1736:
26:
2094:
42:
1264:(WWF) gives the region the status of "Vulnerable". The climate is hospitable to humans, who have lived in the region since pre-Columbian times, farming and grazing livestock. The environment has thus been greatly modified, although there are still some sizable stands of continuous forest stands. 15.025% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include
374:
is Af: equatorial, fully humid. Mean temperatures range from 25.8 °C (78.4 °F) in
November to 26.4 °C (79.5 °F) in March. Total annual rainfall is about 3,300 millimetres (130 in). Monthly rainfall ranges from 179.8 millimetres (7.08 in) in August to 332.3 millimetres
439:
Premontane forests grow between approximately 1000 and 2000 meters elevation, and lower montane forests extend from approximately 2000 to 2800 meters elevation. These forests are also known as sub-Andean forests, with a canopy height of 25 meters or more, which generally decreases with increasing
418:
The cooling during glacial periods isolated plants and animals adapted to warmer climates into isolated pockets, while the cooler zones expanded and became connected. During the warmer inter-glacial periods the warmer zones rose higher and reconnected, while the cooler zones became isolated. The
435:
ecoregions. About 50% of the ecoregion's flora is strictly endemic. The flowering plant species are very diverse, with as many as 300 species in a single 1 hectare (2.5 acres) tract. The main plant communities grow in elevational belts. Species richness generally decreases at higher elevations.
255:
when the warmer climate zones were separated and the cooler ones combined, and interglacial periods when the reverse occurred. Because the environment is hospitable to humans, the habitat has been drastically modified by farming and grazing since the
2155:
2059:
2049:
1757:
2008:
1936:
443:
The upper montane forests extend from 2800 up to 4000 meters elevation. These forests, also known as elfin forests or cloud forests, have a canopy 15 to 20 meters tall. The
1509:
Feeley, K. (2015), "Are We
Filling the Data Void? An Assessment of the Amount and Extent of Plant Collection Records and Census Data Available for Tropical South America",
1961:
1625:
169:
2079:
388:
74:
1752:
2074:
2135:
1549:
1813:
2064:
1285:
336:, and its climate is humid and tropical. Rainfall averages 2,000 to 4,000 mm/year, but can decrease to 1,000 to 2,000 mm at higher altitudes.
1878:
1716:
412:
309:
102:
1618:
1289:
2033:
1772:
324:
The ecoregion covers the western range of the Andes with a wide band of elevations including isolated peaks and massifs at the upper levels.
1956:
1823:
285:
107:
1990:
1803:
1762:
1281:
289:
97:
31:
1873:
1642:
404:
2114:
1808:
1791:
342:
1611:
1818:
396:
392:
371:
274:
2140:
2098:
1782:
1711:
1305:
1297:
1293:
333:
278:
1971:
2145:
2028:
597:
2013:
1833:
305:
214:
127:
313:
122:
2023:
1903:
1883:
1863:
1683:
1676:
1454:
Kappelle, M., Cleef, A. M., & Chaverri, A. (1992). Phytogeography of
Talamanca Montane Quercus Forests, Costa Rica.
1301:
890:
400:
293:
92:
2109:
2104:
1908:
1688:
1671:
408:
1898:
538:
301:
117:
1976:
1693:
1265:
1261:
1033:
649:
514:
1555:
1888:
1664:
1659:
977:
873:
720:
657:
428:
297:
112:
2160:
1858:
1766:
1634:
1051:
1042:
1001:
581:
530:
1946:
1198:
2150:
1951:
1131:
1094:
955:
925:
633:
2018:
1273:
1237:
1210:
1168:
1139:
1025:
933:
882:
775:
757:
641:
589:
485:
1085:
1396:
1184:
1076:
1060:
992:
984:
940:
907:
677:
251:
mountains in the west of
Colombia and Ecuador. Both flora and fauna are highly diverse due to effect of
1913:
1735:
1156:
546:
391:
biome. It is part of the
Northern Andean Montane Forests global ecoregion. This ecoregion contains the
427:
The flora of the ecoregion have been the subject of many studies, in South
America second only to the
2054:
1269:
1192:
1123:
1068:
1010:
970:
963:
947:
898:
841:
689:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1277:
1219:
832:
791:
732:
713:
665:
625:
57:
2093:
1966:
1411:
1409:
1337:
1335:
1246:
916:
749:
522:
490:
475:
419:
result was steady formation of new species, creating high levels both of diversity and endemism.
