57:
547:, quickly gathered an army of 20,000 and moved to attack the Egyptians who retreated in an area known as Kalnabu, a flat area unsuitable for defense. Ahmad and his 1,500 men made a series of disorganized attacks on the enemy, after an hour of skirmishing his calvary was captured and Ahmad fled the battlefield with a few horsemen, the rest of his army was killed or captured by the Ethiopians. After plundering
385:, warned Muhammad Ali against such a plan. As a result of this warning Muhammad Ali instructed his commanders to limit their conquests to the kingdoms of Dongola, Shendi and Sennar. However, the gold mines on the frontiers of Ethiopia were too tempting for the Egyptians. At the end of 1821, Muahmmad Ali's son, Isma'il Kamil Pasha, penetrated into the area of
412:, who conquered Tigray and then imported firearms from European arms dealers. With the establishment of the arms trade in northern Ethiopia he would become the most powerful lord in Ethiopia. With the end of Greek rebellions by the end of 1829 the Egyptian administrations was ready to expand towards the Ethiopian frontier.
559:
stated that he did not think much of the
Egyptian troops bolstering to Khurshid Pasha, declaring that if the Egyptians again entered Ethiopian territory he would descend upon them with 60,000 troops. Khurshid then assembled and army of 7,500 men and prepared to invade Abyssinia. He was only prevented
432:
to kill the
Egyptians, however the Egyptians were able to evacuate the town before the arrival of the Ethiopians. By 1833 the Egyptians had a force of 5,000 regular infantry and a few thousand irregular calvary in Sudan, Khurshid Pasha was able to methodically extend Egypt's control over the frontier
628:
In March 1848, Tewodros decided to attack
Dabarki, a fortified post garrisoned with Egyptian and Ottoman troops. The Ethiopian attack faced heavy resistance and suffered many casualties from the Egyptian-Ottoman artillery. The attack failed and led to the collapse of Tewodros' campaign, forcing his
1121:
348:
initially entertained the idea of conquering all of Tigray and Amhara, but by the middle of the 19th century Egypt had only limited objectives in
Ethiopia, namely to establish its authority over the mineral rich slopes of the Ethiopian peripheral areas.
621:, which he occupied in 1847. With his victory in the south secured, Tewodros decided to strengthen his position by damaging his major rivals, namely Egypt. Invading through Ethiopia's western frontier, the Ethiopian army captured
498:, the protector of Nimir, for the surrender of the latter. Nimir was later captured in a failed raid at the end of 1834. Failing to get Nimir on their own terms the Egyptians then step up their raids into Wube's territory.
361:
which were a series of internal wars between powerful regional noblemen that resulted in the complete fragmentation of the
Ethiopian Empire. Moreover, the de facto ruler of the country was a powerful Oromo warlord known as
513:, according to an eyewitness some hundreds of Egyptians were killed or taken prisoner and many firearms were left by the "Turks" on the battlefield. Nevertheless, Ahmad Kashef managed to escape back to
437:, Egypt's resources were exhausted and many European consuls felt that Muhammad Ali was preparing for a conquest of Abyssinia. He drew the attention of the British consul when he appointed his son,
228:
589:" and the hostilities between Ethiopia and Egypt were never that serious. For the next several years the Ethiopian-Egyptian border remained relatively quiet, apart from raids by Ethiopian
539:
where they destroyed two villages and sent the captives back to
Khartoum. The city of Gondar was thrown into a panic as they feared the Egyptians would eventually sack the city as well.
573:(bandits) who plundered Egyptian caravans and disrupted trade in the region. Muhammad Ali ordered Ahmad Pasha to send an expedition to Gondar to aid a pro Egyptian warlord known as
370:
341:
275:
357:
The situation in
Ethiopia during the first half of the 19th century was generally conductive to Egyptian conquest. The country was going through a period known as the
221:
1230:
585:
the
Egyptians withdrew from the Gondar area. Muhammad Ali then told the French consul that he was planning to sign a peace deal with the "northern provinces of
373:
was the wish to seize the legendary gold reserves of Bilad as-Sudan. A final possible goal was a conquest of
Ethiopia as part of a much more ambitious plan by
756:
1245:
404:, sought British support, however the British were not interested in a permanent foothold in Ethiopia. Sabagadis was then defeated and killed by the lord of
31:
1235:
214:
434:
322:
285:
454:
The policy of raiding and extending
Egyptian authority over the Ethiopian plateau was pursued by Khurshid Pasha from 1832 to 1837. The areas east of
462:
were continuously raided by the Egyptians for slaves and cattle, however no permanent Egyptian post was established. The coastal areas between
295:
1240:
1208:
1181:
501:
In early 1836 a large force under Ahmad Kashef consisting of a battalion of regular troops, a thousand irregular calvary and a number of
366:, as he feared the growing pressure of the Tigrayan and Amhara lords, was ready to invite the Egyptians to enter Ethiopia, if necessary.
