711:, ordered the companies to cease hostilities. In July 1821, under more pressure from the British government, which passed new regulations governing the fur trade in British North America, a merger agreement was signed with the Hudson's Bay Company. By this, the North West Company name disappeared after more than 40 years of operations. At the time of the merger, the amalgamated company consisted of 97 trading posts that had belonged to the North West Company and 76 that belonged to the Hudson's Bay Company. When the competition between both companies came to an end, new board of directors wanted two field governors to oversee the newly defined territory, and George Simpson was appointed to the Northern Department.
537:
523:
654:, which effectively brought about an almost complete cessation of trade between the two countries. Britain became totally dependent on her Canadian colony for her timber needs, especially the great white pine used for ships' masts. Almost overnight, timber and wood products replaced fur as Canada's number one export. Fur remained profitable, however, as it had a high value-to-bulk ratio. In an economy short of ready money, fur was routinely used by Canadian merchants to remit value to their London creditors.
47:
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509:, in the name of the North West Company, and were able to capitalize on the rich furs of the area. Their expansion northwestward cut into the profits of the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1800, HBC profited ÂŁ38,000 in trade compared to the North West Company's ÂŁ144,000 in 1800. This bold move caught the Hudson's Bay Company off guard. In succeeding years it retaliated rather than reaching a compromise, which McTavish had hoped might be negotiated.
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of persons of Scots descent related through blood or marriage. Several important
Montreal agents were related to Simon McTavish; and his successors, brothers William and Duncan McGillivray, were his nephews. Of 128 leading figures in the company, 77 were of Scots descent. Due to the prevalent kinship
582:
Under
William McGillivray, the Company continued to expand, and apparently to profit, during the first decade of the 19th century. Competition with the Hudson's Bay Company was intense, however, and profit margins were squeezed. The North West Company branch in New York City had allowed the Canadians
1352:
or formally the New North West
Company, and sometimes Alexander MacKenzie & Co. In 1798 Forsyth, Richardson & Co, Parker, Gerrand & Ogilvy and John Mure of Quebec formed the XY Company. In 1799 MacKenzie left the NWC and went to England. Next year he bought shares in XY and soon became
698:
and charged them with the deaths of 21 people at Seven Oaks. Although this matter was resolved by the authorities in
Montreal, over the next few years some of the wealthiest and most capable partners began to leave the North West Company, fearful of its future viability. The form of nepotism within
674:
was a serious blow during an already difficult time. In addition, the company was hurt by the refusal after the war with the United States to let
Canadian traders freely cross its northern border. This reduced much of the border trade, which had previously been profitable for them, and artificially
646:
as part of the ongoing struggle between France and
Britain for world dominance. Britain was dependent for almost all of her timber on the Baltic countries and on the U.S. states of New Hampshire and Massachusetts (which at that time included the large territory of Maine). By then, however, tensions
840:
were also shareholders in the company, owning one or two shares each. They were not salaried, but received their income from the company's profits through their shares. Trading goods were advanced to them on credit by the agents of
Montreal. They wintered in the interior, managing a district with
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Simon McTavish was an aggressive businessman who understood that powerful forces in the business world were always ready to pounce on any weakness. As such, his ambition and forceful positions caused disagreements between him and some of the shareholders, several of whom eventually left the North
1290:
1787: McTavish buys 1 of McBeath's 2 shares. Gregory & McLeod join. Of 20 Shares: 4 shares: McTavish; 3 shares: Joseph
Frobisher; 2 shares: Patrick Small, Nicholas Montour, Robert Grant; 1 share: McBeath, Peter Pond, Holms; former Gregory & McLeod members with 1 share each: John Gregory,
578:
had been shot by an XY Company employee during a quarrel. McGillivray was successful in putting together an agreement with the XY Company in 1804. It stipulated that the old North West
Company partners held 75 per cent of the shares, and the former XY Company partners the remaining 25 per cent.
409:
The death of
Benjamin Frobisher opened the door to a takeover of the North West Company by Simon McTavish, who made a deal with Frobisher's surviving brother Joseph. The firm of McTavish, Frobisher and Company, founded in November 1787, effectively controlled eleven of the company's twenty
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in the North West Company. They were responsible for hiring staff, exporting furs, acquiring supplies, merchandise and provisions, and organizing their shipment to the inland trading posts. For this, they received commissions, in addition to the profits they made as shareholders.
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to learn the business. William McGillivray was groomed by his uncle to succeed him as Director of the North West Company, and by 1796 he had effectively done so, acting as Montreal agents' representative at the annual meetings at Grand Portage, and later at Fort William.
430:
Vertical integration of the business was completed in 1792, when Simon McTavish and John Fraser formed a London house to supply trade goods and market the furs, McTavish, Fraser and Company. While the organization and capitalization of the North West Company came from
358:, and his cousin Roderick Mackenzie. The 1787 company consisted of 20 shares, some held by the agents at Montreal (see below), and others by wintering partners, who spent the trading season in the fur country and oversaw the trade with the aboriginal peoples there.