1920:
1853:
1721:
1538:
1228:
1111:
1018:
850:
823:
800:
384:
257:
62:
2069:
1528:
1518:
1176:
1146:
766:
609:
506:
783:
741:
617:
1569:
1326:
1843:
1533:
605:
554:
1426:
1424:
288:
ecoregion. Through most of its length in
Colombia it transitions on the west into the
25:
2129:
1868:
683:
562:
1828:
1587:
861:
1998:
1493:
1523:
1941:
41:
1651:
811:
432:
224:
489:, an oak relative whose nearest relatives live in Southeast Asia, and to the
357:
344:
184:
171:
464:
460:
1603:
1542:
447:
and understory plant flora is diverse and includes many endemic species of
701:
444:
281:
of
Ecuador. It covers an area of 8,132,562 hectares (20,096,000 acres).
153:
1430:
580:
The ecoregion contains many endemic birds. Endangered birds include the
2003:
1475:
1415:
1341:
252:
157:
570:
468:
312:
to the east. The southern end of the ecoregion transitions into the
273:
The
Northwestern Andean montane forests ecoregion extends along the
1459:
456:
248:
69:
452:
448:
1607:
480:
1495:
Western South
America: Northwest Colombia to southern Ecuador
304:. In its southern section the ecoregion transitions into the
2156:
Neotropical tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
1734:
300:. In the central section it almost completely surrounds the
675:
Endangered reptiles include the Western Ground Snake (
2042:
1989:
1929:
1842:
1790:
1781:
1745:
1704:
1650:
1641:
284:In the extreme north the ecoregion merges into the
233:
223:
213:
208:
200:
163:
149:
141:
136:
80:
68:
56:
51:
18:
296:. The higher levels of the ecoregion give way to
277:(Western Range) of the Andes in Colombia and the
389:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
75:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1619:
483:, grows in the ecoregion. It is also home to
8:
1431:Northern Andean Montane Forests – WWF Global
1353:
19:Northwestern Andean montane forests (NT0145)
1937:Amazon–Orinoco–Southern Caribbean mangroves
1476:Northwestern Andean montane forests – Myers
1416:Northwestern Andean montane forests – Myers
1342:Northwestern Andean montane forests – Myers
1787:
1647:
1626:
1612:
1604:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1329:. DOPA Explorer. Accessed 4 February 2023.
1532:
1522:
1879:Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests
1316:
413:Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests
399:, Northwestern Andean montane forests,
310:Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests
145:81,325 km (31,400 sq mi)
103:Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests
90:
1442:
1322:
1320:
15:
1814:Esmeraldas–Pacific Colombia mangroves
1570:"Northwestern Andean montane forests"
7:
1282:Dona Juana-Cascabel Volcanic Complex
561:). Other native mammals include the
339:At a sample location at coordinates
32:Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve
2136:Northwestern Andean montane forests
1962:Japurá–Solimões–Negro moist forests
1894:Northwestern Andean montane forests
1874:Cordillera Oriental montane forests
1327:Northwestern Andean montane forests
405:Cordillera Oriental montane forests
245:Northwestern Andean montane forests
1809:Eastern Panamanian montane forests
687:) and Haensch's Whorltail Iguana (
14:
1374:
2092:
1957:Guajira–Barranquilla xeric scrub
1819:Magdalena Valley montane forests
1397:Northwest Andean Montane Forests
1137:Cerro Munchique marsupial frog (
397:Venezuelan Andes montane forests
393:Magdalena Valley montane forests
247:(NT0145) is an ecoregion on the
40:
24:
1551:Northern Andean Montane Forests
1460:https://doi.org/10.2307/2845453
334:Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
229:Northern Andean Montane Forests
46:Ecoregion territory (in purple)
696:Endangered amphibians include
681:), Tropical Lightbulb Lizard (
598:chestnut-bellied flowerpiercer
479:, South America's only native
1:
1834:Western Ecuador moist forests
1824:Magdalena–Urabá moist forests
1092:Cerro Munchique robber frog (
866:rain frogs, or robber frogs:
372:Köppen climate classification
306:Western Ecuador moist forests
286:Magdalena–Urabá moist forests
128:Western Ecuador moist forests
108:Magdalena–Urabá moist forests
1904:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
1884:Magdalena Valley dry forests
1864:Cauca Valley montane forests
1554:, WWF Global, archived from
1524:10.1371/journal.pone.0125629
1040:Lynch's Pilalo robber frog (
891:Pristimantis angustilineatus
839:Pichincha Giant Glass Frog (
821:Burrowes' giant glass frog (
739:Rio Faisanes stubfoot toad (
401:Cauca Valley montane forests
332:The ecoregion is within the
294:Cauca Valley montane forests
93:Cauca Valley montane forests
1909:Santa Marta montane forests
1403:. Accessed 5 February 2023.
