Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor

1624: 2166:(a Conradine) — strongly contested the succession of Henry II. On 6 or 7 June 1002 in Mainz, the duke of Bavaria was elected King of the Romans as Henry II by his Bavarian, Frankish and upper Lotharingian supporters, and anointed and crowned king by Willigis. In the meantime, Ekkehard had already been killed in a feud unconnected to the succession dispute. Henry then launched an indecisive campaign against Herman of Swabia, but was recognised by the Thuringians, Saxons and lower Lotharingians in subsequent months, either by homage or renewed election. On 1 October 1002 in Bruchsal, Herman finally submitted to Henry II, and the war of succession was over. 1109: 1186: 58: 1452:, as his regent in Germany, becoming the first non-duke or bishop to serve in that capacity. Otto III peacefully retook Rome in February 998 when the Roman aristocracy agreed to a peace settlement. With Otto III in control of the city, Gregory V was reinstated as pope. John XVI fled, but the Emperor's troops pursued and captured him, cut off his nose and ears, cut out his tongue, broke his fingers, blinded him, and then brought him before Otto III and Gregory V for judgement. At the intercession of 1397: 3725: 4372: 575:. This was the first time a German ruler had been elected on Italian soil. After the assembly was concluded, Otto III traveled across the Alps in order to be crowned at Aachen, the traditional location of the coronation of the German kings. Otto II stayed behind to address military action against the Muslims. While still in central Italy, however, Otto II suddenly died on 7 December 983, and was buried in 1061:. With the process of Christianization halted, the Slavs left the Empire in peace, and with Henry II's rebellion put down, Theophanu launched multiple campaigns to re-conquer the lost eastern territories, beginning in 985. Even though he was only six at the time, Otto III personally participated in these campaigns. During the expedition of 986 against the Slavs, Otto III received the homage of 3294: 1853: 453: 2154:), Henry II received no support for his claims. To emphasise Henry's claim to the throne the Bishop of Augsburg even buried Otto's intestines in the Cathedral of Augsburg in order to show that Henry cared for the well-being of Otto's body. At Otto III's funeral on Easter 1002, in Aachen, the German nobles repeated their opposition to Henry II. Several rival candidates for the throne – 1609: 2014: 1011: 339:, initially claimed regency over the young king and attempted to seize the throne for himself in 984. When his rebellion failed to gain the support of Germany's aristocracy, Henry II was forced to abandon his claims to the throne and to allow Otto III's mother Theophanu to serve as regent until her death in 991. Otto III was then still a child, so his grandmother, 1872: 881:, respectively. This service symbolized the loyalty of the dukes to Otto III and their willingness to serve him. Most significant was the submission of Henry II, who demonstrated his loyalty to his cousin despite his failed rebellion two years earlier. The next year, from the age of six onward, Otto III would receive education and training from 2049:, he returned to the city to conduct peace negotiations with the rebellious Romans. Though both sides agreed to a peaceful settlement, with the Romans respecting Otto's rule over the city, feelings of mistrust remained. The Emperor's advisors urged him to wait outside the city until military reinforcements could arrive to ensure his safety. 806: 1740:

invasion, the conflict deteriorated into a series of border raids that lasted until 950 when Otto I and Boleslaus I signed a peace treaty. Boleslaus I agreed to resume paying tribute and to recognize Otto I as his overlord. The Duchy was then incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire as a constituent state.

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revolted against Imperial authority. Otto III besieged the city and put down the revolt with ease, sparing its inhabitants. This action angered the people of Rome, who viewed Tibur as a rival and wanted the city destroyed. In a change of policy towards the papacy, Otto III bestowed the governance of

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over Italy, a position he would hold until Otto's death in 1002. Otto III followed in his grandfather Otto I's footsteps in the beginning of his reign, by appointing a new pope, Gregory V, and leaving Rome. Gregory V was expelled and Otto III returned to Rome in 998 where he stayed permanently until

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became a nun in the abbey. Sophia refused to accept the authority of the Bishop of Hildesheim, instead recognizing only that of the Archbishop of Mainz. The conflict escalated until it was brought before the royal court of Otto III and Theophanu. The royal intervention eased the tensions between the

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at Quedlinburg. The four major dukes of Germany (Henry II of Bavaria, Conrad I of Swabia, Henry III of Carinthia, and Bernard I of Saxony) also paid tribute to the child king. Imitating similar ceremonies carried out under Otto I in 936 and Otto II in 961, the dukes served Otto III as his ceremonial

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When Otto III left Italy for Germany, the situation in Rome remained uncertain. In September 996, a few months after receiving a pardon from Otto III, Crescentius II met with the Archbishop of Piacenza, John Philagathos, a former adviser to the late Empress Theophanu, to devise a plan to depose the

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associated with several legends and notable figures of his time. Opinions on Otto III and his reign vary considerably. Recognized in his own day as a brilliant, energetic, pious leader, Otto was portrayed by nineteenth century historians as a whimsical, overidealistic dreamer who failed in his duty

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to succeed him. Although the details of the election are unknown, it is likely that Crescentius II played a key role in the process. For a number of years, Crescentius II exercised authority over the city, severely limiting the autonomy of the pope in the process. When the Empress Theophanu was in

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Otto III made Rome the administrative capital of his Empire and revived elaborate Roman customs and Byzantine court ceremonies. During his time in Italy, the Emperor and the Pope attempted to reform the Church, and confiscated church property was returned to the respective religious institutions.

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After initially siding with Henry II against Otto II during Henry's failed revolt in 977, Boleslaus II swore loyalty to Otto II. When Otto II died suddenly in 983 and was succeeded by the three-year old Otto III, Boleslaus II again supported Henry II in his bid for the German throne. As in 977,

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to pay regular tribute to Germany. When Wenceslaus I was assassinated in 935, his brother Boleslaus I succeeded him as Duke and refused to continue paying the annual tribute to Germany. This action caused Henry I's son and successor Otto I to launch an invasion of Bohemia. Following the initial

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and other sources; the latter part is the result of personal knowledge. The chronicle is nevertheless an excellent authority for the history of Saxony during the reigns of the emperors Otto III and Henry II. No kind of information is excluded, but the fullest details refer to the bishopric of

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in 977. After the revolt was put down, Mieszko I swore loyalty to Otto II. When Otto II died suddenly in 983 and was succeeded by the three-year old Otto III, Mieszko I again supported Henry II in his bid for the German throne. When Henry's revolt failed, Mieszko I swore loyalty to Otto III.

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raiders, forced Otto III to lead his army against the invaders, and he suffered a crushing defeat in this campaign. The next year, Germany suffered an outbreak of famine and pestilence. In 994 and 995, Otto III led fruitless campaigns against the northern Slavs and the Vikings, but he did

1128:, Canepanova was a non-Roman from Lombardy who had served as Otto II's chancellor in Italy. After Otto II's death, John XIV intervened in the dispute between Henry II of Bavaria and Theophanu over the regency, issuing an edict ordering Henry to turn Otto over to his mother. 1669:, to address the Polan threat, while Otto I traveled to Italy to be crowned as emperor. Gero defeated Mieszko I in 963 and forced him to recognize Otto I as his overlord. In return for submitting tribute to the newly crowned Emperor, Otto I granted Mieszko I the title of 2216:, also translated into English as "the wonder of the world." The two emperors are often compared on account of their intellectual power, ambitions and connection to the Italian culture). Enamoured as he was of Greek and Roman culture, a speech was attributed to him in 1337:. He also introduced some Byzantine court customs. To shore up his power in Italy, Otto III sought the support of existing Italian religious communities. For instance, he granted royal immunity to the Abbey of San Salvatore, a rich monastery along the shores of the 2450:

of kings and emperors who ruled the Holy Roman Empire (previously Germany) from 919 to 1024. In relation to the other members of his dynasty, Otto III was the great-grandson of Henry the Fowler, grandson of Otto I, son of Otto II, and a second-cousin to Henry II.

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the Czech territory. To strengthen the Bohemian-Polish alliance, Boleslaus I's daughter Dobrawa was married to the pagan Mieszko I of Poland in 965. The marriage helped bring Christianity to Poland. He died in 972 and was succeeded as Duke by his oldest son

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for executing Crescentius II after promising his safety. During this particular pilgrimage, his cousin Pope Gregory V died in Rome after a brief illness. Upon learning of Gregory V's death, Otto III installed his long-time tutor Gerbert of Aurillac as

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Otto's mental gifts were considerable, and were carefully cultivated by Bernward, later bishop of Hildesheim, and Gerbert of Aurillac, archbishop of Reims. He spoke three languages and was so learned that contemporaries called him

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Bohemia would be a major factor in the many battles along the Empire's eastern border. Boleslaus I helped Otto I crush an uprising of Slavs along the Lower Elbe in 953, and they joined forces again to defeat the Hungarians at the

2112:, which he had caught in the unhealthy marshes that surrounded Ravenna. Following his death, the Roman people suggested that Stefania, the widow of Crescentius II, had made Otto fall in love with her and then poisoned him. 555:. Otto II himself escaped the battle unharmed but many important imperial officials were among the battle's casualties. Following the defeat and at the insistence of the Empire's nobles, Otto II called an assembly of the 785:, refused to abandon Otto III. Fearing outright civil war, Henry II relinquished Otto III to the joint-regency of his mother and grandmother on 29 June 985. In return for his submission, Henry II was restored as the 1567:

of this name, who had allegedly created the "Christian Empire" together with Emperor Constantine the Great. This was part of Otto III's campaign to further link himself with both the Roman Empire and the Church.