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By 1820, the company was issuing coinage, each copper token representing the value of one beaver pelt. But the continued operations of the North West Company were in great doubt, and shareholders had no choice but to agree to a merger with their hated rival after
630:
requiring the return of seized assets, putative ownership of the site was returned to the United States in 1817. Renamed as Fort George by the North West Company, continued to operate until the Hudson's Bay Company's takeover and the replacement of Fort Astoria by
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There was intense competition between the rivals. When Simon McTavish died on 6 July 1804, the new head William McGillivray set out to put an end to the four years' rivalry. It had escalated to a point where the master of the North West Company post at
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Daniel Mackenzie (proprietor), John MacDonald (proprietor), James Hughes, Louis Châtellain, James King, François Décoigne, Pierre Charette, Pierre Jérôme, Baptiste Bruno, David Thompson, J. Duncan Campbell, Alexander Stewart, Jacques Raphael, Francois
1424:, with stores in Northern Canada, Alaska, US Pacific territories and the Caribbean. Its headquarters are across the street from the Forts Rouge, Garry, and Gibraltar National Historic Site of Canada, the site of an old North West Company fort.
456:(today's Midwest of Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and Wisconsin). In 1796, to better position themselves in the increasingly global market, where politics played a major role, the North West Company briefly established an agency in
901:, or wintering servants, who paddled canoes from the Great Lakes to the interior trading posts, and worked at them during the winter, formed the next higher band of employees. Status and pay differed depending on a man's role in the
241:(1670). Unlike the French who traveled into the northern interior and traded with First Nations in their camps and villages, the English made bases at trading posts on Hudson Bay, inviting the indigenous people to trade. After 1731,
570:, allegedly because of the mark they used on their bales of furs. Their cause was greatly strengthened in 1799, when the North West Company's hero explorer, Alexander Mackenzie, quit his old partnership and soon after joined them.
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1792: Now 46 shares. 20 Shares: McTavish, Frobisher &Co (with new partner John Gregory), 6 Shares: Alexander MacKenzie, 2 Shares: Todd, McGill & Co, Forsyth, Richardson & Co, Montour, Sutherland, Angus Shaw, 1 Share:
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However, Astor was as aggressive as Simon McTavish had been. An intense rivalry soon developed between him and William McGillivray over the Oriental market and westerly expansion to unclaimed territory in what is now the
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several trading posts, and were in charge of the actual trade with the Indians. During the summer, the agents and the associates met at Fort William. The wintering partners normally began their career path as clerks.
471:
to change arrangements, at least so the North West Company could obtain transit rights to ship goods to the west needed for trading for furs. It is said that Simon McTavish made a personal petition to Prime Minister
327:
In the winter of 1783–1784, the North West Company was officially created on a long-term basis, with its corporate offices on Vaudreuil Street in Montreal. It was led by businessmen Benjamin Frobisher, his brother,
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to import goods through New York and deal with the Great Lakes trade. It was mostly blocked by the War of 1812 but remnants existed until at least 1820. Astor had been dealing with the NWC since around 1787.
439:. Numerous French Canadians played key roles in the operations both in the building, management, and shareholding of the various trading posts scattered throughout the country, as well numbering among the
1305:
1790: Of 20 shares: 6 shares: McTavish & Frobisher: 2 shares: Montour, Robert Grant, Patrick Small, John Gregory, Peter Pangman, Alexander MacKenzie; 1 share: McTavish's nephew and Donald Sutherland.
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Beyond the non-operating investors, these were some of the post proprietors, clerks, interpreters, explorers and others of the nearly 2,500 persons employed by the North West Company in 1799:
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1234:
The history of the partnership is complex, but it is necessary to keep track of who was competing with whom. Note that the definition of partner is not completely clear. For example, after
587:'s monopoly and ship furs to the Chinese market. Cargo ships owned by the North West Company conveniently sailed under the American flag, and doing so meant continued collaboration with
448:
In the northwest, the Company expanded its operations as far north as Great Bear Lake, and westwards beyond the Rocky Mountains. For several years, they tried to sell furs directly to
1287:, Patrick Small; 1 share: Peter Pond, William Holmes. The agreement was made in January and confirmed that summer when the winterers arrived at Grand Portage for the first meeting.
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in 1816, and its violence, resulted in Lord Selkirk arresting William McGillivray and several North West Company proprietors. He ordered the seizure of their outpost property in
244:
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and its Captain Black arrived, he went through a ceremony of possession, even though the fort was already ostensibly under British control. Due to treaty complications of the
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A few years later, with no relief to the Hudson's Bay Company's stranglehold, McTavish and his group decided to gamble. They organized an overland expedition from Montreal to
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213:. With great wealth at stake, tensions between the companies increased to the point where several minor armed skirmishes broke out, and the two companies were forced by the
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Despite its efforts, the North West Company was at a distinct disadvantage in competing for furs with the Hudson's Bay Company, whose charter gave it a virtual monopoly in
3412:
1932:
Keith, H. Lloyd. "'Shameful Mismanagement, Wasteful Extravagance, and the Most Unfortunate Dissention' : George Simpson's Misconceptions of the North West Company."
