512:, citing figures supplied by an Ottoman official, says that 1500 were killed, including 200 women and children. Of the 1500 houses located in the Armenian quarter of Egin, 980 were pillaged and burned. According to another report by the British Consul at Harput, the pretext used to attack the town's Armenian quarter was an "indirect order" from the Sultan that "the Armenians of Egin were set to cause trouble and that the local authorities should 'take the necessary action'". The same report said that there was no revolutionary movement whatever, and the victims had given no offense. A few pistols and revolvers were found in the ruins of the burnt houses. In protest against all the massacres, the representatives of the major powers addressed an insulting letter to the sultan.
493:, armed by the Sultan, went on a rampage and slaughtered thousands of Armenians living in the city. According to the foreign diplomats in Constantinople, Ottoman central authorities instructed the mob "to start killing Armenians, irrespective of age and gender, for the duration of 48 hours." The killings only stopped when the mob was ordered to desist from such activity by Sultan Hamid. They murdered around 6,000 – 7,000 Armenians. Within 48 hours of the bank seizure, estimates had the dead numbering between 3,000 and 4,000, as authorities made no effort to contain the killings of Armenians and the looting of their homes and businesses.
444:
110:
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building itself. However, intervention on part of the
European diplomats in the city managed to persuade the men to give way, assigning safe passage to the survivors to France. Despite the level of violence the Turks had wrought, the takeover was reported positively in the European press, praising the men for their courage and the objectives they attempted to accomplish. Nevertheless, aside from issuing a note condemning the pogroms in the city, the European powers did not act on their promises to enforce reforms in the country as future massacres of Armenians continued to take place.
123:
357:, attacked and occupied the Ottoman Bank of Constantinople. The men entered the great hall of the Ottoman Bank armed with revolvers, daggers and dynamite bombs. Forming in small groups, they were accosted by one of the Albanian bank guards; they shot at him, triggering a shootout between the Armenians and the rest of the bank guards. During the initial part of the operation, nine of the attackers, including leader Papken Siuni were shot and killed in the firefight, and his role as leader of the operation was assumed by
471:, succeeded in persuading the Armenian men to leave the bank by promising to meet to their demands as well as grant them safe passage out of the bank. Sir Edgar's secretary told the revolutionaries that their action would alienate the European powers and cause a 'fearful massacre of Armenians' but they replied that if they died they would do so as martyrs and patriots. They were assured of a pardon and unhindered departure from the city on board Sir Edgar Vincent's private yacht.
1004:
345:
decision to take over the
Ottoman Bank was a strategic one as the bank held many European treasuries which would therefore attract the Europeans' attention the Armenians wanted. The men had been singled out because "apart from the interests of the European powers the various financial markets would also suffer heavy loss through the destruction of their property."
42:
459:
For centuries our forbears have been living with you in peace and harmony...but recently your government, conceived in crimes, began to sow discord among us in order to strangle us and you with greater ease. You, people, did not understand this diabolical scheme of politics and, soaking yourselves in
344:
accepted to take part in the act in
February 1896, the arrangements to raid the bank started. From the start, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation handed out fliers to the general population of the Ottoman Empire stating that their fight was not against them but the Ottoman Empire's oppression. The
244:
and hand-held bombs, the seizure of the bank lasted for 14 hours, resulting in the deaths of ten of the
Armenian men and Ottoman soldiers. The Ottoman reaction to the takeover saw further massacres and pogroms of 6,000 Armenians living in Constantinople and also Hamid threatening to level the entire
430:
The
Ottoman soldiers cut the bridge, thus preventing the riot from growing, but behind the barricade the deadly fight between the two group progressed with but little noise. As the massacre progressed, the bombs were thrown and pistol shots discharged from houses at various points with no apparent
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536:
stationed in the
Ottoman Empire, condemned "the rage of mad bigotry and cruel fanaticism," the "not infrequent reports of the wanton destruction of homes and the bloody butchery of men, women, and children, made martyrs to their profession of Christian faith."
