Emerging infectious disease

40: 323: 769:, originating from animal sources, pose a significant threat to human health. Up to 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, originating from viruses and other pathogens that are transmitted from animals to humans. Understanding the mechanisms of transmission, the role of wildlife trade, and the importance of surveillance and early detection is crucial for mitigating the impact of zoonotic diseases on human health. Surveillance efforts involving wastewater have been identified as valuable tools for detecting early warning signs of disease emergence and providing timely interventions. 402:, to conduct an 18-month study. According to the report produced by the committee in 1992, its charge "was to identify significant emerging infectious diseases, determine what might be done to deal with them, and recommend how similar future threats might be confronted to lessen their impact on public health." The report recommended setting up a surveillance program to recognize emerging diseases and proposed methods of intervention in case an emergent disease was discovered. 2524:, a method in which genetic information can be passed within a generation, and spread rapidly through its own population as was illustrated in multiple studies. Horizontal gene transfer speeds the process of genetic transfer since there is no need to wait an entire generation time for gene to be passed on. Since most antibiotics do not work on MRSA, physicians have to turn to alternative methods based in 2510:, without being affected in any way. MSSA was treatable with the antibiotic methicillin until it acquired the gene for antibiotic resistance. Through genetic mapping of various strains of MRSA, scientists have found that MSSA acquired the mecA gene in the 1960s, which accounts for its pathogenicity, before this it had a predominantly commensal relationship with humans. It is theorized that when this 51:, he drew a map of the world for presentation at a congressional hearing that showed a single notable emerging infectious disease threat: HIV. Since then, he has continually updated the map, now showing the emergence of numerous infectious disease threats to illustrate the experiences of his years in office as well as highlighting certain infections that had emerged before HIV. 222:

nosologists. History and observation protest wildly against this prejudice, and this is what they teach: Diseases which have disappeared and whose traces are confined to the archives of science, are followed by other diseases, unknown to the contemporary generation, and which come for the first time to assert their rights. In other words, there are

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in the course of history? Can we assume that new ones will appear? Can we assume that some of these diseases will disappear? Have some of them already disappeared? Finally, what will become of humanity and domestic animals if, as a result of more and more frequent contacts between people, the number of infectious diseases continues to increase?

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Emerging infectious diseases between human, animal have become a significant concern in recent years, playing a crucial role in the occurrence and spread of diseases. Human population growth, increased proximity to wildlife, and climate change have created favorable conditions for the transmission of

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The striking successes achieved with antibiotics, together with widespread application of vaccines for many previously feared viral diseases, made it appear to many physicians and the public that infectious diseases were retreating and would in time be fully conquered. Although this view was disputed

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strain that had acquired the mecA gene was introduced into hospitals, it came into contact with other hospital bacteria that had already been exposed to high levels of antibiotics. When exposed to such high levels of antibiotics, the hospital bacteria suddenly found themselves in an environment that

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On the basis of what has happened in the last thirty years, can we forecast any likely developments for the 1970s? If for the present we retain a basic optimism and assume no major catastrophes occur the most likely forecast about the future of infectious disease is that it will be very dull. There

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in 2017 with the objective of accelerating the development of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases to be able to offer them to affected populations during outbreaks. CEPI promotes the idea that a proactive approach is required to "create a world in which epidemics are no longer a threat to

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that will be the subject of our talks. I will have to answer, to the extent that our current knowledge allows, questions that you have asked yourself, that every thoughtful or simply curious mind asks: have the infectious diseases that we observe today always existed? Or have some of them appeared

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In December 2015, the World Health Organization held a workshop on prioritization of pathogens "for accelerated R&D for severe emerging diseases with potential to generate a public health emergency, and for which no, or insufficient, preventive and curative solutions exist." The result was a

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A well-designed, well-implemented surveillance program can detect unusual clusters of disease, document the geographic and demographic spread of an outbreak, and estimate the magnitude of the problem. It can also help to describe the natural history of a disease, identify factors responsible for

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Surprisingly, most emergent viruses are zoonotic, with natural animal reservoirs a more frequent source of new viruses than is the sudden evolution of a new entity. The most frequent factor in emergence is human behavior that increases the probability of transfer of viruses from their endogenous

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The 1992 IOM report distinguished 6 factors contributing to emergence of new diseases (Microbial adaptation and change; Economic development and land use; Human demographics and behavior; International travel and commerce; Technology and industry; Breakdown of public health measures) which were

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The French doctor Charles Anglada (1809–1878) wrote a book in 1869 on extinct and new diseases. He did not distinguish infectious diseases from others (he uses the terms reactive and affective diseases, to mean diseases with an external or internal cause, more or less meaning diseases with or

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Challenged by the sudden appearance of AIDS as a major public health crisis jointly sponsored the conference "Emerging Viruses: The Evolution of Viruses and Viral Diseases" It was convened to consider the mechanisms of viral emergence and possible strategies for anticipating, detecting, and

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worked on the concept of emerging diseases while writing his book on the history of AIDS and later in 1993 published an article about the concept of emerging disease as a more precise notion than the term "new disease" that was mostly used in France at that time to qualify AIDS among others.

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Throughout the 20th century until 1980, with the exception of the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, the death rate from infectious diseases in the United States was steadily decreasing. However, because of the AIDS epidemic, the death rate from infectious diseases increased by 58% between 1980 and

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Kalra S., Kelkar D., Galwankar S. C., Papadimos T. J., Stawicki S. P., Arquilla B., Hoey B. A., Sharpe R. P., Sabol D., Jahre J. A. The emergence of Ebola as a global health security threat: From 'lessons learned' to coordinated multilateral containment efforts. J Global Infect Dis 2014 ;

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A widely held opinion among physicians admits the invariability of pathologies. All the illnesses which have existed or which have an outbreak around us are categorized according to arrested and preconceived types, and must enter one way or the other into the frameworks established by the

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in his 1971 article "Emerging Diseases of Man and Animals" where in the first sentence of the introduction he implicitly defines emerging diseases as "infectious diseases of man and animals currently emerging as public health problems" and as a consequence also includes re-emerging

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The proposed interventions were based on the following: the U.S. public health system, research and training, vaccine and drug development, vector control, public education and behavioral change. A few years after the 1989 Emerging Viruses conference and the 1992 IOM report, the

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zoonotic diseases, leading to outbreaks such as Zika, Ebola, and COVID-19. The One Health approach, which integrates animal, human, and environmental health, has emerged as a crucial tool for monitoring and mitigating the spread of infectious diseases.

