410:. Huiswoud addressed the assembled delegates on the situation facing black workers in the United States. Huiswoud was elected head of the Congress's Negro Commission and was instrumental in helping draft the thesis of the Comintern on the so-called "Negro Question" as well as four resolutions, all of which Huiswoud presented on the floor of the Congress.
464:
farmer rose to oppose
Huiswoud's proposal, declaring that American blacks did not truly desire social equality with caucasians, only material benefits. Huiswoud responded by taking to the floor to denounce the farmer, an action that threatened the fragile alliance that the communists were attempting
528:
and his policies, which was under review by a special
American Commission established by the Presidium of the executive committee of the Communist International. Although the delegates presented a united front arguing for a continuation of the Lovestone leadership, the powerful American Commission,
515:
In March 1929, Huiswoud was elected as a delegate to the 6th
National Convention of the Communist Party, held in New York City. He was at that time the party's highest ranking black member, sitting on the governing Central Executive Committee and the Political Committee ("Polcom") which guided the
308:, so Huiswoud took it upon himself to lead a walkout that led the company to negotiate for better pay and improved working conditions for its minority workers. News of the young leader of this Boston strike reached Socialist Party leaders, who offered Huiswoud a one-year scholarship to attend the
225:
Following completion of his education, Otto began a second apprenticeship, this time working under a printer. Huiswoud was unhappy with his lot in life as a printer's apprentice, however, so in
January 1910 the 16-year-old convinced his father to allow him to depart to see the world and he
370:
on
September 1 of that year. Although not a delegate to either founding convention, according to Comintern records Huiswoud's party membership dated to 1919, and he has been recognized by historians as the first black member of the American Communist Party.
452:, an attempt by the Workers Party of America to create and harness a mass political organization including the organized labor movement and disaffected farmers. At this gathering Huiswoud proposed a resolution calling for full
468:
In
October 1925, the Workers Party launched a new organization directed at American blacks to replace the by now defunct African Blood Brotherhood. The party's best-regarded black activists, including Huiswoud,
1042:
Holger Weiss, "The Road to
Hamburg and Beyond: African American Agency and the Making of a Radical African Atlantic, 1922–1930: Part 1," Comintern Working Papers no. 16, Åbo Akademi University, 2007; p.
389:
In the summer of 1922, Huiswoud was chosen as the candidate of the
Workers Party of America—the new "legal" political arm of what was then the underground Communist Party – as its candidate for the
413:
Owing to his presence in Moscow, in the first week of
December 1922 Huiswoud briefly served as the Communist Party's representative to the Communist International when their regularly elected "CI Rep,"
541:, ultimately decided to take decisive action against the factionalism which had plagued the American party throughout the decade of its existence by removing opposing factional leaders Lovestone and
559:, the world communist movement's international trade union organization, had established a "Negro Section" dedicated to coordinating the activities of black workers from the Caribbean region and
548:
Lovestone refused to accept this decision and returned home without authorization, resulting in his expulsion from the
Communist Party and his eventual formation of a rival organization, the
564:
488:
During the bitter internal factional war which consumed the Workers Party during the decade of the 1920s, Huiswoud was a consistent supporter of the New York-based faction of
1288:
597:
as a communist propagandist. He was released on September 25, 1942, due to poor health and was not considered dangerous. In 1947, he moved to the Netherlands and worked for
1263:
586:
was headquartered in Hamburg. After the nazi party came to power, Huiswoud moved to Copenhagen, Paris, the Netherlands and back to Paris. In 1941, he arrived in Suriname.
441:," a national anti-racism conference, as one of two official delegates of the African Blood Brotherhood. The two ABB delegates were joined by five others representing the
136:
990:
p. 34. Van Enckevort notes the presence of several documents in the Comintern archive dealing with the 1924 Huiswoud suspension present in RGASPI f. 495, op. 155, d. 59.
1273:
434:
of the Communist Party targeted towards black workers. Huiswoud served as the National Organizing Secretary of the group until the termination of the organization.
359:
430:
and being entered on the books as a permanent resident of the United States. Huiswoud was set to work as a functionary in the African Blood Brotherhood, by then a
465:
to build and which was regarded as a serious breach of discipline. The affair ended with Huiswoud being quietly suspended from the Workers Party for one year.
1283:
512:. With the New York group in control of the party apparatus for most of this period, Huiswoud remained one of the organization's top-ranking black leaders.