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on the Empire's eastern border made the Empire's political situation extremely unstable. With a minor on the throne, the Empire was thrown into confusion and Otto III's mother Theophanu assumed the role of

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The Emperor's body was carried back to Germany by his soldiers, as his route was lined with Italians who hurled abuses at his remains. He was buried in Aachen Cathedral alongside the body of Charlemagne.

754:, ahead of him in order to attempt a peace negotiation between him and the conspirators. The negotiations failed when the conspirators refused to swear allegiance to anyone other than Otto III, with 2092:

After summoning his army in late 1001, Otto headed south to Rome to ensure his rule over the city. During the travel south, however, he suffered a sudden and severe fever. He died in a castle near

1677:("Duke of Poland"). Mieszko I is thus recognized as the founder of the independent Polish state and the first ruler of Poland, and his son, Boleslaus I, was the first to be crowned King of Poland. 420:

Returning to Rome in 1001, Otto faced a rebellion by the Roman aristocracy, which forced him to flee the city. While marching to reclaim the city in 1002, Otto suffered a sudden fever and died in

849:. Though Theophanu was regent, Willigis was given considerable leeway in administering the kingdom. One of the Empress's greatest achievements was her success in maintaining German supremacy over 1275:, Otto III nominated his cousin and court chaplain Bruno, who was then only twenty-three years old, and sent him to Rome with Archbishop Willigis to secure the city. In early May 996, Bruno was 974:. Although she never became a nun, she spent the rest of her days there in the service of the Church and in acts of charity. As Otto III was still unmarried, from 995 until 997 his older sister 435:

towards Germany. Modern historians generally see him in a positive light, but several facets of the emperor remain enigmatic and debates on the true intentions behind his Imperial Renovation (

1168:) and became the effective ruler of Rome, although he did not act entirely independently of central authority, presenting himself as a lieutenant of the king. When Boniface VII died in 985, 1358:

issued by Otto I, the Emperor could only veto papal candidates. Otto III, however, had nominated and successfully installed his own candidate. The Emperor also refused to acknowledge the

354:, which had been left unclaimed since the death of Otto II in 983. Otto III also sought to reestablish Imperial control over the city of Rome, which had revolted under the leadership of 1448:

Putting down the Slavic forces in eastern Saxony, Otto III began his second expedition into Italy in December 997. Accompanied by his sister Sophia into Italy, Otto III named his aunt

2045:. The rebellious citizens besieged the Emperor in his palace on the Palatine Hill and drove him from the city. Accompanied by Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim and the German chronicler 688:-style joint-kingship. Towards the end of 984, Henry II sought to form alliances between himself and other important figures in the Ottonian world, chief among them his cousin King 1302:. The Roman nobles who had rebelled against Pope John XV were summoned before the synod to give an account of their actions. A number of the rebels, including Crescentius II, were 1377:. These actions resulted in increased tensions between the Roman nobility and the Church, who had traditionally reserved the right to name the pope from among their own members. 1899:

by the Prussians for his efforts in 997. Bolesław I, who had bought Adalbert's body from the Old Prussians for its weight in gold, had Adalbert laid to rest in the cathedral at

1388:) until April 997. His specific activities during this time are not known. In summer 997, Otto III campaigned against the Elbe Slavs in order to secure Saxony's eastern border. 393:. Otto III fought to regain the Empire's lost territories throughout his reign with only limited success. While in the east, Otto III strengthened the Empire's relations with 1692:

in 966, bringing Poland closer to the Christian states of Bohemia and the Empire. Dobrawa died in 977, and Mieszko I then strengthened his alliance with the Empire by marrying

758:, maintaining allegiance to the child king. In response to his failure to gain control over Saxony, Henry II promised to hold future peace negotiations and then headed for the 2096:

on 24 January 1002. He was 21 years old and had reigned as an independent ruler for just under six years, having nominally reigned for nearly nineteen. The Byzantine princess

2229: 431: 1815:, daughter of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, sister of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, as well as a distant niece of Otto III. Stephen had to face the rebellion of his relative, 631:, served as Otto III's regent from 983 to 984. Following a failed rebellion to claim the throne from himself, Henry II was forced to pass the regency to Otto III's mother 998:

princess following the example of his father, Otto II, who solidified his claim to the throne by marrying the Byzantine Theophanu. For a while the discussions were about

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in September 994, Otto III was granted the ability to fully govern the kingdom without the need of a regent. With this, Adelaide retired to a nunnery she had founded at

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Mieszko I's son Bolesław I succeeded him as Duke in 992, and Poland continued its alliance with the Empire. Polish forces joined the Empire's campaigns to put down the

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Otto III's pilgrimage allowed the Emperor to extend the influence of Christianity in Eastern Europe and to strengthen relations with Poland and Hungary by naming them

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in Saxony to conspire against him. When he became aware of this conspiracy, he moved his army towards Quedlinburg in hopes of crushing his opposition. Henry II sent

1139:, joined forces with Byzantine nobles in southern Italy and marched on Rome in April 984 in order to claim the papal throne for himself. With the aid of the sons of 1970: 370:

as Pope. Otto III returned to the city in 998, reinstalled Gregory V, and executed both Crescentius II and John XVI. When Gregory V died in 999, Otto III installed

1623: 1463:, and was then besieged by Otto III's imperial army. Towards the end of April, the stronghold was breached, and Crescentius II was taken prisoner and executed by 3761: 3470: 2252: 470: 916:

parties by providing that both bishops would anoint Sophia, while anointing the remaining nuns of the abbey would be left to the Bishop of Hildesheim alone.

3139: 3314: 366:, the first Pope of German descent. After the Emperor had pardoned him and left the city, Crescentius II again rebelled, deposing Gregory V and installing 1201:

After taking the crown in 994, Otto III faced first a Slavic rebellion, which he put down, and then an attempt by Crescentius II to seize power in Italy.

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for their crimes. Pope Gregory V, however, wished to inaugurate his papal reign with acts of mercy and pleaded for clemency from the Emperor, who issued

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tribes had remained quiet during the early years of Otto III's reign, even during Henry II's failed rebellion. In 983, following Otto II's defeat at the

5124: 5119: 1957:, a brother of Saint Adalbert, as its first archbishop. Otto III also established three new subordinate dioceses under the Archbishop of Gniezno: the 928: 1962: 1268:. While Otto III was in Pavia, Crescentius II, fearing the king's march on Rome, reconciled with Otto III and agreed to accept his nominee as pope. 625: 1583:

from it and transporting them to Rome. Otto III also carried back parts of the body of Bishop Adalbert of Prague, which he placed in the church of

700:, but at the last minute, Henry's resolve weakened. Nevertheless, Lothair continued to campaign into German lands and succeeded in overrunning the 1190: 1108: 1958: 1789: 525:, Otto III was the youngest of the couple's four children. Immediately prior to Otto III's birth, his father had completed military campaigns in 958:

As Otto III grew in age, the authority of his grandmother gradually waned until 994 when Otto III reached the age of 14. At an assembly of the

751: 5144: 5104: 2972: 2941: 2142:, representing the Bavarian-Liudolfing line) asked the bishops and nobles to elect him as the new king of Germany. With the exception of the 1950: 1131:

During that turmoil, the Roman aristocracy saw an opportunity to remove the non-Roman John XIV and install a pope from among themselves. The

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In 989 Theophanu and Otto III made a royal expedition to Italy to visit the grave of Otto II in Rome. After crossing the Alps and reaching

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As regent, Henry II took actions aimed less at guardianship of his infant cousin and more at claiming the throne for himself. According to

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but under the overlordship of the Holy Roman Empire. Previously, Otto III had revoked the Pope's rights as secular ruler by denying the

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Rome between 989 and 991, Crescentius II nominally subordinated himself to her, though he maintained his position as ruler of the city.

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Adalbert, making him the first Slavic bishop to become a saint. In December 999, Otto III left Italy to make a pilgrimage from Rome to

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for 985. He then campaigned openly for his claim to the German throne, with limited success. Among those who supported his claims were

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Mieszko I remained a powerful ally of Otto I for the remainder of his life. Although he was a pagan, in 965 he married the Christian

732: 602:. News of Otto II's death first reached Germany shortly after his son's coronation. The unresolved problems in southern Italy and the 1647: 648: 5072: 4124: 4104: 4084: 3754: 3670: 3650: 3630: 3463: 3266: 3221: 3175: 2964: 2933: 1155:. Four months later, on 20 August 984, John XIV died in his prison, either starved or poisoned, probably on the orders of Boniface. 959: 492: 1792:

in 972, who sent envoys to Otto I in 973. Géza was baptised in 972, and Christianity spread among the Hungarians during his reign.

