33:
1617:
328:
off two Nova
Scotian boys as slaves. Zachary Macauley demanded all the supplies the Nova Scotians had managed to take from the French back. Many a Methodist preacher declared it was the judgment of God against their evil Caucasian oppressors. The aftermath of this was that Nathaniel Snowball and Luke Jordan established their own colony on Pirate's Bay to live as free men just as the Ezerlites.
1646:
342:
Cato
Preston, Eli Ackim, William Easmon, and John Kizell were forced to give up their homes because of business ventures gone wrong. In the 1826 census, about half of the Nova Scotian males were skilled artisans and only three were listed as unskilled workers. Initially, the Nova Scotians were allowed to use the American currency,
284:(then Granville Town). Eighty percent of Nova Scotians lived on five streets: Rawdon, Wilberforce, Howe, East, and Charlotte street. Seventy percent of Maroons lived on five streets: Glouchester, George, Trelawney, Walpole, and Westmoreland street. The main Nova Scotian churches were in Settler Town;
172:
referred to these people as "the fugitives from these States". The US appealed to have the slaves returned, but the
British refused. As part of its compensation to Loyalists, the Crown also settled white Loyalists in Nova Scotia, and the western frontier of Upper Canada (Ontario). It made land grants
375:
and David
Edmonds kept alehouses in the 1790s. Settler women were independent and were employed as schoolteachers and in other roles. Some established schools and acted as schoolteachers. Extramarital affairs were also prominent in the community and some Settler men had mistresses and provided for
370:
as spoken by people drawn from the lower classes, regardless of whether White or Black. James Walker noted that
Settler pronunciation and grammar originated in the American South and was "perpetuated as the language of their preachers and teachers, and was regarded, in the nineteenth century, as a
327:
over whom the French
Commodore had little control. The Settlers offered the only resistance to the French during this time period. The Settlers assured the French that they were “Britons from North America” and were friends of the French. Despite showing they were Britons, the French still carried
268:
In 1792, the Nova
Scotians founded and established Free Town in Sierra Leone. They based its plan on what they were familiar with: the grid of a North American colonial town plan. When they learned the Sierra Leone Company had reserved the best waterfront land for its own use, tensions arose. Soon
259:
After settling in Sierra Leone, many Nova
Scotian blacks intermarried with Europeans as the colony developed. The Nova Scotians' political ideology of a democratic, representative government was at odds with the Sierra Leone Company's managing an imperialistic colony. The Nova Scotians referred to
341:
were situated in
Western Freetown. The Maroons were still distinct but became a more solid group and adopted some Settler values and customs. The Maroons became a cohesive trading unit, they displaced the Nova Scotians as the main traders in Sierra Leone in the 1820s. Nova Scotian traders such as
310:
The
Granville Town settlers were initially separate from the Nova Scotian community. After Methodist teaching to the Granville Town settlers, they were slowly incorporated into the society of the Nova Scotians. Nova Scotians like Boston King were schoolteachers to the children of Granville Town
195:
In the late eighteenth century, the black Nova Scotians were offered a choice to emigrate to a new colony being established by Great Britain in West Africa, intended for the resettlement of blacks from London (who were also mostly African Americans resettled after the Revolution), and some free
336:
The Nova Scotians were exceptional traders and some of the houses they built in Settler Town, which were initially built of wood with stone foundations, were renovated or upgraded into stone houses. At this time, the Nova Scotians lived in Eastern Freetown and the
450:, another group of Africans who escaped American slavery, but instead chose to settle them in Nova Scotia and the West Indies. The Nova Scotians in the 1830s and 40s would be faced with the large-scale settlement of Africans freed from slave ships by the British
187:
Upon arrival in Nova Scotia, the Black Loyalist settlers faced many difficulties because of discrimination. They received less land, fewer provisions, and were paid lower wages than White Loyalists. Some fell into debt and had to sign terms of
292:
is an offshoot of Rawdon Methodist; it was founded by wealthy Nova Scotians. Many Settler families were forced to sell their land because of debt; families such as the Balls, the Burdens, the Chambers, the Dixons, the Georges (descendants of
116:
books, which have examined how they brought "America" to Africa, because they naturally carried their culture with them. They founded the first permanent ex-slave colony in West Africa, and it was influential throughout the region.