2660:
373:. Also under the auspices of the company, Alexander Mackenzie conducted two important expeditions of exploration. In 1789, he descended the Grand River (now called the
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3245:
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Duncan Cameron (proprietor), Ronald Cameron, Dugald Cameron, Jacques Adhémar, Jean-Baptiste Chevalier, Allen MacFarlane, Jean-Baptiste Pominville, Frederick Shults;
410:
outstanding shares. At the time the company consisted of 23 partners, but "its staff of Agents, factors, clerks, guides, interpreters, more commonly known today as
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1645:
1182:
1980:
Podruchny, Carolyn (1999). "Unfair Masters and Rascally Servants? Labour Relations Among Bourgeois, Clerks and Voyageurs in the Montréal Fur Trade, 1780–1821,"
427:. Further reorganizations of the partnership occurred in 1795 and 1802, the shares being subdivided each time to provide for more and more wintering partners.
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2531:
452:, using American ships to avoid the British East India Company's monopoly, but little profit was made there. The company also expanded into the United States'
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In 1787 the North West Company merged with a rival organization, Gregory, McLeod and Co., which brought several more able partners in, including John Gregory,
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led to the Canada Jurisdiction Act which extended Quebec law to western Canada. In 1804 it merged with the NWC, having 25% interest in the combined company.
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the company too had changed, from the strict values of Simon McTavish to something that was harming the business in both its costs and morale of others.
1948:
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was formed in 1776, was in the NWC by 1779, separated in 1784 and rejoined in 1792. They apparently wanted to concentrate on the southern Great Lakes.
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serving five to seven years, before advancing to clerks and bookkeepers. Each hoped to become a shareholding partner, although many remained clerks.
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William MacKay (proprietor), John Cameron, Donald MacIntosh, Benjamin Frobisher, Jacques Dupont, Joseph Laurent, Gabriel Attina, Francois Amoit;
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was an 1811 attempted partnership between two North West Company firms (McTavish, McGillivrays & Co and Forsyth, Richardson & Co) and
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A. N. McLeod (proprietor), Hugh McGillis, Michel Allary, Alexander Farguson, Edward Harrison, Joseph Grenon, François Nolin, Nicholas Montour;
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2526:
1875:
1752:
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John Macdonell (proprietor), George MacKay, J. Macdonell, Jr., Joseph Auger, Pierre Falcon, François Mallette, William Munro, André Poitvin;
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3648:
3622:
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887:, who paddled between Montreal and the posts around the Great Lakes. Seasonally employed, they were known by their diet and referred to as
257:
in 1763 (and the defeat of France in Europe), the management of the fur trading posts was taken over by English speakers. These so-called "
719:, who became the Canadian head of the northern division of the greatly enlarged business, made his headquarters in the Montreal suburb of
3683:
3370:
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2081:
679:
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1915:
988:
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Simon McTavish brought several members of his family into the company, but nepotism took a back seat to ability. His brother-in-law,
1283:
1784: McGill & Todd secede. Of 16 shares: 3 shares: Simon McTavish, B & J Frobisher; 2 shares: George McBeath, Robert Grant,
185:
3175:
2455:
2266:
2245:
2215:
2147:
1847:
1813:
1622:
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John Sayer (proprietor), J. B. Cadotte, Charles Bousquet, Jean Coton, Ignace ChĂŞnier, Joseph RĂ©aume, Eustache Roussin, Vincent Roy;
3315:
3295:
3094:
2646:
2128:
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1469:
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Charles Chaboillez (proprietor), Alexander Henry the younger, J. B. Desmarais, Francois Coleret, Antoine DĂ©jarlet, Louis Giboche;
984:
214:
173:
2224:. Data box research manuscript series, 348. : Ministry of Culture and Recreation, Historical Planning and Research Branch, 1977.
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were rewarded with up to five times as high pay as a common middleman, especially if serving as leader of a brigade of canoes.
745:, and brought capital to the enterprise. Over time, many were related, since sons and nephews were recruited. The servants or
277:, Simon McTavish dominated the company, until his own death in 1804. His nephew William McGilivray ran the company, until the
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2404:
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1808:. Rupert's Land Record Society series. Montreal, Quebec & Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queens University Press. p. 38.
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355:
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or servants did not constitute a uniform group with equal status. The lowest level of the status pyramid was formed by the
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The Reorganization of the Fur Trade of the Hudson's Bay Company After the Merger with the North West Company, 1821 to 1826
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1416:
In 1987, the northern trading posts of the Hudson's Bay Company were sold to an employee consortium that revived the name
1235:
1026:
980:
596:
811:
or masters of the North West Company belonged to three different levels, depending on the role performed in the company.
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and others, but the standard histories trace the company to a 16-share organization formed in 1779, which included Todd,
261:" began to merge because competition cost them money and because of the high costs of outfitting canoes to the far west.
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was an XY winterer. They built a number of posts close to NWC and HBC posts. The murder of an HBC man by an XY man at
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A Sketch of the British Fur Trade in North America With Observations Relative to the North West Company of Montreal
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Alexander Fraser (proprietor), John MacGillivray, Robert Henry, Louis Versailles, Charles Messier, Pierre Hurteau;
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Doctor Munro, Charles Hesse, Zacharie Clouthier, Antoine Colin, Jacques Vandreil, François Boileau, Mr. Bruce.