5134: 5032: 4129: 4119: 4089: 3976: 3665: 3635: 3605: 2209: 1488:, Otto III and Pope Gregory V began the process of reviving the Diocese. Otto I had established the Diocese in 968 following his 1283:, the first pope of German nationality. Despite submitting to Otto III, Crescentius shut himself in his family's stronghold, the 762:. With his long-standing familial ties in the region, many bishops and counts recognized him as the rightful heir to the throne. 2454:

Otto III never married and never fathered any children due to his early death. At the time of his death, the Byzantine princess

5159: 4992: 4643: 4320: 4149: 4099: 3941: 3690: 3645: 3585: 3181: 975: 912: 5056: 4563: 4207: 4169: 4164: 4144: 4045: 3710: 3705: 3685: 3620: 3133: 2420: 1778: 1658:, who lived along the Elbe River. This brought the Polans into Germany's sphere of influence and into conflict with Otto I's 1456:, one of his countrymen, Otto III spared John XVI's life and sent him to a monastery in Germany, where he would die in 1001. 1449: 1434: 674: 595: 474: 4222: 2021:

The Emperor spent the remainder of 1000 in Italy without any notable activities. In 1001, the people of the Italian city of

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had decades earlier. The Emperor quickly demonstrated his intention to withdraw Imperial support for the privileges of the

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Longhena, Mario; Levi Spinazzola, Alda; Pettorelli, Arturo; Parigi, Luigi; De Marinis, Tammaro; Carotti, Natale (1935).

2349: 2135: 2057: 2042: 1237:. He then pledged to support Otto Orseolo as the next Doge of Venice, leading to a period of good relations between the 728: 99: 1984:

Bolesław I subsequently accompanied Otto III on his way back to Germany. Both proceeded to the grave of Charlemagne at

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to those he convicted. In particular, while Crescentius II was pardoned by Otto III, he was deprived of his title of

4263: 4179: 4062: 4051: 2125: 1966: 1345: 1261: 950:, became regent, together with Archbishop Willigis of Mainz, until he became old enough to rule on his own in 994. 826: 790: 763: 3120: 2220:'s Vita Bernwardi saying he preferred Romans to his German subjects though the speech's authenticity is disputed. 5139: 4291: 4272: 4253: 4020: 2413: 2376: 2163: 1555: 1408:

family, was besieged by Otto III in 998. Otto III's soldiers breached the stronghold and executed the rebellious

1062: 821:, from 984 until her death in 991, was largely spared internal revolt. She struggled throughout to reinstate the 755: 640: 628: 336: 184: 31: 4231: 4057: 2069: 1508: 1160: 782: 3232: 2072:

in order to convert Hungary to Christianity. The Emperor also strengthened relations with the Venetian Doge,

1918:("allies"). On the pilgrimage to Gniezno, the Emperor was received by Bolesław I at the Polish border on the 1707:

Following the death of Otto I in 973, Mieszko I sided with Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, against Otto II during

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at the age of 21. With no clear heir to succeed him, his early death threw the Empire into political crisis.

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Prior to his sudden death in December 983, Otto II had installed Pietro Canepanova as pope. Calling himself

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Because Otto III was still a child (only eleven when his mother died), his grandmother, the Dowager Empress

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With his successes and failures in Saxony and Bavaria, Henry II's claims depended on gaining support in the

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on her way to marry him. Otto III's death has been attributed to various causes. Medieval sources speak of

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Through the election of Gregory V, Otto III exercised greater control over the Church than his grandfather

1152: 1069:. Although the Lutici were subdued for a time in 987, they continued to occupy the young king's attention. 766:, who had been installed as Duke by Otto II, refused to recognize Henry II and remained loyal to Otto III. 57: 4831: 4212: 3981: 1997: 1903:, which eventually became the ecclesiastical center of Poland. Otto III and Bolesław I worked together to 1685: 1485: 1370: 882: 834: 514: 2130:

Otto III, having never married, died without issue, leaving the Empire without a clear successor. As the

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to its position of prominence. He revived the city's ancient governmental system, including appointing a

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History of the Western Empire, from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V, Vol. I

3008: 2903: 2235: 2139: 1860: 1827: 1697: 1519:. In order to strengthen his title to the Roman Empire and to announce his position as the protector of 1481: 1366: 1140: 1132: 656: 599: 2455: 1401: 1284: 1185: 999: 886: 374:

as the new pope. Otto III's actions throughout his life further strengthened imperial control over the

5114: 5008: 4875: 4244: 4198: 4079: 4009: 3986: 3956: 3590: 3185: 2065: 1808: 1374: 1257: 1113: 904: 895: 870: 822: 692:. In exchange for Lothar's agreement to make Henry II king of Germany, Henry II agreed to relinquish 414: 2897: 2041:

In the weeks after Otto's actions at Tibur, the Roman people rebelled against their Emperor, led by

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In 996, Duke Bolesław I of Poland sent the longtime Bishop of Prague, Adalbert, to Christianize the

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Monument of the meeting of Emperor Otto III with the Polish ruler Bolesław the Brave in Ilva (now

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in order to Christianize the Polabian Slavs but it had been effectively destroyed in 983 with the

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In the fall of 995, after Otto III reached his majority, he again took to the field against the

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to Lothar. The two agreed to join their armies on 1 February 985, in order to take the city of

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still remained under the rule of local tribal leaders. In 997, Géza died and was succeeded by

1716: 1696:, the daughter of the Saxon Margrave Dietrich of Haldensleben in 978, and by marrying his son 1689: 1592: 1560: 1551: 1493: 1422: 1329:

and perhaps by his Byzantine mother, Otto III dreamed of restoring the glory and power of the

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from Pope Sylvester II. With Otto III's approval, Stephen was crowned as the first Christian

1823:. Stephen defeated Koppány using some Western tactics and a small number of Swabian knights. 4817: 4736: 4712: 4068: 3966: 3846: 3792: 3525: 3510: 3331: 2459: 2447: 2441: 2368: 2301: 2286: 2246:, of eight books dealing with the period between 908 and 1018. For the earlier part he used 2184: 2151: 2101: 1985: 1939: 1804: 1732: 1728: 1636: 1564: 1338: 1334: 1276: 1148: 1136: 995: 990:

his death. In the summer of 995, Otto sent the Archbishop of Piacenza, John Philagathos, to

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Otto III was crowned as king on Christmas Day 983, three weeks after his father's death, by

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to Pietro II's son, Otto Orseolo, and in 1001 he arranged for Pietro II's daughter to be

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Crescentius II retreated again to the Tomb of Hadrian, the traditional stronghold of the

405:. Through his affairs in Eastern Europe in 1000, he was able to extend the influence of 1811:(originally called Vajk). Stephen was baptized by Bishop Adalbert of Prague and married 651:. Following Otto II's death, Henry was released from prison. As Otto III's nearest male 362:. Crowned as emperor, Otto III put down the Roman rebellion and installed his cousin as 4912: 4704: 3951: 3882: 3858: 3545: 2792: 2403: 2313: 2177: 1655: 1409: 1396: 1280: 1194: 1144: 1054: 1038: 1015: 991: 846: 548: 363: 355: 320: 4312: 1380:

After his coronation, Otto III returned to Germany in December 996, staying along the

931:. After a year in Italy, the royal court returned to Germany, where Theophanu died in 5098: 4853: 4343: 4282: 3425: 3305: 3300: 2266: 2188: 2097: 1892: 1835: 1639: 1500: 1417:

newly installed Pope Gregory V. In 997, with the active support of Byzantine Emperor

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granted Henry II the regency without substantial opposition. Only Otto III's mother

3827: 3778: 2027: 1904: 1753: 1588: 1524: 1504: 1464: 1330: 1326: 1227: 1211: 1169: 773:, which was a direct possession of the German kings. The Franconian nobles, led by 406: 331:. Though the nominal ruler of Germany, Otto III's minor status ensured his various 241: 4371: 1571:

Like his grandfather before him, Otto III strongly aspired to be the successor of

1072:

In September 991, when Otto III was eleven, Slavonic raiders captured the city of

3256: 1788:, who adopted the policy of isolation from the West. He was succeeded by his son 1484:

in November 996, who had been one of the masterminds behind the abolition of the

4790: 4696: 3992: 3490: 2984: 2896: 1923: 1852: 1572: 1535: 1520: 1468: 1381: 1204:

When Otto III turned his attention to Italy, he not only intended to be crowned

1073: 907:

claimed authority over the abbey, including the authority to anoint the abbey's

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The new supreme pontiff crowned Otto III as emperor on 21 May 996, in Rome at

1065:, who provided the Imperial army with military assistance and gave Otto III a 1035: 986: 17: 3318:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 374–375. 567:, 983, where he proposed to the assembly to have the three-year-old Otto III 4870: 4720: 4619: 4579: 4555: 4539: 4404: 4396: 3500: 2170: 2134:

moved through the Duchy of Bavaria in February 1002, Otto III's cousin duke

2077: 1974: 1926:. Between 7 and 15 March 1000, Otto III invested Bolesław I with the titles 1773:

