39:
27:
1043:
1219:
later it is 144/4 μg/m=36.0 μg/m, three hours later it is 144/8 μg/m= 18.0 μg/m, and four hours later it is 144/16 μg/m= 9.0 μg/m.To calculate the corresponding AQI values, each NowCast concentration is substituted into the AQI equation in place of the 24-hour average PM
85:
average centered on the current hour from the current 1-hr average ozone data. At each ozone monitoring site, partial least squares regression is used to develop a predictive relationship between the 1-hr and 8-hr averages using the previous 2 weeks of ozone data. USEPA uses the Ozone
Nowcast for
1218:
concentration is zero for all hours of the day, except for a single hour from noon to 1 pm, where a monitor records a concentration pulse of 144.0 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m). According to the equation above, the
Nowcast is 144/2 μg/m=72.0 μg/m the hour after the pulse, two hours
1953:
163, (AQI Color Code Red, Air
Quality: Unhealthy), 102, (AQI Color Code Orange, Air Quality: Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups), 68 (AQI Color Code Yellow, Air Quality: Moderate ), and 50, (AQI Color Code Green, Air Quality: Good) respectively. After the day is over and all of the hourly data is
1954:
available, the AQI for the day is calculated from the 24-hr average; 144/24 μg/m= 6.0 μg/m, an AQI of 33 (Color Code Green, Air
Quality: Good). EPA has developed a calculator to compute the PM NowCast, AQI, and AQI category and color from the most recent 12 hours of monitoring data.
73:
The PM NowCast is computed from the most recent 12 hours of PM monitoring data, but the NowCast weights the most recent hours of data more heavily than an ordinary 12-hour average when pollutant levels are changing. The PM NowCast is used in lieu of a 24-hour average PM concentration in the
519:
1198:
826:
661:
387:
1378:
398:
815:
156:
728:
1054:
1838:
1767:
1688:
1652:
1526:
1801:
1730:
1614:
1581:
1468:
249:
216:
1203:
Because the most recent hours of data are weighted so heavily in the NowCast when PM levels are changing, EPA does not report the NowCast when data is missing for c
1038:{\displaystyle NowCast={\frac {c_{1}+({\frac {1}{2}})c_{2}+...+{({\frac {1}{2}}})^{11}{c_{12}}}{1+{\frac {1}{2}}+({\frac {1}{2}})^{2}+...+{({\frac {1}{2}}})^{11}}}}
183:
1546:
1488:
1426:
1404:
59:
530:
260:
1229:
514:{\displaystyle w={\begin{cases}w^{*}&{\mbox{if }}w^{*}>{\frac {1}{2}}\\{\frac {1}{2}}&{\mbox{if }}w^{*}\leq {\frac {1}{2}}\\\end{cases}}}
1432:
2136:
736:
2018:
2131:
2047:
20:
2141:
99:
2126:
1193:{\displaystyle NowCast={\frac {1}{2}}c_{1}+({\frac {1}{2}})^{2}c_{2}+...+{({\frac {1}{2}}})^{12}{c_{12}}}
669:
413:
74:
calculation of the AQI until an entire calendar day of hourly concentrations has been monitored.
2076:
1807:
1736:
1657:
1621:
1495:
1773:
1702:
1586:
1553:
1440:
221:
188:
2048:"Final Reconsideration of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter"
51:
161:
656:{\displaystyle NowCast={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{12}w^{i-1}c_{i}}{\sum _{i=1}^{12}w^{i-1}}}.}
1531:
1473:
1411:
1389:
55:
2098:
2120:
1993:
382:{\displaystyle w^{*}=1-{\frac {c_{max}-c_{min}}{c_{max}}}={\frac {c_{min}}{c_{max}}}}
38:
1373:{\displaystyle I={\frac {C-C_{low}}{C_{high}-C_{low}}}(I_{high}-I_{low})+I_{low}}
1048:
But 1/(1-x)=1 + x + x+ ... , x < 1, so to a good approximation, when w = 1/2:
158:
represent the hourly PM concentrations for the most recent 12-hour period, with
251:
represent the minimum and maximum hourly concentration for the 12-hour period.
1950:
Thus, the four NowCast concentrations correspond to air quality indices of
26:
666:
For the special case where there is no variability in the hourly values,
62:(USEPA) for real-time reporting of the Air Quality Index (AQI) for PM (PM
1971:
82:
37:
25:
34:
AQI of US monitors, calculated utilizing NowCast, courtesy US EPA
81:
is an algorithm developed by the USEPA to predict the 8-hour
810:{\displaystyle NowCast={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{12}c_{i}}{12}}.}
42:
PM2.5 AQI map, calculated utilizing NowCast, courtesy US EPA
507:
87:
730:, and the NowCast reduces to the twelve-hour average:
475:
429:
1810:
1776:
1739:
1705:
1660:
1624:
1589:
1556:
1534:
1498:
1476:
1443:
1414:
1392:
1232:
1057:
829:
739:
672:
533:
401:
263:
224:
191:
164:
102:
524:With these definitions the PM NowCast is given by:
1976:, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2019-08-05
1973:White paper describing EPA Ozone Nowcast Algorithm
1832:
1795:
1761:
1724:
1682:
1646:
1608:
1575:
1540:
1520:
1482:
1462:
1420:
1398:
1372:
1192:
1037:
809:
722:
655:
513:
381:
243:
210:
177:
150:
60:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
1528:= the concentration breakpoint that is ≥
86:real time public reporting of the ozone AQI.
