48:
205:
188:
178:
127:
424:
464:. In the meantime, the Mamluks laid siege to Adana, which fell after three months. Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha was able to achieve a minor victory in destroying a Mamluk detachment, but Cilicia was securely in Mamluk hands. More importantly, the Ottomans' Turkmen allies began to turn to the Mamluks, including Alaüddevle, thus restoring a line of Mamluk-oriented buffer states along the border.
223:
158:
447:
harbour to supply their troops by sea, but the
Venetians rejected the request and even dispatched a fleet to Cyprus to guard against an Ottoman landing. The Mamluks also sought naval assistance from Italian powers, but were turned down as well. The Ottoman fleet then moved to
456:
near Adana on 26 August 1488. Initially, the
Ottomans made good progress on their left, but their own right flank was driven back. When the Karaman soldiers fled the battlefield, the Ottomans were forced to retreat, conceding the field and the victory to the Mamluks.
452:, hoping to intercept the Mamluk forces as they came up from Syria, while the Ottoman army, numbering some 60,000 men, secured control of Cilicia. Another great storm however destroyed the fleet, and the Mamluks were able to advance into Cilicia. The two armies
476:. As soon as Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha marched against them with a relief army however, they raised the siege and returned to Cilicia. By this time the Mamluks were weary of the war and its heavy financial burden, while the Ottomans grew concerned over a possible
387:
Bayezid launched a land and sea attack on the
Mamluks in 1485. Led by the new governor of Karaman, Karagöz Mehmed Pasha, the Ottoman forces, largely drawn from provincial troops, subdued the rebellious Turgudlu and Vasak tribes and captured many fortresses in
355:, and from there passed into Mamluk domains. Although the Mamluks declined to offer him any military support, this act aroused the hostility of Bayezid, which was further fanned when the Mamluks seized an Ottoman ambassador who was returning from
527:
Throughout the conflict, the Mamluk army was characterized by the usage of brilliant nomadic cavalry in addition to a conventional army, whereas the
Ottomans relied on a conventional army only, with light cavalry combining with infantry units.
460:
The
Ottoman army withdrew to Karaman to regroup, suffering more casualties to attacks by the Turkmen tribes. Most of its provincial commanders were recalled to Constantinople and imprisoned in the
400:, but the combined Ottoman army was again defeated before Adana on 15 March. Karagöz Mehmed fled the field, while Hersekzade Ahmed was taken captive, and Cilicia returned to Mamluk control.
579:
The opposition between the
Ottomans and the Mamluks remained in stalemate during the beginning of the 16th century, until Mamluk power was dramatically challenged by the incursion of the
408:
In 1487, the
Ottomans again sent a major army consisting of a great number of regular army units and Janissaries, supported by the fleet and the forces of Dulkadir, and led by the
520:. The Ottomans were a stronger military power, but were weakened by internal dissensions and the lack of a strong centralized leadership by the Sultan Bayezid, who remained in
435:
In 1488, the
Ottomans launched a major attack, from both land and sea: the navy was led by Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, released from captivity, and the army by the governor of
415:. Davud Pasha however avoided operations against the Mamluks, instead focusing his troops in suppressing revolts by the Turgudlu and Vasak tribes, securing his rear.
1140:
379:, with the support of Bayezid. The Mamluks fought back and although they lost the first battle, they would eventually defeat Alaüddevle and his Ottoman allies.
1115:
496:
The
Ottomans were able to prevail on the Mamluks at sea, but on land the Mamluks successfully resisted the Ottomans, thanks to their string of fortresses in
1110:
480:
directed against them. Thus both powers were eager to settle the inconclusive conflict. A treaty was signed which fixed their mutual border at the
592:
1067:
1023:
966:
925:
877:
829:
265:
1150:
1145:
1155:
1135:
1130:
392:. Karagöz Mehmed's army was defeated by the Mamluks in battle outside Adana on 9 February 1486. Reinforcements from Istanbul, including
821:
47:
587:
from 1505, thereby threatening Mamluk traditional trade routes and a major source of revenue, and leading to the catastrophic
917:
1014:
History of the
Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey: Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280–1808
255:
39:
549:
556:
was nevertheless dispatched to the coasts of Spain. Ottoman support ended up being insufficient, in part leading to the
869:
280:
states, the relationship between the Ottomans and the Mamluks was adversarial: both states vied for control of the
576:, although they were financially exhausted. The boundaries between the two powers remained essentially unchanged.
