686:
growth the otolith continues to accrete leading some researchers to believe the direct link is to metabolism, not growth per se. Otoliths, unlike scales, do not reabsorb during times of decreased energy making it even more useful tool to age a fish. Fish never stop growing entirely, though growth rate in mature fish is reduced. Rings corresponding to later parts of the life cycle tend to be closer together as a result. Furthermore, a small percentage of otoliths in some species bear deformities over time.
365:
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489:(on the remains of the animal), likely because they are not recognized separately from the surrounding rock matrix. In some cases, due to differences in colour, grain size, or a distinctive shape, they can be identified. These rare cases are of special significance, since the presence, composition, and morphology of the material can clarify the relationship of species and groups. In the case of primitive fish, various fossil material shows that
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626:) have three pairs of otoliths – the sagittae (singular sagitta), lapilli (singular lapillus), and asterisci (singular asteriscus). The sagittae are largest, found just behind the eyes and approximately level with them vertically. The lapilli and asterisci (smallest of the three) are located within the semicircular canals. The sagittae are normally composed of
1208:
409:) end in small openings, called endolymphatic pores, on the dorsal surface of the head. Extrinsic grains may enter through these openings, typically less than a millimeter in diameter. The size of material that enters is limited to sand-sized particles and in the case of sharks is bound together with an endogenous organic matrix that the animal secretes.
95:
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755:, with each fish having one right and one left. Separating recovered otoliths into right and left, therefore, allows one to infer a minimum number of prey individuals ingested for a given fish species. Otolith size is also proportional to the length and weight of a fish. They can therefore be used to back-calculate prey size and
532:
586:
786:. Species with fragile, easily digested otoliths may be underestimated in the diet. To address these biases, otolith correction factors have been developed through captive feeding experiments, in which seals are fed fish of known size, and the degree of otolith erosion is quantified for different prey
552:
of trace elements within a fish otolith gives insight to the water bodies fish have previously occupied. Fish otoliths as old as 172 million years have been used to study the environment in which the fish lived. Robotic micromilling devices have also been used to recover very high resolution records
547:
The composition of fish otoliths is also proving useful to fisheries scientists. The calcium carbonate that the otolith is composed of is primarily derived from the water. As the otolith grows, new calcium carbonate crystals form. As with any crystal structure, lattice vacancies will exist during
685:
By measuring the thickness of individual rings, it has been assumed (at least in some species) to estimate fish growth because fish growth is directly proportional to otolith growth. However, some studies disprove a direct link between body growth and otolith growth. At times of lower or zero body
681:
In addition, in most species the accretion of calcium carbonate and gelatinous matrix alternates on a daily cycle. It is therefore also possible to determine fish age in days. This latter information is often obtained under a microscope, and provides significant data to early life history studies.
576:
can also be used. This instrument can allow for greater chemical resolution but can only measure one trace element at a time. The hope of this research is to provide scientists with valuable information on where fish have frequented. Combined with otolith annuli, scientists can add how old fish
436:
which are interpreted by the brain as motion. In addition to sensing acceleration of the head, the otoliths can help to sense the orientation via gravity's effect on them. When the head is in a normal upright position, the otolith presses on the sensory hair cell receptors. This pushes the hair
678:. By counting the rings, it is possible to determine the age of the fish in years. Typically the sagitta is used, as it is largest, but sometimes lapilli are used if they have a more convenient shape. The asteriscus, which is smallest of the three, is rarely used in age and growth studies.
1357:
829:(CMFRI) have trained these fisher-women. Ornaments from fish otoliths, known to the Romans and Egyptians as lucky stones, are continued to be used in countries like Brazil and the Faeröer, and are being collected and sold in an organized and sustainable manner in India.
361:; collectively. Statoconia are also sometimes termed a statocyst. Otoliths (also called statoliths) are agglutinated crystals or crystals precipitated around a nucleus, with well defined morphology and together all may be termed endolymphatic infillings.
464:
is larger in the presence of loud, low frequency sounds that are below the threshold for the mouse cochlea (~4 Hz), raising the possibility that the acoustic sensitivity of the vestibular system may extend the hearing range of small mammals.