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came into contact with these populations, the multiple genes that code for antibiotic resistance to different drugs were then acquired by MRSA, making it nearly impossible to control. It is thought that MSSA acquired the resistance gene through the

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Use of indiscriminate pesticides in industrial farming reduces/eliminates biological controls (e.g. dragonflies, amphibians, insectivorous birds, spiders) of known disease vectors (e.g. mosquito, tick, biting midge)

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Plaza M., Paladino L., Opara I. N., Firstenberg M. S., Wilson B., Papadimos T. J., Stawicki S. P. The use of distributed consensus algorithms to curtail the spread of medical misinformation. Int J Acad Med 2019 ;

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But there are also many familiar organisms formerly considered nonpathogenic that are now associated with nosocomial infections, use of artificial kidneys, and the acceptance or rejection of organ transplants, for

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are emerging in hospitals, and are extremely problematic in that they are resistant to many antibiotics. Of growing concern are adverse synergistic interactions between emerging diseases and other infectious and

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However, to many people in the 1960s and 1970s the emergence of new diseases appeared as a marginal problem, as illustrated by the introduction to the 1962 edition of Natural History of Infectious Disease by

2528:. However, prevention is the most preferred method of avoiding antibiotic resistance. By reducing unnecessary antibiotic use in human and animal populations, antibiotics resistance can be slowed. 4500: 4165:

Murray KA, Allen T, Loh E, et al. (2015). "Emerging Viral Zoonoses from Wildlife Associated with Animal-Based Food Systems: Risks and Opportunities". In Russell MJ, Doyle MP (eds.).

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In a 1991 paper Morse underlines how the emergence of new infectious diseases (of which the public became aware through the AIDS epidemic) is the opposite of the then generally expected

5330: 2537: 5182:"With call for 'raw data' and lab audits, WHO chief pressures China on pandemic origin probe - A new team of scientists may replace agency group already probing the start of COVID-19" 4435: 3146:"Increasing incidence and widespread dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitals in central Europe, with special reference to German hospitals" 2544:. According to the WHO Director-General, "SAGO will play a vital role in the next phase of studies into the origins of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the origins of future new pathogens." 4409: 783: 5153: 7045: 359:

Conference "Emerging Viruses: The Evolution of Viruses and Viral Diseases" held 1–3 May 1989 in Washington, DC. In the article summarizing the conference the authors write:

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Infectious diseases of man and animals currently emerging as public health problems include some old acquaintances and some that are new in respect to identity or concept.

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by virologists and many specialists in infectious diseases, it had become a commonplace to suggest that infectious diseases were about to become a thing of the past .

2540:(SAGO), which is to be a permanent advisory body of the organisation. The Group was formed with a broad objective to examine emerging infectious diseases, including 3520: 3469: 3418: 441: 6652: 1660:

and Eleanor Gaunt established a list of 87 human pathogens first reported in the period between 1980 and 2005. These were classified according to their types.

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To KK, Tsang AK, Chan JF, Cheng VC, Chen H, Yuen KY (March 2014). "Emergence in China of human disease due to avian influenza A(H10N8) – Cause for concern?".

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Also under the shock of the emergence of AIDS, epidemiologists wanted to take a more active approach to anticipate and prevent the emergence of new diseases.

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Kurpiers LA, Schulte-Herbrüggen B, Ejotre I, et al. (2016). "Bushmeat and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Lessons from Africa". In Angelici F (ed.).

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Leifels M, Khalilur Rahman O, Sam IC, Cheng D, Chua FJ, Nainani D, Kim SY, Ng WJ, Kwok WC, Sirikanchana K, Wuertz S, Thompson J, Chan YF (2022-10-30).

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had a high level of selection for antibiotic resistance, and thus resistance to multiple antibiotics formed within these hospital populations. When

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A decade later the IOM convened the Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health in the 21st Century which published its conclusions in 2003.

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The term emerging disease has been in use in scientific publications since the beginning of the 1960s at least and is used in the modern sense by

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whose incidence has increased recently (in the past 20 years), and could increase in the near future. The minority that are capable of developing

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Edridge AW, Deijs M, Namazzi R, Cristella C, Jebbink MF, Maurer I, Kootstra NA, Buluma LR, van Woensel JB, de Jong MD, Idro R (2019-01-01).

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may be some wholly unexpected emergence of a new and dangerous infectious disease, but nothing of the sort has marked the past fifty years.

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Hontz RD, Guevara C, Halsey ES, Silvas J, Santiago FW, Widen SG, Wood TG, Casanova W, Vasilakis N, Watts DM, Kochel TJ (May 2015).

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Re-emerging infectious diseases – diseases that have spread to new places or which previous treatments no longer control, such as

6488: 5895: 5511: 1301: 5209: 4252:"The one health perspective to improve environmental surveillance of zoonotic viruses: lessons from COVID-19 and outlook beyond" 6082: 999: 145:. EIDs may also result from spread of an existing disease to a new population in a different geographic region, as occurs with 4940:

Andonov A, Robbins M, Borlang J, Cao J, Hatchette T, Stueck A, Deschambault Y, Murnaghan K, Varga J, Johnston L (2019-08-09).

3259:Étude sur les maladies éteintes et les maladies nouvelles, pour servir à l'histoire des évolutions séculaires de la pathologie 253:(Fate of Infectious Diseases) published in 1933 which served as lecture notes for his teaching of a second year course at the 6823: 6421: 6140: 6118: 4755:

Jiang JF, Jiang RR, Chang QC, Zheng YC, Jiang BG, Sun Y, Jia N, Wei R, Liu HB, Huo QB, Wang H (2018-08-02). Vinetz JM (ed.).

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Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health (1992). Lederberg J, Shope RE, Oaks SC (eds.).

322: 416:(ProMED) was formed by a group of scientists as a follow-up in 1994 and the Centres for Disease Control (CDC) launched the 394:

convened in February 1991 the 19-member multidisciplinary Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health, co-chaired by

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emergence, facilitate laboratory and epidemiological research, and assess the success of specific intervention efforts.

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The following table summarizes the major outbreaks since 1998 caused by emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases.

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He also notes that some infectious agents are newly considered as diseases because of changing medical technologies:

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For every decade since 1940, there has been a consistent increase in the number of EID events from wildlife-related

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In April 2000 the WHO organized a meeting on Global Outbreak Alert and Response, which was the founding act of the

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And so infectious disease, one of man's oldest enemies, survives as an adversary that calls forth our best efforts.

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Their classification serves as a basis for many others. The following table gives examples for different factors:

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Sikka V, Chattu VK, Popli RK, Galwankar SC, Kelkar D, Sawicki SG, Stawicki SP, Papadimos TJ (11 February 2016).

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Ndow G, Ambe JR, Tomori O (2019-03-20). "Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Historical and Scientific Review".

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One way to classify emerging infections diseases is by time and how humans were involved in the emergence:

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Accidentally emerging infectious diseases – diseases created or spread unintentionally by humans, such as

3850: 6948: 6833: 6465: 6334: 5842: 5749: 5668: 5089: 5026: 4757:"Potential novel tick-borne Colpodella species parasite infection in patient with neurological symptoms" 1608: 1582: 1553: 1506: 1426: 1230: 1163: 941: 926: 628: 590: 391: 6092: 6915: 6808: 6754: 6682: 6672: 6364: 6219: 6032: 6009: 5699: 4012: 2881: 2824: 2122: 1501: 1481: 1094: 905: 679: 445: 254: 149:. Some known diseases can also emerge in areas undergoing ecologic transformation (as in the case of 103: 2654: 786:(NIAID) maintains a list of Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases. The list is categorized by 461:

Newly emerging infectious diseases – diseases that were not previously described in humans, such as

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Has been linked to zoonotic emergence and spread of new infectious diseases in humans, including

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Infectious disease of emerging pathogen, often novel in its outbreak range or transmission mode

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Benson M. A., Ohneck E. A., Ryan C., Alonzo F., Smith H., Narechania A., Torres V. J. (2014).

