to know how many digits the GPS displays to avoid reading off just the first six digits. A GPS unit commonly gives a ten-digit grid reference, based on two groups of five numbers for the
Easting and
657:
After the War, UTM gradually gained users, especially in the scientific community. Because UTM zones do not align with political boundaries, several countries followed the United
Kingdom in creating their own national or regional grid systems based on custom projections. The use and invention of such
906:
The grid lines on
Ordnance Survey maps divide the UK into one-kilometre squares, east of an imaginary zero point in the Atlantic Ocean, west of Cornwall. The grid lines point to a Grid North, varying slightly from True North. This variation is zero on the central meridian (north-south line) of the
847:
values, that offset the true origin. For example, in UTM, the origin of each northern zone is a point on the equator 500km west of the central meridian of the zone (the edge of the zone itself is just under 400km to the west). This has the desirable effect of making all coordinates within the zone
822:
used in UTM, the parameters associated are the latitude and longitude of the natural origin, the false northing and false easting, and an overall scale factor. Given the parameters associated with particular location or grin, the projection formulas for the transverse
Mercator are a complex mix of
754:
by controlling the measurement framework for latitude and longitude (GCS). Thus, there will be a significant difference between the coordinate of a location in "UTM NAD83 Zone 14N" and for the same location in "UTM NAD27 Zone 14N", even though the UTM formulas are identical, because the underlying
1070:
The more digits added to a grid reference, the more precise the reference becomes. To locate a specific building in Little
Plumpton, a further two digits are added to the four-digit reference to create a six-digit reference. The extra two digits describe a position within the 1-kilometre square.
774:, a map projection is used to convert geodetic coordinates to plane coordinates on a map; it projects the datum ellipsoidal coordinates and height onto a flat surface of a map. The datum, along with a map projection applied to a grid of reference locations, establishes a
731:), a coordinate system definition will specify the parameters to be used, such as a center point, standard parallels, scale factor, false origin, and such. With these parameters, the underlying formulas of the projection convert latitude and longitude directly into the (
817:
Map projection formulas depend on the geometry of the projection as well as parameters dependent on the particular location at which the map is projected. The set of parameters can vary based on the type of project and the conventions chosen for the projection. For the
662:. GIS requires locations to be specified as precise coordinates and performs numerous calculations on them, making cartesian geometry preferable to spherical trigonometry when computing horsepower was at a premium. In recent years, the rise of global GIS datasets and
911:, and greatest at the map edges. The difference between grid north and true north is very small and can be ignored for most navigation purposes. The difference exists because the correspondence between a flat map and the round Earth is necessarily imperfect.
1004:
and other computer databases, they can be difficult for humans to remember and communicate. Thus, since the mid 20th century, there have been alternative encodings that shorten the numbers or convert the numbers into some form of alphanumeric string.
1039:
1078:
For the church in Little
Plumpton, this gives the digits 6 and 7 (6 on the left to right axis (Eastings) and 7 on the bottom to top axis (Northings). These are added to the four-figure grid reference after the two digits describing the same
1075:) a further 10x10 grid within the current grid square. Any of the 100 squares in the superimposed 10×10 grid can be accurately described using a digit from 0 to 9 (with 0 0 being the bottom left square and 9 9 being the top right square).
682:
is the most common mechanism for publishing such definitions in a machine-readable form, and forms the basis for many GIS and other location-aware software programs. A projected SRS specification consists of three parts:
707:
in many systems such as UTM. Any coordinate system definition must include a planar surface, an origin point, a set of orthogonal axes to define the direction of each measurement, and a unit of measure (usually the
512:
to bind the coordinate system to real locations on the earth, an origin point, and a choice of unit of measure. Hundreds of projected coordinate systems have been specified for various purposes in various regions.
666:, along with an abundance of processing speed in personal computers, have led to a resurgence in the use of GCS. That said, projected coordinate systems are still very common in the GIS data stored in the
678:
Because the purpose of any coordinate system is to accurately and unambiguously measure, communicate, and perform calculations on locations, it must be defined precisely. The
1680:
1657:
1663:
1855:
1111:
787:
643:
423:
755:
latitude and longitude values are different. In some GIS software, this part of the definition is called the choice of a particular geographic coordinate system.