Otto I's defeat of the Hungarians at Lechfeld in 955 ended the decades-long

1643: 1628: 1543: 1516: 1082: 874: 818: 810: 716: 663: 632: 564: 522: 309: 285: 190: 2013: 1429:, in April 997. Gregory fled to Pavia in northern Italy, held a synod, and 1010: 711:. There, Henry II invited all the great nobles of the kingdom to celebrate 647:

by Otto II in 976 following his failed rebellion and imprisoned within the

3128:. Published by The Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 124–125. 2052:

Emperor Otto, accompanied by Pope Sylvester II, traveled to Ravenna to do

1563:. The use of this papal name was not without cause: it recalled the first 1531:", "Consul of the Senate and People of Rome," and "Emperor of the World". 385:

along the eastern frontier. Following the death of his father in 983, the

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Cultural depictions of Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor § Historiography

2217: 2174: 2147: 2081: 2046: 1978: 1896: 1663: 1438: 1426: 1418: 1362:, which Otto III declared a forgery. Under a decree supposedly issued by 1349: 1215: 1097: 963: 932: 830: 774: 697: 587: 510: 1871: 1731:

came into significant contact with one another in 929, when German King

1158:

With Otto's regency seated in Germany, Crescentius II took the title of

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and to summon his army. While in Ravenna, he received ambassadors from

2053: 1919: 1908: 1900: 1864: 1681: 1547: 1539: 1325:, Otto III set out to reorganize the Empire. Influenced by the ruin of 1307: 1272: 981:

One of Otto III's first actions as an independent ruler was to appoint

940: 878: 850: 477: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 425: 421: 260: 237: 3739: 3448: 1264:. The king failed, however, to reach Rome before Pope John XV died of 1081:

successfully re-conquer Brandenburg in 993, and in 995 he subdued the

805: 536:

On 14 July 982, Otto II's army suffered a crushing defeat against the

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On the same foreign visit, Otto III raised Gniezno to the rank of an

1934:("Friend and ally of Rome"). Otto III gave Bolesław a replica of his 1856: 1819:, who claimed Géza's inheritance based on the Hungarian tradition of 1796: 1701: 1612: 1576: 1385: 1253: 1223: 1219: 1089: 1077: 1031: 971: 861: 701: 608: 560: 556: 537: 506: 359: 332: 3023: 3021: 381:

From the beginning of his reign, Otto III faced opposition from the

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

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as his representative to arrange a marriage between himself and a

920: 804: 623: 382: 1317:

Following the synod, Otto III appointed Gerbert of Aurillac, the

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When Otto III traveled to Poland in 1000, he brought with him a

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Henry's bid failed, and Boleslaus II swore loyalty to Otto III.

1666: 1651: 1214:, who had been forced to flee Rome. Otto set out for Italy from 1050: 967: 580: 390: 319:

in 983 at the age of three, shortly after his father's death in

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relative, Henry II claimed the regency over his infant cousin.

1719:, led by the Polabian Lutici tribes during the 980s and 990s. 1314:

but was permitted to live out his life in retirement at Rome.

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The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. III: c. 900–c. 1024

1499:

Otto III arranged for his imperial palace to be built on the

1100:

on the Elbe, which they managed to retake for a short while.

1049:, forcing the Empire to abandon its territories east of the 389:, forcing the Empire to abandon its territories east of the 1673:("Friend of the Emperor") and acknowledged his position as 1515:, and a body of judges whom he commanded to recognize only 1096:. Then in 997 he had to deal with a new Lutician attack on 3258:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, c.900–c.1024

2017:

Italy around 1000, shortly before Otto III's death in 1002

1752:, subordinated to the archbishopric of Mainz, in order to 923:

in northern Italy, the Empress had her longtime confidant

911:. The conflict began in 989 when Otto III's older sister 346:

In 996, Otto III marched to Italy to claim the titles of

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Géza expanded his rule over the territories west of the

935:

on 15 June 991, at the age of 31. She was buried in the

505:

Otto III was born in June or July 980 somewhere between

2746: 2744: 1523:, Otto III took for himself the titles "the Servant of 3261:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 891. 1784:

was deposed following the defeat and was succeeded by

903:

and its estates. Both the Archbishop of Mainz and the

813:

served as his regent from 984 until her death in 991.

