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345:) called the aircraft a "lemon". The second X-4 (serial number 46-677) was delivered during the halt of flights, and soon proved far more reliable. It made a total of 20 contractor flights. Despite this, the contractor flight program dragged on until February 1950, before both aircraft were turned over to the
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proved to be something of a counterexample—the developed version was the first aircraft to demonstrate stores separation above Mach 1. Aircraft designers were thus able to avoid this dead end. It was not until the development of computer fly-by-wire systems that such designs could be practical.
451:
The thickened flap/speed brake tests had been encouraging, so balsa wood strips were reinstalled on both the flap/speed brake and the elevons. The first flight was made by Jones on 19 May 1952, but one of the engines was damaged during the flight, and it was August before a replacement J30 could be
293:
jet engines, a pilot, instrumentation, and a 45-minute fuel supply. Nearly all maintenance work on the aircraft could be done without using a ladder or footstool. A person standing on the ground could easily look into the cockpit. The aircraft also had split flaps, which doubled as speed brakes.
424:. A second test was made by Crossfield in October. The results were positive, with Jones commenting that the X-4's flight qualities had been greatly improved, and the aircraft did not have pitch control problems up to a speed of Mach 0.92.
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found. When the flights resumed, they showed that the modifications had improved stability in both pitch and yaw, and delayed the nosedown trim changes from Mach 0.74 to Mach 0.91. Above Mach 0.91, however, the X-4 still oscillated.
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It was believed in the 1940s that a design without horizontal stabilizers would avoid the interaction of shock waves between the wing and stabilizers. These were believed to be the source of the stability problems at transonic speeds up to
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strips were added between the upper and lower hinged "clamshell"-style flap/speed brake halves, causing them to remain open at a 5° angle. The first test of the blunt trailing edge was flown on 20 August 1951 by NACA pilot
431:
of the aircraft could be reduced to less than 3:1. This was for data on future rocket-powered aircraft. The tests continued through
October 1951, until wing tank fuel leaks forced the aircraft to be grounded until March
459:. This was the final project for the X-4, which made its 81st and final NACA flight on September 29, 1953. Both aircraft survived the test program. The first X-4, AF serial number 46-676, was transferred to the
407:
prototypes in 1941. More seriously, the aircraft also showed a tendency to "hunt" about all three axes. This combined yaw, pitch and roll, which grew more severe as the speed increased, was a precursor to the
211:
Two X-4s were built by the
Northrop Corporation, but the first was found to be mechanically unsound and after ten flights it was grounded and used to provide parts for the second. While being tested from
467:, before being returned to Edwards Air Force Base. 46-676 has been restored as of August 2012, and is currently being held in storage pending placement in the Edwards Museum. The second X-4 went to the
455:
In May 1953, the balsa wood strips were again removed, and the X-4's dynamic stability was studied in the original flap/speed brake and elevon configuration. These flights were made by
Crossfield and
507:, although these aircraft all differed significantly in shape from the X-4. The trend during its test program was already towards delta and modified delta aircraft such as the
274:
signed a contract with the
Northrop Aircraft Company on 11 June 1946, to build two X-4s. Northrop was selected because of its experience with flying wing designs, such as the
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232:) as it approached the speed of sound. It was concluded that (with the control technology available at the time) tailless craft were not suited for transonic flight.
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of Nazi
Germany's Luftwaffe. Some aerodynamicists had proposed that eliminating the horizontal tail would also do away with stability problems at fast speeds (called
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from the wings and the horizontal stabilizers. The idea had merit, but the flight control systems of that time prevented the X-4 from achieving any success.
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The X-4's primary importance involved proving a negative, in that a swept-wing semi-tailless design was not suitable for speeds near Mach 1, although
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The balsa strips were removed, and the X-4 then undertook a long series of flights to test landing characteristics. By opening the speed brakes, the
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noted that as the X-4's speed approached Mach 0.88, it began a pitch oscillation of increasing severity, which was likened to driving on a
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46:
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Note: Northrop company designations include a wide variety of technologies. Only aircraft, aero engines, and missiles are linked here.
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403:. Increasing speeds also caused a tucking phenomenon, in which the nose pitched down, a phenomenon also experienced by the Me 163A
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To correct the poor stability, project engineers decided to increase the flap/speed brake trailing edge thickness.
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384:. The flights were made in August and September 1950. The first flight by an NACA pilot was made by
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Pelletier, Alain J. "Towards the Ideal
Aircraft: The Life and Times of the Flying Wing, Part Two".
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Summary report of results obtained during demonstration tests of the
Northrop X-4 airplanes
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and the NACA. The first X-4 never flew again, used as spare parts for the second aircraft.