994:
615:. A collapse in the sea otter population and the imminent possibility of British seizure of Astoria during the
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321:
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There are historical references to a North West Company as early as 1770, including the Montreal-based traders
68:
2315:
1719:
Voyages from Montreal Through the Continent of North America to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans in 1789 and 1793
1694:
Voyages from Montreal Through the Continent of North America to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans in 1789 and 1793
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divided traders' relations with those several Native American tribes whose territories spanned the border.
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West Company during the 1790s.Some of these dissidents formed their own company, known unofficially as the
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This article is about the historical fur trading company. For the modern grocery and retail company, see
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basin. The French competed with the Dutch (from 1614) and English (1664) in New York and the English in
1552:
686:, it marked another in a series of events that would lead to the demise of the North West Company. The
2285:
Wallace, W. Stewart. "Documents Relating to the North West Company". Toronto: Champlain Society, 1934.
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The Journal of Duncan M'Gillivray of the North West Company at Fort George on the Saskatchewan, 1794-5
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505:, a ship that Fraser acquired. At Charlton Island, they laid claim to the region inhabited by the
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1821: Merged with Hudson's Bay Company. Former NWC owners have half the capital but little power.
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683:
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After the French landed in Quebec in 1608, independent French-Canadian traders commonly known as
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North of Athabasca Slave Lake and Mackenzie River Documents of the North West Company, 1800-1821
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1580:
Enterprises of Robert Hamilton: A Study of Wealth and Influence in Early Upper Canada, 1776-1812
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By 1810, another crisis hit the fur industry, brought on by the over-harvesting of animals, the
553:, oversaw the Lower Red River trading post. McTavish also hired several cousins and his nephews
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North of Athabasca: Slave Lake and Mackenzie River Documents of North West Company, 1800–1821
1803:
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Archaeological Investigation of the North West Company Great Hall Cellar, Fort William, 1976
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1276:; 1 share: Ross & Co, Oakes & Co. The first three were large and closely connected.
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and Alexander Ellice, with his brothers, Robert and James, (and, later, his sons, including
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or middleman was the drudge of canoe travel, while the responsibilities of the bowsman or
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181:
1893:
Aspects of the Fur Trade; Selected Papers of the 1965 North American Fur Trade Conference
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beat the North West Company in an effort to found a post near the mouth of the Columbia,
2240:. Rupert's Land Record Society series. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001.
2008:
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The wintering partners and the Montreal agents met each July at the company's depot at
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112:
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Fort Frances Museum & Cultural Centre Fort Frances, Ontario: Celebrating Community
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was the London agent of Simon McTavish, from about 1790. John Fraser was his cousin.
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332:, and McTavish, along with investor-partners who included the Ellices, Robert Grant,
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1916:"Coins and Canada - North West Company - 1820 - Pre-confederation commercial tokens"
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amounted to 2000 people." In addition to Alexander Mackenzie, this group included
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2318:. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
1457:, a reconstruction of the Fort William fur trade post as it existed in 1816, near
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of the North West Company were most often of Scottish descent, whether born in
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convinced his fellow shareholders in the Hudson's Bay Company to grant him the
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2275:. New-York: Printed for James Eastburn and Co. Clayton & Kingsland, 1818.
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and a second expedition by sea. In September 1803, the overland party met at
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in 1990. The new company is a grocery and merchandise store chain based in
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Peter Grant (proprietor), Arch. MacLellan, Charles Latour, Michel Machard;
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and several others form a partnership which they call the "N. W. Société"
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2197:. In addition, the North West Company is a case example in John Roberts
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structures, it was all but impossible for unrelated men to advance from
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had also begun to escalate again between Britain and the United States.
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1969:"Organisations des activités de traite de la CNO." McGill University."
467:, where the best furs were trapped. The company tried to persuade the
1744:
The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History
854:
738:
723:. The trading posts were soon reduced in number to avoid redundancy.
678:
All these events intensified competition between the companies. When
604:
1777:"John Johnston, of Sault Ste. Marie: A Passage in Canadian History"
1747:(reprint ed.). Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press.
201:
from 1779 to 1821. It competed with increasing success against the
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and descent or ethnic origin. The company was formed by a closed
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in particular. The destruction of the North West Company post at
579:
Alexander Mackenzie was excluded from the new joint partnership.
2324:. Rare Books and Special Collections, McGill University Library.
1257:
speaks of a pool on the North Saskatchewan similar to 1779 (see
1178:(partner), Simeon Charrette, Charles Gauthier, Pierre Baillarge;
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2642:
2331:
1783:. Vol. VII. Toronto: Rose-Belford Publishing Co. p. 3
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for the restoration of the North West Company trading post in
2165:
Further information on the North West Company can be found in
2057:
2013:. Vol. 2. Québec: De L'Imprimerie Générale A. Coté et Cie
1242:, he became a NWC partner with one one-hundredth of a share.