233:
Due to the abysmal working conditions on board, Huiswoud and two of his Surinamese mates decided to jump ship when it was docked in New York. He settled in
135:. Huiswoud is regarded as the first black member of the American communist movement. Huiswoud served briefly as the Communist Party's representative to the
1258:
649:. He was 67 years old at the time of his death. Huiswoud's papers, archived under the name of his wife, Hermina "Hermie" Dumont Huiswoud, reside at the
710:
262:
579:
Completing the core cadres of this Comintern initiative was the American-born James W. Ford, former vice presidential nominee of the Workers Party.
363:
355:
418:, who was out on bail regarding a political case started against him in 1920, was forced to rush home to the United States to appear in court.
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516:
party's day-to-day operations. Huiswoud additionally served as the Director of the Negro Department of the Communist Party at this time.
319:, Huiswoud made the acquaintance of a number of influential figures in the history of American radicalism, including Japanese expatriate
403:
386:. Although an active participant in the organization, Huiswoud was not among the group's founders, Cyril Briggs himself later recalled.
1159:
1253:
312:, the SPA's training school for party activists and trade union workers. Huiswoud accepted this offer and did not return to Cornell.
195:
for children aged 7 to 12. Otto remained in school for five years, gaining exposure during this time not only to Dutch, but also the
556:
1197:
Holger Weiss, "The Road to Hamburg and Beyond: African American Agency and the Making of a Radical African Atlantic, 1922–1930."
621:, an organisation to promote the interests of Surinamese people living in the Netherlands. In 1954, he became the chairperson of
549:
1278:
524:
Following the 6th Convention, Huiswoud was chosen as one of ten delegates to travel to Moscow in support of National Secretary
374:
Through his connection to the radical black political leaders of Harlem, Huiswoud eventually made his way to membership in the
305:
1101:
176:, working at the trade until his death in 1920. His mother, Jacqueline Bernard Huiswoud, originally hailed from the island of
172:. He was the son of Rudolf Huiswoud, a former slave who had gained his freedom as a boy of 11 and who learned the skills of a
705:
478:
309:
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250:
552:. Huiswoud, on the other hand, ultimately chose to accept the decisions of the Comintern and remained at its service.
278:
891:
406:, held in Moscow from November 5 to December 5, 1922, attending its sessions together the Caribbean poet
391:
367:
315:
Between his attendance of the Rand School and his participation in the 21st Assembly Branch of the SPA, located in
258:
132:
877:
p. 23. Van Enckevort cites documents in the Comintern Archives, RGASPI f. 495, op. 261, d. 268 indicating a party
426:
Huiswoud returned to America in 1923, entering the country on March 1 legally as a passenger on a ship called the
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52:
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892:"Letter to Theodore Draper in New York from Cyril Briggs in Los Angeles, March 17, 1958 (long extract),"
207:
1212:
Holger Weiss, "The Hamburg Committee, Moscow and the Making of a Radical African Atlantic, 1930–1933."
615:
1243:
1238:
482:
340:
192:
654:
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509:
93:
625:. The organisation was politically socialist, but less radical due to the moderating influence of
485:, an individual with whom Huiswoud came into conflict, leading to Fort-Whiteman's ouster in 1927.
1166:
Tamiment Library/Wagner Archives, Elmer Holmes Bobst Library, New York University, New York City.
931:
Van Enckevort, "Otto Huiswoud: Political Praxis and Anti-Imperialism," Philipsburg, St. Maarten:
560:
534:
489:
477:, Cyril Briggs, Richard B. Moore were put to work as functionaries of this new group, called the
449:
383:
328:
266:
227:
1181:
The Life and Work of Otto Huiswoud: Professional Revolutionary and Internationalist (1893–1961).
740:
The Life and Work of Otto Huiswoud: Professional Revolutionary and Internationalist (1893–1961).
690:(As "Charles Woodson.") Copenhagen: International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers, n.d. .
946:"Letter to Otto Huiswoud in Moscow from Ludwig Katterfeld (en route to America), Dec. 5, 1922."
300:
During the summer of 1918, Huiswoud took a job working on a pleasure boat that was part of the
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during the acrimonious factional war of 1919. He was one of 94 delegates to the June 1919
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in two archival boxes. Use of the collection is open to scholars without restriction.
237:, where he made ends meet by working at various jobs as a printer, cook, and janitor.
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arguments and literature for the first time. By 1916, he had become a member of the
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180:. Otto was the fifth child and the second son in a family of eight siblings.
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Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
646:
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563:. This would serve as the directing center for an organization called the
634:
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402:
Huiswoud was an official delegate of the Workers Party of America to the
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128:
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In June 1924, Huiswoud was a delegate to the St. Paul Convention of the
1106:
OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis
568:
246:
1183:
PhD dissertation. Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies, 2000.