5014: 4969: 4961: 4922: 4904: 4865: 4847: 4796: 4778: 4737: 4702: 4684: 4645: 4610: 4592: 4553: 4535: 4474: 4466: 4358: 4350: 4329:"Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Intersections of Human, Animal, and Environmental Health" 4289: 4271: 4219: 4178: 4145: 4137: 4118: 4067: 4059: 4040: 3938: 3920: 3781: 3773: 3763: 3736: 3728: 3718: 3683: 3673: 3637: 3629: 3590: 3582: 3498: 3488: 3447: 3437: 3394: 3371: 3363: 3316: 3280: 3238: 3167: 3126: 3083: 3054: 2997: 2956: 2907: 2850: 2793: 2738: 2682: 2616: 2608: 1861: 1613: 1440: 1377: 995: 744: 705: 483: 309:

to write about infectious disease is almost to write of something that has passed into history

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considerations. As of 2004, it recognized the following emerging and re-emerging diseases.

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extended to 13 factors in the 2003 report (Chapter 3 of the report detailing each of them)

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demonstrated how ill-prepared the world was to handle such an epidemic. In response, the

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

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Wu Z, Yang L, Yang F, Ren X, Jiang J, Dong J, Sun L, Zhu Y, Zhou H, Jin Q (June 2014).

4605: 4572: 4284: 4251: 4113: 4089:"Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: lessons from bats and birds" 4088: 4035: 4000: 3933: 3900: 3714: 3331: 3162: 3145: 3049: 3024: 2951: 2926: 2902: 2869: 2845: 2812: 2788: 2761: 2733: 2708: 2395: 1657: 1511: 1434: 1422: 1235: 910: 895: 740: 718: 584: 197: 4942:"Rat Hepatitis E Virus Linked to Severe Acute Hepatitis in an Immunocompetent Patient" 4548: 4515: 3562: 7029: 6786: 6743: 6702: 6595: 6578: 6536: 6249: 5800: 5769: 5613: 5390: 4531: 4192: 3188: 2992: 2975: 2757: 2291: 2007: 1994: 1924: 1589: 1521: 1358: 1186: 1022: 974: 920: 915: 890: 653: 562: 558: 76: 72: 44: 4629: 4486: 4449:

Woolhouse M, Gaunt E (January 2007). "Ecological Origins of Novel Human Pathogens".

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may have been circulating in the species without being recognized, as occurred with

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Human transmissibility (including population immunity, behavioural factors, etc.)

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and influenza viruses Complex issues surrounding the commerce and consumption of

6890: 6692: 6615: 6590: 6339: 6319: 6224: 6184: 6022: 5479: 5395: 5378: 4174: 3757: 3312: 2668: 2407: 2343: 2330: 2278: 2207: 2159: 2109: 2045: 1809: 1603: 1536: 1471: 1340: 1307: 1266: 1201: 1196: 1053: 1043: 982: 970: 870: 865: 825: 724: 624: 566: 336: 205: 201: 118: 95:, as well as clinical. EIDs have been increasing steadily since at least 1940. 4733: 4641: 4345: 4267: 3916: 3667: 3233: 6828: 6803: 6771: 6548: 6529: 6519: 6507: 6354: 5966: 5938: 5764: 5724: 5596: 4462: 4104: 3487:. Impr. BCI) (Nouv. édition revue et augmentée ed.). : Payot et Rivages. 2304: 2239: 1980: 1546: 1541: 1414: 1401: 1176: 1122: 1005: 987: 962: 787: 732: 594: 331:

The concept gained more interest at the end of the 1980s as a reaction to the

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On 16 July 2021, the Director-General of WHO announced the formation of the

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New Directions in Conservation Medicine: Applied Cases of Ecological Health

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New Directions in Conservation Medicine: Applied Cases of Ecological Health

4044: 3968:"The Influence of Antivaccination Movements on the Re-emergence of Measles" 3942: 3785: 3740: 3687: 3242: 3171: 3058: 3040: 3001: 2960: 2942: 2911: 2854: 2797: 2742: 2724: 2620: 476:

Deliberately emerging infectious diseases – diseases created by humans for

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Diseases with bioterrorism potential, CDC category C (least dangerous):

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Clearing of animal habitats that increase the range of diseases such as

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As a direct consequence of the 1989 conference on emerging viruses, the

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Diseases with bioterrorism potential, CDC category A (most dangerous):

814: 711: 690: 166: 114: 5063: 4665:"Novel Henipa-like Virus, Mojiang Paramyxovirus, in Rats, China, 2012" 3701:

Morse SS (2014-02-07). "Public Health Disease Surveillance Networks".

2976:"Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases: the perpetual challenge" 1346:

Since 2004, NIAID has added to its biodefense emerging pathogen list:

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Microbial threats to health : emergence, detection, and response

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Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States

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without an observable external cause). He writes in the introduction:

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Socio-cultural Dimensions of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Africa

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Sencer DJ (October 1971). "Emerging Diseases of Man and Animals".

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elaborated the concept of emergence of diseases in his 1930 book

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preventing the emergence of new viral diseases in the future.

134: 102:. Human activity is the primary driver of this increase, with 5292: 247:(Birth, Life and Death of Infectious Diseases), and later in 4630:"Rare human outbreak of monkey malaria detected in Malaysia" 3851:"A brief history of vaccines and how they changed the world" 2587:

Paules CI, Eisinger RW, Marston HD, Fauci AS (2017-12-05).

601:) are moving further from the tropics as the climate warms 3432:

Burnet, F. M. (Frank Macfarlane), Sir, 1899-1985. (1972).

3389:

Burnet, F. M. (Frank Macfarlane), Sir, 1899-1985. (1962).

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Potential scope of outbreak (risk of international spread)

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Emerging infections account for at least 12% of all human

3485:

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1556:, which can become an emerging threat for many pathogens. 778:

NIAID list of Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases

3610:"Emerging Viruses: Defining the Rules for Viral Traffic" 2538:

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Others can experience a resurgence as a 6497: 5951: 5825: 5782: 5687: 5356: 5331: 5317: 5309: 5303:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4060:"Wildlife Trade and the Spread of Disease" 3519:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3468:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3417:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2927:"Risk factors for human disease emergence" 2651:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 431:Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network 5071: 5008: 4916: 4859: 4841: 4790: 4772: 4696: 4604: 4547: 4344: 4311:"Health Ecology and Disease Transmission" 4283: 4112: 4058:Smith KF, Schloegel LM, Rosen GE (2012). 4034: 4024: 3983: 3932: 3483:Grmek, Mirko Dražen, (1924-2000) (1995). 3330: 3232: 3161: 3120: 3048: 2991: 2950: 2901: 2844: 2787: 2777: 2732: 2707:Woolhouse ME, Gowtage-Sequeria S (2005). 113:. 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Many people are natural carriers of 261:It is this historical existence, this 4830:Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 3434:Natural history of infectious disease 3391:Natural history of infectious disease 1087:Food-borne and Water-borne Pathogens 239:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 7: 6235:Compartmental models in epidemiology 3815:"Global outbreak alert and response" 3813:Organization WH (26–28 April 2000). 3614:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1210:Mosquito-borne encephalitis viruses 801:Newly recognized (since the 1980s): 438:Western African Ebola virus epidemic 181:leading to the development of novel 4997:Clinical Microbiology and Infection 3360:10.1146/annurev.mi.25.100171.002341 3279:. Presses Électroniques de France. 3150:Clinical Microbiology and Infection 523:Breakdown of public health measures 5208:Kupferschmidt K (25 August 2021). 5010:10.1111/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00277.x 4946:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 3899:Morens DM, Fauci AS (2020-09-03). 3715:10.1128/microbiolspec.OH-0002-2012 3567:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 3163:10.1111/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00277.x 2502:(MSSA), otherwise known as common 1652:Newly reported infectious diseases 1638:Difficulty of detection or control 693:and other mosquito-borne diseases 25: 3262:. Paris: J.-B. Baillière et fils. 2653:. 17 October 2018. Archived from 517:International travel and commerce 514:Economic development and land use 502:Human susceptibility to infection 6984:Economics of Infectious Diseases 4761:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 4532:10.1128/JVI.78.16.8922-8926.2004 4451:Critical Reviews in Microbiology 3276:Destin des maladies infectieuses 3072:Miquel Porta, Sander Greenland, 2993:10.1097/00001888-200512000-00002 2221:Variegated Squirrel Bornavirus 1 1302:Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis 751:are also of particular concern. 335:. On the side of epistemology, 250:Destin des maladies infectieuses 79:concerns as potential causes of 71:between humans can become major 4167:Food Safety Risks from Wildlife 2925:Taylor L., et al. (2001). 2318:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever 1570:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever 1000:Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever 790:risk, which is mostly based on 589:diseases transmitted by animal 576:mass immunocompromisation with 511:Human demographics and behavior 499:Microbial adaptation and change 6993:Infectious disease informatics 6824:Transmission-based precautions 4412:. 26 July 2018. Archived from 1900:Influenza A virus subtype H7N2 1626:Severity or case fatality rate 1242:Venezuelan equine encephalitis 663:Poverty and social inequality 573:Changing human susceptibility 155:re-emerging infectious disease 1: 6410:Chest/Lower respiratory tract 6185:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane 5546:Behavioral/lifestyle factors 3348:Annual Review of Microbiology 1437:(Deer Tick virus, category C) 1323:Tick-borne encephalitis virus 526:Poverty and social inequality 32:For the medical journal, see 7041:Microbial population biology 5972:Aerosol-generating procedure 5750:Silent/Subclinical infection 5450:Multidrug-resistant bacteria 5298:Emerging Infectious Diseases 4889:Clinical Infectious Diseases 4774:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006546 4669:Emerging Infectious Diseases 4577:Emerging Infectious Diseases 4216:10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_24 4210:. Springer. pp. 31–57. 4169:. Springer. pp. 31–57. 4026:10.1371/journal.pone.0029505 3215:Houghton M (November 2009). 3079:A Dictionary of Epidemiology 2779:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003467 2713:Emerging Infectious Diseases 1419:Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever virus 1393:St. Louis encephalitis virus 1277:Staphylococcal enterotoxin B 967:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis 419:Emerging Infectious Diseases 200:are zoonotic (whereas other 87:. Their many impacts can be 34:Emerging Infectious Diseases 6636:Vaccine-preventable disease 6584:Monoclonal antibody therapy 4379:. 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Crowded and unhygienic 179:non-infectious conditions 147:West Nile fever outbreaks 6739:Protective sequestration 6601:Pre-exposure prophylaxis 5892:Generational difference 5445:Horizontal gene transfer 5435:Antimicrobial resistance 5271:. St. Martin's Griffin. 5180:Cohen J (17 July 2021). 4843:10.4103/0974-777X.176140 4327:Nichol AA (2024-02-01). 2522:horizontal gene transfer 1361:(category A areanavirus) 958:Viral hemorrhagic fevers 840:Encephalitozoon cuniculi 6926:Microbial phylogenetics 6844:Wastewater surveillance 6365:Geographic distribution 6240:Critical community size 6038:Surgical site infection 5886:Iatrogenic/Medical care 5805:Microbial translocation 5801:Endogenous reactivation 5796:Normal flora overgrowth 5745:Opportunistic infection 5517:Opportunistic infection 3824:. Geneva, Switzerland. 1866:Saudi Arabia and Yemen 1386:Balamuthia mandrillaris 1367:(category A arenavirus) 1214:California encephalitis 1157:Cyclospora cayetanensis 1138:Yersinia enterocolitica 1082:Clostridium perfringens 862:(equine morbilli virus) 850:Enterocytozoon bieneusi 520:Technology and industry 47:became director of the 6998:Microbial bioterrorism 6621:efficacy/effectiveness 6029:Surgical intervention 5921:Breakthrough infection 5543:Genetic predisposition 5527:Susceptible individual 5374:Germ theory of disease 5152:Staff (16 July 2021). 5052:Molecular Microbiology 4681:10.3201/eid2006.131022 4636:: d41586–018–04121–4. 4589:10.3201/eid2105.141368 4093:Trends in Microbiology 3798:: CS1 maint: others ( 3579:10.1093/infdis/162.1.1 3103:Fraser-bell C (2019). 3041:10.1098/rstb.2016.0117 2943:10.1098/rstb.2001.0888 2725:10.3201/eid1112.050997 2493:Methicillin-resistant 2485:Methicillin-resistant 2184:Sosuga pararubulavirus 2059:Pandemic H1N1/09 virus 1632:Evolutionary potential 1455:Human coronavirus HKU1 1150:Cryptosporidium parvum 1110:Listeria monocytogenes 845:Encephalitozoon hellem 532:Lack of political will 469:methicillin-resistant 409: 388: 375: 366: 328: 320: 311: 298: 290: 281: 268: 232: 171:methicillin-resistant 121:species or strains of 69:efficient transmission 52: 6834:Universal precautions 5792:Endogenous overgrowth 5644:Poultry and livestock 5267:Nathan Wolfe (2012). 