1076:
Pierre Belleau, Baptiste Roy, J. B. Filande, Baptiste Larose;
381:
to the Pacific Ocean. Further explorations were performed by
2229:
Agents of the North West Company in the Fond du Lac District
1479:– a ship built at Quebec in 1811 for John McTavish to wrest
715:(1787–1860), the Hudson's Bay Company Governor-in-Chief of
389:. These men pushed into the wilderness territories of the
3654:
1779 establishments in the Province of Quebec (1763–1791)
377:) to the Arctic Ocean, and in 1793 he went overland from
2173:, as well as her 1962 biography of William McGillivray,
1949:"Class Structure of the North West Company circa 1816."
619:
led to its sale to the North West Company in 1813. When
2177:. Campbell served as a consultant to the government of
1895:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society.
1280:
was a partner of McBeath and Patrick Small of McTavish.
638:
The Canadian fur trade began to change in 1806, after
931:
could earn up to three times as much as a middleman.
769:
sons followed in their fathers' footstep, whether as
3719:
Trading companies disestablished in the 19th century
1870:. Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queens University Press.
1722:. Vol. II. New York: A. S. Barnes & Company
761:, mostly peasants' sons from the countryside around
3403:
3141:
3056:
3021:
2877:
2814:
2713:
2676:
2588:
2567:
2540:
2519:
2433:
2367:
2088:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1145:
Lemaire S-Germain, Baptiste S-Germain, LĂ©on ChĂŞnier
1029:, Antoine Tourangeau, Joseph Cartier, Simon RĂ©aume;
435:, both Simon McTavish and Joseph Frobisher married
167:
154:
144:
136:
118:
92:
74:
64:
56:
1697:. Vol. I. New York: A.S. Barnes & Company
1291:Norman McLeod, Peter Pangman, Alexander MacKenzie.
3714:Trading companies established in the 18th century
2208:Bill An Act to Incorporate the North West Company
1327:1802: 6 shares added to be distributed to clerks.
1264:1779: Of 16 shares: 2 shares: Todd & McGill,
939:The social dynamics of the company was rooted in
2250:M'Gillivray, Duncan, and Arthur Silver Morton.
233:spread out and built a fur trade empire in the
2189:. Campbell also wrote a book for young adults—
3119:
2654:
2343:
1997:Canadian Historical Association Booklet # 43.
1669:. Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.).
1025:(proprietor), Donald MacTavish (proprietor),
445:involved in the actual trading with natives.
8:
2309:Documents Relating to the North West Company
2280:Documents Relating to the North West Company
2261:. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1988.
955:
949:
918:
912:
906:
894:
888:
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874:
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835:
818:
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792:
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440:
411:
393:and Interior Plateau and all the way to the
242:
226:
197:was a fur trading business headquartered in
39:
2034:"A Wisconsin Fur-Trader's Journal, 1804–05"
2010:Les Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest
1842:. University of Toronto Press. p. 62.
1382:worked there and became a partner in 1805.
1337:1806: McTavish, Frobisher & Co becomes
709:Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
650:In 1809 the American Government passed the
3126:
3112:
3104:
2874:
2661:
2647:
2639:
2350:
2336:
2328:
1644:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1614:Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Volume 5
1386:, a man of great influence, was involved.
1001:, Alexander MacKenzie, Duncan Livingston,
316:, in 1780, the organization was joined by
45:
38:
3331:1972 Montreal Museum of Fine Arts robbery
2254:. Toronto: Macmillan Co. of Canada, 1929.
2148:Learn how and when to remove this message
1905:Davies, K.G.; "From Competition to Union"
478:
268:
3366:2011 Montreal Museum of Fine Arts theft
1861:
1859:
1543:
1272:, Holmes & Grant, Wadden & Co,
528:Original flag of the North West Company
3659:1821 disestablishments in Lower Canada
1964:
1962:
1960:
1637:
1317:, Grant, Campion & Co, Robert and
857:employees. They began their career as
3689:Economic history of the United States
2316:North West Company Voyageur Contracts
1181:Francois Malhiot, clerk in charge at
823:were owners of trading companies and
781:. Through descent and education, the
336:, Patrick Small, William Holmes, and
7:
2086:adding citations to reliable sources
1781:Canadian Monthly and National Review
1583:. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 59.
3386:National Historic Sites in Montreal
3371:Concordia University Netanyahu riot
2311:. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1934.
2175:McGillivray, Lord of the North West
1995:Western Canadian Society 1670–1870,
1659:Campbell, Marjorie Wilkins (1983).
2282:. New York: Greenwood Press, 1968.
1891:Friedley, Russell W., ed. (1967).
1009:, G. F. Wintzel, John Steinbrucks;
25:
2456:Company of One Hundred Associates
2032:Malhiot, Francois Victor (1910).
1663:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
1330:1804: McTavish dies, replaced by
476:, but all requests were refused.
385:, starting in 1797, and later by
205:in the regions that later became
111:, Patrick Small, William Holmes,
3664:Companies disestablished in 1821
3394:
3316:Montreal Metropolitan Commission
3296:Black Power movement in Montreal
3090:
3089:
2520:Lists of forts and trading posts
2062:
2038:Wisconsin Historical Collections
1775:Kingsford, William (July 1881).