428:
351:, rose up and contended with him for the throne. After he was defeated in battle, he sought refuge first in the
1125:
1120:
258:. After multiple encounters, the war ended in a stalemate and a peace treaty was signed in 1491, restoring the
243:
863:
548:, but Sultan Bayezid could only send limited support due to his involvement in the Ottoman-Mamluk conflict.
397:
285:
260:
191:
107:
588:
815:
472:
In 1490, the Mamluks would again return to the offensive, advancing into Karaman and laying siege to
453:
213:
509:
368:
1049:
541:
505:
317:
313:
136:
312:, which regularly switched their allegiance from one power to the other. Nevertheless, both the
336:
to cooperate, leading to the invasion and eventual annexation of the Karaman Beylik by Mehmed.
1081:
1073:
1063:
1029:
1019:
988:
980:
972:
962:
939:
931:
921:
891:
883:
873:
843:
835:
825:
580:
149:
568:
With famine and plague spreading, a peace treaty was eventually sealed in May 1491, with the
1007:
958:
591:. The Ottoman Empire would ultimately take over the Mamluk Sultanate in 1517, following the
569:
517:
485:
412:
161:
17:
328:
planned to campaign against the Mamluks in Syria, which was only averted by the refusal of
204:
187:
177:
126:
1053:
557:
440:
423:
195:
952:
573:
545:
537:
521:
356:
293:
251:
239:
130:
85:
1104:
1012:
481:
584:
461:
449:
409:
277:
911:
820:. SUNY series in the Social and Economic History of the Middle East. Albany, NY:
393:
372:
329:
309:
281:
553:
352:
344:
340:
333:
321:
305:
301:
297:
208:
181:
141:
27:
Conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate from 1485 to 1491
1085:
1033:
976:
954:
Struggle for Domination in the Middle East: The Ottoman-Mamluk War, 1485–1491
847:
992:
943:
895:
444:
325:
222:
157:
1059:
513:
497:
348:
247:
81:
57:
477:
473:
443:. On this occasion, the Ottomans requested of the Venetians the use of
389:
376:
226:
53:
957:. The Ottoman Empire and its Heritage. Vol. 4. Leiden; New York:
436:
292:. The two states however were separated by a buffer zone occupied by
1077:
935:
887:
501:
422:
289:
984:
839:
817:
Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery
268:; in that war the Ottomans defeated and conquered the Mamluks.
284:, and the Ottomans aspired to eventually take control of the
359:
with an Indian ambassador and gifts for the Ottoman Sultan.
1055:
A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk
913:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923
1018:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
396:, were dispatched by Bayezid under his own son-in-law
256:
Ottoman struggle for the domination of the Middle-East
264:. It lasted until the Ottomans and the Mamluks again
1011:
343:ascended the Ottoman throne in 1481, his brother
32:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
488:, leaving the Cilician plain to the Mamluks.
8:
781:
779:
777:
752:
750:
748:
746:
730:
728:
726:
701:
699:
686:
684:
682:
29:
645:
643:
254:. This war was an essential event in the
785:
768:
705:
572:remaining a powerful entity against the
603:
196:
544:sought Ottoman assistance against the
7:
1141:15th century in the Mamluk Sultanate
552:were established, and a fleet under
1116:Wars involving the Mamluk Sultanate
504:, and the buffer principalities of
371:(also called Alaüddevle), ruler of
865:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
822:State University of New York Press
814:Brummett, Palmira Johnson (1993).
238:of 1485–1491, took place when the
25:
1111:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire
221:
203:
186:
176:
156:
125:
46:
593:Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–1517
532:Impact on Spain and the Nasrids
347:, who enjoyed great support in
862:Chase, Kenneth Warren (2003).