505:Endangered mammals include
409:Santa Marta montane forests
204:Af: equatorial; fully humid
30:Caldera of Cuicocha in the
2177:
1972:Negro–Branco moist forests
1804:Chocó–Darién moist forests
1592:, WWF: World Wildlife Fund
1262:World Wide Fund for Nature
1151:Hyloscirtus ptychodactylus
1083:Cloud forest robber frog (
1034:Pristimantis pteridophilus
848:Lynch's giant glass frog (
798:Niceforo's stubfoot toad (
650:turquoise-throated puffleg
515:black-headed spider monkey
290:Chocó–Darién moist forests
98:Chocó–Darién moist forests
2088:
1732:
1517:(4: e0125629): e0125629,
1235:Rio Pitzara robber frog (
1226:Mesopotamia beaked toad (
1182:Boulenger's rocket frog (
978:Pristimantis dissimulatus
923:San Antonio robber frog (
874:Pristimantis acutirostris
830:Pampas giant glass frog (
721:Rio Carauta stubfoot toad
658:violet-throated metaltail
375:(13.08 in) in June.
292:and on the east into the
39:
23:
1899:PatĂa Valley dry forests
1859:Cauca Valley dry forests
1753:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
1635:Biodiversity of Colombia
1217:Santa Rita beaked toad (
1052:Pristimantis scolodiscus
1043:Pristimantis pyrrhomerus
1002:Pristimantis johannesdei
871:Sharpsnout robber frog (
773:El Tambo stubfoot toad (
582:black-and-chestnut eagle
539:Geoffroy's spider monkey
531:equatorial dog-faced bat
415:terrestrial ecoregions.
383:The ecoregion is in the
314:Tumbes–Piura dry forests
302:PatĂa Valley dry forests
123:Tumbes–Piura dry forests
118:PatĂa Valley dry forests
1977:SinĂş Valley dry forests
1952:Catatumbo moist forests
1456:Journal of Biogeography
1308:national nature parks.