4991:Staphylococcus aureus 4958:10.1093/infdis/jiz025 4628:Law YH (2018-04-16). 4333:AMA Journal of Ethics 3985:10.22207/JPAM.13.1.13 3703:Microbiology Spectrum 3626:10.1353/pbm.1991.0038 3221:Journal of Hepatology 2500:Staphylococcus aureus 2495:Staphylococcus aureus 2487:Staphylococcus aureus 2396:Rat hepatitis E virus 2160:Mojiang paramyxovirus 1993:Multi-drug resistant 1609:Nipah virus infection 1583:Marburg virus disease 1554:antibiotic resistance 1507:Enterococcus faecalis 1492:Clostridium difficile 1427:Kyasanur Forest virus 1286:Rickettsia prowazekii 1231:Kyasanur Forest virus 1164:Entamoeba histolytica 954:and other pox viruses 942:Clostridium botulinum 927:Staphylococcus aureus 629:antibiotic resistance 620:Economic development 471:Staphylococcus aureus 392:Institute Of Medicine 325: 173:Staphylococcus aureus 106:a leading mechanism. 42: 6936:Genomic reassortment 6916:Genetic epidemiology 6755:Health communication 6683:Flattening the curve 6673:Disease surveillance 6456:Systemic/Generalized 6220:Animal disease model 5700:Asymptomatic carrier 4722:Journal of Infection 3855:World Economic Forum 2123:Plasmodium cynomolgi 1592:relevant to humans ( 1552:NIAID also monitors 1502:Enterococcus faecium 1482:Bordetella pertussis 1451:species (category C) 1355:(plague, category A) 1095:Campylobacter jejuni 906:Coccidioides immitis 680:2001 Anthrax attacks 547:Factor of emergence 490:Contributing factors 446:World Economic Forum 444:was launched at the 373:animal hosts to man. 104:loss of biodiversity 7036:Infectious diseases 7003:Pandemic prevention 6959:Viral phylodynamics 6940:Re-emerging disease 6829:Travel restrictions 6033:Postoperative wound 6002:Blood-borne disease 5984:Respiratory droplet 5896:Vertical/Congenital 5881:Nosocomial/Hospital 5838:Spillover infection 5114:Journal of Genetics 4520:Journal of Virology 4503:. 27 February 2019. 4256:ISME Communications 4017:2012PLoSO...729505S 3709:(1): OH-0002-2012. 3273:Nicolle C (2013) . 2894:10.1038/nature09575 2886:2010Natur.468..647K 2837:10.1038/nature06536 2829:2008Natur.451..990J 2569:Pandemic prevention 2254:Ebola virus disease 1794: 1665: 1629:Spillover potential 1579:Ebola virus disease 1497:Cryptococcus gattii 1060:Burkholderia mallei 881:Human herpesvirus 6 876:Human herpesvirus 8 855:Helicobacter pylori 821:Bartonella henselae 745:novel coronaviruses 555:Microbial adaption 543: 508:Changing ecosystems 505:Climate and weather 127:novel coronaviruses 6949:Selection pressure 6245:Force of infection 5873:Contagious disease 5808:Endogenous seeding 5705:Chain of infection 5629:Injection drug use 5540:Vaccination status 5423:Case fatality rate 5341:infectious disease 5126:10.1007/bf02931763 4901:10.1093/cid/ciy486 3307:. pp. 31–40. 3256:Anglada C (1869). 3109:Global Biosecurity 3035:(1722): 20160117. 2868:Felicia K (2010). 2526:Darwinian medicine 1801:Country or region 1793: 1677:Number of species 1671:Number of species 1663: 1487:Borrelia miyamotoi 1395:(SLEV, category B) 1371:Chlamydia psittaci 792:biological warfare 542: 381:of these diseases: 368:They further note: 329: 237:, laureate of the 65:infectious disease 53: 7023: 7022: 7013:Tropical medicine 6954:Synthetic biology 6855: 6854: 6814:Social distancing 6767:Outbreak response 6388: 6387: 6215:Agent-based model 6201: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6193: 6192: 5740:Natural reservoir 5730:Infectious period 5720:Incubation period 5677: 5676: 5633:Natural disaster 5602:Tropical diseases 5585:Biodiversity loss 5522:Risk of infection 5512:Microbiome health 5505:Immunosuppression 5064:10.1111/mmi.12682 4526:(16): 8922–8926. 4438:on 28 April 2020. 4416:on 18 April 2020. 4402:www.niaid.nih.gov 4225:978-3-319-22246-2 4184:978-3-319-24442-6 4151:978-0-19-990905-6 4073:978-0-19-990905-6 3679:978-0-309-04741-8 3608:Morse SS (1991). 3322:978-3-030-17473-6 3286:979-10-223-0029-2 3089:978-0-19-997673-7 2980:Academic Medicine 2974:Fauci AS (2005). 2880:(7324): 647–652. 2823:(7181): 990–993. 2657:on 18 April 2020. 2482: 2481: 2242:sp. Heilongjiang 1862:Rift Valley fever 1783: 1782: 1614:Rift Valley fever 1441:Chikungunya virus 1378:Naegleria fowleri 1079:Epsilon toxin of 1070:Coxiella burnetii 996:Rift Valley Fever 767:Zoonotic diseases 755: 754: 706:Vaccine hesitancy 606:Changes in human 303:Macfarlane Burnet 255:Collège de France 16:(Redirected from 7053: 7008:Tropical disease 6944:Reverse zoonosis 6931:One Health Model 6760:Health education 6749:Community health 6668:Cordon sanitaire 6641:Ring vaccination 6611:Repurposed drugs 6498: 6417:Gastrointestinal 6260:Machine learning 6064:Gastrointestinal 6015:Intravenous line 5952: 5866:/Cross-infection 5853:Reverse zoonosis 5826: 5783: 5688: 5669:War and conflict 5537:Nutrition status 5500:Immunodeficiency 5357: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5310: 5282: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5149: 5138: 5137: 5109: 5100: 5099: 5093: 5085: 5075: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5030: 5022: 5012: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4920: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4863: 4845: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4794: 4776: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4700: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4608: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4551: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4434:. Archived from 4424: 4418: 4417: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4348: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4307: 4298: 4297: 4287: 4247: 4238: 4237: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4116: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4038: 4028: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3936: 3911:(5): 1077–1092. 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3879: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3819: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3797: 3789: 3754: 3745: 3744: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3663: 3654: 3653: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3514: 3506: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3463: 3455: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3412: 3404: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3236: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3165: 3144:Witte W (1997). 3141: 3135: 3134: 3124: 3122:10.31646/gbio.43 3100: 3094: 3093: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3052: 3020: 3014: 3013: 2995: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2954: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2905: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2848: 2811:Jones K (2008). 2808: 2802: 2801: 2791: 2781: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2736: 2704: 2693: 2692: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2605:10.7326/M17-2496 2584: 2475:Global pandemic 2229: 2063:Global pandemic 1999:South-East Asia 1985:southern Africa 1795: 1666: 1318:SARS coronavirus 1271:Ricinus communis 886:Lyme borreliosis 830:SARS coronavirus 741:emergent viruses 710:Re-emergence of 702:Anti-vaccination 544: 396:Joshua Lederberg 345:Stephen S. Morse 198:emergent viruses 21: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7019: 6963: 6876:Antigenic shift 6871:Antigenic drift 6862: 6851: 6715:Barrier nursing 6663:Contact tracing 6654: 6647: 6492: 6490: 6483: 6394: 6384: 6285: 6279: 6270:Serial interval 6189: 6173: 6164:Cervico-vaginal 6159: 6150:Trans-placental 6145: 6129: 6097: 6059: 5995:Vascular system 5994: 5988: 5943: 5931: 5925: 5865: 5857: 5817: 5774: 5692: 5673: 5564: 5495:Immune response 5461: 5440:Drug resistance 5384:Infectious dose 5348: 5337: 5289: 5279: 5266: 5263: 5261:Further reading 5258: 5248: 5246: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5220: 5218: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5151: 5150: 5141: 5111: 5110: 5103: 5086: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5023: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4767:(8): e0006546. 