1151:— Boniface VII was able to imprison John XIV in the 4895: 4780: 4687: 4456: 4379: 4351: 4281: 4262: 4243: 4221: 4197: 4178: 3867: 3826: 3777: 2674: 2672: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2561:Wickham, C. (2011). Rethinking Otto III -- or Not. 2382: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2324: 2312: 2300: 2293: 2279: 1321:, to be his tutor. Counseled by Gerbert and Bishop 1076:. In 992 this invasion, as well as an incursion of 551:with hopes of annexing the whole of Italy into the 281: 271: 259: 247: 227: 210: 206: 177: 169: 161: 153: 145: 138: 128: 120: 112: 105: 95: 85: 77: 70: 41: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2476: 2474: 1298:at St. Peter's on 25 May to serve as the Empire's 857:, was forced to accept the authority of Otto III. 825:, which her husband Otto II had absorbed into the 300:from 996 until his death in 1002. A member of the 2881: 2879: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2169:Without an Emperor on the throne, Italy began to 707:Henry II took the young Otto III and traveled to 2545: 2543: 2490: 2488: 2486: 1992:. Both arranged the betrothal of Bolesław's son 1990:Bolesław received Charlemagne's throne as a gift 2957:Deutsche und Polen: Geschichte, Kultur, Politik 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2026:the city upon Pope Sylvester II as part of the 30:"Otto III" redirects here. For other uses, see 2173:from German control. On 15 February 1002, the 4328: 3755: 3464: 2421: 860:In 986 the five-year-old Otto III celebrated 8: 3241:. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. 2985:"Otto III | Holy Roman emperor | Britannica" 2625:(University of Michigan Press, 1967), p. 110 1942:) and Bolesław presented the Emperor with a 1911:in Poland to pray at the grave of Adalbert. 1575:. In 1000, he visited Charlemagne's tomb in 1534:Between 998 and 1000, Otto III made several 1445:and granted it to the bishop in perpetuity. 1193:. Otto III was crowned as emperor in 994 by 742:Those who opposed Henry II's claims fled to 3190:(new ed.). London: Macmillan & Co. 1135:, who had spent nine years in exile in the 1047:the Slavs revolted against Imperial control 1022:were abandoned by the Empire following the 4335: 4321: 4313: 3762: 3748: 3740: 3471: 3457: 3449: 3322: 3248:Gregorius V, 996–999: A Biographical Study 3205:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 2870: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2822: 2428: 2414: 1930:("Brother and Partner of the Empire") and 1496:following the death of Otto II that year. 978:accompanied him and acted as his consort. 829:in 981. Theophanu also retained Otto II's 666:objected, along with his grandmother, the 296:(June/July 980 – 23 January 1002) was the 56: 38: 2951: 2949: 1591:in Rome. Otto III also added the skin of 1441:in July. Otto detached the city from the 1112:12C stained glass depiction of Otto III, 493:Learn how and when to remove this message 2750: 2012: 1946:, an arm of Saint Adalbert in exchange. 1467:. His body was put on public display at 1009: 417:as the first Christian king of Hungary. 2470: 2462:, was traveling to Italy to marry him. 1245:after years of conflict under Otto II. 1191:Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire 387:Slavs rebelled against imperial control 335:held power over the Empire. His cousin 3094: 3079: 3067: 2276: 2261:Merseburg and to the wars against the 1748:in 955. In 973 Otto I established the 3106: 3040: 2780: 2723: 2208:or "the wonder of the world" (later, 1480:Additionally, after the death of the 1092:, this time aided by the Polish Duke 892:During the regency of Theophanu, the 837:and Archbishop Willigis, who, as the 7: 3209:Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). 2907:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2557: 2555: 2064:of Poland and approved the plans of 1546:, where he met with the hermit monk 1538:. In 999, he made a pilgrimage from 569:elected as king of Germany and Italy 475:adding citations to reliable sources 3286:, Cambridge University Press, 2000. 3203:Death and Life in the Tenth Century 3145:from the original on 9 October 2022 2623:Death and Life in the Tenth Century 1503:and planned to restore the ancient 1294:. The Emperor and Pope then held a 304:, Otto III was the only son of the 27:Holy Roman Emperor from 996 to 1002 2373:Family tree of the German monarchs 1433:John. The new bishop of Piacenza, 547:. Otto II had been campaigning in 25: 2955:Andreas Lawaty, Hubert Orłowski, 2898:"St. Adalbert (of Bohemia)" 2895:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 2657:Duckett, pg. 111; Reuter, pg. 258 2100:, second daughter of the Emperor 899:broke out, concerning control of 727:. Henry II was also supported by 411:supporting mission work in Poland 149:25 December 983 – 23 January 1002 5125:11th-century Holy Roman Emperors 5120:10th-century Holy Roman Emperors 4370: 3724: 3723: 3292: 2926:Otto III. Und der Akt von Gnesen 1961:(assigned to Bishop Poppo), the 1333:, with himself at the head of a 733:Archbishop Gisilher of Magdeburg 451: 3213:("Rulers of the Árpád dynasty") 1803:, but significant parts of the 1735:had invaded the Duchy to force 1210:but also to come to the aid of 571:, becoming Otto II's undoubted 462:needs additional citations for 3250:. Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann. 2212:would often be referred to as 1932:populi Romani amicus et socius 1450:Matilda, Abbess of Quedlinburg 1352:laid out by Otto I. Under the 1287:, out of fear of retribution. 343:, served as regent until 994. 323:while campaigning against the 116:12 April 996 – 23 January 1002 1: 3327:Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor 3027:Norwich, John Julius (1993), 2458:, second daughter of Emperor 2446:Otto III was a member of the 1775:Hungarian invasions of Europe 1437:, came north to meet Otto at 1256:, 996, Otto III was declared 855:Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia 675:Abbess Matilda of Quedlinburg 432:Otto was a charismatic figure 5145:People from Kleve (district) 5105:Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor 2369:Ottonian dynasty family tree 2160:Margrave Eckard I of Meissen 1928:frater et cooperator Imperii 1686:Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia 1654:in an effort to conquer the 1595:to the relics housed there. 1392:Second expedition into Italy 775:Archbishop Willigis of Mainz 725:Duke Boleslaus II of Bohemia 413:and through the crowning of 81:21 May 996 – 23 January 1002 5155:People of Byzantine descent 5130:10th-century kings of Italy 2076:. Since 996, Otto had been 2043:Count Gregory I of Tusculum 1490:victory over the Hungarians 1181:First expedition into Italy 437:renovatio imperii Romanorum 276:Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor 5181: 4264:North German Confederation 4180:Confederation of the Rhine 3170:. Penn State Press, 2002. 2439: 2227: 2126:1002 German royal election 2123: 2104:, had just disembarked in 1845: 1700:to a daughter of Margrave 1262:Iron Crown of the Lombards 1018:(outlined in red) and the 764:Henry III, Duke of Bavaria 729:Archbishop Egbert of Trier 29: 5150:10th-century Saxon people 4368: 3719: 3486: 3432: 3423: 3412: 3399: 3384: 3365: 3357: 3352: 3325: 3201:Duckett, Eleanor (1968). 2621:Eleanor Shipley Duckett, 2409: 2399: 2389: 2377:Category:Ottonian dynasty 2367: 2284: 2156:Count Ezzo of Lotharingia 2058:Sant'Apollinare in Classe 1996:with the Emperor's niece 1690:converted to Christianity 1599:Affairs in Eastern Europe 847:Archchancellor of Germany 756:Bernard I, Duke of Saxony 629:Henry II, Duke of Bavaria 337:Henry II, Duke of Bavaria 55: 46: 32:Otto III (disambiguation) 4783:(title disputed 887–933) 4232:Archduke John of Austria 3255:Reuter, Timothy (1995). 2258:Annales Quedlinburgenses 2164:Duke Herman II of Swabia 2070:Archdiocese of Esztergom 1585:San Bartolomeo all'Isola 1063:Duke Mieszko I of Poland 827:Archdiocese of Magdeburg 783:Conrad I, Duke of Swabia 721:Duke Mieszko I of Poland 315:Otto III was crowned as 5135:Medieval child monarchs 3315:Encyclopædia Britannica 3246:Moehs, Teta E. (1972). 3211:Az Árpád-ház uralkodói 2066:King Stephen of Hungary 2032:Donation of Constantine 1879:was given a replica of 1527:," "the Servant of the 1454:Saint Nilus the Younger 1369:, the Pope was granted 1360:Donation of Constantine 1166:Patrician of the Romans 937:Church of St. Pantaleon 216:Klever Reichswald near 5160:Medieval Roman consuls 3216:. I.P.C. KÖNYVEK Kft. 3119:Althoff, Gerd (2003). 2871:Kristó & Makk 1996 2859:Kristó & Makk 1996 2847:Kristó & Makk 1996 2835:Kristó & Makk 1996 2823:Kristó & Makk 1996 2280:German royal dynasties 2234:Between 1012 and 1018 2018: 1998:Richeza of Lotharingia 1971:Bishopric of Kołobrzeg 1888: 1883:in 1000 following the 1868: 1779:Hungarian Grand Prince 1632: 1620: 1486:bishopric of Merseburg 1413: 1300:highest judicial court 1198: 1116: 1027: 929:Archbishop of Piacenza 883:Bernward of Hildesheim 835:Bernward of Hildesheim 833:, in particular Count 814: 636: 515:North Rhine-Westphalia 3282:Reuter, Timothy, ed. 3238:Enciclopedia Italiana 3187:The Holy Roman Empire 3029:Byzantium: The Apogee 3009:Thietmar of Merseburg 2904:Catholic Encyclopedia 2523:Duckett, pgs. 107-108 2236:Thietmar of Merseburg 2224:Accounts of his reign 2183:, an opponent of the 2140:Henry the Quarrelsome 2124:Further information: 2016: 1874: 1855: 1709:Henry's failed revolt 1698:Bolesłaus I of Poland 1626: 1611: 1482:Bishop of Halberstadt 1399: 1367:Constantine the Great 1260:and crowned with the 1188: 1141:Crescentius the Elder 1133:Antipope Boniface VII 1111: 1013: 1006:War against the Slavs 808: 684:, Henry II adopted a 657:Archbishop of Cologne 627: 600:Archbishop of Ravenna 358:, and through it the 49:Emperor of the Romans 4993:Lothair III (or II) 4346:between 476 and 1556 4245:German Confederation 4199:German Confederation 2795:, 164. Howorth, 226. 