253:
258:
976:
629:
army to retreat. The Egyptians sent reinforcements to pursue Tewodros but he was able to retreat safely into the nearby highlands.
509:. They sacked the area, burned churches and took many prisoners. On their way back however, they were ambushed by the followers of
344:. By the middle of the 19th century, the Ethiopians and Turco-Egyptians faced each other across an undefined and contested border.
300:
966:
305:
784:
420:
The first clash between Egyptian and Ethiopian forces occurred in 1832 when an Egyptian governor sent some troops to occupy
1250:
263:
1171:
470:
were forced to recognize Egyptian hegemony. Shiekh Miri of Gallabat was forced to submit to the Egyptians and by 1834
1198:
340:
was an undeclared war between the Ottoman province of Egypt and various Ethiopian warlords occurring soon after the
1118:
AN HISTORICAL STUDY OF THE SHAWAN – AMHARA CONQUEST OF THE OROMO and SIDAMA REGIONS OF SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA 1865-1900
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312:
280:
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who warned the Muhammad Ali government not to invade Christian Ethiopia, forcing the Egyptians to back down.
396:
The Egyptian conquest of Sudan in the 1820s caused worry over Ethiopia's northern regions. The governor of
438:
104:
582:
389:
but after hearing of tensions in Sennar, left the area in 1822 and was later murdered by members of the
374:
345:
239:
160:
48:
56:
1132:
Dunn, John. "'For God, Emperor, and Country!' The Evolution of Ethiopia's Nineteenth-Century Army."
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who continuously raided the Egyptians in Sudan. The Egyptians then opened up negotiations with
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165:
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148:
1153:
Abir, M. "The Origins of the Ethiopian-Egyptian Border Problem in the Nineteenth Century."
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405:
401:
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363:
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141:
567:
In the late 1830s and early 1840s, Egyptian Sudan would become the target of Ethiopian
561:
135:
1224:
1068:
951:
896:
841:
742:
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206:
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accompanied by Sheikh Mirri of Gallabat. They advanced into the direction towards
1029:"The Origins of the Ethiopian-Egyptian Border Problem in the Nineteenth Century"
912:"The Origins of the Ethiopian-Egyptian Border Problem in the Nineteenth Century"
857:"The Origins of the Ethiopian-Egyptian Border Problem in the Nineteenth Century"
802:"The Origins of the Ethiopian-Egyptian Border Problem in the Nineteenth Century"
703:"The Origins of the Ethiopian-Egyptian Border Problem in the Nineteenth Century"
648:"The Origins of the Ethiopian-Egyptian Border Problem in the Nineteenth Century"
614:
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556:
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173:
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1122:
khartoumspace.uofk.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/12646/AN%20HISTORICAL%20STU
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1005:
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726:
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447:
1082:
Hill, Richard L. (1956). "An Unpublished Chronicle of the Sudan 1822-41".
992:
Hill, Richard L. (1956). "An Unpublished Chronicle of the Sudan 1822-41".
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embarked on a campaign to consolidate his empire by invading
451:
thus making it clear that he did aspire to conquer Ethiopia.
968:
Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society 1800-1941
424:. The occupation of Gallabat greatly angered the lords of
112:
Ethiopia retains territorial integrity and independence
531:
In May 1837 the Egyptians led by Ahmad Kashef entered
551:
and punishing its population, Kenfu then returned to
1136:
1, no. 3 (1994): 278-99. Accessed February 3, 2021.
381:. During the conquest, the British Consul to Egypt,
377:
to dominate the whole area between the Nile and the
581:and to secure the trade routes, however after the
1116:El Amin, Abdel Karim. Ahmed, Abdel Karim (2009).
625:and advanced into the Egyptian-controlled Sudan.
474:was considered to be within Egyptian territory.
490:, which served as a base for the exiled leader
41:
613:In the late 1840s, future Abyssinian Emperor
560:from doing so after an intervention from the
222:
8:
229:
215:
207:
38:
764:. Cambridge University Press. p. 62.
369:One of the most important motive for the
971:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 48–49.
115:Ottoman-Egyptians expand south into the
638:
433:with this small army. In light of the
777:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia
7:
779:. Hurst & Company. p. 123.
1246:Wars involving the Ethiopian Empire
577:against an Amhara warlord known as
1176:. University of California Press.
1159:http://www.jstor.org/stable/179830
25:
18:Ottoman–Ethiopian border conflicts
1236:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire
1231:Ethiopian–Ottoman border conflict
965:Berhane-Selassie, Tsehai (2018).
338:Ethiopian–Ottoman border conflict
42:Ethiopian–Ottoman border conflict
1170:Marcus, Harold G. (2002-02-22).