1666:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1470:Grand Portage Indian Reservation
1434:
1353:the effective head of the firm.
535:
521:
253:. After the British conquest of
2302:Nor'Westers and Loyalist Museum
2073:needs additional citations for
1408:, Peter Pangman and John Ross.
1339:McTavish, McGillivrays & Co
1321:, Roderick McKenzie and others.
1005:, James Porter, John Thompson,
599:, in the present-day states of
3694:History of the Rocky Mountains
2195:1954 Governor General's Awards
1404:joined in 1787. They employed
27:Historical fur-trading company
1:
3709:Companies established in 1779
3669:1821 mergers and acquisitions
2446:Bent, St. Vrain & Company
2210:. Ottawa: I.B. Taylor, 2004.
1951:Fort William Historical Park.
1716:Mackenzie, Alexander (1903).
1691:Mackenzie, Alexander (1903).
1551:Brown, Jennifer S.H. (2007).
1135:J. B. Perrault, Augustin Roy;
542:The Company's flag after 1801
3351:École Polytechnique massacre
2839:Hudson's Bay Trading Company
2187:Fort William Historical Park
1779:. In Adam, G. Mercer (ed.).
1507:Minnesota Historical Society
1455:Fort William Historical Park
1296:McTavish, Frobisher & Co
787:laid claim to the status of
670:by the Americans during the
642:ordered the blockade of the
513:Late 18th/early 19th century
273:Following the 1787 death of
124:; 203 years ago
80:; 245 years ago
3679:Defunct companies of Quebec
3674:Companies based in Montreal
3649:Trading companies of Canada
2322:North West Company material
2231:. Duluth: The Author, 1981.
2007:Masson, L. R., ed. (1890).
1971:Retrieved 30 November 2017.
1954:Retrieved 30 November 2017.
1934:Oregon Historical Quarterly
1671:University of Toronto Press
1355:Alexander Henry the younger
1315:Alexander Henry the younger
1298:which controls half of the
727:Social and ethnic structure
3750:
3684:Economic history of Canada
3301:Sir George Williams affair
2501:Rocky Mountain Fur Company
1868:Montreal and the Fur Trade
1802:Keith, Lloyd, ed. (2001).
1741:Innis, Harold A. (2001) .
1376:McTavish, Fraser & Co.
1268:, McGill & Patterson,
585:British East India Company
342:
31:
3392:
3246:Burning of the Parliament
3087:
2706:(1978–2020, 2023–present)
2626:
2271:Selkirk, Thomas Douglas.
2167:Marjorie Wilkins Campbell
1993:Pannekoek, Frits (1987).
1611:Brown, George W. (1966).
1577:Wilson, Bruce G. (1983).
1557:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1490:List of trading companies
1334:. Merger with XY Company.
1311:Alexander Henry the elder
1255:Alexander Henry the elder
1158:John Burns, John Bennet,
1141:Michipicoten and the Bay:
797:did the physical labour.
425:Alexander Henry the elder
345:Northwest Company Express
295:Alexander Henry the elder
249:pushed trade west beyond
243:
44:
3321:Montreal Urban Community
3216:Capitulation of Montreal
2554:Portage La Loche Brigade
2506:Russian-American Company
2461:Dutch West India Company
2360:North American fur trade
1836:Friesen, Gerald (1987).
1324:1796: Frobisher retires.
1072:Lower Fort des Prairies:
314:North American fur trade
69:North American fur trade
3376:Dawson College shooting
3191:Great Peace of Montreal
2854:North-Western Territory
1936:, Winter 2001, p. 434.
1617:. Canada. p. 300.
1524:, the restored company.
1512:North-Western Territory
1497:, a restored post near
1495:North West Company Post
1483:and its trade from the
1365:The South West Company:
1059:Upper Fort des Prairies
405:Frobisher–McTavish deal
305:. Seeking to break the
174:United States territory
3176:Saint-Sulpice Seminary
3161:Notre-Dame de Montréal
2827:Rupert's Land Act 1868
2481:New Netherland Company
2171:The North West Company
1920:www.coinsandcanada.com
1522:The North West Company
1418:The North West Company
1230:Organizational history
1169:South of Lake Superior
989:Rocky Mountain Portage
956:
950:
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907:
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441:
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282:
227:
34:The North West Company
3699:British North America
3381:2012 student movement
2307:Wallace, W. Stewart.
2278:Wallace, W. Stewart.
2183:Fort William, Ontario
1839:The Canadian Prairies
1294:1788: Merger creates
917:and the steersman or
688:Pemmican Proclamation
664:North American beaver
482:
343:Further information:
272:
3341:1976 Summer Olympics
3336:Gargantua bar attack
3181:Battle of Long Sault
3166:Governor of Montreal
3074:NRDC Equity Partners
2869:York Factory Express
2670:Hudson's Bay Company
2559:York Factory Express
2532:Hudson's Bay Company
2471:Missouri Fur Company
2466:Hudson's Bay Company
2451:Columbia Fur Company
2441:American Fur Company
2097:"North West Company"
2082:improve this article
1866:Rich, E. E. (1966).