2736:Longhena et al. 1935 2253:Res gestae Saxonicae 2056:in the monastery of 2034:and by amending the 1963:Bishopric of Wrocław 1877:Bolesław I of Poland 1863:and Otto's route to 1859:during the reign of 1615:during the reign of 1587:he had built on the 1404:, stronghold of the 1292:St. Peter's Basilica 1114:Strasbourg Cathedral 1094:Bolesław I the Brave 905:Bishop of Hildesheim 896:Gandersheim Conflict 823:Diocese of Merseburg 801:Regency of Theophanu 649:Bishopric of Utrecht 643:had been deposed as 577:St. Peter's Basilica 471:improve this article 439:) program continue. 5165:Deaths from malaria 3784:Carolingian dynasty 3771:Monarchs of Germany 3480:Holy Roman emperors 2136:Henry IV of Bavaria 1959:Bishopric of Kraków 1885:Congress of Gniezno 1848:Congress of Gniezno 1842:Congress of Gniezno 1769:Hungarian relations 1750:bishopric of Prague 1631:in Poland) in 1000. 1319:Archbishop of Reims 1161:Patricius Romanorum 983:Heribert of Cologne 839:Archbishop of Mainz 793:who became the new 682:Gerbert of Aurillac 620:Regency of Henry II 611:for her young son. 592:Archbishop of Mainz 185:Henry II of Bavaria 64:Gospels of Otto III 3869:Kingdom of Germany 3833:Kingdom of Germany 3437:Title next held by 3415:Holy Roman Emperor 3404:Title last held by 3389:Title next held by 3082:, p. 260–261. 2989:www.britannica.com 2825:, pp. 25, 28. 2456:Zoë Porphyrogenita 2144:Bishop of Augsburg 2132:funeral procession 2036:Diploma Ottonianum 2019: 1994:Mieszko II Lambert 1889: 1869: 1861:Bolesław the Brave 1746:battle of Lechfeld 1723:Bohemian relations 1671:amicus imperatoris 1660:Kingdom of Germany 1633: 1621: 1443:county of Piacenza 1414: 1355:Diploma Ottonianum 1323:Adalbert of Prague 1243:Republic of Venice 1199: 1117: 1028: 1000:Zoe Porphyrogenita 887:Gerbert d'Aurillac 815: 809:Otto III's mother 779:Primate of Germany 771:Duchy of Franconia 737:Dietrich I of Metz 639:Otto III's cousin 637: 517:. The only son of 352:Holy Roman Emperor 298:Holy Roman Emperor 222:Kingdom of Germany 72:Holy Roman Emperor 62:Otto III from the 5092: 5091: 4903:Holy Roman Empire 4310: 4309: 4236: 4235:(Imperial Regent) 3874:Holy Roman Empire 3803:Louis the Younger 3737: 3736: 3447: 3446: 2973:978-3-406-49436-9 2942:978-3-638-85343-9 2928:, 2007, pp.9-10, 2726:, pp. 57–58. 2438: 2437: 2394:Conradine dynasty 2355:1002 – 1024 2178:Margrave of Ivrea 2120:Succession crisis 2094:Civita Castellana 2074:Pietro II Orseolo 2068:to establish the 1821:agnatic seniority 1737:Duke Wenceslaus I 1717:Great Slav Rising 1646:had extended the 1593:Saint Bartholomew 1561:Pope Sylvester II 1552:Nilus the Younger 1494:Great Slav Rising 1371:secular authority 1239:Holy Roman Empire 1235:Pietro II Orseolo 1218:in March 996. In 1120:Roman instability 1024:Great Slav Rising 954:Independent reign 948:Adelaide of Italy 901:Gandersheim Abbey 795:Duke of Carinthia 752:Bishop of Utrecht 671:Adelaide of Italy 553:Holy Roman Empire 541:Emirate of Sicily 503: 502: 495: 341:Adelaide of Italy 329:Emirate of Sicily 291: 290: 16:(Redirected from 5172: 5140:Ottonian dynasty 5084: 5076: 5068: 5060: 5052: 5044: 5036: 5028: 5020: 5012: 5004: 4996: 4988: 4980: 4972: 4964: 4956: 4948: 4940: 4932: 4924: 4916: 4897:Kingdom of Italy 4887: 4879: 4865: 4857: 4849: 4835: 4821: 4813: 4799: 4772: 4764: 4756: 4748: 4740: 4732: 4724: 4716: 4708: 4700: 4679: 4671: 4663: 4655: 4647: 4639: 4631: 4623: 4615: 4607: 4599: 4591: 4583: 4575: 4567: 4559: 4551: 4543: 4535: 4527: 4519: 4511: 4503: 4495: 4487: 4477: 4469: 4448: 4440: 4432: 4424: 4416: 4408: 4400: 4392: 4374: 4362: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4314: 4234: 3793:Louis the German 3764: 3757: 3750: 3741: 3727: 3726: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3450: 3358:Preceded by 3348: 3341: 3323: 3319: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3251: 3242: 3227: 3191: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3144: 3127: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3025: 3016: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2981: 2975: 2953: 2944: 2924:Janine Boßmann, 2922: 2909: 2908: 2900: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2804:Duckett, pg. 101 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2754: 2748: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2714:Duckett, pg. 124 2712: 2706: 2703: 2688: 2687:Duckett, pg. 113 2685: 2679: 2678:Duckett, pg. 112 2676: 2667: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2639:Duckett, pg. 111 2637: 2626: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2593: 2592:Duckett, pg. 109 2590: 2579: 2576: 2570: 2559: 2550: 2547: 2538: 2537:Duckett, pg. 108 2535: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2514:Duckett, pg. 107 2512: 2495: 2492: 2481: 2480:Duckett, pg. 106 2478: 2460:Constantine VIII 2448:Ottonian dynasty 2442:Ottonian dynasty 2430: 2423: 2416: 2343:983 – 1002 2287:Ottonian dynasty 2277: 2185:Ottonian dynasty 2152:Elector of Mainz 2150:(Archbishop and 2102:Constantine VIII 1991: 1986:Aachen Cathedral 1940:Imperial Regalia 1805:Carpathian Basin 1729:Duchy of Bohemia 1727:Germany and the 1635:Around 960, the 1604:Polish relations 1339:Lago di Bientina 1335:theocratic state 1222:, he became the 1149:John Crescentius 1137:Byzantine Empire 1104:Reign as emperor 925:John Philagathos 760:Duchy of Bavaria 690:Lothar of France 673:, and his aunt, 513:, in modern-day 498: 491: 487: 484: 478: 455: 447: 325:Byzantine Empire 302:Ottonian dynasty 253:Aachen Cathedral 234: 60: 39: 21: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5082: 5074: 5066: 5058: 5050: 5042: 5034: 5026: 5018: 5010: 5002: 4994: 4986: 4978: 4970: 4962: 4954: 4946: 4938: 4930: 4922: 4914: 4905: 4900: 4891: 4885: 4877: 4863: 4855: 4847: 4833: 4819: 4811: 4797: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4762: 4754: 4746: 4738: 4730: 4722: 4714: 4706: 4698: 4683: 4677: 4669: 4661: 4653: 4645: 4637: 4629: 4621: 4613: 4605: 4597: 4589: 4581: 4573: 4565: 4557: 4549: 4541: 4533: 4525: 4517: 4509: 4501: 4493: 4485: 4475: 4467: 4452: 4446: 4438: 4430: 4422: 4414: 4406: 4398: 4390: 4375: 4366: 4360: 4347: 4341: 4311: 4306: 4277: 4258: 4239: 4217: 4193: 4174: 4041:Frederick (III) 3872: 3863: 3831: 3822: 3818:Louis the Child 3808:Charles the Fat 3782: 3773: 3768: 3738: 3733: 3715: 3482: 3477: 3438: 3430:996–1002 3429: 3419:996–1002 3418: 3405: 3390: 3373: 3371: 3368:King of Germany 3363: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3308:, ed. (1911). " 3304: 3293: 3291: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3254: 3245: 3230: 3224: 3208: 3194:Comyn, Robert. 3180: 3166:Althoff, Gerd. 3163: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3125: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3026: 3019: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2954: 2947: 2923: 2912: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2757: 2749: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2705:Reuter, pg. 258 2704: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2616: 2612:Reuter, pg. 257 2611: 2596: 2591: 2582: 2578:Reuter, pg. 256 2577: 2573: 2560: 2553: 2548: 2541: 2536: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2498: 2493: 2484: 2479: 2472: 2468: 2444: 2434: 2385: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2331:973 – 983 2320: 2319:936 – 973 2308: 2307:919 – 936 2296: 2275: 2232: 2226: 2206:mirabilia mundi 2201: 2128: 2122: 2090: 2062:Duke Bolesław I 2011: 2006: 1989: 1979:Bishop Reinbern 1955:Radzim Gaudenty 1850: 1844: 1832:king of Hungary 1771: 1725: 1648:Duchy of Poland 1606: 1601: 1477: 1475:Reign from Rome 1402:Tomb of Hadrian 1394: 1384:(especially in 1285:Tomb of Hadrian 1183: 1153:Tomb of Hadrian 1122: 1106: 1043:battle of Stilo 1008: 956: 831:court chaplains 817:The regency of 803: 787:Duke of Bavaria 668:Dowager Empress 645:Duke of Bavaria 622: 617: 604:Slavic uprising 545:Battle of Stilo 519:Emperor Otto II 499: 488: 482: 479: 468: 456: 445: 376:Catholic Church 317:King of Germany 306:Emperor Otto II 255: 236: 232: 231:23 January 1002 215: 202: 140:King of Germany 133:Arduin of Ivrea 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5178: 5176: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5097: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5078: 5073:Frederick III 5070: 5062: 5054: 5046: 5038: 5030: 5022: 5014: 5006: 4998: 4990: 4982: 4974: 4966: 4958: 4950: 4942: 4934: 4926: 4918: 4909: 4907: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4881: 4867: 4859: 4851: 4837: 4823: 4815: 4801: 4786: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4766: 4758: 4750: 4742: 4734: 4726: 4718: 4710: 4702: 4693: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4673: 4665: 4657: 4649: 4641: 4633: 4625: 4617: 4609: 4601: 4593: 4585: 4577: 4569: 4561: 4553: 4545: 4537: 4529: 4521: 4513: 4505: 4497: 4489: 4479: 4471: 4462: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4442: 4434: 4426: 4418: 4410: 4402: 4394: 4385: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4344:Kings of Italy 4342: 4340: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4317: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4269: 4267: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4254:Franz Joseph I 4250: 4248: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4228: 4226: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4185: 4183: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3942:Lothair II/III 3939: 3934: 3929: 3922: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3789: 3787: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3767: 3766: 3759: 3752: 3744: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3468: 3461: 3453: 3445: 3444: 3436: 3431: 3421: 3420: 3411: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3388: 3383: 3372:983–1002 3364: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3353:Regnal titles 3350: 3349: 3329: 3326: 3321: 3320: 3306:Chisholm, Hugh 3289: 3288: 3287: 3267: 3252: 3243: 3228: 3222: 3206: 3199: 3192: 3178: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3134: 3111: 3109:, p. 207. 