129:, the British offered freedom to slaves who left rebel masters and joined their forces. Thousands of slaves escaped during the war, disrupting some of the slave societies in the South, and many joined the British lines. After the
260:
themselves as the "Settlers" or "Nova Scotians" in Sierra Leone. Later scholars would describe them as "Afro-American", in reference to their ethnicity and particular historical origin in that culture of the Thirteen Colonies.
301:
or Stephen Peters), the Prestons, the Snowballs, the Staffords, the Turners, the Willoughsby, the Williams, and the Goodings. Some descendants of James Wise and other settlers were able to keep their land in Settler Town.
111:
and other transatlantic immigrants contributed toward the development of Freetown, the 1200 Nova Scotian Settlers were the single greatest Western black influence. The Nova Scotian Settlers have been the subject of many
425:
serving under the Royal Navy from 22 January 1808 to 27 April 1809, arrived from New York with 82 African Americans, the British did not permit them to land or settle in Freetown. These Novia Scotians, led by
770:
350:; however, restrictions were later imposed when the company wanted reduced American economic influence. Trade was opened up with the United States in 1831 but grew only slowly, mainly through smuggling.
223:. After its officials learned what democratic and 'American' ideals the Nova Scotians held and practised, the Company did not allow other former slaves to immigrate in large groups to the new colony.
1890:
72:, on March 11, 1792. The majority of these black American immigrants were among 3,000 African Americans, mostly former slaves, who had sought freedom and refuge with the British during the
1880:
1175:
In neighboring Sierra Leone, the analogous group of liberated Africans delivered there by the British Navy are generally seen as having played a crucial role in the evolution of Krio.
828:
Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?" Unpublished Master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), p. 45.
219:, a kind of creole more closely related to African languages. The Nova Scotians were the only mass group of former slaves to immigrate to Sierra Leone under the auspices of the
362:
or songs originating in Sierra Leone satirizing Europeans. An analysis of extant letters written by the Settlers has shown a majority of Settlers spoke a variant of
1850:
1835:
1825:
1583:
1865:
1605:
1479:
1255:
659:
415:
Because of friction between the independent Nova Scotia settlers and British authorities, no further resettlement of Novia Scotians followed. When the
1230:
604:
395:. One half to two thirds of the Nova Scotians were Methodist; the former Anglican settlers converted to Methodism and the Methodists incorporated
200:
and immigrated to Sierra Leone. The majority of free blacks did remain in Nova Scotia and made communities. Their descendants today comprise the
323:(1792-1797) the French attacked and burned Freetown in September 1794. For over two weeks the settlement was subject to the depredations of the
466:
but retained many cultural habits similar to Africans in North America and Britain. The descendants of the Nova Scotian settlers (who are the
1743:
1382:
1121:
1037:
388:
246:
69:
32:
740:
192:, which resembled their former enslavement in the colonies. They found the cold climate forbidding after living in more temperate areas.
92:
and remained a distinct ethnic group within the Freetown territory, tending to marry among themselves and with Europeans in the colony.
1885:
212:
1199:
1870:
1840:
273:
from Jamaica and resettled them in this colony. They mixed with the Novia Scotians, and this Settler part of Freetown became known as
1845:
1010:
985:
952:
909:
728:
358:
The Settlers had dance nights called 'Koonking' or 'Koonken' or 'Konken,' where Settler maidens would sing songs they brought from
1570:
1190:
544:
867:, United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada (1990), p. 14 online publication featured in "Our Roots / Nos Racines" website"
784:
1764:
1695:
1377:
438:, an African-born Nova Scotian Settler. Unhappy with terrible conditions of the settlers at Sherbro, they moved to land in the
1855:
1820:
1675:
1598:
1367:
1260:
1161:
285:
862:
230:
on January 15, 1792, and arrived in Sierra Leone between February 28 and March 9, 1792. About 65 passengers died en route.