575:, Huiswoud was named the editor of the ITUCNW's monthly publication,
316:
173:
461:
187:
schools, with the educational system of the day conducted in the
766:
The Cry Was Unity: Communists and African Americans, 1917–36.
285:
organization which included the influential socialist writer
688:
How to Organize and Lead the Struggles of the Negro Toilers.
545:
and sending them to work in other communist parties abroad.
818:
no. 1–2, 2006. Unpaginated in HTML format, see footnote 1.
742:
Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies, 2000; p. 13.
608:, the Dutch telephone company. He was an active member of
382:
to promote black liberation and self-defense against the
1020:
Comintern Archive, RGASPI f. 515, op. 1, d. 1598, l. 96.
1224:
Comintern Working Papers, Åbo Akademi University, 2010.
1209:
Comintern Working Papers, Åbo Akademi University, 2007.
1188:"Otto Huiswoud: Political Praxis and Anti-Imperialism,"
1061:
Weiss, "The Road to Hamburg and Beyond: Part 1," p. 14.
812:"Otto Huiswoud: Political Praxis and Anti-Imperialism,"
168:
and is today the capital of the independent country of
1052:
Weiss, "The Road to Hamburg and Beyond: Part 1," p. 1.
768:
Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1998; p. 10.
1018:"Otto E. Huiswoud Delegate Survey Form - March 1929,"
206:
During his school years Huiswoud participated in the
904:"Workers Party Convention Picks List of Candidates,"
633:. During Huiswoud's tenure they started to demand a
565:
International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers
437:
In February 1924, Huiswood attended the so-called "
277:. Huiswoud would later also become a member of the
131:political activist who was a charter member of the
99:
89:
81:
59:
30:
23:
666:"Dutch Guiana: A Study in Colonial Exploitation,"
137:Executive Committee of the Communist International
127:(October 28, 1893 – February 20, 1961) was a
677:vol. 8, no. 12 (December 1928), pp. 770–775.
684:vol. 9, no. 2 (February 1930), pp. 132–147.
571:, Germany, in July 1930. Headed by Trinidadian
304:. Black crew members were not organized by the
156:Otto E. Huiswoud was born October 28, 1893, in
1157:"Guide to the Hermina Dumont Huiswoud Papers,"
589:On January 31, 1941, Huiswoud was interned at
948:Corvallis, OR: 1000 Flowers Publishing, 2007.
894:Corvallis, OR: 1000 Flowers Publishing, 2007.
8:
1069:
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143:functionary during the decade of the 1920s.
909:vol. 5, whole no. 234 (Aug. 5, 1922), p. 5.
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1289:Prisoners and detainees of the Netherlands
1218:Part Two: The ISH, the IRH and the ITUCNW.
529:which included such top Soviet leaders as
354:Huiswoud found himself a supporter of the
20:
1264:Surinamese emigrants to the United States
1013:
1011:
1009:
711:Communist Party USA and African Americans
645:Otto Huiswoud died February 20, 1961, in
366:and participated in the formation of the
323:—later a high-ranking functionary in the
969:
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356:Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party
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680:"World Aspects of the Negro Question,"
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670:vol. 2, no. 11 (1919), pp. 22–23.
1033:New York: Viking Press, 1960; p. 404.
1031:American Communism and Soviet Russia.
500:against the Midwest-based faction of
327:—trade unionist and newspaper editor
261:(SPA), participating actively in the
245:In New York, Huiswoud was exposed to
125:Otto Eduard Gerardus Majella Huiswoud
35:Otto Eduard Gerardus Majella Huiswoud
7:
1274:Surinamese people of Curaçao descent
394:in its 22nd Assembly District.
360:National Conference of the Left Wing
1284:People interned during World War II
1222:Part Three: The LAI and the ITUCNW.
1074:Gert Oostindie; Emy Maduro (1986).
1001:The Life and Work of Otto Huiswoud,
988:The Life and Work of Otto Huiswoud,
975:The Life and Work of Otto Huiswoud,
959:The Life and Work of Otto Huiswoud,
875:The Life and Work of Otto Huiswoud,
862:The Life and Work of Otto Huiswoud,
799:The Life and Work of Otto Huiswoud,
779:The Life and Work of Otto Huiswoud,
404:4th World Congress of the Comintern
1259:Members of the Communist Party USA
1214:Part One: The RILU and the ITUCNW.