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322:. It underwent taxi tests and made its first flight on December 15, 1948, with Northrop
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The initial NACA X-4 flights, which continued from late 1950 through May of
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337:. The first X-4 proved mechanically unreliable, and made only ten flights.
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in 1948. It had no horizontal tail surfaces, depending instead on combined
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The resulting aircraft was very compact, only large enough to hold two
240:. Two aircraft had already been built using a semi-tailless design—the
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The surviving X-4, serial number 46-676, is on display at the
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which would become a major challenge in the years to come.
532:
The surviving X-4, tail number 6677, is on display at the
333:
soon after, preventing additional X-4 flights until April
780:. Washington: National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
874:
Hallion, Richard P (1977). "X-4 – A Bantam
Explorer".
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The first X-4 (serial number 46-676) was delivered to
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Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
341:, the head of the NACA Muroc Flight Test Unit (now
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352:The NACA instrumented the second X-4 to conduct a
898:, No. 65, September–October 1996, pp. 8–19.
771:Sadoff, Melvin; Sisk, Thomas (13 December 1950).
651:engines, 1,600 lbf (7.1 kN) thrust each
534:National Museum of the United States Air Force
469:National Museum of the United States Air Force
436:, when the landing tests resumed. NACA pilots
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926:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
8:
666:625 mph (1,006 km/h, 543 kn)
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2665:1940s United States experimental aircraft
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:High-Speed Flight Research Station (now
32:This article includes a list of general
846:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage"
743:
672:420 mi (680 km, 360 nmi)
448:were also checked out in the aircraft.
491:Semi-tailless designs appeared on the
356:with Air Force pilots. These included
329:at the controls. Winter rains flooded
7:
757:Wilkinson, Stephan. "Northrop X-4".
196:) resulting from the interaction of
608:14 ft 10 in (4.52 m)
602:26 ft 10 in (8.18 m)
924:from websites or documents of the
880:. No. Three. pp. 18–25.
596:23 ft 3 in (7.09 m)
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
16:American experimental jet aircraft
14:
920: This article incorporates
915:
89:
23:
684:7,700 ft/min (39 m/s)
614:200 sq ft (19 m)
479:, where it remains on display.
473:Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
461:United States Air Force Academy
678:42,300 ft (12,900 m)
1:
964:aircraft and aircraft engines
637:7,820 lb (3,547 kg)
631:5,507 lb (2,498 kg)
343:Dryden Flight Research Center
272:United States Army Air Forces
2685:Aircraft first flown in 1948
761:Vol.29 No.2. June/July 2014.
759:Air & Space Smithsonian.
268:de Havilland DH.108 Swallow
263:, and the turbojet-powered
2701:
2632:Assigned to multiple types
910:NASA-Dryden X-4 Fact Sheet
465:Colorado Springs, Colorado
362:Frank Kendall Everest, Jr.
2625:
2126:) designations since 1941
2075:
818:"Aircraft Inventory List"
575:X-4 – The Bantam Explorer
270:built after the war. The
184:control surfaces (called
88:
877:Air Enthusiast Quarterly
2132:Supersonic/special test
850:m-selig.ae.illinois.edu
581:General characteristics
388:on September 28, 1950.
354:short series of flights
53:more precise citations.
2660:Edwards Air Force Base
922:public domain material
568:
549:Edwards Air Force Base
307:
226:Edwards Air Force Base
2120:experimental aircraft
2118:USAF / Joint Service
804:nationalmuseum.af.mil
800:"Northrop X-4 Bantam"
645:Westinghouse J30-WE-7
567:
305:
165:is a prototype small
834:Hallion 1977, p. 23.
822:flighttestmuseum.org
705:Messerschmitt Me 163
560:Specifications (X-4)
312:Muroc Air Force Base
306:Preparing for flight
190:Messerschmitt Me 163
174:Northrop Corporation
125:Northrop Corporation
722:List of X-4 flights
635:Max takeoff weight:
553:Edwards, California
527:Aircraft on display
298:Operational history
251:flown in combat by
163:Northrop X-4 Bantam
101:General information
2172:"X" (1948–present)
569:
545:Flight Test Museum
429:lift-to-drag ratio
339:Walter C. Williams
308:
2675:Mid-wing aircraft
2670:Tailless aircraft
2655:Northrop aircraft
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844:Lednicer, David.