4754: 4753: 4749: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4382: 4380: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4301: 4249: 4248: 4241: 4226: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4185: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4057: 4056: 4052: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3859: 3857: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3817: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3790: 3770: 3756: 3755: 3748: 3725: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3680: 3665: 3664: 3657: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3507: 3495: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3456: 3444: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3405: 3401: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3323: 3302: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3187: 3186: 3179: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3022: 3021: 3017: 2986:(12): 1079–85. 2973: 2972: 2968: 2937:(1411): 983–9. 2924: 2923: 2919: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2772:(7): e1003467. 2755: 2754: 2750: 2706: 2705: 2696: 2689: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2599:(11): 805–811. 2586: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2550: 2534: 2490: 2223: 2033:Bas-Congo virus 2020:Heartland virus 1836:West Nile virus 1788: 1786:Major outbreaks 1654: 1562: 1557: 1410:Heartland virus 1352:Yersinia pestis 1254:West Nile virus 1171:Giardia lamblia 1030:Yersinia pestis 979:Guanarito virus 805:Acanthamebiasis 780: 775: 760: 694: 599:West Nile fever 492: 455: 235:Charles Nicolle 214: 163:drug resistance 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7059: 7057: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7028: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6906:Emergent virus 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6878: 6873: 6867: 6865: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6841: 6839:Vector control 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6782:N95 respirator 6774: 6769: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6741: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6724: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6659: 6657: 6655:pharmaceutical 6649: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6504: 6502: 6501:Pharmaceutical 6495: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6452:Cardiovascular 6450: 6445: 6440: 6437: 6432: 6431:Nervous system 6429: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6398: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6300: 6295: 6289: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6255:Infection rate 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6017: 6012: 6010:Injection site 6004: 5998: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5979:Dental aerosol 5976: 5975: 5974: 5964: 5958: 5956: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5935: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5901: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5863:Human-to-human 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5834: 5832: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5787: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5760:Super-spreader 5757: 5755:Superinfection 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5664:Vector control 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5593:Climate zones 5591: 5589:Climate change 5586: 5583: 5580: 5574: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5471: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5405: 5403:Quorum sensing 5400: 5399: 5398: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5376: 5371: 5365: 5363: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5328: 5321: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5288: 5287:External links 5285: 5284: 5283: 5278:978-1250012210 5277: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5228: 5200: 5172: 5139: 5120:(2): 219–232. 5101: 5058:(4): 664–681. 5038: 5003:(4): 414–422. 4979: 4952:(6): 951–955. 4932: 4895:(1): 139–142. 4875: 4816: 4806: 4747: 4728:(3): 205–215. 4712: 4655: 4620: 4563: 4506: 4492: 4457:(4): 231–242. 4441: 4419: 4389: 4368: 4319: 4299: 4239: 4224: 4198: 4183: 4157: 4150: 4128: 4099:(10): 544–55. 4079: 4072: 4050: 3991: 3978:(1): 127–132. 3958: 3948: 3891: 3866: 3842: 3805: 3768: 3746: 3723: 3693: 3678: 3655: 3620:(3): 387–409. 3600: 3553: 3542:(3): 281–296. 3526: 3493: 3475: 3442: 3424: 3399: 3381: 3354:(1): 465–486. 3338: 3321: 3292: 3285: 3265: 3248: 3207: 3177: 3136: 3095: 3088: 3064: 3015: 2966: 2917: 2860: 2803: 2766:PLOS Pathogens 2748: 2719:(12): 1842–7. 2694: 2687: 2660: 2634: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2549: 2546: 2533: 2530: 2517:S. aureus 2512:S. aureus 2508:S. aureus 2504:S. aureus 2489: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1675: 1673:known in 2005 1669: 1658:Mark Woolhouse 1653: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1586: 1572: 1561: 1558: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1512:Enterovirus 68 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1458: 1452: 1444: 1438: 1435:Powassan virus 1432: 1431: 1430: 1423:Alkhurma virus 1412: 1396: 1390: 1382: 1374: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1344: 1343: 1337: 1331: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1299: 1290: 1289: 1279: 1274: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1236:LaCrosse virus 1233: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1167: 1160: 1153: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1134: 1126: 1119: 1113: 1106: 1100:Diarrheagenic 1098: 1085: 1077: 1067: 1057: 1047: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1012: 1003: 985: 955: 949: 944: 939: 930: 929: 924: 918: 916:Prion diseases 913: 911:Enterovirus 71 908: 899: 898: 896:Parvovirus B19 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 823: 818: 812: 807: 800: 779: 776: 774: 771: 759: 756: 753: 752: 737:wildlife farms 721: 719:Wildlife trade 715: 714: 708: 698: 697: 687: 683: 682: 677: 671: 670: 664: 660: 659: 657: 649: 648: 642: 632: 631: 621: 617: 616: 611: 603: 602: 587: 585:Climate change 581: 580: 574: 570: 569: 556: 552: 551: 548: 537: 536: 535:Intent to harm 533: 530: 529:War and famine 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 491: 488: 487: 486: 480: 474: 465: 454: 453:Classification 451: 213: 210: 26: 24: 18:Novel pathogen 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7058: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6858: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6819:Sterilization 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6787:Surgical mask 6785: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6744:Public health 6742: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6650: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6596:Phage