665:
have unusually large otoliths, possibly due to their need for balance when launching themselves out of the water to "fly" in the air. Often, the fish species can be identified from distinct morphological characteristics of an isolated otolith.
493:
infillings were similar in elemental composition to the rock matrix but were restricted to coarse grained material, which presumably is better for the detection of gravity, displacement, and sound. The presence of these extrinsic grains in
797:, jaw bones, teeth, and other informative skeletal elements improves prey identification and quantification over otolith analysis alone. This is especially true for fish species with fragile otoliths, but other distinctive bones, such as
307:. Both statoconia and otoliths are used as gravity, balance, movement, and directional indicators in all vertebrates and have a secondary function in sound detection in higher aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates. They are sensitive to
437:
cell processes down and prevents them from moving side to side. However, when the head is tilted, the pull of gravity on otoliths shifts the hair cell processes to the side, distorting them and sending a message to the
531:
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and gelatinous matrix throughout their lives. The accretion rate varies with growth of the fish – often less growth in winter and more in summer – which results in the appearance of rings that resemble
577:
were when they traveled through different bodies of water. This information can be used to determine fish life cycles so that fisheries scientists can make better informed decisions about fish stocks.
943:
Sheykholeslami, Kianoush; Kaga, Kimitaka (2002). "The otolithic organ as a receptor of vestibular hearing revealed by vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in patients with inner ear anomalies".
444:
There is evidence that the vestibular system of mammals has retained some of its ancestral acoustic sensitivity and that this sensitivity is mediated by the otolithic organs (most likely the
1276:
Patterson, William P.; Smith, Gerald R.; Lohmann, Kyger C. (1993). "Continental
Paleothermometry and Seasonality Using the Isotopic Composition of Aragonitic Otoliths of Freshwater Fishes".
2996:
315:. Because of their orientation in the head, the utricle is sensitive to a change in horizontal movement, and the saccule gives information about vertical acceleration (such as when in an
1793:
880:
Sahney, Sarda; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2001). "Extrinsic labyrinth infillings imply open endolymphatic ducts in Lower
Devonian osteostracans, acanthodians, and putative chondrichthyans".
568:; however, scientists can study multiple trace elements within an otolith to discriminate more specific signatures. A common tool used to measure trace elements in an otolith is a
689:
Age and growth studies of fish are important for understanding such things as timing and magnitude of spawning, recruitment and habitat use, larval and juvenile duration, and
342:-sensitive organs of vertebrates; however, the function of the mollusk statocyst is restricted to gravity detection and possibly some detection of angular momentum. These are
54:
460:(~18 kHz). In mice, sensation of acoustic information via the vestibular system has been demonstrated to have a behaviourally relevant effect; response to an elicited
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637:
The shapes and proportional sizes of the otoliths vary with fish species. In general, fish from highly structured habitats such as reefs or rocky bottoms (e.g.
160:
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1855:
826:
821:'Sea gems' ornaments from fish otoliths have been introduced in the market in India recently, with the efforts of a group of enthusiastic fisher women in
2400:
1600:
Sigurðardóttir, Andrea Rakel; Sverrisson, Þór; Jónsdóttir, Aðalbjörg; Gudjónsdóttir, María; Elvarsson, Bjarki Þór; Einarsson, Hafsteinn (2023-09-01).
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by their otoliths. Otoliths can therefore, to some extent, be used to deduce and reconstruct the prey composition of marine mammal and seabird diets.
1695:
Grellier, K.; Hammond, P. S. (2005). "Feeding method affects otolith digestion in captive gray seals: Implications for diet composition estimation".
2982:
448:, due to its anatomical location). In mice lacking the otoconia of the utricle and saccule, this retained acoustic sensitivity is lost. In humans
456:
has also been hypothesized to be involved in the perception of speech presented at artificially high frequencies, above the range of the human
924:
697:
management policies. Due to the amount of required human labour in otolith age reading, there is active research in automating that process.
148:
449:
1129:
Nolf, D. 1985. Otolithi
Piscium; in H.-P. Schultze (ed.), Handbook of Paleoichthyology, Vol. 10. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 145pp.