515:derived from the
410:inertial coupling
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110:Tailless aircraft
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727:List of X-planes
676:Service ceiling:
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442:Stanley Butchard
397:Scott Crossfield
386:John H. Griffith
291:Westinghouse J30
172:manufactured by
155:15 December 1948
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2134:"S" (1946–1947)
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2012:Freedom Fighter
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700:DH.108 Swallow
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664:Maximum speed:
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513:Convair F-102A
401:washboard road
327:Charles Tucker
318:, in November
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716:Related lists
711:
710:Lippisch P.15
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
695:
688:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
661:
660:
658:
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646:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
629:Empty weight:
627:
625:
622:
620:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
585:
584:
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531:
530:
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514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:John B. McKay
453:
449:
447:
446:George Cooper
443:
439:
435:
430:
425:
423:
418:
413:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
378:Arthur Murray
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
304:
297:
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281:
277:
273:
269:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
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239:
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227:
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215:
206:
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202:
199:
195:
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187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
164:
154:
150:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
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121:
117:
114:
111:
108:
104:
99:
92:
87:
82:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2629:Not assigned
2200:
2170:Experimental
2155:
1977:Black Bullet
1966:
1918:
1867:Experimental
1136:
1014:
972:designations
970:Manufacturer
914:
893:
875:
868:Bibliography
853:. Retrieved
849:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
782:. Retrieved
773:
766:
758:
715:
714:
693:
692:
681:
675:
669:
663:
656:
654:
640:
634:
628:
624:NACA 0010-64
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
580:
578:
574:
571:
570:
538:Dayton, Ohio
505:Bird of Prey
481:
477:Dayton, Ohio
454:
450:
426:
422:Walter Jones
414:
404:
390:
358:Chuck Yeager
351:
309:
288:
261:World War II
253:Nazi Germany
247:
234:
210:
162:
160:
152:First flight
139:Number built
120:Manufacturer
65:
56:
37:
2322:26–50
1982:Black Widow
1735:CF-5/CF-116
657:Performance
641:Powerplant:
521:Avro Vulcan
509:Douglas F4D
488:F7U Cutlass
382:Jack Ridley
374:Fred Ascani
207:Development
201:shock waves
194:shock stall
51:introducing
2649:Categories
2635:Unofficial
2427:X-44 (UAV)
2422:X-44 MANTA
2179:1–25
2077:See also:
2067:Tigershark
1914:Tacit Blue
1816:Transports
1613:A-17/Nomad
1556:'P' series
1010:'N' series
733:References
612:Wing area:
519:, and the
438:Joe Walker
417:Balsa wood
324:test pilot
316:California
286:aircraft.
230:porpoising
198:supersonic
95:X-4 Bantam
84:X-4 Bantam
34:references
2480:51–
904:0143-5450
886:0143-5450
600:Wingspan:
572:Data from
497:Have Blue
347:Air Force
257:Luftwaffe
244:-powered
113:prototype
59:July 2014
2680:Twinjets
2575:See also