therapy 6594: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6579:Immunotherapy 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6537:Antimicrobial 6535: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6486: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6428:Genitourinary 6427: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6391: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6286:in population 6282: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6250:Herd immunity 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134:Genitourinary 6132: 6126: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6076:Contamination 6074: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6044:Vector-borne 6043: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5830:Cross-species 5827: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5770:Window period 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5735:Latent period 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5614:Deforestation 5612: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5559:Stress levels 5558: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5391:Pathogenicity 5389: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5334: 5329: 5327: 5322: 5320: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5232: 5229: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5204: 5201: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5176: 5173: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4992: 4983: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4817: 4810: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4675:(6): 1064–6. 4674: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4507: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4339:(2): 99–102. 4338: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4320: 4312: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4080: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4011:(1): e29505. 4010: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3992: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3959: 3952: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3892: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3769:0-309-50730-8 3765: 3761: 3760: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3724:9781555818425 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3494:2-228-88908-3 3490: 3486: 3479: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3443:0-521-08389-3 3439: 3435: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3402: 3400:0-521-04392-1 3396: 3392: 3385: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3339: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3260: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3227:(5): 939–48. 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3208: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3156:(4): 414–22. 3155: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3096: 3091: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3074:Miguel Hernán 3068: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2688:9789290224587 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2664: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2357:Ntwetwe virus 2355: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2292:Bourbon virus 2290: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2008:Candida auris 2006: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1995:P. falciparum 1992: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1925:Chapare virus 1923: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1661: 1659: 1651: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1590:Coronaviruses 1587: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1555: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1522:Leptospirosis 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1359:Chapare virus 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1197:Caliciviruses 1195: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1187:Microsporidia 1185: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 986: 984: 980: 976: 975:Machupo virus 972: 968: 964: 961: 960: 959: 956: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 934: 933: 928: 925: 922: 921:Streptococcus 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 902: 901:Re-emerging: 897: 894: 892: 891:Microsporidia 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 827: 826:Coronaviruses 824: 822: 819: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 802: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 777: 772: 770: 768: 764: 757: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 720: 717: 716: 713: 709: 707: 703: 700: 699: 692: 688: 685: 684: 681: 678: 676: 673: 672: 668: 665: 662: 661: 658: 655: 654:public health 651: 650: 647: 643: 641: 637: 634: 633: 630: 626: 622: 619: 618: 615: 612: 609: 605: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 586: 583: 582: 579: 575: 572: 571: 568: 564: 563:genetic shift 560: 559:genetic drift 557: 554: 553: 549: 546: 545: 540: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 498: 497: 496: 489: 485: 481: 479: 475: 473: 472: 466: 464: 460: 459: 458: 452: 450: 447: 443: 439: 436:In 2014, the 434: 432: 427: 424: 422: 420: 415: 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 387: 382: 380: 374: 369: 365: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 341: 338: 334: 333:AIDS epidemic 324: 319: 314: 310: 306: 304: 297: 293: 289: 284: 280: 276: 273: 267: 264: 258: 256: 252: 251: 246: 245: 240: 236: 231: 229: 225: 218: 211: 209: 207: 203: 202:novel viruses 199: 195: 191: 188:Many EID are 186: 184: 180: 175: 174: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137:). Some EIDs 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 107: 105: 101: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 50: 46: 45:Anthony Fauci 41: 35: 30: 19: 6860: 6727:Notification 6698:Hand washing 6693:Food hygiene 6678:Disinfection 6574:Immunization 6525:Anthelmintic 6513:prophylactic 6401:Respiratory 6325:Hyperendemic 6275:WAIFW matrix 5930:Environment- 5683:Transmission 5659:Urbanization 5457:Host tropism 5353:Determinants 5339:Concepts in 5296: 5268: 5249:27 September 5247:. Retrieved 5241: 5231: 5221:27 September 5219:. Retrieved 5213: 5203: 5193:27 September 5191:. Retrieved 5185: 5175: 5165:27 September 5163:. Retrieved 5157: 5117: 5113: 5090:cite journal 5055: 5051: 5041: 5027:cite journal 5000: 4996: 4990: 4982: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4833: 4829: 4819: 4809: 4764: 4760: 4750: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4633: 4623: 4583:(5): 781–8. 4580: 4576: 4566: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4495: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4436:the original 4431: 4422: 4414:the original 4401: 4392: 4381:. 