452:
occur in response to loud, low-frequency acoustic stimulation in patients with the sensorineural hearing loss. Vestibular sensitivity to
2227:
473:
After the death and decomposition of a fish, otoliths may be preserved within the body of an organism or be dispersed before burial and
3083:
1139:
Schultze, H.-P. (1990). "A new acanthodian from the
Pennsylvanian of Utah, U.S.A. and the distribution of otoliths in gnathostomes".
649:) will have larger otoliths than fish that spend most of their time swimming at high speed in straight lines in the open ocean (e.g.
3414:
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crystal formation allowing trace elements from the water to bind with the otolith. Studying the trace elemental composition or
1911:
1848:
573:
2962:
1668:
Bowen, W. D. (2000). "Reconstruction of pinniped diets: Accounting for complete digestion of otoliths and cephalopod beaks".
848:
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3135:
1168:"The rise to dominance of lanternfishes (Teleostei: Myctophidae) in the oceanic ecosystems: a paleontological perspective"
155:
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1996:
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Otolith organs showing detail of utricle, otoconia, endolymph, cupula, macula, hair cell filaments, and saccular nerve
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significance is minimal, but can still be used to characterize a level or interval. Fossil otoliths are rarely found
1539:
Lackmann, Alec R.; Andrews, Allen H.; Butler, Malcolm G.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Clark, Mark E. (2019-05-23).
1362:) by oxygen isotopic analysis of otoliths, vertebrae, and teeth: Implication for paleoenvironmental reconstructions"
3202:
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2375:
2345:
2232:
1841:
1641:
Arim, Matías; Naya, Daniel E. (2003). "Pinniped diets inferred from scats: Analysis of biases in prey occurrence".
1524:(1992). "Development and application of the otolith increment technique". In D. K. Stevenson; S.E. Campana (eds.).
614:
272:
1099:
Wolff, Heinz G. (1973). "Multi-directional sensitivity of statocyst receptor cells of the opisthobranch gastropod
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1976:
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of life history, including diet and temperatures throughout the life of the fish, as well as their natal origin.
1342:
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268:, both horizontally and vertically (gravity). They have been identified in both extinct and extant vertebrates.
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425:
1319:"Oldest isotopically characterized fish otoliths provide insight to Jurassic continental climate of Europe"
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has been thought to be possible otoliths, but it is hitherto unknown to which animal they could belong to.
303:(fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds). In vertebrates, the saccule and utricle together make the
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2871:
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1724:"Improving pinniped diet analyses through identification of multiple skeletal structures in fecal samples"
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abnormalities can occur), as are the lapilli, while the asterisci are normally composed of vaterite.
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New
Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia
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In mammals, otoliths are small particles, consisting of a combination of a gelatinous matrix and
402:
1528:. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Vol. 117. pp. 1–11.
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and sacs in all vertebrates are attached to endolymphatic ducts, which in some groups (such as
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Lenhardt, M.; Skellett, R; Wang, P; Clarke, A. (1991). "Human ultrasonic speech perception".
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1393:"High prevalence of vaterite in sagittal otoliths causes hearing impairment in farmed fish"
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115:. Length 30 mm; 3 months old; still transparent; the otoliths are visible left of the eye.
999:
Jones, Gareth P.; Lukashkina, Victoria A.; Russell, Ian J.; Lukashkin, Andrei N. (2010).
1602:"Otolith age determination with a simple computer vision based few-shot learning method"
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sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity"
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which can be found through a micropalaeontological analysis of a fine sediment. Their
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Reimer, T.; Dempster, T.; Warren-Myers, F.; Jensen, A. J.; Swearer, S. E. (2016).
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indicates a common inner ear physiology and presence of open endolymphatic ducts.
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1618:
264:. These organs are what allows an organism, including humans, to perceive linear
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Gauldie, R. W. (1993). "Polymorphic crystalline structure of fish otoliths".
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1001:"The Vestibular System Mediates Sensation of Low-Frequency Sounds in Mice"
271:
Counting the annual growth rings on the otoliths is a common technique in
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2013:
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572:. This tool can measure a variety of trace elements simultaneously. A
432:, which is connected to an afferent nerve. Hair cells send signals down
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1468:
1450:"Quality control of age data at the Alaska Fisheries Science Center"
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2760:
2170:
1358:"Life history reconstruction of modern and fossil sockeye salmon (
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Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
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1280:. Geophysical Monograph Series. Vol. 78. pp. 191–202.