375:, attacked the Mamluk city of
324:report that as early as 1468,
33:Ottoman-Mamluk War (1485–1491)
1:
797:
717:
619:
40:Ottoman wars in the Near East
427:Ottoman armour (1480-1500),
18:Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485–91)
1151:1490s in the Ottoman Empire
1146:1480s in the Ottoman Empire
756:
690:
673:
661:
634:
320:and the Ottoman chronicler
1172:
1136:1491 in the Ottoman Empire
1131:1485 in the Ottoman Empire
870:Cambridge University Press
734:
56:in light pink in southern
910:Finkel, Caroline (2006).
649:
167:
118:
64:
45:
37:
786:Uyar & Erickson 2009
769:Uyar & Erickson 2009
706:Uyar & Erickson 2009
550:Nasrid–Ottoman relations
367:The conflict began when
868:. Cambridge; New York:
1156:Egypt–Turkey relations
432:
419:1488 Ottoman offensive
404:1487 Ottoman offensive
398:Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha
383:1485 Ottoman offensive
266:went to war in 1516–17
261:status quo ante bellum
168:Commanders and leaders
108:Status quo ante bellum
1058:. Santa Barbara, CA:
951:Har-El, Shai (1995).
589:Portuguese-Mamluk War
468:1490 Mamluk offensive
426:
1050:Erickson, Edward J.
510:Bozkurt of Dulkadir
369:Bozkurt of Dulkadir
52:Map of Asia Minor.
664:, pp. 81–83, 90–91
506:Beylik of Dulkadir
433:
318:Domenico Malipiero
276:Despite being two
246:'s territories of
236:Ottoman–Mamluk War
214:Aladul Bozkurt Beg
137:Beylik of Dulkadir
1069:978-0-275-98876-0
1025:978-0-521-29163-7
1008:Shaw, Stanford J.
968:978-90-04-10180-7
927:978-0-7195-6112-2
879:978-0-521-82274-9
831:978-0-7914-1702-7
240:Ottoman Sultanate
232:
231:
114:
113:
16:(Redirected from
1163:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1017:
1003:
1001:
999:
947:
906:
904:
902:
858:
856:
854:
801:
795:
789:
783:
772:
766:
760:
754:
741:
732:
721:
715:
709:
703:
694:
688:
677:
671:
665:
659:
653:
647:
638:
637:, pp. 65, 83, 90
632:
626:
617:
486:Taurus Mountains
454:met at Ağaçarıyı
429:Musée de l'Armée
413:Koca Davud Pasha
244:Mamluk Sultanate
225:
207:
198:
190:
180:
162:Mamluk Sultanate
160:
129:
66:
65:
50:
30:
21:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1126:1490s conflicts
1121:1480s conflicts
1101:
1100:
1099:
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1088:
1070:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1026:
1006:
997:
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969:
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689:
680:
672:
668:
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656:
648:
641:
633:
629:
618:
605:
601:
566:
558:Fall of Granada
534:
494:
470:
441:Hadim Ali Pasha
421:
406:
385:
365:
296:states such as
274:
218:
148:
144:
102:
88:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1169:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1103:
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1098:
1097:
1068:
1045:
1024:
1004:
967:
948:
926:
907:
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773:
761:
742:
722:
710:
695:
678:
666:
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639:
627:
602:
600:
597:
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562:
538:Nasrid Dynasty
533:
530:
522:Constantinople
493:
490:
469:
466:
420:
417:
405:
402:
384:
381:
364:
361:
273:
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230:
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217:
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211:
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184:
173:
170:
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139:
131:Ottoman Empire
121:
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14:
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2:
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1048:Uyar, Mesut;
1046:
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845:
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837:
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823:
819:
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812:
811:
806:
799:
798:Brummett 1993
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791:
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758:
753:
751:
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747:
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731:
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727:
723:
719:
718:Brummett 1993
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702:
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692:
687:
685:
683:
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621:
620:Brummett 1993
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146:Supported By:
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132:
128:
123:
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117:
110:
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100:
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68:
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63:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1089:. Retrieved
1054:
1037:. Retrieved
1013:
996:. Retrieved
953:
912:
899:. Retrieved
864:
851:. Retrieved
816:
793:
764:
738:
713:
669:
657:
630:
623:
585:Indian Ocean
578:
567:
535:
526:
512:centered on
495:
471:
462:Rumeli Hisar
459:
450:Alexandretta
434:
410:Grand Vizier
407:
386:
366:
338:
278:Sunni Muslim
275:
259:
242:invaded the
235:
233:
145:
124:
119:Belligerents
106:
38:Part of the
959:E. J. Brill
918:John Murray
771:, pp. 68–69
757:Finkel 2006
691:Finkel 2006
676:, pp. 90–91
674:Finkel 2006
662:Finkel 2006
635:Finkel 2006
394:Janissaries
373:Dulkadirids
330:Uzun Hassan
310:Dulkadirids
286:Holy Cities
282:spice trade
192:Ahmed Pasha
101:Territorial
1105:Categories
1078:2009020872
936:2008297857
916:. London:
888:2002041026
735:Chase 2003
581:Portuguese
554:Kemal Reis
482:Gülek Pass
363:Operations
353:Ramadanids
345:Cem Sultan
341:Bayezid II
334:Karamanids
322:Tursun Bey
316:historian
306:Ramadanids
302:Aq Qoyunlu
298:Karamanids
272:Background
209:Cem Sultan
182:Bayezid II
150:Ramazanids
142:Karamanids
1086:435778574
1034:725935950
977:1380-6076
848:613499540
737:, pp. 102
650:Shaw 1976
564:Aftermath
560:in 1492.
508:, led by
445:Famagusta
326:Mehmed II
96:Stalemate
72:1485–1491
1091:June 16,
1060:ABC-CLIO
1052:(2009).
1039:June 16,
1010:(1976).
998:June 16,
993:31434541
985:94-40784
944:65203332
901:June 16,
896:51022846
853:June 16,
840:92-44704
622:, pp. 52
574:Ottomans
514:Elbistan
498:Anatolia
492:Analysis
349:Anatolia
314:Venetian
248:Anatolia
82:Anatolia
77:Location
58:Anatolia
807:Sources
800:, p. 24
788:, p. 69
759:, p. 92
720:, p. 46
708:, p. 68
693:, p. 91
583:in the
570:Mamluks
546:Spanish
542:Granada
484:in the
478:Crusade
474:Kayseri
390:Cilicia
377:Malatya
294:Turkmen
227:Qaitbay
194: (
103:changes
54:Cilicia
1084:
1076:
1066:
1032:
1022:
991:
983:
975:
965:
942:
934:
924:
894:
886:
876:
846:
838:
828:
652:, p.73
437:Rumeli
357:Deccan
308:, and
93:Result
599:Notes
518:Maras
502:Syria
339:When
290:Islam
252:Syria
86:Syria
1093:2013
1082:OCLC
1074:LCCN
1064:ISBN
1041:2013
1030:OCLC
1020:ISBN
1000:2013
989:OCLC
981:LCCN
973:ISSN
963:ISBN
940:OCLC
932:LCCN
922:ISBN
903:2013
892:OCLC
884:LCCN
874:ISBN
855:2013
844:OCLC
836:LCCN
826:ISBN
536:The
516:and
500:and
332:and
250:and
234:The
69:Date
540:of
288:of
197:POW
1107::
1080:.
1072:.
1062:.
1028:.
987:.
979:.
971:.
961:.
938:.
930:.
920:.
890:.
882:.
872:.
842:.
834:.
824:.
776:^
745:^
739:ff
725:^
698:^
681:^
642:^
624:ff
606:^
595:.
524:.
439:,
304:,
300:,
84:,
1095:.
1043:.
1002:.
946:.
905:.
857:.
431:.
200:)
60:.
20:)
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