1119:
634:, modern warfare practices required soldiers to quickly and accurately measure and report their location, leading to the printing of grids on maps by the U.S.
1020:
provide a precision that is not needed in most circumstances, they may be unnecessary for some uses. This permits users to shorten the example coordinates to
603:(SPCS), which was developed in the United States during the 1930s for surveying and engineering, because calculations such as distance are much simpler in a
1031:
Alphanumeric encodings typically use codes to replace the most significant digits by partitioning the world up into large grid squares. For example, in the
1616:
245:
993:, meaning that is almost 600km east of the false origin for Zone 11 (95km east of the true central meridian at 117°W) and 5.6 million meters north of the
723:
that creates a planar surface for the coordinate system that is connected to locations on the Earth. In addition to the general type of projection (e.g.,
596:
of the 18th century. However, their use as the basis for specifying precise locations, rather than latitude and longitude, is a 20th century innovation.
413:
381:
1865:
1645:
391:
1218:
2038:
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1055:
1527:
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371:
1545:
1926:
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was mapped in a custom projection with its own grid and coding system, but this resulted in confusion. This led to the development of the
1444:
Buchroithner, Manfred; Pfahlbusch, René (2017). "Geodetic grids in authoritative maps – new findings about the origin of the UTM Grid".
799:
152:
1094:
but is not generally used for land navigating for walkers or cyclists, etc. The growing availability and decreasing cost of handheld
949:
1809:
934:
Locations in a projected coordinate system, like any cartesian coordinate system, are measured and reported as easting/northing or (
451:
1484:
1609:
896:
1830:
1814:
1137:
1032:
819:
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Grid references comprising larger numbers for greater precision could be determined using large-scale maps and an accurate
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942:) pairs. The pair is usually represented conventionally with easting first, northing second. For example, the peak of
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667:
604:
489:
922:. Since the meridians converge at the poles, true east and west directions change rapidly in a condition similar to
1765:
1639:
1602:
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may be used where the general location is already known to participants and may be assumed. Because the (leading)
2001:
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216:
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63:
1485:"Geomatics Guidance Note Number 7, part 2 Coordinate Conversions and Transformations including Formulas"
1264:
1213:
1179:
1107:
848:
positive values, being east and north of the origin. Because of this, they are often referred to as the
532:; the term is still common in some domains such as the military that encode coordinates as alphanumeric
525:
444:
361:
111:
564:
654:(MGRS) was then created as an encoding scheme for UTM coordinates to make them easier to communicate.
2028:
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321:
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137:
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1983:
1943:
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WGS 84 Zone 26N," is defined by a choice of map projection (with specific parameters), a choice of
173:
121:
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When the first standardized coordinate systems were created during the 20th century, such as the
93:
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188:
670:(SDI) of local areas, such as cities, counties, states and provinces, and small countries.
1549:
1080:
1051:
900:
892:
747:
624:
1490:. International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP). pp. 9–10. Archived from
1825:
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1203:
1133:
1059:
1028:, assuming the significant digits (3,4, and 5 in this case) are known to both parties.
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maps, each
Easting and Northing grid line is given a two-digit code, based on the
44:
1347:
2007:
1913:
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has recently become predominant to clearly differentiate it from other types of
83:
1860:
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915:
903:, indicate the difference between grid north, true north, and magnetic north.