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in the digestive tract, skewing measurements of prey number and
693:. Such knowledge is in turn important for designing appropriate
650:
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in the viscous fluid of the saccule and utricle. The weight and
283:
Endolymphatic infillings such as otoliths are structures in the
2978:
1837:
1722:
Browne, Patience; Laake, Jeffrey L.; DeLong, Robert L. (2002).
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groups but are not contained in the structure of an inner ear.
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2340:
1356:
Zazzo, A.; Smith, G. R.; Patterson, W. P.; Dufour, E. (2006).
540:
29:
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Statoconia (also called otoconia) are numerous grains, often
218:
209:
200:
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27:
Inner-ear structure in vertebrates which detects acceleration
1762:
oil incident in the south-eastern North Sea in
January 2003"
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when the head moves. The hair cells are made up of 40 to 70
1343:
10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0199:OICFOP>2.3.CO;2
894:
10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0660:ELIIOE]2.0.CO;2
570:
laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer
1484:
Tennessee
Wildlife Resources Agency. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
919:. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press. p. 459.
1166:
Schwarzhans, Werner; Carnevale, Giorgio (19 March 2021).
1005:
Journal of the
Association for Research in Otolaryngology
1748:
Ouwehand, J.; Leopold, M. F.; Camphuysen, C. J. (2004).
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936:
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50:
1213:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
705:
Since the compounds in fish otoliths are resistant to
260:. The saccule and utricle, in turn, together make the
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diets, however. They may suffer partial or complete
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770:Otoliths cannot be used alone to reliably estimate
556:The most studied trace and isotopic signatures are
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125:
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45:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
1670:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
420:of these small particles causes them to stimulate
1178:(3). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 446–463.
875:
873:
871:
869:
1750:"A comparative study of the diet of Guillemots
1526:Otolith microstructure examination and analysis
1278:Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records
2990:
1849:
8:
1448:Kimura, Daniel K.; Anderl, Delsa M. (2005).
827:Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute
763:prey consumption, and potential impacts on
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1834:
1794:"FISH OTOLITH ORNAMENTS MAKE MARKET DEBUT"
105:
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2401:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
1617:
1576:
1424:
1183:
1032:
477:. Dispersed otoliths are one of the many
346:, with similar form and function but not
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
57:, without removing the technical details.
865:
1504:Archive of Fishery and Marine Research
539:Animation of the biomineralization of
171:
84:
1496:"Tidal transport of flounder larvae (
450:vestibular evoked myogenic potentials
55:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
2957:
2228:Electroreception and electrogenesis
1366:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
560:due to the same charge and similar
1709:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01229.x
1141:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
882:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
25:
1827:Bedford Institute of Oceanography
1482:Fish Age and Growth with Otoliths
759:, useful when trying to estimate
740:. Many fish can be identified to
348:descended from a common structure
322:Similar balance receptors called
2956:
2945:
2944:
2927:
2926:
1952:
1206:
669:Fish otoliths accrete layers of
357:in shape, between 1 and 50
34:
1912:Environmental impact of fishing
1798:Universal Group Of Institutions
574:secondary ion mass spectrometer
3393:Reissner's/vestibular membrane
1457:Marine and Freshwater Research
1317:Patterson, William P. (1999).
1153:10.1080/02724634.1990.10011789
1105:Marine Behavior and Physiology
849:Otolith microchemical analysis
369:Morphology and terminology of
1:
3136:promontory of tympanic cavity
1500:) in the River Elbe, Germany"
957:10.1016/S0378-5955(02)00278-2
509:An unclassified fossil named
1997:intramembranous ossification
1775:(3): 147–163. Archived from
1619:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2023.102046
334:statocysts are of a similar
201:
3126:secondary tympanic membrane
1643:Canadian Journal of Zoology
605:Removing an otolith from a
3655:
3131:prominence of facial canal
2376:Fin and flipper locomotion
2346:Sequential hermaphroditism
2233:Jamming avoidance response
1950:
1378:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.07.003
615:Estimating the age of fish
612:
589:A pair of sagittae from a
273:estimating the age of fish
210:
194:
2940:
1561:10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0
1117:10.1080/10236247209386910
1017:10.1007/s10162-010-0230-7
441:that the head is tilted.