673:"The Negro and the Trade Unions,"
456:for American blacks and an end to
378:, a secret society established by
164:coastal city in what was then the
14:
557:Red International of Labor Unions
481:. The organization was headed by
293:who had previously worked in the
1089:. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
1076:"In het land der overheerser II"
550:Communist Party (Majority Group)
139:in 1922 and was a leading black
1179:Maria Gertrudis van Enckevort,
738:Maria Gertrudis van Enckevort,
263:Young People's Socialist League
214:. After school he worked as an
112:
183:As a boy Otto was educated in
1:
1134:(in Dutch). December 14, 2018
1128:"'Ons Suriname' honderd jaar"
706:American Negro Labor Congress
479:American Negro Labor Congress
310:Rand School of Social Science
253:, where he was introduced to
16:Surinamese political activist
1249:Activists from New York City
362:, which elected a governing
306:International Seamen's Union
279:Socialist Propaganda League
230:bound for the Netherlands.
1305:
1190:Philipsburg, St. Maarten:
814:Philipsburg, St. Maarten:
392:New York State Legislature
368:Communist Party of America
364:Left Wing National Council
259:Socialist Party of America
133:Communist Party of America
1254:American Comintern people
701:African Blood Brotherhood
567:(ITUCNW), established in
376:African Blood Brotherhood
591:Copieweg internment camp
443:Workers Party of America
623:Vereniging Ons Suriname
611:Vereniging Ons Suriname
325:Communist International
283:revolutionary socialist
166:Dutch colony of Surinam
1279:People from Paramaribo
1100:Pieter Jansen (1995).
241:Early political career
1186:Maria van Enckevort,
1155:Peter Meyer Filardo,
810:Maria van Enckevort,
637:status for Suriname.
422:Activity in the 1920s
208:Roman Catholic Church
483:Lovett Fort-Whiteman
341:Lovett Fort-Whiteman
1269:Surinamese Marxists
1192:St. Martin Studies,
933:St. Martin Studies,
816:St. Martin Studies,
655:New York University
543:Alexander Bittelman
510:Alexander Bittelman
273:, where he studied
94:Communist Party USA
1162:2010-07-01 at the
849:The Cry Was Unity,
829:The Cry Was Unity,
561:Sub-Saharan Africa
555:In July 1928, the
535:Vyacheslav Molotov
490:Charles Ruthenberg
450:Farmer-Labor Party
398:Comintern delegate
384:Red Summer of 1919
331:and his associate
329:A. Philip Randolph
267:Cornell University
85:Political activist
1029:Theodore Draper,
944:L.E. Katterfeld,
595:Johannes Kielstra
577:The Negro Worker.
502:William Z. Foster
432:mass organization
295:Dutch East Indies
226:shipped out on a
210:on Sundays as an
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651:Tamiment Library
641:Death and legacy
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584:The Negro Worker
520:Return to Moscow
416:L. E. Katterfeld
345:Frank Crosswaith
337:Richard B. Moore
271:Ithaca, New York
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105:Hermina Huiswoud
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63:20 February 1961
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935:no. 1–2, 2006.
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1085:(in Dutch).
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251:Union Square
249:speakers in
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182:
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124:
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65:(1961-02-20)
18:
1244:1961 deaths
1239:1893 births
1207:Part Three.
1138:January 23,
1112:January 23,
907:The Worker,
614: [
602: [
494:John Pepper
275:agriculture
228:banana boat
203:languages.
152:Early years
75:Netherlands
1233:Categories
1108:(in Dutch)
831:pp. 10–11.
717:References
627:Eddy Bruma
460:. A white
289:, a Dutch
216:apprentice
193:compulsory
158:Paramaribo
129:Surinamese
82:Occupation
49:Paramaribo
41:1893-10-28
1203:Part Two.
1199:Part One.
847:Solomon,
827:Solomon,
722:Footnotes
647:Amsterdam
582:In 1933,
255:socialist
220:carpenter
212:altar boy
147:Biography
141:Comintern
71:Amsterdam
1160:Archived
881:of 1919.
695:See also
635:dominion
458:lynching
235:Brooklyn
170:Suriname
53:Suriname
1132:Parbode
851:pg. 11.
569:Hamburg
247:soapbox
178:Curaçao
117:
109:
1003:p. 42.
977:p. 32.
961:p. 18.
864:p. 22.
801:p. 15.
781:p. 14.
537:, and
508:, and
496:, and
428:Ryndam
347:, and
317:Harlem
201:German
197:French
174:tailor
100:Spouse
1079:(PDF)
879:stazh
618:]
606:]
462:Texas
218:to a
111:(
107:
1140:2022
1114:2022
629:and
281:, a
199:and
191:and
160:, a
60:Died
31:Born
1087:100
1043:11.
653:at
599:PTT
269:in
265:at
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