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1965:
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1348:"OGC Abstract Specification Topic 2: Referencing by coordinates Corrigendum"
1091:
1050:(United Kingdom) and other national grid systems use similar approaches. In
679:
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545:
162:
88:
1954:
1775:
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341:
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projections are generally preferred. Common map projections include the
17:
1932:
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systems especially proliferated during the 1980s with the emergence of
221:
78:
55:
1174:(SPCS): another composite system of more than 120 coordinate systems (
1686:
1164:(OSNG): a transverse mercator projection centered on 2°W that covers
1147:
986:
875:
term referring to the direction northwards along the grid lines of a
331:
291:
229:
646:, possibly adopted from a system originally developed by the German
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1072:
1037:
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709:
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116:
43:
1114:
zones on an equirectangular world map with irregular zones in red
1845:
418:
311:
1598:
1000:
While such precise numbers are easy to store and calculate in
30:"Easting and northing" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1375:"Using the EPSG geodetic parameter dataset, Guidance Note 7-1"
1095:
771:
750:. This binds the coordinate system to actual locations on the
691:
that allows for the measurement of each location as a tuple (
1565:. Bivouac.com – Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia. 2006-11-17.
544:. The term is used in international standards such as the
1128:(UTM): not a single coordinate system, but a series of 60
615:
was released in 1938, based on earlier experiments during
1058:
with an origin point just off the southwest coast of the
918:, grid north conventionally points northwards along the
770:
To establish the position of a geographic location on a
650:. To facilitate unambiguous reporting, the alphanumeric
891:(the direction in which a compass needle points). Many
607:
than the three-dimensional trigonometry of GCS. In the
1992:
1964:
1912:
1874:
1785:
1774:
1719:
1696:
1632:
1025:
1146:(UPS): a pair of coordinate systems covering the
1016:specify the part of the world and the (trailing)
1402:"Understanding Maps: The British National Grid"
644:Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system
1446:Cartography and Geographic Information Science
1321:Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
500:) on a planar surface created by a particular
1610:
1120:List of national coordinate reference systems
504:. Each projected coordinate system, such as "
445:
8:
638:(AMS) and other combatants. Initially, each
1424:
1422:
1782:
1617:
1603:
1595:
1182:of the United States or a portion thereof.
588:(GCS, latitude and longitude) date to the
568:1954 AMS map of a portion of the disputed
552:as Abstract Specification 2), and in most
452:
438:
419:Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)
414:International Terrestrial Reference System
51:
1579:. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
1323:(9th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 34.
907:map, which is at two degrees West of the
1479:
1477:
1475:
1342:
1340:
1106:
563:
37:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1311:
1219:Hellenic Geodetic Reference System 1987
823:algebraic and trigonometric functions.
54:
1369:
1367:
1056:British national grid reference system
27:Cartesian geographic coordinate system
1522:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 35.
1519:A Guide to Understanding Land Surveys
1136:6° wide), each a system with its own
548:and ISO 19111 (also published by the
470:projected coordinate reference system
7:
1188:(LV95): covers Switzerland, using a
277:
424:Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
386:European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989
1071:Imagine (or draw or superimpose a
926:. Grid north solves this problem.
296:Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936
262:Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding
153:Horizontal position representation
48:Layout of a UTM coordinate system.
25:
1433:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 225–229.
468: – also called a
212:Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs)
62:
1379:EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset
897:United States Geological Survey
680:EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset
480: – is a type of
376:N. American Vertical Datum 1988
1831:Military Grid Reference System
1815:International Map of the World
1516:Estopinal, Stephen V. (2009).
1198:(ITM): jointly created by the
1138:Transverse Mercator projection
1033:Military Grid Reference System
820:transverse Mercator projection
660:geographic information systems
652:Military Grid Reference System
406:Internet link to a point 2010
336:Geodetic Reference System 1980
254:Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. (QZSS)
1:
2039:Geographic coordinate systems
1899:Ordnance Survey National Grid
1577:"Grids and Reference Systems"
1458:10.1080/15230406.2015.1128851
1172:State Plane Coordinate System
1168:with its own encoding scheme.
1162:Ordnance Survey National Grid
1144:Universal Polar Stereographic
1126:Universal Transverse Mercator
1048:Ordnance Survey National Grid
1042:A typical map with grid lines
796:State Plane Coordinate System
788:Universal Transverse Mercator
746:, which includes a choice of
699:), which are also called the
601:State Plane Coordinate System
554:geographic information system
522:State Plane Coordinate System
518:Universal Transverse Mercator
506:Universal Transverse Mercator
484:that represents locations on
396:Chinese obfuscated datum 2002
1884:(north-east Atlantic region)
1286:as mathematical abstraction)
739:) coordinates of the system.
