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ayan was that they were of reaya (Ottoman subject, non-military) origin, and that their ascendency can be seen as a part of a wider phenomenon… through which people of reaya origin had been able to join the askeri (tax-collecting, military) class of the empire since the 17th century." From the 16th century on, the
Ottoman central government made repeated efforts to re-centralize the Empire, and though some efforts were more successful than others, none were able to eliminate the local influence held by the ayan.
136:
This decision granted, for the first time, political access and power to those outside of the Sultan's inner circle. This decentralization allowed wealth to play a more significant factor in local influence and power. Author
Gabriel Piterberg notes that, "…the main social characteristic of the rising
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describes that in the 17th and 18th centuries, "…the struggle between the provincial governors and the central administration emerge as the most significant phenomenon of that period." In response, the central government granted more power and autonomy to local, wealthy individuals to challenge the
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Though not all a'yan were tax farmers, the a'yan rose particularly in conjunction with the
Iltizam tax structure (Ottoman tax farming). Prior to that system, only those close to the Sultan had any political capacity. Under the Timar system, provincial military governors appointed by the Sultan
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The
Iltizam tax system consisted of tax farming. The Ottoman Empire, rather than using its own resources to collect taxes, awarded tax collecting rights to the highest bidder, who could keep profits after sending a portion back to the central government. Though access to these tax farms took
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executed some dissident a'yan and sent threats to others in the early 19th century, which brought increased cooperation, but the notables ultimately maintained some form of control across the Empire until the
Ottomans’ collapse in the early 20th century.
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The tax collector role gave the ayan even more status in their regions. However, the arrangements also increased the average
Ottoman subject's access to political and economic systems. Often in control of massive territories, the a'yan set up
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to the sultan, serving in
Ottoman armies during times of war, they remained, on the other hand, effectively autonomous in their home districts." These armies were primarily used to control and seize territory from other notables..
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different forms throughout the period, local a'yan developed into the chief owners of these rights. They were very efficient at sending money back to the center (far more than the governors in the preceding
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meaning "a person holding a high office" or "prominent person", "eminent, noted, personage", representing as a "notable, dignitary, notability" which refer to the modern term for "
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and could be called upon to fight for the
Ottoman Empire (which they often were during the Ottomans' many wars in the 17th and 18th centuries). However, they also had significant
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until
British occupation. Others used their armies to carve out pieces of the weakened Ottoman Empire and even lead independence campaigns. Ultimately, the Ottoman
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collected taxes and ruled over territories. However, the governors abused their relatively unchecked power to amass personal wealth and influence. Scholar
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also included a much larger, though less economically and politically influential rural notables. Most rural notables originated in, and belonged to, the
170:, though prohibited from holding tax farm leases, could serve as financiers." Thus, in addition to serving the Empire as chief tax collectors under the
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trend in the
Ottoman Empire which began in the 16th century, and came to define the Empire's structure until its fall in the early 20th century.
223:, they quickly became their own source of headache for the Sultan. As their power and influence grew, they began to undermine the government in
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structures underneath them to manage the tax farming process. Though the a'yan had to be Muslim, those working in these
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Balla, Eliana; Johnson, Noel D. (2009). "Fiscal Crisis and Institutional Change in the Ottoman Empire and France".
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Balla, Eliana; Johnson, Noel D. (2009). "Fiscal Crisis and Institutional Change in the Ottoman Empire and France".
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system) and their local nature gave them more knowledge of the region and a vested interest in its success.
334:. Over all, they played a leading role in the development of modern Palestine into the late 20th century.
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530:"The Palestinian Rural Notables' Class in Ascendency: The Hannun Family of Tulkarm (Palestine)"
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Piterberg, Gabriel (1990). "The Formation of an Ottoman Egyptian Elite in the 18th Century".
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Piterberg, Gabriel (1990). "The Formation of an Ottoman Egyptian Elite in the 18th Century".
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Williams, Sherry Lee (1981). "Ottoman land policy and social change: The Syrian provinces".
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Williams, Sherry Lee (1981). "Ottoman land policy and social change: The Syrian provinces".
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to operate. "While, on the one hand, they were military
198:. Technically, these armies were at the service of the
357:. New York: Gabor Agoston and Bruce Masters, 2008.
235:to the next instead of returning the farm to the
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608:International Journal of Middle East Studies
587:Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010).
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307:The rural notability was composed of rural
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194:elite class that many formed their own
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589:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
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215:Frustrating the central leadership
190:The a'yan became such a powerful,
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123:Rise of the Ayan and significance
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320:global economic realities
186:Military responsibilities
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182:groups in the Empire.
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180:Muslim
166:, and
164:Greeks
113:Arabic
85:guilds
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690:JSTOR
669:S2CID
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624:JSTOR
496:JSTOR
466:S2CID
458:JSTOR
420:S2CID
412:JSTOR
359:p. 64
302:towns
245:Egypt
237:state
229:farms
148:Timar
97:a'yan
74:a'yan
62:a'yan
53:عَيْن
40:a‘yan
593:ISBN
570:link
552:ISSN
330:and
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32:Ayan
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