1875:
1537:
1223:
1103:
1830:
1250:
1136:
694:
628:
484:
447:
311:
settlers. However, up until 1800, the "Old Settlers" (as the Granville Towners were called) remained in their own town.
298:
85:
81:
41:
1665:
1564:
1507:
1405:
197:
1499:
1484:
1303:
849:
522:
467:
404:
320:
274:
134:
126:
96:
89:
73:
1690:
1591:
1316:
1286:
664:
642:
289:
1860:
1356:
1292:
1216:
689:
281:
1785:
890:
The town grid was laid out by the Sierra Leone company's British surveyor Richard Pepys. Schama, pp. 352-253
684:
600:
1063:
1718:
1512:
1410:
1400:
1340:
1265:
717:
590:
584:
528:
490:
372:
294:
250:
1733:
553:
417:
377:
1645:
1064:"Separate Spheres in a Separate World: African-Nova Scotian Women in late-19th-Century Halifax County"
462:
Some of the settlers bore children during their nine-year sojourn in Nova Scotia; these children were
245:
working-class people of the time. As was common for North Americans of African descent, many had some
137:, it kept its promise to the former slaves. Some freedmen were evacuated to the Caribbean or London.
1780:
1728:
1489:
679:
624:
609:
580:
540:
534:
347:
220:
189:
161:
107:
and the "bod oses" of their modern-day descendants are some of their cultural imprints. Although the
17:
1759:
1738:
1660:
1425:
559:
463:
201:
182:
37:
1723:
1713:
1680:
1670:
1321:
803:
633:
619:
977:
442:; the African Americans who moved thither in 1820 were the first settlers of what would become
1621:
1448:
1157:
1151:
1075:
1033:
1006:
981:
972:
The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870
948:
905:
744:
669:
615:
571:
565:
506:
1027:
713:
1542:
1196:
845:
594:
502:
422:
367:
363:
359:
338:
270:
169:
108:
61:
1797:
1547:
1517:
1415:
1346:
1270:
1203:
674:
646:
396:
238:
227:
205:
145:
57:
196:
blacks from the Caribbean. In 1792, approximately 1,192 Black Nova Scotian Settlers left
1453:
1433:
1311:
1239:
970:
925:
431:
165:
153:
130:
113:
77:
1814:
765:
518:
242:
104:
902:
Western Africa and Cabo Verde, 1790s-1830s: Symbiosis of Slave and Legitimate Trades
840:'Some grammatical characteristics of the Sierra Leone letters' by Charles Jones, in
1532:
1443:
1438:
1332:
575:
548:
427:
234:
1527:
1522:
1392:
870:
819:, edited by Charles Bruce Fergusson, Public Archives of Nova Scotia (1971) p. 28
496:
439:
435:
400:
324:
141:
842:
Our Children Free and Happy: Letters from Black Settlers in Africa in the 1790s
256:. Only fifty of the group had been born in Africa and more recently enslaved.
451:
1079:
1801:
1104:
Reclaiming the Women of Britain's First Mission to West Africa: Three Lives
446:. In the War of 1812, the British considered Sierra Leone as a home for the
384:
100:
1351:
253:
211:
The Nova Scotian Settlers to Sierra Leone tended to speak early forms of
157:
149:
95:
The Settler descendants gradually developed as an ethnicity known as the
65:
56:(also known as the Nova Scotians or more commonly as the Settlers), were
945:
Becoming African in America: Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic
637:
443:
392:
343:
1156:. Waynebook. Vol. 51. Wayne State University Press. p. 161.
1134:
GRANT, John N (1973): "Black immigrants into Nova Scotia, 1776–1815".
1616:
216:
297:), the Keelings, the Leighs, the Moores, the Peters (descendants of
226:
Fifteen ships, the first fleet to bring Free blacks to Africa, left
1685:
1208:
380:; many times they left land and property for them in their wills.