3099: 3097:, p. 261. 3084: 3072: 3070:, p. 260. 3045: 3043:, p. 147. 3033: 3017: 3001: 2976: 2959:, 2003, p.24, 2945: 2910: 2887: 2885:Comyn, pg. 126 2875: 2863: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2813:Comyn, pg. 117 2806: 2797: 2785: 2783:, p. 146. 2773: 2771:Comyn, pg. 125 2755: 2740: 2728: 2716: 2707: 2689: 2680: 2668: 2666:Comyn, pg. 124 2659: 2650: 2648:Comyn, pg. 123 2641: 2627: 2614: 2594: 2580: 2571: 2551: 2549:Comyn, pg. 122 2539: 2525: 2516: 2496: 2494:Comyn, pg. 121 2482: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2440:Main article: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2425: 2418: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2404:Salian dynasty 2397: 2396: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2271: 2228:Main article: 2225: 2222: 2200: 2197: 2187:, was elected 2121: 2118: 2089: 2086: 2010: 2009:Return to Rome 2007: 2005: 2002: 1953:and installed 1846:Main article: 1843: 1840: 1770: 1767: 1724: 1721: 1684:, daughter of 1656:Polabian Slavs 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1550:and the Abbot 1509:City Patrician 1476: 1473: 1431:excommunicated 1410:Crescentius II 1393: 1390: 1375:western Europe 1195:Pope Gregory V 1182: 1179: 1145:Crescentius II 1121: 1118: 1105: 1102: 1083:Obotrite Slavs 1055:Northern March 1034:federation of 1016:Northern March 1007: 1004: 992:Constantinople 955: 952: 802: 799: 704:by March 985. 621: 618: 616: 613: 549:Southern Italy 501: 500: 459: 457: 450: 444: 441: 422:Castle Paterno 364:Pope Gregory V 356:Crescentius II 321:Southern Italy 289: 288: 283: 279: 278: 273: 269: 268: 263: 257: 256: 251: 249: 245: 244: 235:(aged 21) 229: 225: 224: 212: 208: 207: 204: 203: 201: 200: 194: 188: 181: 179: 175: 174: 171: 167: 166: 163: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 68: 67: 61: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 18:Otto III (HRR) 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5177: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5085: 5079: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5055: 5053: 5047: 5045: 5039: 5037: 5033:Frederick II 5031: 5029: 5023: 5021: 5015: 5013: 5007: 5005: 4999: 4997: 4991: 4989: 4983: 4981: 4975: 4973: 4967: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4951: 4949: 4943: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4927: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4880: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4866: 4860: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4836: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4822: 4816: 4814: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4800: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4765: 4759: 4757: 4751: 4749: 4743: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4727: 4725: 4719: 4717: 4711: 4709: 4703: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4672: 4666: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4648: 4642: 4640: 4634: 4632: 4626: 4624: 4618: 4616: 4610: 4608: 4602: 4600: 4594: 4592: 4586: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4562: 4560: 4554: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4538: 4536: 4530: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4514: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4435: 4433: 4427: 4425: 4419: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4331: 4326: 4324: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4297:Frederick III 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283:German Empire 4280: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223:German Empire 4220: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4125:Ferdinand III 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4105:Maximilian II 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4085:Frederick III 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3753: 3751: 3746: 3745: 3742: 3730: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3671:Ferdinand III 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3651:Maximilian II 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3631:Frederick III 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3443: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3427: 3426:King of Italy 3422: 3417: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3402: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3370: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3332:House of Otto 3324: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3301:public domain 3290: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3270: 3268:9780521364478 3264: 3260: 3259: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3223:963-7930-97-3 3219: 3215: 3212: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3177: 3176:0-271-02232-9 3173: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3124: 3123: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3002: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2965:3-406-49436-6 2962: 2958: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2934:3-638-85343-8 2931: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2899: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2873:, p. 35. 2872: 2867: 2864: 2861:, p. 32. 2860: 2855: 2852: 2849:, p. 30. 2848: 2843: 2840: 2837:, p. 28. 2836: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2751:Chisholm 1911 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2563:History Today 2558: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2189:King of Italy 2186: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2015: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1977:(assigned to 1976: 1972: 1968: 1965:(assigned to 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1951:archbishopric 1947: 1945: 1941: 1938:(part of the 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893:Old Prussians 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1836:Christmas Day 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640:Piast dynasty 1638: 1630: 1625: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501:Palatine Hill 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423:Pope John XVI 1420: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1364:Roman Emperor 1361: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258:King of Italy 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1232:Venetian Doge 1230:, the son of 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1202: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1126:Pope John XIV 1119: 1115: 1110: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059:Billung March 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1025: 1021: 1020:Billung March 1017: 1012: 1005: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 984: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 960:Imperial Diet 953: 951: 949: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 927:appointed as 926: 922: 917: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 897: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 863: 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 812: 807: 800: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 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Retrieved 3257: 3247: 3236: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3195: 3186: 3182:Bryce, James 3167: 3161:Bibliography 3147:. Retrieved 3121: 3114: 3102: 3075: 3036: 3028: 3012: 3004: 2992:. Retrieved 2988: 2979: 2956: 2925: 2902: 2890: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2788: 2776: 2731: 2719: 2710: 2683: 2662: 2653: 2644: 2622: 2617: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2519: 2453: 2445: 2400: 2390: 2337: 2285: 2257: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2214:stupor mundi 2213: 2210:Frederick II 2205: 2202: 2168: 2129: 2114: 2091: 2051: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2028:Papal States 2020: 1983: 1948: 1931: 1927: 1915: 1913: 1890: 1825: 1794: 1772: 1763: 1759:Boleslaus II 1754:Christianize 1742: 1726: 1714: 1706: 1704:of Meissen. 1679: 1675:dux Poloniae 1674: 1670: 1634: 1589:Tiber Island 1570: 1533: 1525:Jesus Christ 1513:City Prefect 1505:Roman Senate 1498: 1478: 1465:decapitation 1458: 1447: 1415: 1379: 1353: 1343: 1341:in Tuscany. 