55:
758:The Cambridge History of Africa
1155:The Journal of African History
1033:The Journal of African History
916:The Journal of African History
861:The Journal of African History
806:The Journal of African History
707:The Journal of African History
652:The Journal of African History
1:
62:
1241:Wars involving Ottoman Egypt
1157:8, no. 3 (1967): p. 443-61,
27:Military campaign, 1832–1848
517:along with 1,200 captives.
1267:
606:
524:
371:Egyptian conquest of Sudan
342:Egyptian conquest of Sudan
29:
1045:10.1017/S0021853700007957
928:10.1017/S0021853700007957
873:10.1017/S0021853700007957
818:10.1017/S0021853700007957
719:10.1017/S0021853700007957
664:10.1017/S0021853700007957
595:which the future emperor
249:
192:
179:
154:
128:
69:
54:
47:Part of the campaigns of
46:
428:, who sent an army from
323:2nd Egyptian-Ottoman War
286:1st Egyptian-Ottoman War
1084:Sudan Notes and Records
994:Sudan Notes and Records
775:Henze, Paul B. (2000).
1197:Dunn, John P. (2005).
155:Commanders and leaders
105:Status quo ante bellum
1200:Khedive Ismail's Army
1173:A History of Ethiopia
583:Battle of Debre Tabor
296:Syrian Peasant Revolt
241:Muhammad Ali of Egypt
193:Casualties and losses
49:Muhammad Ali of Egypt
32:Ottoman–Ethiopian War
1251:Territorial disputes
1203:. Psychology Press.
599:would take part in.
61:Ethiopian warriors (
30:For other uses, see
543:, the governor of
117:Great Lakes region
1210:978-0-7146-5704-2
1183:978-0-520-22479-7
1027:Abir, M. (1967).
910:Abir, M. (1967).
855:Abir, M. (1967).
800:Abir, M. (1967).
701:Abir, M. (1967).
646:Abir, M. (1967).
609:Battle of Dabarki
603:Battle of Dabarki
579:Wube Haile Maryam
527:Battle of Kalnabu
511:Wube Haile Maryam
496:Wube Haile Maryam
410:Wube Haile Maryam
331:
330:
259:Anglo-Turkish War
254:Egypt (1803–1807)
205:
204:
188:20,000 men (1837)
166:Wube Haile Maryam
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16:(Redirected from
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185:6,000 men (1837)
149:Ethiopian Empire
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375:Muhammad Ali
368:
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346:Muhammad Ali
337:
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318:Druze revolt
290:
161:Muhammad Ali
134:
129:Belligerents
615:Tewodros II
597:Kassa Hailu
557:Kenfu Hailu
541:Kenfu Hailu
387:Benishangul
271:Wahhabi War
174:Kassa Hailu
170:Kenfu Hailu
1225:Categories
1039:(3): 452.
922:(3): 450.
867:(3): 448.
812:(3): 448.
786:1850653933
713:(3): 461.
658:(3): 460.
633:References
575:Ras Ali II
458:as far as
383:Henry Salt
353:Background
1096:0375-2984
1069:154911809
1053:0021-8537
1006:0375-2984
952:154911809
936:0021-8537
897:154911809
881:0021-8537
842:154911809
826:0021-8537
743:154911809
727:0021-8537
688:154911809
672:0021-8537
587:Abyssinia
503:Albanians
492:Mek Nimir
448:al-Habash
416:Campaigns
301:Palestine
77:1832–1848
1142:26004373
1104:41716712
1014:41716712
555:. Later
549:Gallabat
515:Khartoum
505:invaded
482:East of
443:pashaluk
422:Gallabat
291:Ethiopia
180:Strength
87:Ethiopia
82:Location
1090:: 7–9.
1000:: 7–9.
623:Metemma
545:Dembiya
533:Metemma
507:Welkait
488:Welkait
484:Qadarif
472:Metemma
464:Massawa
460:Teseney
456:Kassala
426:Dembiya
379:Red Sea
201:Unknown
198:Unknown
1207:
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1061:179830
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619:Gonder
592:shifta
570:shifta
553:Gondar
537:Gondar
468:Suakin
430:Gondar
406:Semien
398:Tigray
281:Greece
98:Result
1138:JSTOR
1100:JSTOR
1065:S2CID
1057:JSTOR
1010:JSTOR
948:S2CID
940:JSTOR
893:S2CID
885:JSTOR
838:S2CID
830:JSTOR
762:(PDF)
739:S2CID
731:JSTOR
684:S2CID
676:JSTOR
276:Sudan
91:Sudan
65:1845)
1205:ISBN
1178:ISBN
1120:URL:
1092:ISSN
1049:ISSN
1002:ISSN
973:ISBN
932:ISSN
877:ISSN
822:ISSN
781:ISBN
723:ISSN
668:ISSN
486:lay
466:and
336:The
313:Najd
89:and
74:Date
1041:doi
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