687:An abstract two-dimensional
668:Spatial Data Infrastructures
611:, the first version of the
586:Geographic coordinate system
528:, they were commonly called
346:Geographic point coord. 1983
1979:ITU-T country calling codes
1893:National Topographic System
1888:Irish grid reference system
1882:ICES Statistical Rectangles
1563:"Truncated Grid References"
1225:Israeli Transverse Mercator
831:Every map projection has a
689:Cartesian coordinate system
605:Cartesian coordinate system
599:Among the earliest was the
592:, proliferating during the
538:projected coordinate system
466:projected coordinate system
306:Systema Koordinat 1942 goda
2060:
1984:ITU-T mobile calling codes
1352:Open Geospatial Consortium
1319:Chang, Kang-tsung (2016).
1117:
763:
550:Open Geospatial Consortium
366:World Geodetic System 1984
36:
29:
2002:Maidenhead Locator System
1950:United Kingdom post codes
1196:Irish Transverse Mercator
1103:Examples of projected CRS
895:, including those of the
879:. It is contrasted with
778:for plotting locations.
356:North American Datum 1983
326:South American Datum 1969
1295:Spatial reference system
1156:Stereographic projection
1090:. This might be used in
1018:least significant digits
1010:truncated grid reference
930:Grid reference encodings
839:, specified in terms of
542:spatial reference system
482:spatial reference system
474:planar coordinate system
217:Global Pos. System (GPS)
184:Spatial reference system
39:Spatial reference system
1543:"Moving the South Pole"
1270:Graticule (cartography)
1206:to cover the island of
1186:Swiss coordinate system
1014:most significant digits
989:) in UTM Zone 11 is at
812:Swiss coordinate system
800:Lambert Conformal Conic
725:Lambert Conformal Conic
1939:New Zealand post codes
1115:
1043:
991:(0594934mE, 5636174mN)
965:50.86944°N 115.65083°W
883:(the direction of the
577:
49:
1935:(Republic of Ireland)
1922:Australian post codes
1429:Raisz, Erwin (1948).
1265:Geographical distance
1214:Bermuda National Grid
1118:Further information:
1110:
1041:
792:British National Grid
764:Further information:
613:British National Grid
572:region, showing the
567:
526:British National Grid
490:Cartesian coordinates
478:grid reference system
112:Geographical distance
47:
1633:Administrative codes
1381:. Geomatic Solutions
1244:Discrete global grid
970:50.86944; -115.65083
899:and Great Britain's
802:(some states in the
674:System specification
664:satellite navigation
536:. However, the term
286:Sea Level Datum 1929
138:Geodetic coordinates
1974:ITU-R country codes
1944:Postal Index Number
1431:General Cartography
1200:Republic of Ireland
1190:Mercator projection
1178:), each covering a
961: /
784:transverse mercator
729:Transverse Mercator
316:European Datum 1950
274:Standards (history)
174:Reference ellipsoid
122:Figure of the Earth
2006:Historical :
1841:Open Location Code
1676:MARC country codes
1548:2011-07-16 at the
1116:
1044:
798:for some states),
590:Hellenistic period
578:
194:Vertical positions
50:
2016:
2015:
1908:
1907:
1836:Natural Area Code
1766:FIFA country code
1756:Aircraft prefixes
1729:IANA country code
1711:ICAO airport code
1706:IATA airport code
1640:FIPS country code
1529:978-0-470-23058-9
1330:978-1-259-92964-9
944:Mount Assiniboine
594:Enlightenment Era
462:
461:
410:
409:
189:Spatial relations
179:Satellite geodesy
134:
16:(Redirected from
2051:
1783:
1761:IOC country code
1672:(United Kingdom)
1652:FIPS county code
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827:Easting-Northing
636:Army Map Service
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1957:(United States)
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1817:indexing system
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1658:FIPS state code
1646:FIPS place code
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1626:Geocode systems
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1550:Wayback Machine
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1497:on 6 March 2014
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1081:coordinate axis
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1052:Ordnance Survey
1026:05nnn34 56nnn74
1021:
1008:For example, a
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901:Ordnance Survey
862:
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748:earth ellipsoid
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625:Ordnance Survey
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534:grid references
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1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1568:
1554:
1535:
1528:
1508:
1471:
1452:(3): 186–200.