166:
104:
92:
3151:aditus to mastoid antrum
751:Otoliths (sagittae) are
709:, they are found in the
691:population age structure
224:, a stone), also called
2892:Glossary of ichthyology
2454:Diel vertical migration
1247:10.1126/science.2063208
1070:10.1002/jmor.1052180102
753:bilaterally symmetrical
462:acoustic startle reflex
219:
2258:Surface wave detection
2223:Hydrodynamic reception
1897:Diseases and parasites
1606:Ecological Informatics
1549:Communications Biology
793:The inclusion of fish
610:
598:
544:
439:central nervous system
393:
295:, specifically in the
252:, specifically in the
168:Anatomical terminology
3142:Posterior structures
2396:Undulatory locomotion
2213:Ampullae of Lorenzini
1697:Marine Mammal Science
1058:Journal of Morphology
915:Gordon, D.P. (2009).
854:Orbiting Frog Otolith
604:
588:
538:
367:
326:can be found in many
3383:Cochlear duct /
3347:Perilymphatic space
3247:Auditory tube /
2624:Genetically modified
1822:Otolith Research Lab
1543:Ictiobus cyprinellus
856:, 1970 space mission
609:to determine its age
434:sensory nerve fibers
391:, right side)
344:analogous structures
297:vestibular labyrinth
3565:Semicircular canals
3538:Vestibular aqueduct
2429:Aquatic respiration
2316:Life history theory
1498:Pleuronectes flesus
1409:2016NatSR...625249R
1335:1999Geo....27..199P
1286:1993GMS....78..191P
1239:1991Sci...253...82L
595:Gadus macrocephalus
581:Growth rate and age
550:isotopic signatures
403:semicircular canals
3543:endolymphatic duct
3531:Otolithic membrane
3444:Tectorial membrane
3403:Reticular membrane
3208:posterior ligament
3156:pyramidal eminence
3112:Medial structures
2268:Weberian apparatus
1782:on August 6, 2020.
1758:killed during the
1541:"Bigmouth Buffalo
1494:Bos, A.R. (1999).
1397:Scientific Reports
1360:Oncorhynchus nerka
1294:10.1029/GM078p0191
1185:10.1017/pab.2021.2
844:Otolithic membrane
825:. Scientists from
647:drums and croakers
611:
599:
545:
394:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3598:crista ampullaris
3548:endolymphatic sac
3480:Vestibular system
3474:
3473:
3356:Cochlear aqueduct
3265:
3264:
3203:superior ligament
3191:anterior ligament
3181:superior ligament
3069:Auricular muscles
3052:intertragic notch
2972:
2971:
2882:Fish common names
2793:
2792:
2424:Aquatic predation
2248:Capacity for pain
1977:Age determination
1769:Atlantic Seabirds
1522:Jones, Cynthia M.
1417:10.1038/srep25249
926:978-1-877257-72-8
817:Otolith ornaments
799:Atlantic mackerel
671:calcium carbonate
536:
454:ultrasonic sounds
414:calcium carbonate
254:vestibular system
240:structure in the
238:calcium carbonate
182:
181:
177:
83:
82:
75:
16:(Redirected from
3646:
3588:Ampullary cupula
3485:
3415:Stria vascularis
3398:Basilar membrane
3306:
3276:
3220:annular ligament
3186:lateral ligament
3101:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2976:
2960:
2959:
2948:
2947:
2930:
2929:
2664:
1956:
1887:Ethnoichthyology
1858:
1851:
1844:
1835:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1766:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1731:Fishery Bulletin
1728:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1372:(3/4): 200–215.
1353:
1347:
1346:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1205:
1187:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1111:(1–4): 361–373.