527:
Despite the nature of the takeover of the bank, the brutality endured by the
Armenian civilian population in the wake of the incident overshadowed the incident itself, renewing Western concern for Armenian safety in the Ottoman Empire. United States President
414:(students from the theological seminaries), took over a hotel in the city of Constantinople and bombs and shots and missiles fairly rained upon the heads of the passersby, wounding many persons. The mob surrounding the bank extended to several villages on the
545:. It so mars the humane and enlightened civilization that belongs to the close of the 19th century that it seems hardly possible that the earnest demand of good peoples throughout the Christian world for its corrective treatment will remain unanswered.
303:
434:
Different sources also contain reports of the city's Jews simultaneously aiding
Armenians and taking them into the shelter of their homes, as well as of them joining the Muslim mobs and partaking in the pillaging of Armenian shops and homes.
663:
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and softas," most of whom resided in
Constantinople, rushed across the bridge towards Pera and Galata but were met by squads of cavalry who forced them back, thus confining their efforts at massacre to the Armenians in the close region.
229:, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation members saw its seizure as a means to bring full attention to their plight. At the time, the Ottoman Bank served as an important financial center for both the Empire and the countries of Europe.
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the blood of our brothers, you became an accomplice in the perpetration of this heinous crime. Nevertheless, know well that our fight is not against you, but your government, against which your own best sons are fighting also.
484:
Retribution against the ordinary
Armenian populace in Constantinople was swift and brutal. Ottomans loyal to the government began to massacre the Armenians in Constantinople itself. Two days into the takeover, the Ottoman
549:
Cleveland rejected the possibility of asserting American military force to protect Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, offering accommodation to "those who seek to avoid the perils which threaten them in Turkish dominions."
318:
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation sought to stop the murder of Armenians and planned the bank takeover to gain the attention and intervention of world powers. The plan to occupy the Ottoman Bank was masterminded by
271:
under Ottoman rule. The Armenians lived in their own villages and city quarters, separate from the muslims. They were subjected to heavy taxes and were downgraded as a separate group of Ottoman society, called a
466:
After fourteen hours of occupation and repelling government attempts to retake the bank, the ambassadors of Europe, principally through the good offices of Russian consul Maximov, and the director of the bank,
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who viewed the small resistance as a threat to his power. In the 1890s, up to 300,000 Armenians had been massacred on the implicit orders of Sultan Hamid, massacres commonly known as the Hamidian massacres.
508:, was a native of the town. According to a report by the French Ambassador, Ottoman troops killed "upwards of 2000 Armenians" in Egin, including "many women and children". A report by the British Consul at
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On the same day, the revolutionaries sent a letter to the European major powers demanding that the sultan promise to attend to their demands and hand over the solution of the
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Threats were issued that if their list of political demands were not met, all hostages would be executed. They clarified that their goal was to dictate their political will.
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took over the bank which largely employed European personnel from Great Britain and France. Stirred largely due to the inaction of the European powers in regard to
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to an international judge. Otherwise, on the third day, they would blow themselves and the bank up. The following manifesto was issued to the Ottoman public:
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object. At the railroad depot on Seraglio Point an officer requested that some fifteen Armenian employees of the Oriental Express be delivered to him.
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On Wednesday, 26 August 1896, 13:00 o'clock, 26 Armenians from the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, armed with pistols and grenades and led by
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on 26 August 1896. In an effort to raise further awareness and action by the major European powers, 28 armed men and women led primarily by
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278:. Various Armenians who were resentful of Ottoman persecution took up arms to defend their basic rights. This infuriated the Sultan
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The Armenian Revolutionary Federation's goals had been partially accomplished in getting the attention of the major powers.
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On 15 September 1896, three weeks after the bank raid, Ottoman authorities organized a massacre in the town of
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I do not believe that the present sombre prospect in Turkey will be long permitted to offend the sight of
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566:("In Memory of Papken Siuni") or popularly known as Ottoman Bank is about the events of the takeover.
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388:(now Karaköy) financial district, from which narrow streets wind up other hills to the fashionable
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The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of The Ottoman Armenians
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Occupation of the Ottoman Bank in Istanbul by members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation
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linked the old and newer parts of the city across the narrow estuary winding inland from the
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describes the Egin massacre as a "case of collective punishment through mass murder".