1436:
1418:
1400:Russell, Don.
1392:
1363:
1336:
1329:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1290:Map projection
1287:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1260:Geodetic datum
1257:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1211:
1204:United Kingdom
1193:
1183:
1169:
1159:
1141:
1132:(each being a
1104:
1101:
1067:
1064:
1060:United Kingdom
1024:by concealing
931:
928:
920:Prime Meridian
909:Prime Meridian
889:magnetic north
877:map projection
861:
858:
841:false northing
833:natural origin
828:
825:
766:Map projection
761:
758:
757:
756:
744:geodetic datum
740:
721:map projection
717:
675:
672:
640:theater of war
609:United Kingdom
582:map projection
561:
558:
510:geodetic datum
502:map projection
460:
459:
457:
456:
449:
442:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
421:
416:
408:
407:
404:
398:
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394:
388:
387:
384:
378:
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374:
368:
367:
364:
358:
357:
354:
348:
347:
344:
338:
337:
334:
328:
327:
324:
318:
317:
314:
308:
307:
304:
298:
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294:
288:
287:
284:
276:
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269:
268:
265:
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259:
251:
243:
235:
227:
219:
214:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
169:Map projection
166:
155:
150:
145:
143:Geodetic datum
140:
135:
119:
114:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:
91:
86:
81:
75:
72:
71:
68:
67:
59:
58:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2056:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1994:Amateur radio
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
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1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
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1844:
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1798:
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1784:
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1737:
1736:
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1732:
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1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1721:Country codes
1718:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1698:Airport codes
1695:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
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1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1615:
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1608:
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1597:
1578:
1572:
1569:
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1558:
1555:
1551:
1547:
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1512:
1509:
1493:
1486:
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1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
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1447:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1407:
1406:Uncharted 101
1403:
1396:
1393:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1353:
1349:
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1337:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1298:
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1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:Lattice graph
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1250:East north up
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:Great Britain
1163:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1003:
998:
996:
988:
984:
980:
974:
945:
941:
937:
929:
927:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
857:
855:
851:
846:
845:false easting
842:
838:
834:
826:
824:
821:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
767:
759:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:
684:
681:
673:
671:
669:
665:
661:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
576:grid in blue.
575:
571:
566:
559:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
455:
450:
448:
443:
441:
436:
435:
433:
432:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
405:
403:
400:
399:
395:
393:
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389:
385:
383:
380:
379:
375:
373:
370:
369:
365:
363:
360:
359:
355:
353:
350:
349:
345:
343:
340:
339:
335:
333:
330:
329:
325:
323:
320:
319:
315:
313:
310:
309:
305:
303:
300:
299:
295:
293:
290:
289:
285:
283:
280:
279:
271:
270:
263:
260:
258:
252:
250:
244:
242:
236:
234:
230:BeiDou (BDS)
228:
226:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
203:
202:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
164:
160:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
132:
131:circumference
128:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
103:
102:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
70:
69:
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
46:
40:
33:
32:East north up
19:
1914:Postal codes
1581:. Retrieved
1571:
1557:
1552:, NASA Quest
1538:
1518:
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1492:the original
1449:
1445:
1439:
1430:
1409:. Retrieved
1405:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1378:
1355:. Retrieved
1351:
1320:
1314:
1300:Spatial grid
1283:
1231:Swedish grid
1175:
1129:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1045:
1030:
1009:
1007:
999:
939:
935:
933:
913:
905:
873:navigational
868:
864:
863:
853:
849:
844:
840:
837:false origin
836:
832:
830:
816:
775:
769:
742:A choice of
736:
732:
719:A choice of
704:
700:
696:
692:
677:
656:
632:World War II
629:
598:
579:
537:
533:
530:grid systems
529:
515:
497:
493:
477:
473:
469:
465:
463:
206:Technologies
161: /
73:Fundamentals
2029:Cartography
2008:QRA locator
1866:WMO squares
1779:place codes
1642:(FIPS 10-4)
1411:21 December
1385:15 December
968: /
956:115°39′03″W
924:gimbal lock
776:grid system
760:Projections
617:World War I
84:Geodynamics
2034:Navigation
2023:Categories
1861:what3words
1805:Geohash-36
1734:ISO 3166-1
1660:(FIPS 5-2)
1654:(FIPS 6-4)
1357:2018-12-25
1306:References
1152:Antarctica
985:border in
953:50°52′10″N
916:South Pole
885:North Pole
881:true north
865:Grid north
860:Grid north
570:Aksai Chin
556:software.