1132:Dendropsophus gryllatus
1095:Pristimantis viridicans
1031:Fern-loving rain frog (
1008:Maldonado robber frog (
956:Pristimantis crenunguis
926:Pristimantis calcaratus
880:Albericoi robber frog (
634:pale-headed brush finch
535:Molossops aequatorianus
2141:Ecoregions of Colombia
2050:Alexander von Humboldt
2009:BahĂa Portete–Kaurrele
1889:Northern Andean páramo
1739:
1576:, Myers Enterprises II
1238:Strabomantis helonotus
1211:Rhaebo caeruleostictus
1169:Hyloxalus elachyhistus
1140:Gastrotheca trachyceps
1121:Mertens' rocket frog (
1049:Ricuarte robber frog (
1026:Pristimantis polychrus
934:Pristimantis capitonis
883:Pristimantis albericoi
776:Atelopus longibrachius
764:Pirri harlequin frog (
758:Atelopus galactogaster
755:Antado Stubfoot Toad (
670:Ognorhynchus icterotis
642:rufous-brown solitaire
602:Diglossa gloriosissima
594:Eriocnemis nigrivestis
590:black-breasted puffleg
486:Trigonobalanus excelsa
429:Northern Andean páramo
298:Northern Andean páramo
113:Northern Andean páramo
2146:Ecoregions of Ecuador
2034:Thomas van der Hammen
1947:Caquetá moist forests
1758:Eastern Hills, Bogotá
1738:
1199:Lehmann's poison frog
1185:Hyloxalus vertebralis
1077:Pristimantis sulculus
1074:Channel robber frog (
1061:Pristimantis siopelus
1058:Reserve robber frog (
993:Pristimantis hamiotae
985:Pristimantis eugeniae
941:Pristimantis chrysops
908:Pristimantis cabrerai
789:Mindo stubfoot toad (
730:ChocĂł stubfoot toad (
711:Azuay stubfoot toad (
678:Atractus occidentalis
646:Cichlopsis leucogenys
638:Atlapetes pallidiceps
279:Cordillera Occidental
275:Cordillera Occidental
1244:Ruiz's robber frog (
1193:Nymphargus luminosus
1161:Hyloscirtus simmonsi
1124:Colostethus mertensi
1069:Pristimantis sobetes
1011:Pristimantis loustes
971:Pristimantis deinops
964:Pristimantis degener
953:Spring robber frog (
948:Pristimantis colomai
899:Pristimantis bellona
842:Centrolene heloderma
690:Stenocercus haenschi
614:Eriocnemis mirabilis
308:to the west and the
2019:Chamicero de Perijá
1717:Non-marine molluscs
1220:Rhinella macrorhina
1208:Blue-spotted toad (
1086:Pristimantis surdus
999:Urrao robber frog (
914:Cacao robber frog (
905:Valle robber frog (
896:Murri robber frog (
833:Centrolene gemmatum
792:Atelopus mindoensis
733:Atelopus chocoensis
714:Atelopus bomolochos
666:yellow-eared parrot
630:Bangsia aureocincta
626:gold-ringed tanager
567:Pudu mephistophiles
354: /
215:Conservation status
181: /
1967:Napo moist forests
1914:Santa Marta páramo
1740:
1458:, 19(3), 299–315.
1286:Farallones de Cali
1247:Strabomantis ruizi
1166:Loja Rocket Frog (
1157:Simmons' tree frog
990:Nono robber frog (
917:Pristimantis cacao
750:Atelopus famelicus
547:Hammond's rice rat
523:cotton-top tamarin
495:Juglans neotropica
476:Quercus humboldtii
2123:
2122:
2055:FundaciĂłn ProAves
1985:
1984:
1730:
1729:
1478:, All Endangered.
1229:Rhinella rostrata
1112:Carchi Andes toad
1019:Pristimantis mars
851:Centrolene lynchi
824:Centrolene ballux
801:Atelopus nicefori
654:Eriocnemis godini
608:(Vireo masteri),
586:Spizaetus isidori
559:Tapirus pinchaque
551:Mindomys hammondi
258:Pre-Columbian era
241:
240:
2168:
2096:
2060:John von Neumann
2014:Cerulean Warbler
1788:
1648:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1545:
1536:
1526:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1479:
1473:
1462:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1419:
1413:
1404:
1393:
1378:
1372:
1357:
1354:WildFinder – WWF
1351:
1345:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1280:national parks,
1203:Oophaga lehmanni
1177:Hyloxalus toachi
1147:Pilalo tree frog
767:Atelopus glyphus
725:Atelopus carauta
706:stubfoot toads:
662:Metallura baroni
610:colorful puffleg
543:Ateles geoffroyi
527:Saguinus oedipus
519:Ateles fusciceps
491:Colombian walnut
369:
368:
366:
365:
364:
359:
355:
352:
351:
350:
347:
196:
195:
193:
192:
191:
186:
185:0.929°N 78.123°W
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
44:
28:
16:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2161:Montane forests
2126:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2115:Protected areas
2110:Natural regions
2105:Natural hazards
2084:
2038:
2029:Laguna de Sonso
2024:Colibri del Sol
1991:Nature reserves
1981:
1925:
1845:
1838:
1795:
1793:
1777:
1773:Magdalena River
1741:
1726:
1700:
1637:
1632:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1548:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1474:
1465:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1422:
1418:, Climate Data.