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at the top. On this side of the bridge the Armenian men concentrated in the Galata,
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A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility
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1992:
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504:. Egin was chosen as the target because the leader of the bank raiding party,
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Becoming Ottomans: Sephardi Jews and Imperial Citizenship in the Modern Era
41:
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532:, responding to widespread support for the Armenian cause galvanized by
1919:
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902:"To Aid The Armenians; Meeting of Sympathizers Held in Chickering Hall"
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384:, and the government offices. On the other the bridge opens up to the
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Massacre and pogroms of some 6,000 Armenians living in Constantinople
1929:
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1230:
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Surviving members of the takeover after they arrived in Marseille.
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The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response
1720:
1407:
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422:. The weapons used by the populace were clubs and knives. The
332:, who would lead the operation along with his head assistant,
710:
Imperialism, Evangelism and the Ottoman Armenians, 1878–1896
87:
Death of ten of the Armenian militants and Ottoman soldiers
380:. On one side cobbled streets run up from the bridge to
966:
Armenian patriotic song, performed by Karnig Sarkissian
1839:
Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915
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including Tepe bashi and on the Asiatic coast of the
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1957:
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1122:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
630:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 53.
457:
404:around Pera. An Ottoman mob, mainly made up of
34:
1732:
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8:
773:
771:
622:
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201:"Ottoman Bank takeover") by members of the
1889:
1739:
1725:
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1482:Liberation struggle of Artsakh (1724-1731)
1443:
1426:
1412:
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1137:Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
993:
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298:was one of the chief planners who survived
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1532:Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery (1901)
801:
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712:. London: Frank Cass, 1993, pp. 107–108.
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46:Imperial Ottoman Bank headquarters, 1896
852:. Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 146.
614:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
2420:Armenian national liberation movement
683:"1896 Occupation of the Ottoman Bank"
588:Balakian, Peter (30 September 2003).
340:, better known by his nom de guerre,
7:
850:The History of the Armenian Genocide
309:, the chief organizer of the attack.
2344:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
2126:May 1915 Triple Entente declaration
1542:Yıldız assassination attempt (1905)
2149:National Armenian Relief Committee
25:
2380:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
2285:Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day
1674:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
1347:Turkish consulate attack in Paris
1065:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
1059:Armenian Democratic Liberal Party
203:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
128:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
1456:Organizations and military units
1091:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
1002:
681:Yaman, Ilker (3 November 2015).
263:Contrary to Ottoman claims, the
121:
108:
40:
2073:Committee of Union and Progress
1762:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
1383:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
392:(now Beyoğlu) area and finally
255:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
1777:Hamidian massacres (1894–1897)
1578:Resistance during the genocide
1453:Political and military leaders
1352:Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack
1312:Occupation of the Ottoman Bank
1113:Defunct militant organizations
1086:Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party
267:suffered from persecution and
205:(Dashnak Party) took place in
189:, "Raid on the Ottoman Bank";
1:
2390:Economy of the Ottoman Empire
2184:Assassination of Talaat Pasha
1813:Ottoman Empire in World War I
1502:Kum Kapu demonstration (1890)
1132:New Armenian Resistance Group