1553:"North West Company"
1499:Pine City, Minnesota
1459:Thunder Bay, Ontario
1402:Gregory & McLeod
1061:and Rocky Mountains:
1035:Lower English River:
692:Battle of Seven Oaks
597:Columbia River basin
307:Hudson's Bay Company
279:Hudson's Bay Company
211:Northwestern Ontario
203:Hudson's Bay Company
149:Hudson's Bay Company
51:Company coat of arms
3413:Pre-European period
3326:Blue Bird Café fire
3286:St. Lawrence Seaway
3221:American occupation
3135:History of Montreal
2745:I. G. Baker Company
2491:Pacific Fur Company
2368:Fur trading regions
1485:Pacific Fur Company
1406:Alexander Mackenzie
1332:William McGillivray
1266:B & J Frobisher
1016:Upper English River
731:The masters or the
652:Non-Intercourse Act
609:Pacific Fur Company
555:William McGillivray
454:Northwest Territory
356:Alexander Mackenzie
41:
3644:North West Company
3356:Sex Garage protest
3266:Golden Square Mile
3251:Great Fire of 1852
3226:North West Company
2849:North West Company
2630:Siberian fur trade
2486:North West Company
2040:. pp. 163–233
1154:and Sloop "Otter":
832:Wintering partners
820:agents de Montréal
815:Montreal merchants
684:Selkirk Concession
640:Napoleon Bonaparte
583:to get around the
559:Duncan McGillivray
551:Charles Chaboillez
485:
469:British Parliament
287:Benjamin Frobisher
283:
275:Benjamin Frobisher
221:Before the Company
215:British government
195:North West Company
97:Benjamin Frobisher
40:North West Company
3631:
3630:
3101:
3100:
3052:
3051:
2928:Fort Chesterfield
2832:Deed of Surrender
2805:Lord & Taylor
2689:Saks Fifth Avenue
2636:
2635:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2132:
1982:Labour/Le Travail
1877:978-0-7735-9431-9
1754:978-0-8020-8196-4
1380:Simon McGillivray
1270:McTavish & Co
893:('pork-eaters').
495:, in what is now
395:Strait of Georgia
369:, later moved to
350:Official founding
229:coureurs des bois
191:
190:
18:Northwest Company
16:(Redirected from
3741:
3398:
3306:Murray-Hill riot
3271:Oldest buildings
3231:Bank of Montreal
3156:Fort Ville-Marie
3128:
3121:
3114:
3105:
3093:
3092:
2875:
2677:Current holdings
2663:
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2613:Iron Confederacy
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2338:
2329:
2227:Hoag, Donald R.
2220:Fox, William A.
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1444:
1442:Companies portal
1439:
1438:
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1369:John Jacob Astor
1285:Nicholas Montour
1274:McBeath & Co
1236:Duncan McDougall
1152:Sault Ste. Marie
1027:Alexander MacKay
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753:were most often
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589:John Jacob Astor
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437:French Canadians
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334:Nicholas Montour
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107:, Robert Grant,
101:Joseph Frobisher
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3261:Victoria Bridge
3211:1870 earthquake
3206:1732 earthquake
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3097:
3083:
3079:Rewards program
3064:Company archive
3048:
3034:Mackinaw jacket
3017:
2998:Princess Louise
2873:
2810:
2799:Home Outfitters
2793:Galeria Kaufhof
2714:Former holdings
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2632:
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2584:
2563:
2536:
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2496:Revillon Frères
2429:
2363:
2358:History of the
2356:
2293:
2288:
2257:Schwörer, Ute.
2199:The Modern Firm
2193:—which won the
2191:The Nor'westers
2163:
2161:Further reading
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1083:Upper Red River
1007:James McDougall
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935:Social dynamics
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576:Great Bear Lake
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493:Charlton Island
483:Charlton Island
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391:Rocky Mountains
375:Mackenzie River
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281:merger of 1821.