1101:Aplysia limacina
1096:
1090:
1089:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1036:
996:
985:
984:
945:Hearing Research
940:
931:
930:
912:
906:
905:
877:
807:Atlantic herring
803:Scomber scombrus
717:of seabirds and
711:digestive tracts
537:
222:
215:
214:
206:
197:
196:
174:edit on Wikidata
109:
97:
85:
78:
71:
67:
64:
58:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3629:Auditory system
3619:
3618:
3617:
3604:
3559:
3555:Ductus reuniens
3470:
3449:Sulcus spiralis
3420:Spiral ligament
3384:
3377:
3341:Cochlear cupula
3321:Vestibular duct
3301:Auditory system
3295:
3261:
3249:Eustachian tube
3248:
3241:
3162:
3105:Tympanic cavity
3090:
3013:
3003:
2973:
2968:
2936:
2860:
2789:
2700:
2653:
2592:
2523:
2416:
2410:
2362:
2306:Ichthyoplankton
2272:
2204:
2197:
2193:Digital Library
2188:Teleost leptins
2127:Shark cartilage
2051:pharyngeal slit
2046:pharyngeal arch
1982:Anguilliformity
1967:
1965:
1957:
1948:
1867:
1862:
1818:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1800:. 31 March 2024
1792:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1764:
1754:and Razorbills
1747:
1746:
1742:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1682:10.1139/f00-032
1667:
1666:
1662:
1655:10.1139/z02-221
1640:
1639:
1635:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1469:10.1071/mf04141
1452:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1233:(5015): 82–85.
1224:
1223:
1219:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1055:
1054:
1050:
998:
997:
988:
942:
941:
934:
927:
914:
913:
909:
879:
878:
867:
863:
835:
819:
811:Clupea harengus
703:
617:
583:
528:
526:
521:
512:Gluteus minimus
500:chondrichthyans
471:
399:
392:
380:
281:
178:
116:
100:
79:
68:
62:
59:
51:help improve it
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3652:
3650:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3621:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3493:
3491:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3427:Organ of Corti
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3312:
3310:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3257:Torus tubarius
3253:
3251:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3235:tensor tympani
3232:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3109:
3107:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2954:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2710:
2708:
2706:Wild fisheries
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2629:Hallucinogenic
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Schooling fish
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2464:Filter feeders
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2439:Bottom feeders
2436:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2085:Leydig's organ
2082:
2081:
2080:
2078:pharyngeal jaw
2075:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2031:branchial arch
2023:
2022:
2021:
2011:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1817:
1816:External links
1814:
1812:
1811:
1785:
1740:
1714:
1703:(2): 296–306.
1687:
1676:(5): 898–905.
1660:
1633:
1592:
1531:
1513:
1486:
1474:
1463:(5): 783–789.
1440:
1383:
1348:
1309:
1302:
1268:
1217:
1158:
1131:
1122:
1091:
1048:
1011:(4): 725–732.
986:
951:(1–2): 62–67.
932:
925:
907:
888:(4): 660–669.
864:
862:
859:
858:
857:
851:
846:
841:
834:
831:
818:
815:
722:marine mammals
702:
699:
582:
579:
525:
522:
520:
517:
470:
467:
398:
395:
368:
305:otolith organs
280:
277:
262:otolith organs
180:
179:
170:
164:
163:
158:
152:
151:
146:
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
123:
122:
118:
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80:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3651:
3640:
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3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3466:Spiral limbus
3464:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Tympanic duct
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:mastoid cells
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3084:pars flaccida
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2965:
2964:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2932:more lists...
2925:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:Fish families
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Aquarium life
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2854:fleshy-finned
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2822:Cartilaginous
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
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2771:
2770:
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2762:
2759:
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2703:
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2640:
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2620:
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2610:
2607:
2605:
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2559:
2556:
2554:
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2549:
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2535:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Electric fish
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
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2413:
2407:
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2399:
2397:
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2379:
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2337:
2334:
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2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
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2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2182:
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761:marine mammal
758:
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749:
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731:
727:
723:
720:
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701:Diet research
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497:
496:osteostracans
492:
491:endolymphatic
488:
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483:stratigraphic
480:
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475:fossilization
468:
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46:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
3639:Paleozoology
3634:Fish anatomy
3525:
3448:
3121:round window
2961:
2949:
2849:spiny-finned
2798:Major groups
2519:Intelligence
2499:Scale eaters
2444:Cleaner fish
2326:Mouthbrooder
2278:Reproduction
2253:Schreckstoff
2242:
2238:Lateral line
2154:Swim bladder
2144:Spiral valve
2073:hyomandibula
2056:pseudobranch
1939:Hypoxia in -
1825:
1802:. Retrieved
1797:
1788:
1777:the original
1772:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1734:
1730:
1717:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1649:(1): 67–73.