1414:
1407:
1395:Schipper, Jan.
1394:
1381:
1373:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1344:, WWF Abstract.
1340:
1333:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1258:
1253:
1101:
857:
807:
784:Atelopus lynchi
742:Atelopus coynei
622:Pyrrhura orcesi
618:El Oro parakeet
511:Tapirus bairdii
503:
425:
381:
362:
360:
356:
353:
348:
345:
343:
341:
340:
330:
322:
271:
266:
189:
187:
183:
180:
175:
172:
170:
168:
167:
132:
89:
88:
47:
35:
12:
11:
5:
2174:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2151:Andean forests
2148:
2143:
2138:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1921:Sumapaz Páramo
1918:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1854:Bogotá savanna
1850:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1746:Regional biota
1743:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1601:
1600:
1584:
1574:Global Species
1566:
1546:
1506:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1463:
1447:
1435:
1420:
1405:
1379:
1358:
1346:
1331:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1196:
1189:
1180:
1173:
1164:
1154:
1144:
1135:
1128:
1119:
1116:Rhaebo colomai
1108:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
981:
974:
967:
960:
951:
944:
937:
930:
921:
912:
903:
894:
887:
878:
868:
856:
855:
846:
837:
828:
818:
806:
805:
796:
787:
780:
771:
762:
753:
746:
737:
728:
718:
708:
555:mountain tapir
502:
499:
424:
421:
387:realm, in the
380:
377:
358:2.25°N 77.75°W
329:
326:
321:
318:
270:
267:
265:
262:
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
227:
221:
220:
217:
211:
210:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
190:0.929; -78.123
165:
161:
160:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
134:
133:
131:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
86:
85:
84:
82:
78:
77:
72:
66:
65:
60:
54:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
29:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2173:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:Proyecto TitĂ
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:Organizations
2041:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:Cocora Valley
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:General biota
1640:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1558:on 2017-04-25
1557:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1497:
1496:
1492:Klein, Brad,
1490:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:Las OrquĂdeas
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1003:
998:
995:
994:
989:
987:
986:
982:
980:
979:
975:
973:
972:
968:
966:
965:
961:
958:
957:
952:
950:
949:
945:
943:
942:
938:
936:
935:
931:
928:
927:
922:
919:
918:
913:
910:
909:
904:
901:
900:
895:
893:
892:
888:
885:
884:
879:
876:
875:
870:
869:
867:
865:
864:
863:
853:
852:
847:
844:
843:
838:
835:
834:
829:
826:
825:
820:
819:
817:
816:glass frogs:
815:
814:
813:
803:
802:
797:
794:
793:
788:
786:
785:
781:
778:
777:
772:
769:
768:
763:
760:
759:
754:
752:
751:
747:
744:
743:
738:
735:
734:
729:
726:
722:
719:
716:
715:
710:
709:
707:
705:
704:
703:
697:
694:
692:
691:
686:
685:
684:Riama oculata
680:
679:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
575:Panthera onca
572:
568:
564:
563:northern pudu
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:Baird's tapir
500:
498:
496:
492:
488:
487:
482:
478:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
437:
434:
430:
422:
420:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
378:
376:
373:
367:
337:
335:
327:
325:
319:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
268:
263:
261:
259:
254:
250:
246:
236:
232:
228:
226:
222:
218:
216:
212:
207:
203:
199:
194:
166:
162:
159:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
83:
79:
76:
73:
71:
67:
64:
61:
59:
55:
50:
43:
38:
33:
27:
22:
17:
2097:
1893:
1829:Panama Bight
1767:Hippopotamus
1594:, retrieved
1588:
1578:, retrieved
1573:
1560:, retrieved
1556:the original
1550:
1514:
1510:
1500:, retrieved
1494:
1455:
1450:
1438:
1400:
1349:
1266:Cayambe Coca
1259:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1202:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1160:
1150:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1115:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1000:
991:
983:
976:
969:
962:
954:
946:
939:
932:
924:
915:
906:
897:
889:
881:
872:
862:Pristimantis
860:
859:
858:
849:
840:
831:
822:
810:
809:
808:
799:
790:
782:
774:
765:
756:
748:
740:
731:
724:
712:
700:
699:
698:
695:
688:
682:
676:
674:
669:
661:
653:
645:
637:
629:
621:
613:
601:
593:
585:
579:
574:
566:
558:
550:
542:
534:
526:
518:
510:
504:
494:
484:
474:
473:
442:
438:
426:
417:
382:
363:2.25; -77.75
338:
331:
323:
283:
272:
244:
242:
209:Conservation
201:Climate type
1942:Campinarana
1712:Butterflies
1652:Vertebrates
1443:Feeley 2015
1104:Other frogs
606:ChocĂł vireo
440:elevation.