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Retrieved 3194:ResearchGate 3192: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3078: 3067: 3032: 3028: 3018: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2769: 2765: 2751: 2716: 2712: 2679:10665/204722 2669: 2663: 2655:the original 2646: 2637: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2535: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2491: 2486: 2449:Liberia, UK 2421:Lyme disease 2383:Yellow fever 2258:West Africa 1968:Melaka virus 1789: 1773:RNA viruses 1762:DNA viruses 1678: 1672: 1655: 1618: 1563: 1549:(category B) 1532:Mucormycosis 1467:Anaplasmosis 1463:(category C) 1457:(category C) 1448:Coccidioides 1446: 1443:(category B) 1415:Flaviviruses 1402:Bunyaviruses 1389:(category B) 1384: 1381:(category B) 1376: 1373:(category B) 1350: 1345: 1335:hantaviruses 1291: 1285: 1282:Typhus fever 1270: 1260:Yellow fever 1169: 1162: 1155: 1148: 1136: 1128: 1121: 1108: 1101: 1093: 1080: 1069: 1059: 1049: 1039: 1034: 1006:Flaviviruses 992:Hantaviruses 988:Bunyaviruses 963:Arenaviruses 931: 900: 860:Hendra virus 835:Ehrlichiosis 828:, including 796:bioterrorism 781: 765: 761: 743:, including 675:Bioterrorism 667:tuberculosis 608:demographics 538: 493: 478:bioterrorism 470: 456: 435: 428: 425: 418: 410: 405: 400:Robert Shope 389: 384: 378: 376: 371: 367: 362: 342: 330: 316: 312: 308: 299: 295: 291: 286: 282: 278: 272:David Sencer 269: 262: 260: 249: 242: 233: 227: 223: 220: 215: 187: 172: 159:tuberculosis 154: 151:Lyme disease 131:ebolaviruses 117:, including 108: 97: 60: 56: 54: 29: 6980:Eradication 6891:Biosecurity 6616:Vaccination 6591:Inoculation 6569:Drug safety 6564:Combination 6491:and Control 6439:Soft tissue 6393:Anatomical 6360:Seasonality 6340:Mesoendemic 6320:Holoendemic 6313:Farr's laws 6225:Attack rate 6023:Animal bite 6019:Insect bite 5955:Respiratory 5582:Air quality 5570:Environment 5480:Comorbidity 5396:Attack rate 5379:Infectivity 4836:(1): 3–15. 4432:www.who.int 3830:10665/66750 2756:Morens DM, 2647:www.cdc.gov 2458:Nipah virus 2408:Guinea worm 2344:Lassa fever 2331:Chikungunya 2279:Lassa fever 2224: [ 2208:Chikungunya 2110:Lassa fever 2046:Lassa fever 1849:Itaya virus 1823:Nipah virus 1810:Ngari virus 1604:Lassa fever 1537:Mumps virus 1472:Aspergillus 1341:rickettsias 1327:Tick-borne 1308:Nipah virus 1267:Ricin toxin 1202:Hepatitis A 1115:Pathogenic 1054:melioidosis 1044:brucellosis 1015:Filoviruses 983:Lassa fever 971:Junin virus 871:Hepatitis E 866:Hepatitis C 733:wet markets 725:Nipah virus 652:Inadequate 625:antibiotics 567:Influenza A 449:humanity". 337:Mirko Grmek 206:hepatitis C 161:(following 7030:Categories 6863:infections 6804:Sanitation 6772:Quarantine 6631:resistance 6549:Antiseptic 6530:Ascaricide 6520:Antifungal 6508:Antibiotic 6489:Prevention 6422:Intestinal 6355:Prevalence 6335:Inequality 6284:Occurrence 6083:Breastmilk 5967:Bioaerosol 5939:Sapronosis 5914:Horizontal 5786:Endogenous 5765:Viral load 5725:Index case 4383:2020-05-24 4262:(1): 107. 3884:27 January 3860:2020-04-30 3573:(1): 1–7. 2575:References 2305:Zika virus 2240:Colpodella 2212:Caribbean 1981:LuJo virus 1718:Helminths 1577:diseases ( 1547:Zika virus 1542:Poliovirus 1177:Toxoplasma 1123:Salmonella 817:, atypical 788:biodefense 595:mosquitoes 6975:Discovery 6901:Disease X 6861:Emerging 6809:Screening 6710:Isolation 6554:Antiviral 6380:Twindemic 6330:Incidence 6207:Modelling 6170:Perinatal 6102:Cutaneous 5993:Linked to 5903:Perinatal 5822:Exogenous 5814:formation 5556:Pregnancy 5413:Endotoxin 5408:Virulence 4966:0022-1899 4909:1058-4838 4852:0974-8245 4814:6:164–77. 4783:1935-2735 4689:1080-6040 4650:0028-0836 4597:1080-6040 4540:0022-538X 4471:1040-841X 4355:2376-6980 4276:2730-6151 4193:133576419 3925:0092-8674 3794:cite book 3733:2165-0497 3634:1529-8795 3587:0022-1899 3511:cite book 3503:708336637 3460:cite book 3409:cite book 3368:0066-4227 3131:2652-0036 2613:0003-4819 2554:Disease X 2445:Monkeypox 2370:Monkeypox 2335:Pakistan 2309:Americas 2148:MERS -CoV 2127:Malaysia 1972:Malaysia 1959:Cameroon 1912:Monkeypox 1879:Scotland 1827:Malaysia 1740:Protozoa 1696:Bacteria 1575:Filovirus 1408:(SFTSV), 1297:Influenza 1193:Viruses: 1145:Protozoa 1090:Bacteria 1042:species ( 947:Tularemia 923:, group A 782:The U.S. 686:Land use 656:services 423:in 1995. 275:diseases: 230:diseases. 183:syndemics 143:influenza 111:pathogens 85:pandemics 81:epidemics 6884:EARS-Net 6799:Safe sex 6751:services 6722:Lockdown 6493:measures 6395:location 6375:Syndemic 6370:Sporadic 6350:Pandemic 6345:Outbreak 6303:Epidemic 6156:Prenatal 6048:Mosquito 5932:to-human 5907:Neonatal 5900:Prenatal 5848:Zoonosis 5693:concepts 5624:Humidity 5609:Commerce 5485:Diabetes 5418:Exotoxin 5082:24962815 5019:11864151 4974:30649379 4927:29893821 4870:27013839 4801:30071019 4742:24406432 4707:24865545 4615:25898901 4558:15280501 4487:19213392 4479:18033594 4363:38306198 4294:36338866 4234:85916327 4123:23770275 4045:22253731 4005:PLOS ONE 3956:5:93-99. 3943:32846157 3786:25057653 3778:53981415 3741:26082122 3688:25121245 3650:46237193 3548:23331726 3243:19781804 3172:11864151 3059:28438910 3010:17293745 3002:16306276 2961:11516376 2912:21124449 2855:18288193 2798:23853589 2760:(2013). 2758:Fauci AS 2743:16485468 2629:36800971 2621:29132162 2548:See also 2542:COVID-19 2471:COVID-19 2374:Nigeria 1942:Algeria 1929:Bolivia 1888:SARS-CoV 1798:Disease 1751:Viruses 1656:In 2007 1517:JC virus 1477:BK virus 1304:(MDR-TB) 1130:Shigella 1064:glanders 1040:Brucella 952:Smallpox 749:bushmeat 729:COVID-19 593:such as 578:HIV/AIDS 550:Example 463:HIV/AIDS 288:example. 190:zoonotic 157:, like 115:microbes 100:zoonosis 93:societal 89:economic 63:) is an 6688:Hygiene 6626:booster 6559:Asepsis 6298:Endemic 6293:Cluster 5877:Source 5812:Biofilm 5649:Poverty 5619:Ecology 5597:El Niño 5550:Smoking 5428:factors 5369:Biofilm 5345:Outline 5293:Website 5215:Science 5187:Science 5134:5989957 5073:4127135 4918:6293039 4861:4785754 4792:6071948 4698:4036791 4606:4412221 4285:9618154 4114:7126491 4036:3254615 4013:Bibcode 3934:7428724 3642:2067933 3595:2113071 3376:5005031 3332:7123112 3200:May 16, 3050:5413869 2952:1088493 2903:7094913 2882:Bibcode 2846:5960580 2825:Bibcode 2789:3701702 2734:3367654 2387:Brazil 2361:Uganda 2097:Cholera 1729:Prions 1527:Measles 1133:species 1117:vibrios 1103:E. coli 1074:Q fever 1023:Marburg 969:(LCM), 937:Anthrax 815:Babesia 712:measles 691:malaria 623:use of 591:vectors 421:journal 379:retreat 263:destiny 224:extinct 167:measles 6896:CRISPR 6848:Zoning 6703:Gloves 6114:Fomite 5948:Routes 5843:Vector 5710:Fomite 5691:Basic 5654:Travel 5534:Gender 5275: 5132: 5080: 5070: 5017: 4972: 4964: 4925: 4915: 4907: 4868: 4858: 4850: 4799: 4789: 4781: 4740: 4705: 4695: 4687: 4648: 4634:Nature 4613: 4603: 4595: 4556: 4549:479050 4546: 4538: 4485: 4477: 4469: 4361: 4353: 4292: 4282: 4274: 4232: 4222: 4191: 4181: 4148: 4121: 4111: 4070: 4043: 4033: 3941: 3931: 3923: 3784: 3776: 3766: 3739: 3731: 3721: 3686: 3676: 3648: 3640: 3632: 3593: 3585: 3546: 3501: 3491: 3452:545868 3450: 3440: 3397: 3374: 3366: 3329: 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WHO 3878:(PDF) 3818:(PDF) 3646:S2CID 3544:JSTOR 3115:(3). 3006:S2CID 2625:S2CID 2478:2019 2465:2018 2452:2018 2439:2018 2427:2018 2415:2018 2412:Chad 2402:2017 2390:2017 2377:2017 2364:2016 2351:2016 2348:Togo 2338:2016 2325:2016 2312:2015 2299:2014 2286:2014 2273:2014 2261:2014 2248:2013 2234:2013 2228:] 2215:2013 2202:2013 2196:H10N8 2190:2013 2178:2013 2166:2012 2154:2012 2142:2011 2136:H3N2v 2130:2011 2117:2011 2104:2010 2091:2009 2078:2009 2066:2009 2053:2009 2050:Mali 2040:2009 2027:2009 2014:2009 2002:2008 1988:2008 1975:2006 1962:2005 1945:2003 1932:2003 1919:2003 1906:2002 1894:2002 1882:2002 1869:2000 1856:1999 1853:Peru 1843:1999 1830:1998 1817:1998 1688:1399 1256:(WNV) 1250:(WEE) 1244:(VEE) 1221:(EEE) 1019:Ebola 1002:virus 646:ebola 353:NIAID 347:from 327:1992. 165:) or 123:virus 119:novel 49:NIAID 43:When 6732:list 6653:Non- 6443:Bone 6435:Skin 6119:Soil 6109:Burn 6071:Food 6053:Tick 5715:Host 5475:Burn 5467:Host 5273:ISBN 5251:2021 5223:2021 5195:2021 5167:2021 5096:link 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