233:
One visitor to Sierra Leone distinguished the Settlers from other
31:
80:. The Nova Scotian Settlers were jointly led by African American
771:
Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution
371:
distinct dialect." Many Nova Scotians drank alcohol heavily and
1587:
1212:
470:) are related to both Black Nova Scotians and Black Americans.
806:. Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management. 20 April 2020.
173:
to households and offered supplies to help them get settled.
741:"Birchtown Plaque "The Black Loyalists AT Birchtown" (1997)"
574:(1861−1899), first colonial Secretary for Native Affairs in
458:
Relationship between Black Nova Scotians and Black Americans
148:. Nearly two-thirds of the Nova Scotian Settlers were from
474:
Notable Nova Scotian Settlers and their Creole descendants
1197:
http://atlanticportal.hil.unb.ca/dev/acva/blackloyalists/
587:, which was an offshoot of the Settlers Descendants Union
88:. For most of the 19th century, the Settlers resided in
947:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 111–112.
930:
Free Slaves, Freetown, and the Sierra Leonean Civil War
152:. The second largest group of black settlers were from
144:
for resettlement, and their names were recorded in the
407:'s Anglican congregation which was openly Methodist.
140:
But its forces also evacuated 3,000 former slaves to
627:(1933–2006), university professor and author of the
237:
because of the "American tone" or accent, common to
215:; some from the Low Country of South Carolina spoke
1773:
1752:
1706:
1653:
1628:
1556:
1498:
1467:
1424:
1391:
1366:
1330:
1302:
1279:
1153:
Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America
537:(1924–2019), university professor and administrator
1003:Tropicopolitans: Colonialism and Agency, 1688–1804
969:
76:, leaving rebel masters. They became known as the
1891:Sierra Leonean people of African-American descent
27:Historical ethnic group that settled Sierra Leone
531:(1915–2004), economist and university professor
1881:Repatriated slaves of African American descent
499:(1760–1802), Black American Methodist preacher
1599:
1224:
798:
796:
620:the oldest western-style university in Africa
288:was one of the main churches. The modern day
84:, a former soldier, and English abolitionist
8:
1120:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFWinfield2008 (
70:Sierra Leone and the Colony of Sierra Leone
1606:
1592:
1584:
1480:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
1256:African Americans in the Revolutionary War
1231:
1217:
1209:
1032:. Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
785:To John Lynch Monticello, January 21, 1811
660:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
513:Notable Creole descendants of the Settlers
40:, a Quaker who was the chief assistant of
493:( –1810), Black American Baptist preacher
487:(1738–1792), Black leader in Sierra Leone
306:Relationship with Granville Town settlers
121:Background and immigration to Nova Scotia
1115:
976:. University of Toronto Press. pp.
505:(c. 1740–1800), slave of U.S. President
1029:The United States and Africa: A History
817:Clarkson's mission to America 1791-1792
706:
411:British policy toward African Americans
1622:Canadians abroad and their descendants
1005:. Duke University Press. p. 266.
836:
834:
618:(1911–2001), first female graduate of
64:descent who founded the settlement of
7:
1851:American expatriates in Sierra Leone
1836:People of Black Nova Scotian descent
1459:See also Sierra Leone settlers below
568:(1962–2023), politician and diplomat
18:Nova Scotian Settlers (Sierra Leone)
1826:Nova Scotian Settler (Sierra Leone)
383:The majority of Nova Scotians were
280:The town was in close proximity to
213:African-American Vernacular English
204:, one of the oldest communities of
716:Also see Hartshorne's portrait by
389:Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion
25:
1866:History of Black people in Canada
1140:, Volume LVIII, No. 3, July 1973.
636:(1875–1961), former president of
430:, were offered land to settle in
1644:
1615:
968:Walker, James W. St. G. (1992).
1193:. Canada's Digital Collections.
932:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
562:(1904–1994), political activist
454:'s anti-slave trade campaign.