385:neotropical
361: /
316:ecoregion.
188: /
164:Coordinates
63:Neotropical
2130:Categories
1783:Ecoregions
1596:2017-04-26
1589:WildFinder
1580:2017-06-15
1562:2017-06-15
1502:2017-06-15
812:Centrolene
465:melastomes
461:bromeliads
433:High Monte
225:Global 200
219:Vulnerable
176:78°07′23″W
1999:ArvĂ Park
1796:Magdalena
1401:One Earth
1298:Paramillo
1294:Munchique
264:Geography
234:Protected
173:0°55′44″N
150:Countries
137:Geography
34:, Écuador
1844:Tropical
1763:Invasive
1684:Reptiles
1677:Primates
1543:25927831
1511:PLOS ONE
1274:Cotopaxi
702:Atelopus
445:epiphyte
269:Location
253:ice ages
154:Colombia
2004:Azufral
1689:Lizards
1672:Mammals
1665:Endemic
1534:4416035
1485:Sources
469:orchids
379:Ecology
349:77°45′W
328:Climate
320:Terrain
237:15.025%
158:Ecuador
81:Borders
52:Ecology
2099:Portal
2080:Sinchi
1792:Tumbes
1694:Snakes
1541:
1531:
1306:Tatamá
1304:, and
1302:Purace
1276:, and
1270:Sangay
1256:Status
664:) and
571:jaguar
569:) and
553:) and
467:, and
457:aroids
449:mosses
411:, and
346:2°15′N
2075:SINAP
1930:Other
1846:Andes
1794:ChocĂł
1722:Flora
1705:Other
1660:Birds
1498:, WWF
1375:Klein
1312:Notes
1278:Cajas
501:Fauna
453:ferns
423:Flora
249:Andes
70:Biome
58:Realm
1539:PMID
1260:The
431:and
370:the
243:The
142:Area
87:List
2065:PNN
1529:PMC
1519:doi
693:).
672:).
656:),
648:),
640:),
632:),
624:),
616:),
604:),
596:),
588:),
577:).
545:),
537:),
529:),
521:),
513:),
497:).
481:oak
2132::
1572:,
1537:,
1527:,
1515:10
1513:,
1466:^
1423:^
1408:^
1399:.
1382:^
1361:^
1334:^
1319:^
1300:,
1296:,
1292:,
1288:,
1284:,
1272:,
1268:,
1106::
471:.
463:,
459:,
455:,
451:,
407:,
403:,
395:,
260:.
156:,
1769:)
1765:(
1627:e
1620:t
1613:v
1521::
1445:.
1433:.
1377:.
1356:.
1250:)
1241:)
1232:)
1223:)
1214:)
1205:)
1201:(
1188:)
1172:)
1163:)
1159:(
1153:)
1149:(
1143:)
1127:)
1118:)
1114:(
1098:)
1089:)
1080:)
1064:)
1055:)
1046:)
1037:)
1014:)
1005:)
996:)
959:)
929:)
920:)
911:)
902:)
886:)
877:)
854:)
845:)
836:)
827:)
804:)
795:)
779:)
770:)
761:)
745:)
736:)
727:)
723:(
717:)
668:(
660:(
652:(
644:(
636:(
628:(
620:(
612:(
600:(
592:(
584:(
573:(
565:(
557:(
549:(
541:(
533:(
525:(
517:(
509:(
493:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