1966:Telephony
1851:UN/LOCODE
1795:C-squares
1681:SGC codes
1670:GSS codes
1648:(FIPS 55)
1466:131732222
1092:surveying
1066:Precision
786:(used in
780:Conformal
648:Wehrmacht
163:Longitude
89:Geomatics
2044:Geocodes
1955:ZIP Code
1933:Eircodes
1929:(Brazil)
1895:(Canada)
1875:Regional
1776:Geodesic
1683:(Canada)
1546:Archived
1255:Geocodes
1238:See also
1221:(Greece)
1154:using a
854:northing
808:Mercator
806:), and
705:northing
623:and the
619:by the
584:and the
342:ISO 6709
240:(Europe)
238:Galileo
224:(Russia)
222:GLONASS
159:Latitude
148:Geodesic
106:Concepts
18:Northing
1946:(India)
1821:Mapcode
1800:Geohash
1749:numeric
1744:alpha-3
1739:alpha-2
1687:UN M.49
1583:4 March
1501:5 March
1208:Ireland
1022:949-361
995:equator
983:Alberta
977:on the
914:At the
871:) is a
850:easting
714:US foot
701:easting
630:During
560:History
402:Geo URI
372:NAVD 88
282:NGVD 29
256:(Japan)
248:(India)
232:(China)
94:History
79:Geodesy
56:Geodesy
1810:GEOREF
1787:Global
1526:
1464:
1327:
1233:(RT90)
1148:Arctic
987:Canada
887:) and
794:, the
790:, the
524:, and
488:using
392:GCJ-02
382:ETRS89
362:WGS 84
352:NAD 83
332:GRS 80
292:OSGB36
246:NAVIC
127:radius
1495:(PDF)
1488:(PDF)
1462:S2CID
1246:(DGG)
1227:(NIG)
1180:state
1176:zones
1130:zones
1088:Romer
1073:Romer
752:Earth
710:meter
486:Earth
476:, or
322:SAD69
302:SK-42
117:Geoid
1901:(UK)
1846:QDGC
1689:(UN)
1666:(EU)
1664:NUTS
1585:2014
1524:ISBN
1503:2014
1413:2021
1387:2021
1325:ISBN
1284:grid
1202:and
1150:and
1134:gore
1046:The
946:(at
856:.
852:and
843:and
804:SPCS
712:or
703:and
621:Army
580:The
574:MGRS
546:EPSG
312:ED50
129:and
1927:CEP
1856:UTM
1454:doi
1112:UTM
1096:GPS
1002:GIS
997:.
814:).
772:map
2025::
1474:^
1460:.
1450:44
1448:.
1421:^
1404:.
1377:.
1366:^
1350:.
1339:^
938:,
869:GN
735:,
727:,
716:).
695:,
627:.
520:,
496:,
472:,
464:A
1618:e
1611:t
1604:v
1587:.
1532:.
1505:.
1468:.
1456::
1415:.
1389:.
1360:.
1333:.
1282:(
1210:.
1192:.
1158:.
1140:.
981:/
940:y
936:x
867:(
810:(
737:y
733:x
697:y
693:x
498:y
494:x
492:(
453:e
446:t
439:v
133:)
125:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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