286:Rawdon Street Methodist Church
1:
1026:Duignan, Peter; Gann (1987).
1001:Aravamudan, Srinivas (1999).
865:The Black Loyalists in Canada
774:, Viking Canada (2005) p. 11.
479:Notable Nova Scotian Settlers
1137:The Journal of Negro History
695:Slavery in the United States
629:Sierra Leone National Anthem
583:(1922–2006), founder of the
156:, and a smaller number from
135:American War of Independence
1150:Smitherman, Geneva (1977).
904:. AuthorHouse. p. 12.
603:(1875–1912), known for his
593:(1898–1969), first African
556:(1878–1936), medical doctor
543:(1810–1884), first African
1907:
1886:Sierra Leone Creole people
1411:Port Rosey (now Shelburne)
1304:American Revolutionary War
1191:Black Loyalists: Home Page
1092:Walker 1992, pp. 191, 207.
900:Brooks, George E. (2010).
850:Edinburgh University Press
645:(1915–1996), pilot in the
591:Sir Henry Lightfoot Boston
468:Sierra Leone Creole people
391:; a smaller minority were
321:War of the First Coalition
269:the British deported some
180:
127:American Revolutionary War
97:Sierra Leone Creole people
74:American Revolutionary War
1871:People of African descent
1841:African-American diaspora
1794:
1642:
1317:Black Company of Pioneers
1246:
665:African-American diaspora
643:John Henry Clavell Smythe
290:Ebenezer Methodist Church
1846:African-American society
1371:involved in Emancipation
1357:Petition of Free Negroes
1293:Philipsburg Proclamation
1062:Morton, Suzanne (1993).
690:Philipsburg Proclamation
241:and perhaps lower-class
943:Sidbury, James (2007).
804:"African Nova Scotians"
685:History of Sierra Leone
601:Samuel Coleridge-Taylor
1434:Colonel Stephen Blucke
1287:Dunmore's Proclamation
1266:United Empire Loyalist
718:Robert Field (painter)
607:on the epic 1855 poem
585:Krio Descendants Union
529:Noah Arthur Cox-George
45:
1856:American rebel slaves
1821:Nova Scotian Settlers
1471:Sierra Leone Settlers
554:Edward Mayfield Boyle
403:'s congregation, and
378:illegitimate children
54:Sierra Leone Settlers
50:Nova Scotian Settlers
35:
1876:Repatriated Africans
1744:United Arab Emirates
1490:Sierra Leone Company
1378:General Samuel Birch
1052:Walker 1992, p. 207.
783:Jefferson, Thomas. "
680:Atlantic slave trade
625:Clifford Nelson Fyle
610:The Song of Hiawatha
581:George T.O. Robinson
541:George William Nicol
535:Arthur Thomas Porter
348:Sierra Leone Company
221:Sierra Leone Company
198:Halifax, Nova Scotia
190:indentured servitude
1831:Black Nova Scotians
1565:The Book of Negroes
1500:Sierra Leone people
1426:Black Nova Scotians
1251:Slavery in the U.S.
649:during World War II
560:Edna Elliott-Horton
464:Black Nova Scotians
202:Black Nova Scotians
183:Black Nova Scotians
177:Life in Nova Scotia
38:Lawrence Hartshorne
1322:Ethiopian Regiment
1202:2011-07-06 at the
747:on August 30, 2007
714:Canadian Biography
634:Charles D. B. King
545:Colonial Secretary
387:or members of the
346:and cents, by the
46:
36:The gravestone of
1808:
1807:
1581:
1580:
1449:Richard Pierpoint
1444:Rev. John Marrant
1039:978-0-521-33571-3
863:"Brown, Wallace,
789:American History.