1646:
1642:
1636:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1489:
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1456:
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1400:
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1365:
1359:
1351:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1277:
1271:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1175:
1172:Paleobiology
1171:
1161:
1147:(1): 49–58.
1144:
1140:
1134:
1125:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1008:
1004:
948:
944:
916:
910:
885:
881:
820:
810:
802:
792:
769:
750:
704:
688:
684:
680:
668:
636:
624:Osteichthyes
618:
594:
562:ionic radius
555:
546:
510:
508:
504:acanthodians
486:
479:microfossils
472:
469:Paleontology
443:
411:
400:
386:
379:, left side)
374:
352:
340:displacement
328:invertebrate
321:
313:acceleration
304:
282:
270:
266:acceleration
261:
233:
229:
225:
217:
199:
185:
183:
149:A15.3.03.086
136:
69:
60:
44:
3432:stereocilia
3385:scala media
3326:Helicotrema
3116:oval window
3005:Anatomy of
2963:WikiProject
2922:Prehistoric
2906:Threatened
2597:Other types
2494:Sardine run
2469:Forage fish
2449:Corallivory
2301:Development
2286:Bubble nest
2159:physoclisti
2149:Suckermouth
2122:Root effect
1944:Ichthyology
1510:(1): 47–60.
1064:(1): 1–28.
765:fish stocks
719:piscivorous
663:Flying fish
659:dolphinfish
607:red snapper
591:Pacific Cod
524:Composition
426:stereocilia
388:Neoscopelus
383:neoscopelid
371:lanternfish
311:and linear
301:vertebrates
279:Description
258:vertebrates
226:statoconium
137:statoconium
126:Identifiers
3623:Categories
3583:Horizontal
3521:Kinocilium
3286:membranous
3279:Labyrinths
3096:Middle ear
3047:antitragus
2578:Groundfish
2573:Freshwater
2568:Euryhaline
2553:Coral reef
2489:Salmon run
2479:Paedophagy
2381:Amphibious
2368:Locomotion
2176:pharyngeal
2164:physostome
2117:Photophore
2063:Glossohyal
2036:gill raker
2019:dorsal fin
1969:physiology
1756:Alca torda
1752:Uria aalge
1612:: 102046.
1555:(1): 197.
1329:(3): 199.
861:References
724:, such as
676:tree rings
630:(although
613:See also:
430:kinocilium
422:hair cells
385:otoliths (
336:morphology
324:statocysts
63:March 2021
3578:Posterior
3489:Vestibule
3437:tip links
3410:Endolymph
3371:Boettcher
3351:Perilymph
3271:Inner ear
3230:stapedius
3064:Ear canal
3037:antihelix
3019:Outer ear
2827:chimaeras
2714:Predatory
2691:Salmonids
2649:Whitefish
2639:Poisonous
2614:Diversity
2548:Coldwater
2484:Predatory
2474:Migratory
2434:Bait ball
2417:behaviour
2336:Pregnancy
2331:Polyandry
2105:papillare
2100:Operculum
2095:Meristics
2041:gill slit
2004:Cleithrum
1934:Fish kill
1924:Fear of -
1917:- as food
1907:Fisheries
1892:Evolution
1882:Diversity
1628:1574-9541
1569:2399-3642
1403:: 25249.