1331:Roman Empire 1327:ancient Rome 1316: 1311: 1289: 1270: 1247: 1228:Otto Orseolo 1212:Pope John XV 1205: 1203: 1200: 1170:Pope John XV 1165: 1159: 1157: 1130: 1123: 1087: 1071: 1029: 980: 957: 945: 918: 893: 891: 859: 845:the secular 842: 816: 789:, replacing 768: 741: 706: 679: 638: 585: 535: 521:and Empress 504: 489: 480: 469:Please help 464:verification 461: 436: 430: 419: 407:Christianity 380: 372:Sylvester II 345: 314: 293: 292: 242:Papal States 233:(1002-01-23) 47: 36: 5115:1002 deaths 5083:(1530–1556) 5075:(1452–1493) 5067:(1431–1437) 5059:(1355–1378) 5057:Charles IV 5051:(1327–1347) 5043:(1311–1313) 5035:(1212–1250) 5027:(1209–1212) 5019:(1186–1197) 5011:(1154–1186) 5003:(1138–1152) 5001:Conrad III 4995:(1125–1137) 4987:(1106–1125) 4979:(1093–1101) 4971:(1056–1105) 4963:(1039–1056) 4955:(1026–1039) 4947:(1004–1024) 4939:(1002–1014) 4862:Lothair II 4796:Berengar I 4791:Unruochings 4737:Charles II 4676:Desiderius 4652:Hildeprand 4628:Aripert II 4483:Interregnum 4285:(1871–1918) 4266:(1867–1871) 4247:(1850–1866) 4225:(1848/1849) 4213:Ferdinand I 4201:(1815–1848) 4182:(1806–1813) 4150:Charles VII 4100:Ferdinand I 3982:Henry (VII) 3957:Frederick I 3691:Charles VII 3646:Ferdinand I 3591:Frederick I 3586:Lothair III 3516:Charles III 3491:Charlemagne 3095:Reuter 1995 3080:Reuter 1995 3068:Reuter 1995 2401:Followed by 2391:Preceded by 2004:Final years 1969:), and the 1650:beyond the 1579:, removing 1573:Charlemagne 1536:pilgrimages 1521:Christendom 1469:Monte Mario 1382:Lower Rhine 1277:consecrated 1074:Brandenburg 1036:West Slavic 871:chamberlain 744:Quedlinburg 713:Palm Sunday 694:Lotharingia 162:Predecessor 121:Predecessor 86:Predecessor 5110:980 births 5099:Categories 5081:Charles V 5065:Sigismund 5041:Henry VII 4977:Conrad II 4961:Henry III 4953:Conrad II 4931:(996–1002) 4906:(962–1556) 4721:Lothair I 4644:Liutprand 4620:Raginpert 4580:Perctarit 4556:Perctarit 4540:Aripert I 4405:Theodahad 4397:Athalaric 4389:Theodoric 4381:Ostrogoths 4302:William II 4189:Napoleon I 4170:Francis II 4165:Leopold II 4145:Charles VI 4058:Wenceslaus 4046:Charles IV 3952:Henry (VI) 3947:Conrad III 3876:(962–1806) 3871:within the 3781:during the 3711:Francis II 3706:Leopold II 3686:Charles VI 3656:Rudolph II 3621:Charles IV 3511:Charles II 3233:"Piacenza" 3135:0271022329 3107:Bryce 1904 3041:Bryce 1904 2781:Bryce 1904 2724:Moehs 1972 2466:References 2384:Succession 2295:Chronology 2171:break away 1967:Bishop Jan 1936:Holy Lance 1920:Bobr River 1881:Holy Lance 1688:. He then 1652:Oder River 1461:Crescentii 1406:Crescentii 1051:Elbe River 987:chancellor 843:ex officio 615:Child King 443:Early life 391:Elbe river 154:Coronation 5049:Louis IV 5017:Henry VI 4969:Henry IV 4945:Henry II 4937:Arduin I 4929:Otto III 4923:(980–983) 4915:(962–973) 4886:(950–963) 4884:Adalbert 4878:(950–963) 4871:Anscarids 4864:(945–950) 4856:(926–947) 4848:(900–905) 4846:Louis II 4834:(922–933) 4820:(891–897) 4812:(889–894) 4805:Guideschi 4798:(887–924) 4763:(896–899) 4755:(879–887) 4747:(877–879) 4745:Carloman 4739:(875–877) 4731:(855–875) 4723:(818–855) 4715:(810–818) 4707:(781–810) 4699:(774–814) 4678:(756–774) 4670:(749–756) 4662:(744–749) 4646:(712–744) 4636:Ansprand 4630:(702–712) 4614:(700–702) 4612:Liutpert 4606:(689–700) 4604:Cunipert 4590:(688–689) 4588:Cunipert 4582:(671–688) 4572:Garibald 4566:(662–671) 4564:Grimoald 4558:(661–662) 4550:(661–662) 4548:Godepert 4542:(653–661) 4534:(652–653) 4526:(636-652) 4518:(626–636) 4510:(616–626) 4508:Adaloald 4502:(590–616) 4494:(584–590) 4486:(574–584) 4476:(572–574) 4468:(568–572) 4447:(552–553) 4439:(541–552) 4423:(540–541) 4415:(536–540) 4407:(534–536) 4399:(526–534) 4391:(493–526) 4361:(476–493) 4292:William I 4273:William I 4208:Francis I 4160:Joseph II 4155:Francis I 4135:Leopold I 4110:Rudolf II 4095:Charles V 4080:Albert II 4075:Sigismund 4031:Henry VII 3987:Conrad IV 3908:Henry III 3903:Conrad II 3835:(919–962) 3830:(911–919) 3786:(843–911) 3701:Joseph II 3696:Francis I 3676:Leopold I 3641:Charles V 3626:Sigismund 3611:Henry VII 3571:Henry III 3566:Conrad II 3536:Louis III 3501:Lothair I 3310:Otto III. 3274:25 August 3031:, pg. 253 3013:Chronicon 2244:Chronicle 2240:Chronicon 2199:Character 2078:godfather 1975:Pomerania 1895:. He was 1644:Mieszko I 1629:Szprotawa 1617:Mieszko I 1544:Benevento 1517:Roman law 1435:Siegfried 1312:Patricius 1281:Gregory V 1271:While in 1248:Reaching 996:Byzantine 875:cupbearer 819:Theophanu 811:Theophanu 791:Henry III 717:Magdeburg 686:Byzantine 664:Theophanu 633:Theophanu 594:, and by 565:Pentecost 523:Theophanu 415:Stephen I 310:Theophanu 286:Theophanu 199:(991–994) 193:(984–991) 191:Theophanu 187:(983–984) 170:Successor 129:Successor 96:Successor 5025:Otto IV 4985:Henry V 4921:Otto II 4841:Bosonids 4832:Rudolph 4818:Lambert 4729:Louis I 4713:Bernard 4668:Aistulf 4660:Ratchis 4532:Rodoald 4524:Rothari 4516:Arioald 4500:Agilulf 4492:Authari 4458:Lombards 4421:Ildibad 4413:Vitiges 4359:Odoacer 4140:Joseph I 4115:Matthias 4036:Louis IV 4026:Albert I 4016:Rudolf I 3962:Henry VI 3913:Henry IV 3898:Henry II 3893:Otto III 3842:Conrad I 3798:Carloman 3729:Category 3681:Joseph I 3661:Matthias 3616:Louis IV 3596:Henry VI 3576:Henry IV 3561:Henry II 3556:Otto III 3541:Berengar 3506:Louis II 3393:Henry II 3184:(1904). 3168:Otto III 3140:Archived 3122:Otto III 2350:Henry II 2338:Otto III 2265:and the 2248:Widukind 2238:wrote a 2218:Thangmar 2148:Willigis 2138:(son of 2082:baptized 2047:Thangmar 1988:, where 1924:Małomice 1916:federati 1905:canonize 1897:martyred 1838:, 1000. 1799:and the 1664:Margrave 1529:Apostles 1439:Eschwege 1427:antipope 1419:Basil II 1350:Holy See 1304:banished 1241:and the 1216:Ratisbon 1098:Arneburg 1057:and the 1039:Polabian 964:Solingen 962:held in 933:Nijmegen 698:Breisach 653:Ottonian 641:Henry II 588:Willigis 511:Nijmegen 483:May 2017 368:John XVI 327:and the 294:Otto III 266:Ottonian 197:Adelaide 173:Henry II 100:Henry II 42:Otto III 4913:Otto I 4899:within 4769:Ratold 4761:Arnulf 4596:Alahis 4466:Alboin 4437:Totila 4429:Eraric 4052:Günther 4010:Alfonso 4004:Richard 3999:William 3972:Otto IV 3937:Henry V 3926:Hermann 3888:Otto II 3847:Henry I 3601:Otto IV 3581:Henry V 3551:Otto II 3526:Lambert 3496:Louis I 3408:Otto II 3377:Otto II 3361:Otto II 3303:: 3149:20 July 2569:(2), 72 2326:Otto II 2302:Henry I 2175:Lombard 2110:malaria 2054:penance 1909:Gniezno 1901:Gniezno 1865:Gniezno 1817:Koppány 1809:Stephen 1786:Taksony 1733:Henry I 1682:Dobrawa 1548:Romuald 1540:Gargano 1308:pardons 1273:Ravenna 1207:Emperor 1053:in the 1026:of 983. 985:as his 941:Cologne 879:marshal 867:steward 851:Bohemia 748:Folcmar 543:at the 426:Faleria 403:Hungary 399:Bohemia 333:regents 238:Faleria 165:Otto II 124:Otto II 90:Otto II 4705:Pepin 4474:Cleph 4063:Rupert 3967:Philip 3919:Rudolf 3883:Otto I 3859:Otto I 3853:Arnulf 3813:Arnulf 3546:Otto I 3531:Arnulf 3441:Arduin 3434:Vacant 3401:Vacant 3386:Vacant 3343: 3297: 3265: 3220: 3198:. 1851 3174: 3132: 2994:24 May 2971: 2963: 2940: 2932: 2793:Reuter 2362:Family 2314:Otto I 2273:Family 2256:, the 2181:Arduin 2162:, and 2106:Apulia 1857:Poland 1813:Gisela 1797:Danube 1777:. The 1702:Rikdag 1642:under 1637:Polish 1613:Poland 1581:relics 1577:Aachen 1386:Aachen 1346:Otto I 1254:Easter 1224:patron 1220:Verona 1174:chosen 1090:Lutici 1078:Viking 1032:Lutici 976:Sophia 972:Alsace 913:Sophia 894:Great 877:, and 862:Easter 841:, was 781:) and 750:, the 709:Saxony 702:Verdun 609:regent 598:, the 596:John X 590:, the 561:Verona 538:Muslim 531:Lothar 527:France 507:Aachen 401:, and 395:Poland 360:papacy 282:Mother 272:Father 248:Burial 218:Kessel 178:Regent 4854:Hugh 4827:Welfs 4771:(896) 4654:(744) 4638:(712) 4622:(701) 4598:(689) 4574:(671) 4445:Teia 4431:(541) 4069:Jobst 4021:Adolf 3381:(983) 3375:with 3345:Died: 3338:Born: 3143:(PDF) 3126:(PDF) 2267:Poles 2263:Wends 2242:, or 2193:Pavia 2088:Death 2023:Tibur 1944:relic 1922:near 1875:Duke 1828:crown 1801:Garam 1782:Fajsz 1556:atone 1425:, an 1373:over 1296:synod 1266:fever 1250:Pavia 1067:camel 921:Pavia 853:, as 777:(the 660:Warin 383:Slavs 261:House 146:Reign 113:Reign 78:Reign 4901:the 4810:Guy 3347:1002 3276:2022 3263:ISBN 3218:ISBN 3172:ISBN 3151:2022 3130:ISBN 2996:2023 2969:ISBN 2961:ISBN 2938:ISBN 2930:ISBN 2146:and 1790:Géza 1667:Gero 1565:pope 1511:, a 1400:The 1252:for 1189:The 1172:was 1147:and 1030:The 1014:The 968:Selz 909:nuns 885:and 723:and 581:Rome 509:and 350:and 228:Died 211:Born 3521:Guy 3340:980 3312:". 2250:'s 2191:in 2098:Zoe 1981:). 1973:in 1834:on 1694:Oda 1542:to 1279:as 1226:of 970:in 939:in 715:at 579:in 563:at 559:in 473:by 424:in 409:by 157:983 5101:: 4874:: 4844:: 4830:: 4808:: 4794:: 3235:. 3138:. 3087:^ 3048:^ 3020:^ 3011:, 2987:. 2967:, 2948:^ 2936:, 2913:^ 2901:. 2878:^ 2758:^ 2743:^ 2692:^ 2671:^ 2630:^ 2597:^ 2583:^ 2567:61 2565:, 2554:^ 2542:^ 2528:^ 2499:^ 2485:^ 2473:^ 2269:. 2195:. 2158:, 2084:. 2038:. 2000:. 1761:. 1471:. 1143:— 1085:. 1045:, 1002:. 943:. 889:. 873:, 869:, 797:. 739:. 731:, 583:. 533:. 397:, 378:. 312:. 240:, 220:, 4336:e 4329:t 4322:v 3763:e 3756:t 3749:v 3472:e 3465:t 3458:v 3278:. 3226:. 3153:. 2998:. 2753:. 2738:. 2429:e 2422:t 2415:v 1887:. 1867:. 1619:. 1412:. 1197:. 1164:( 635:. 496:) 490:( 485:) 481:( 467:. 34:. 20:)

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Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor

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