2047:Scorpion
2042:Reporter
1937:Aircraft
1800:Trainers
1689:Fighters
962:Northrop
855:16 April
778:(Report)
689:See also
649:turbojet
246:Me 163B
238:Mach 0.9
178:elevator
170:aircraft
2124:X-plane
2032:Pioneer
2002:Dervish
1939:engines
1632:Bombers
1589:By role
784:28 June
647:/ WE-9
619:Airfoil
606:Height:
594:Length:
366:Al Boyd
265:British
220:at the
186:elevons
182:aileron
167:twinjet
147:History
134:Retired
47:improve
2057:Spirit
2037:Raider
2022:Hornet
1992:Chukar
1987:Boojum
1967:Bantam
1894:MX-334
1889:MX-324
1853:YC-125
1673:Drones
1596:Attack
902:
884:
670:Range:
517:XF-92A
511:, the
503:, and
484:Vought
444:, and
242:rocket
131:Status
36:, but
2617:XQ-67
2612:XQ-58
2607:M2-F3
2602:M2-F2
2597:M2-F1
2592:HL-10
2587:HiMAT
2454:X-47C
2449:X-47B
2418:X-44
2306:X-24C
2062:Talon
2052:Snark
2027:Nomad
2017:Gamma
1997:Delta
1962:Alpha
1955:Names
1909:HL-10
1904:M2-F3
1899:M2-F2
1848:C-100
1838:Delta
1833:Gamma
1823:Alpha
1791:N-204
1786:N-165
1776:RF-61
1755:YF-23
1745:F-18L
1740:YF-17
1711:XP-79
1701:XP-56
1644:YB-49
1639:YB-35
1618:N-3PB
1608:XA-16
1603:YA-13
1547:N-381
1542:N-370
1537:N-353
1532:N-330
1527:N-322
1522:N-321
1517:N-320
1512:N-311
1507:N-307
1502:N-306
1497:N-305
1492:N-304
1487:N-303
1482:N-302
1477:N-301
1472:N-300
1467:N-285
1462:N-267
1457:N-251
1452:N-250
1447:N-205
1442:N-204
1437:N-165
1432:N-156
1427:N-155
1422:N-151
1417:N-150
1412:N-149
1407:N-144
1402:N-141
1397:N-138
1392:N-135
1387:N-134
1382:N-133
1377:N-132
1372:N-124
1367:N-117
1362:N-112
1357:N-111
1352:N-110
1347:N-105
1342:N-103
1337:N-102
1128:N-25A
1001:Delta
996:Gamma
986:Alpha
738:Notes
588:Crew:
501:F-117
475:near
405:Anton
284:YB-49
280:XB-35
248:Komet
2582:AD-1
2562:X-66
2557:X-65
2552:X-64
2547:X-63
2542:X-62
2537:X-61
2532:X-60
2527:X-59
2522:X-58
2517:X-57
2512:X-56
2507:X-55
2502:X-54
2497:X-53
2492:X-52
2487:X-51
2471:X-50
2466:X-49
2461:X-48
2444:X-47
2439:X-46
2434:X-45
2414:X-43
2409:X-42
2404:X-41
2399:X-40
2394:X-39
2389:X-38
2384:X-37
2379:X-36
2374:X-35
2369:X-34
2364:X-33
2359:X-32
2354:X-31
2349:X-30
2344:X-29
2339:X-28
2334:X-27
2329:X-26
2313:X-25
2301:X-24
2296:X-23
2291:X-22
2286:X-21
2281:X-20
2276:X-19
2271:X-18
2266:X-17
2261:X-16
2256:X-15
2251:X-14
2246:X-13
2241:X-12
2236:X-11
2231:X-10
2079:TR-3
2007:Fang
1972:Beta
1946:XT37
1924:X-21
1884:JB-1
1879:N-9M
1874:N-1M
1843:C-19
1828:Beta
1807:T-38
1781:RF-5
1771:F-15
1750:F-20
1716:F-89
1706:P-61
1649:B-62
1623:YA-9
1577:P630
1572:P610
1567:P600
1562:P530
1332:N-96
1327:N-94
1322:N-87
1317:N-86
1312:N-84
1307:N-82
1302:N-81
1297:N-74
1292:N-73
1287:N-72
1282:N-71
1277:N-69
1272:N-68
1267:N-67
1262:N-65
1257:N-63
1252:N-60
1247:N-59
1242:N-55
1237:N-54
1232:N-52
1227:N-51
1222:N-50
1217:N-49
1212:N-48
1207:N-47
1202:N-46
1197:N-45
1192:N-41
1187:N-40
1182:N-39
1177:N-38
1172:N-37
1167:N-36
1162:N-35
1157:N-34
1152:N-32
1147:N-31
1142:N-29
1137:N-26
1123:N-24
1118:N-23
1113:N-21
1108:N-20
1103:N-19
1098:N-18
1093:N-16
1088:N-15
1083:N-14
1078:N-12
1073:N-10
991:Beta
900:ISSN
882:ISSN
857:2019
786:2021
643:2 Ă—
493:X-36
434:1952
393:1951
380:and
335:1949
320:1948
282:and
276:N-9M
222:NACA
218:1953
214:1950
180:and
161:The
106:Type
2226:X-9
2221:X-8
2216:X-7
2211:X-6
2206:X-5
2201:X-4
2196:X-3
2191:X-2
2186:X-1
2161:S-5
2156:S-4
2151:S-3
2146:S-2
2141:S-1
1919:X-4
1731:F-5
1726:F2T
1721:XFT
1680:Q-4
1664:B-2
1659:B2T
1064:N-9
1059:N-8
1054:N-7
1049:N-6
1044:N-5
1039:N-4
1034:N-3
1029:N-2
1020:N-1
547:on
536:in
486:'s
471:at
259:in
255:'s
216:to
2651::
1858:RT
1696:3A
1654:BT
928:.
848:.
820:.
802:.
746:^
551:,
523:.
499:,
495:,
463:,
440:,
376:,
372:,
368:,
364:,
360:,
314:,
278:,
2122:(
2111:e
2104:t
2097:v
1733:/
1132:B
1130:/
1068:M
1066:/
1024:M
1022:/
954:e
947:t
940:v
906:.
888:.
859:.
824:.
806:.
788:.
621::
590:1
555:.
540:.
142:2
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