1255:0036-8075
1202:233678539
1194:0094-8373
1025:1525-3961
965:0378-5955
823:Vizhinjam
795:vertebrae
734:sea lions
707:digestion
695:fisheries
628:aragonite
558:strontium
397:Mechanism
355:spherical
293:inner ear
250:inner ear
234:statolith
230:otoconium
111:Juvenile
3593:Ampullae
3573:Superior
3459:internus
3454:externus
3366:Claudius
3336:Modiolus
3226:Muscles
3168:Ossicles
2951:Category
2902:Smallest
2815:lampreys
2778:flatfish
2768:Demersal
2724:mackerel
2719:billfish
2659:Commerce
2588:Tropical
2563:Demersal
2558:Deep-sea
2514:Venomous
2406:RoboTuna
2356:triggers
2351:Spawning
2311:Juvenile
2296:Egg case
1929:FishBase
1804:31 March
1760:Tricolor
1587:31149641
1435:27121086
1086:46932904
1078:29865482
1043:20821033
981:23530754
973:12031516
902:86182956
839:Ossicles
833:See also
776:pinniped
772:cetacean
738:walruses
726:dolphins
655:mackerel
643:groupers
639:snappers
632:vaterite
543:otoliths
446:sacculus
428:and one
317:elevator
18:Otoliths
3526:Otolith
3509:Saccule
3497:Utricle
3316:Cochlea
3309:General
3176:Malleus
3074:Eardrum
3057:earlobe
3027:Auricle
3011:balance
3007:hearing
2897:Largest
2810:hagfish
2805:Jawless
2783:pollock
2756:sardine
2751:herring
2746:anchovy
2696:Tilapia
2686:Octopus
2681:Catfish
2668:Farming
2583:Pelagic
2543:Coastal
2530:habitat
2386:Walking
2291:Clasper
2243:Otolith
2205:systems
2203:Sensory
2137:ganoine
2112:Papilla
1963:Anatomy
1902:Fishing
1578:6533251
1426:4848507
1405:Bibcode
1331:Bibcode
1323:Geology
1282:Bibcode
1263:2063208
1235:Bibcode
1227:Science
1034:2975890
805:), and
784:biomass
780:erosion
757:biomass
746:species
645:, many
622:(class
620:Finfish
566:calcium
519:Ecology
487:in situ
458:cochlea
418:inertia
376:Diaphus
338:to the
332:Mollusk
309:gravity
299:of all
291:of the
289:utricle
285:saccule
248:of the
246:utricle
242:saccule
236:, is a
186:otolith
121:Details
113:herring
88:Otolith
49:Please
3514:macula
3502:macula
3362:Cells
3215:Stapes
3042:tragus
2915:sharks
2832:sharks
2761:sprats
2741:Forage
2729:salmon
2609:Coarse
2391:Flying
2263:Vision
2218:Barbel
2132:Scales
1992:dermal
1872:About
1626:
1585:
1575:
1567:
1433:
1423:
1300:
1261:
1253:
1200:
1192:
1084:
1076:
1041:
1031:
1023:
979:
971:
963:
923:
900:
502:, and
407:sharks
220:líthos
212:λῐ́θος
208:ear +
3198:Incus
3032:helix
2877:Blind
2865:Lists
2644:Rough
2509:Sleep
2415:Other
2181:shark
2171:Teeth
1780:(PDF)
1765:(PDF)
1727:(PDF)
1453:(PDF)
1198:S2CID
1082:S2CID
977:S2CID
898:S2CID
742:genus
730:seals
715:scats
190:Greek
172:[
161:77826
132:Latin
3291:bony
3079:umbo
3009:and
2910:rays
2844:Bony
2837:rays
2734:tuna
2676:Carp
2634:Oily
2619:Game
2604:Bait
2538:Cave
2321:Milt
2026:Gill
2014:Fins
1987:Bone
1874:fish
1865:Fish
1806:2024
1624:ISSN
1583:PMID
1565:ISSN
1431:PMID
1298:ISBN
1259:PMID
1251:ISSN
1190:ISSN
1074:PMID
1039:PMID
1021:ISSN
969:PMID
961:ISSN
921:ISBN
788:taxa
744:and
736:and
713:and
651:tuna
401:The
381:and
287:and
203:ōto-
195:ὠτο-
144:TA98
2773:cod
2528:By
2341:Roe
2068:Jaw
1966:and
1735:100
1705:doi
1678:doi
1651:doi
1614:doi
1573:PMC
1557:doi
1465:doi
1421:PMC
1413:doi
1374:doi
1370:249
1339:doi
1290:doi
1243:doi
1231:253
1180:doi
1149:doi
1113:doi
1103:".
1066:doi
1062:218
1029:PMC
1013:doi
953:doi
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890:doi
813:).
774:or
661:).
564:to
541:cod
319:).
256:of
244:or
232:or
184:An
156:FMA
53:to
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