1470:= the concentration breakpoint that is ≤
2019:"PM NAAQS - Air Quality Index Fact Sheet"
1815:
1809:
1781:
1775:
1744:
1738:
1710:
1704:
1665:
1659:
1654:= the index breakpoint corresponding to
1629:
1623:
1594:
1588:
1583:= the index breakpoint corresponding to
1561:
1555:
1533:
1503:
1497:
1475:
1448:
1442:
1413:
1391:
1358:
1336:
1314:
1292:
1270:
1252:
1239:
1231:
1214:Consider a day when the hourly average PM
1183:
1178:
1172:
1157:
1153:
1132:
1122:
1108:
1096:
1082:
1056:
1026:
1011:
1007:
986:
972:
956:
941:
936:
930:
915:
911:
890:
873:
861:
854:
828:
792:
782:
771:
764:
738:
696:
677:
671:
635:
625:
614:
602:
586:
576:
565:
558:
532:
494:
485:
474:
462:
448:
439:
428:
420:
408:
400:
365:
349:
343:
326:
309:
290:
283:
268:
262:
229:
223:
196:
190:
169:
163:
142:
120:
107:
101:
1696:
1963:
2077:"AQI Calculator: Concentration to AQI"
185:the most recent hourly value, and let
151:{\displaystyle c_{1},c_{2},...c_{12}}
7:
1999:. US Environmental Protection Agency
723:{\displaystyle c_{min}=c_{max},w=1}
820:For the special case where w=1/2:
14:
1893:Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
1348:
1307:
1169:
1154:
1119:
1105:
1023:
1008:
983:
969:
927:
912:
883:
870:
1:
92:Calculation of the PM NowCast
16:American environmental index
2158:
18:
1428:= the 24-hour average PM
2137:Environmental monitoring
1833:{\displaystyle I_{high}}
1762:{\displaystyle C_{high}}
1683:{\displaystyle C_{high}}
1647:{\displaystyle I_{high}}
1521:{\displaystyle C_{high}}
1994:"Computing the NowCast"
1796:{\displaystyle I_{low}}
1725:{\displaystyle C_{low}}
1609:{\displaystyle C_{low}}
1576:{\displaystyle I_{low}}
1463:{\displaystyle C_{low}}
1433:pollutant concentration
244:{\displaystyle c_{max}}
211:{\displaystyle c_{min}}
1834:
1797:
1763:
1726:
1684:
1648:
1610:
1577:
1542:
1522:
1484:
1464:
1422:
1400:
1374:
1194:
1039:
811:
787:
724:
657:
630:
581:
515:
383:
245:
212:
179:
152:
43:
35:
2132:Environmental indices
1835:
1798:
1764:
1727:
1685:
1649:
1611:
1578:
1543:
1523:
1485:
1465:
1423:
1401:
1375:
1195:
1040:
812:
767:
725:
658:
610:
561:
516:
384:
246:
213:
180:
178:{\displaystyle c_{1}}
153:
41:
29:
2099:"NowCast Calculator"
1808:
1774:
1737:
1703:
1658:
1622:
1587:
1554:
1532:
1496:
1474:
1441:
1412:
1390:
1230:
1055:
827:
737:
670:
531:
399:
261:
222:
189:
162:
100:
19:For other uses, see
2057:. February 7, 2024
2028:. February 7, 2024
1830:
1793:
1759:
1722:
1680:
1644:
1606:
1573:
1538:
1518:
1480:
1460:
1418:
1396:
1370:
1190:
1035:
807:
720:
653:
511:
506:
479:
433:
379:
241:
208:
175:
148:
44:
36:
2142:Air quality index
1948:
1947:
1541:{\displaystyle C}
1483:{\displaystyle C}
1421:{\displaystyle C}
1399:{\displaystyle I}
1305:
1165:
1116:
1090:
1033:
1019:
980:
964:
923:
881:
802:
648:
502:
478:
470:
456:
432:
377:
338:
58:data used by the
2149:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2052:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1968:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1697:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1347:
1346:
1328:
1327:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1284:
1283:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1240:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1137:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1091:
1083:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1012:
991:
990:
981:
973:
965:
957:
948:
947:
946:
945:
935:
934:
925:
924:
916:
895:
894:
882:
874:
866:
865:
855:
816:
814:
813:
808:
803:
798:
797:
796:
786:
781:
765:
729:
727:
726:
721:
707:
706:
688:
687:
662:
660:
659:
654:
649:
647:
646:
645:
629:
624:
608:
607:
606:
597:
596:
580:
575:
559:
520:
518:
517:
512:
510:
509:
503:
495:
490:
489:
480:
476:
471:
463:
457:
449:
444:
443:
434:
430:
425:
424:
388:
386:
385:
380:
378:
376:
375:
360:
359:
344:
339:
337:
336:
321:
320:
319:
301:
300:
284:
273:
272:
250:
248:
247:
242:
240:
239:
217:
215:
214:
209:
207:
206:
184:
182:
181:
176:
174:
173:
157:
155:
154:
149:
147:
146:
125:
124:
112:
111:
52:weighted average
2157:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1927:Very Unhealthy
1811:
1806:
1805:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1530:
1529:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1472:
1471:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1410:
1409:
1388:
1387:
1354:
1332:
1310:
1288:
1266:
1265:
1248:
1241:
1228:
1227:
1223:concentration:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1179:
1168:
1128:
1118:
1092:
1053:
1052:
1022:
982:
949:
937:
926:
886:
857:
856:
825:
824:
788:
766:
735:
734:
692:
673:
668:
667:
631:
609:
598:
582:
560:
529:
528:
505:
504:
481:
472:
459:
458:
435:
426:
416:
409:
397:
396:
361:
345:
322:
305:
286:
285:
264:
259:
258:
225:
220:
219:
192:
187:
186:
165:
160:
159:
138:
116:
103:
98:
97:
94:
69:
65:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2155:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2090:
2068:
2039:
2010:
1985:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1803:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1769:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1732:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1692:
1691:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1617:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1549:
1537:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1491:
1479:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1436:
1429:
1417:
1407:
1395:
1381:
1380:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1046:
1045:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
989:
985:
979:
976:
971:
968:
963:
960:
955:
952:
944:
940:
933:
929:
922:
919:
914:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
893:
889:
885:
880:
877:
872:
869:
864:
860:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
818:
817:
806:
801:
795:
791:
785:
780:
777:
774:
770:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
719:
716:
713:
710:
705:
702:
699:
695:
691:
686:
683:
680:
676:
664:
663:
652:
644:
641:
638:
634:
628:
623:
620:
617:
613:
605:
601:
595:
592:
589:
585:
579:
574:
571:
568:
564:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
522:
521:
508:
501:
498:
493:
488:
484:
473:
469:
466:
461:
460:
455:
452:
447:
442:
438:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:
412:
407:
404:
390:
389:
374:
371:
368:
364:
358:
355:
352:
348:
342:
335:
332:
329:
325:
318:
315:
312:
308:
304:
299:
296:
293:
289:
282:
279:
276:
271:
267:
238:
235:
232:
228:
205:
202:
199:
195:
172:
168:
145:
141:
137:
134:
131:
128:
123:
119:
115:
110:
106:
93:
90:
67:
63:
56:air monitoring
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2154:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:Air pollution
2125:
2124:
2122:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2027:
2020:
2014:
2011:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1535:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1477:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1434:
1415:
1408:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1277:
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2103:. Retrieved
2093:
2083:25 September
2081:. Retrieved
2071:
2061:February 10,
2059:. Retrieved
2054:
2042:
2032:February 10,
2030:. Retrieved
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1406:= the AQI,
2121:Categories
1980:2019-08-07
1958:References
1944:Hazardous
1910:Unhealthy
77:The Ozone
54:of hourly
21:Nowcasting
1876:Moderate
1842:Category
1330:−
1286:−
1246:−
769:∑
640:−
612:∑
591:−
563:∑
492:≤
487:∗
441:∗
422:∗
303:−
281:−
270:∗
2101:. AirNow
2079:. AirNow
477:if
431:if
392:and let
254:Define:
2055:epa.gov
2026:epa,gov
1383:where:
79:NowCast
48:NowCast
46:The PM
2105:11 May
1997:(PPTX)
2051:(PDF)
2022:(PDF)
1935:325.4
1932:225.5
1918:225.4
1915:125.5
1901:125.4
1859:Good
1694:and:
83:ozone
66:or PM
50:is a
2107:2016
2085:2014
2063:2024
2034:2024
2005:2014
1898:55.5
1884:55.4
1881:35.5
1867:35.4
1207:or c
446:>
218:and
96:Let
1941:500
1938:301
1924:300
1921:201
1907:200
1904:151
1890:150
1887:101
1873:100
1864:9.1
1850:9.0
1430:2.5
1221:2.5
1216:2.5
70:).
68:2.5
32:2.5
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30:PM
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