670:African Americans
616:Lati Hyde-Forster
572:James C.E. Parkes
566:Henry O. Macauley
507:George Washington
421:, a hired armed
399:'s congregation,
16:(Redirected from
1898:
1648:
1620:
1619:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1543:Harry Washington
1233:
1226:
1219:
1210:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1147:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1023:
1017:
1016:
998:
992:
991:
975:
965:
959:
958:
940:
934:
933:
922:
916:
915:
897:
891:
888:
882:
881:
879:
878:
869:. Archived from
859:
853:
846:Christopher Fyfe
838:
829:
826:
820:
814:
808:
807:
800:
791:
781:
775:
763:
757:
756:
754:
752:
743:. Archived from
737:
731:
726:
720:
711:
595:Governor-General
503:Harry Washington
368:American English
360:Colonial America
339:Jamaican Maroons
170:Thomas Jefferson
109:Jamaican Maroons
62:African-American
21:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1861:Black Loyalists
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1798:Quebec diaspora
1790:
1769:
1748:
1702:
1691:French Canadian
1649:
1640:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1582:
1577:
1552:
1548:Moses Wilkinson
1518:Abraham Hazeley
1494:
1470:
1463:
1420:
1416:Shelburne riots
1387:
1383:Stephen Skinner
1370:
1368:White Loyalists
1362:
1347:Book of Negroes
1341:Treaty of Paris
1326:
1312:Black Loyalists
1298:
1275:
1271:Black Canadians
1242:
1240:Black Loyalists
1237:
1204:Wayback Machine
1187:
1182:
1181:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1116:Winfield (2008)
1114:
1110:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1000:
999:
995:
988:
967:
966:
962:
955:
942:
941:
937:
926:Kaifala, Joseph
924:
923:
919:
912:
899:
898:
894:
889:
885:
876:
874:
861:
860:
856:
839:
832:
827:
823:
815:
811:
802:
801:
794:
782:
778:
764:
760:
750:
748:
739:
738:
734:
727:
723:
712:
708:
703:
675:Black Loyalists
656:
647:Royal Air Force
597:of Sierra Leone
525:medical dynasty
515:
481:
476:
460:
413:
397:Moses Wilkinson
356:
334:
317:
308:
266:
247:Native American
239:American slaves
228:Halifax Harbour
206:Black Canadians
185:
179:
146:Book of Negroes
123:
78:Black Loyalists
58:Black Canadians
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1765:United Kingdom
1762:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1469:Nova Scotian /
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1454:Deborah Squash
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1406:Halifax County
1403:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1194:
1186:
1185:External links
1183:
1180:
1179:
1162:
1142:
1127:
1118:, p. 394.
1108:
1094:
1085:
1054:
1045:
1038:
1018:
1011:
993:
986:
960:
953:
935:
917:
910:
892:
883:
854:
830:
821:
809:
792:
776:
758:
732:
721:
705:
704:
702:
699:
698:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
655:
652:
651:
650:
640:
631:
622:
613:
605:three cantatas
598:
588:
578:
569:
563:
557:
551:
538:
532:
526:
514:
511:
510:
509:
500:
494:
488:
480:
477:
475:
472:
459:
456:
448:Black Refugees
412:
409:
405:Joseph Leonard
355:
352:
333:
330:
316:
313:
307:
304:
265:
262:
181:Main article:
178:
175:
166:North Carolina
154:South Carolina
122:
119:
114:social science
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1903:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1681:United States
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:Thomas Peters
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:Proclamations
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:Fiona Leach,
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1012:9780822323150
1008:
1004:
997:
994:
989:
987:9780802074027
983:
979:
974:
973:
964:
961:
956:
954:9780198043225
950:
946:
939:
936:
931:
927:
921:
918:
913:
911:9781452088716
907:
903:
896:
893:
887:
884:
873:on 2011-06-14
872:
868:
866:
858:
855:
851:
847:
843:
837:
835:
831:
825:
822:
818:
813:
810:
805:
799:
797:
793:
790:
786:
780:
777:
773:
772:
767:
766:Schama, Simon
762:
759:
746:
742:
736:
733:
730:
725:
722:
719:
715:
710:
707:
700:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
648:
644:
641:
639:
635:
632:
630:
626:
623:
621:
617:
614:
612:
611:
606:
602:
599:
596:
592:
589:
586:
582:
579:
577:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
550:
546:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
520:
519:Easmon family
517:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
485:Thomas Peters
483:
482:
478:
473:
471:
469:
465:
457:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
420:
419:
410:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
374:
369:
366:, typical of
365:
361:
353:
351:
349:
345:
340:
331:
329:
326:
322:
315:French attack
314:
312:
305:
303:
300:
299:Thomas Peters
296:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
263:
261:
257:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:ethnic groups
231:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
193:
191:
184:
176:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
120:
118:
115:
110:
106:
105:Krio language
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
86:John Clarkson
83:
82:Thomas Peters
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
43:
42:John Clarkson
39:
34:
30:
19:
1654:The Americas
1636:Sierra Leone
1635:
1563:
1533:Cato Perkins
1513:David George
1508:Davis family
1485:Settler Town
1468:
1458:
1439:Rose Fortune
1333:Emancipation
1174:
1167:. Retrieved
1152:
1145:
1135:
1130:
1111:
1102:
1097:
1088:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1048:
1028:
1021:
1002:
996:
971:
963:
944:
938:
929:
920:
901:
895:
886:
875:. Retrieved
871:the original
864:
857:
844:, edited by
841:
824:
816:
812:
788:
779:
769:
761:
749:. Retrieved
745:the original
735:
729:Find a Grave
724:
709:
608:
576:Sierra Leone
549:Sierra Leone
521:, prominent
491:David George
461:
428:Daniel Coker
416:
414:
382:
373:David George
357:
335:
318:
309:
295:David George
279:
275:Settler Town
267:
264:Settler Town
258:
232:
225:
210:
194:
186:
139:
124:
94:
90:Settler Town
53:
49:
47:
29:
1786:New Zealand
1528:Boston King
1523:John Kizell
1393:Nova Scotia
852:, 1991, p82
751:January 10,
497:Boston King
440:Grain Coast
436:John Kizell
401:Boston King
325:French Army
319:During the
142:Nova Scotia
125:During the
1815:Categories
1796:See also:
1571:miniseries
1169:1 December
1163:0814318053
1068:Acadiensis
877:2008-02-23
701:References
452:Royal Navy
282:Cline Town
101:Loan words
1802:Canadians
1781:Australia
1719:Hong Kong
1401:Birchtown
1359:(Niagara)
1331:Post-war
1261:Loyalists
1080:0044-5851
1074:(2): 62.
418:Elizabeth
385:Methodist
133:lost the
1734:Pakistan
1557:In media
1352:Merikins
1200:Archived
928:(2016).
654:See also
254:ancestry
251:European
243:American
158:Maryland
150:Virginia
66:Freetown
1774:Oceania
1729:Lebanon
638:Liberia
444:Liberia
432:Sherbro
393:Baptist
364:English
354:Culture
344:dollars
271:Maroons
162:Georgia
131:British
103:in the
1760:France
1753:Europe
1739:Turkey
1676:Mexico
1661:Brazil
1629:Africa
1473:(1792)
1343:(1783)
1295:(1779)
1289:(1775)
1160:
1078:
1036:
1009:
984:
951:
908:
523:Creole
423:tender
376:their
217:Gullah
164:, and
1724:India
1714:China
1696:Métis
1686:Cajun
1671:Haiti
1666:Chile
332:Trade
52:, or
1800:and
1707:Asia
1171:2012
1158:ISBN
1122:help
1076:ISSN
1034:ISBN
1007:ISBN
982:ISBN
949:ISBN
906:ISBN
753:2008
48:The
978:184
787:."
547:of
434:by
249:or
208:.
60:of
1817::
1173:.
1072:22
1070:.
1066:.
980:.
848:,
833:^
795:^
768:,
277:.
168:.
160:,
99:.
68:,
1607:e
1600:t
1593:v
1232:e
1225:t
1218:v
1124:)
1082:.
1042:.
1015:.
990:.
957:.
914:.
880:.
755:.
44:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