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1505:museum by the
1503:living history
1501:operated as a
1492:
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997:(proprietor),
985:Fort St. James
965:
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713:George Simpson
705:Henry Bathurst
690:, the ensuing
680:Thomas Douglas
659:
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633:Fort Vancouver
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406:
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383:David Thompson
351:
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338:George McBeath
299:Simon McTavish
266:
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207:Western Canada
189:
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162:, Lower Canada
158:
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113:George McBeath
105:Simon McTavish
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3256:Gavazzi Riots
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3236:Lachine Canal
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3039:Point blanket
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2890:
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2859:Trading posts
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2844:New Caledonia
2842:
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2822:Rupert's Land
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2476:Monjo Company
2474:
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2416:
2415:North Pacific
2413:
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2410:New Caledonia
2408:
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2274:
2270:
2268:
2267:0-315-35812-2
2264:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2246:0-7735-2098-8
2243:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2216:0-659-04993-7
2213:
2209:
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2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
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2180:
2176:
2172:
2169:'s 1957 book
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2099: –
2098:
2094:
2093:Find sources:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2071:This article
2069:
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1849:0-8020-6648-8
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1815:0-7735-2098-8
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1590:9780773573369
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1517:Rupert's Land
1515:
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1387:
1385:
1384:Edward Ellice
1381:
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1301:
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1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:Fort Sturgeon
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:William Grant
1245:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:Grand Portage
1214:
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1192:
1188:
1184:
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1166:
1161:
1160:John Johnston
1157:
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964:Company staff
963:
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717:Rupert's Land
714:
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693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
673:
669:
665:
658:Forced merger
657:
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629:
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510:
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498:
494:
490:
481:
477:
475:
470:
466:
465:Rupert's Land
461:
459:
458:New York City
455:
451:
446:
443:
438:
434:
428:
426:
422:
419:
414:
404:
402:
400:
399:Pacific Coast
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Lake Superior
364:
363:Grand Portage
359:
357:
349:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
325:
323:
322:Edward Ellice
319:
315:
311:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
280:
276:
271:
264:
262:
260:
256:
252:
251:Lake Winnipeg
246:
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91:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
43:
35:
30:
19:
3729:Pemmican War
3418:16th century
3281:Richard Riot
3276:Ouimetoscope
3225:
3186:Old Montreal
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2885:
2864:Pemmican War
2848:
2781:Kmart Canada
2694:Saks Off 5th
2684:Hudson's Bay
2601:Indian Trade
2580:Mountain man
2546:fur brigades
2542:Canoe routes
2485:
2425:Saskatchewan
2400:Great Plains
2308:
2279:
2272:
2258:
2251:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2207:
2198:
2190:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2144:
2138:October 2007
2135:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2092:
2080:Please help
2075:verification
2072:
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2037:
2027:
2015:. Retrieved
2009:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1976:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1886:
1867:
1838:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1804:
1797:
1785:. Retrieved
1780:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1743:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1718:
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1693:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1664:
1654:
1628:. Retrieved
1613:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1579:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1556:
1546:
1481:Fort Astoria
1475:
1415:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1388:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1299:
1295:
1240:Fort Astoria
1238:surrendered
1233:
1215:
1204:Lac La Pluie
1202:
1189:
1167:
1150:
1140:
1127:
1117:
1108:Lac Winipic:
1107:
1094:
1081:
1071:
1057:
1046:Fort Dauphin
1044:
1034:
1014:
999:Simon Fraser
972:
967:
938:
925:Interpreters
872:
844:
843:
831:
830:
825:shareholders
814:
813:
804:
791:, while the
730:
701:
696:Fort William
677:
661:
649:
637:
622:
613:Fort Astoria
593:
581:
572:
564:
548:
501:
486:
474:William Pitt
462:
447:
429:
408:
387:Simon Fraser
371:Fort William
360:
353:
326:
303:James McGill
284:
245:La VĂ©rendrye
235:St. Lawrence
224:
194:
192:
155:Headquarters
57:Company type
29:
3724:War of 1812
2963:Mount Royal
2807:(2012–2019)
2801:(1998–2019)
2795:(2015–2018)
2789:(2015–2018)
2771:(1990–1991)
2765:(1978-1991)
2759:(1960-1972)
2753:(1972-1973)
2741:(1978–2012)
2735:(2008–2009)
2729:(2004–2008)
2723:(1972–1982)
2596:Beaver Wars
2568:Communities
2380:Assiniboine
1191:Fond du Lac
1003:John Stuart
995:John Finlay
981:Fort McLeod
977:Fort George
859:apprentices
672:War of 1812
617:War of 1812
607:. Astor's
379:Peace River
169:Area served
3638:Categories
3171:HĂ´tel-Dieu
3005:Strathcona
2949:Labouchere
2775:Woodward's
2628:See also:
2575:Longhunter
2511:XY Company
2390:California
2201:(Oxford).
2108:newspapers
1984:43, p. 48.
1630:29 January
1596:29 January
1562:29 January
1539:References
1476:Isaac Todd
1349:XY Company
1278:Peter Pond
1066:Deschamps;
1023:Angus Shaw
920:gouvernail
897:Hivernants
845:The clerks
644:Baltic Sea
601:Washington
568:XY Company
421:Peter Pond
318:Peter Pond
291:Isaac Todd
265:Beginnings
255:New France
239:Hudson Bay
217:to merge.
3201:Grey Nuns
3151:Hochelaga
3044:York boat
3022:Equipment
3012:Vancouver
2733:Fortunoff
2721:Shop-Rite
2699:SaksWorks
2434:Companies
2375:Athabasca
2362:by region
2044:5 October
2017:5 October
1821:5 October
1787:5 October
1760:5 October
1726:5 October
1701:5 October
1676:5 October
1640:cite book
1528:Voyageurs
1465:Fur trade
973:Athabaska
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808:bourgeois
801:Bourgeois
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772:bourgeois
757:Canadiens
734:bourgeois
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2900:Baychimo
2763:Simpsons
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2206:Canada.
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199:Montreal
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1118:Nipigon
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