815:"MOBS KILLED MORE THAN 3,000"
500:, in the eastern province of
2400:Military history of Istanbul
1782:Young Turk Revolution (1908)
1517:Ottoman Bank Takeover (1896)
1450:Persecution of the Armenians
1317:Yıldız assassination attempt
576:Yıldız assassination attempt
2354:Hitler's Armenian reference
2349:Assassination of Hrant Dink
2224:The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
1373:Provisional Republic of Van
1302:Armenian national awakening
1142:Armenian Revolutionary Army
1081:National Revival of Artsakh
560:Armenian revolutionary song
2436:
2395:1896 in the Ottoman Empire
1527:Khanasor Expedition (1897)
1512:Zeitun rebellion (1895–96)
1497:Gugunian Expedition (1890)
1435:Armenian national movement
1337:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
1307:Armenian national movement
934:"MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT"
745:See Julia Phillips Cohen,
252:
35:1896 Ottoman Bank takeover
2253:Witnesses and testimonies
1475:Battle of Halidzor (1727)
1441:
1378:First Republic of Armenia
874:"Peace in Constantinople"
564:Papken Siuniyi Hishadagin
194:
159:
133:
101:
50:
39:
2405:1896 in economic history
2375:19th century in Istanbul
1975:Post-genocide population
1694:Armenian volunteer units
1357:1983 Orly Airport attack
1227:Militants and commanders
1050:Active political parties
2385:19th century in Armenia
2140:Foreign aid and relief
1965:Pre-genocide population
1803:1914 Greek deportations
1547:Battle of Sulukh (1907)
1470:Syunik rebellion (1722)
751:Oxford University Press
187:Osmanlı Bankası Baskını
2327:Late Ottoman genocides
2119:International response
1700:French Armenian Legion
1507:Sasun rebellion (1894)
1487:Zeitun uprising (1862)
547:
520:International response
464:
448:
334:Haig (Hrach) Tiriakian
323:, better known by his
310:
299:
186:
168:28 armed men and women
134:Commanders and leaders
1849:20 Hunchakian gallows
1798:1914 Armenian reforms
1787:Adana massacre (1909)
1537:Sasun uprising (1904)
1492:Bashkale clash (1889)
1107:National United Party
1076:National Agenda Party
539:
534:American missionaries
446:
338:Garegin Pastermadjian
305:
294:
227:Sultan Abdul Hamid II
209:, the capital of the
199:Bank Otomani k'ravumĕ
195:Պանք Օթօմանի գրաւումը
18:Ottoman Bank takeover
2144:Near East Foundation
2110:Special Organization
1868:Concentration camps
1818:Battle of Sarikamish
1322:Battle of Sardarabad
1127:Army of Independence
1009:Armenian nationalism
2201:Cultural depictions
2052:Rescue of Armenians
1970:Genocide casualties
1808:Congress at Erzerum
1772:Turkish nationalism
1393:Republic of Artsakh
1388:Republic of Armenia
932:(8 December 1896).
554:Cultural references
269:forced assimilation
2415:August 1896 events
2191:Treaty of Lausanne
2057:Turkish opposition
1558:Hamidian massacres
1522:Van Defense (1896)
1366:Political entities
1216:Rafayel Ishkhanian
1166:Mikayel Nalbandian
910:. 10 November 1896
882:. 2 September 1896
846:Dadrian, Vahakn N.
792:, pp. 108–109
753:, 2014, pp. 75–77.
736:, pp. 105–106
669:Metropolitan Books
649:, pp. 107–108
449:
311:
300:
259:Hamidian massacres
223:Hamidian massacres
176:occupation of the
2410:Conflicts in 1896
2362:
2361:
2290:100th anniversary
2179:Operation Nemesis
1953:
1952:
1767:Armenian question
1748:Armenian genocide
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1656:Political parties
1641:Drastamat Kanayan
1570:Armenian genocide
1464:Until World War I
1401:
1400:
1332:Karabakh movement
1327:February Uprising
1161:Khachatur Abovian
930:Cleveland, Grover
778:Armenian Question
626:Bloxham, Donald.
601:978-0-06-019840-4
594:. HarperCollins.
469:Sir Edgar Vincent
453:Armenian Question
172:
171:
97:
96:
16:(Redirected from
2427:
2307:notable visitors
2280:Hidden Armenians
2209:Ravished Armenia
2131:Imperial Germany
2040:Shabin-Karahisar
2012:Armenian militia
1980:Hidden Armenians
1890:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1718:
1595:Shabin-Karahisar
1444:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1405:
1342:Khojaly massacre
1271:Movses Gorgisyan
1211:Silva Kaputikyan
1196:Avetis Aharonian
1176:Mkrtich Khrimian
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823:. 29 August 1896
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687:We Love Istanbul
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530:Grover Cleveland
280:'Abdu'l-Hamid II
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165:Ottoman regulars
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2103:Bahaeddin Şakir
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1998:
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1286:Jirair Sefilian
1281:Vazgen Sargsyan
1276:Monte Melkonian
1221:Monte Melkonian
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1117:Armenian fedayi
1102:Armenakan Party
1098:Defunct parties
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253:Main articles:
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2332:Greek genocide
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2136:Press coverage
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859:1-57181-666-6
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804:, p. 109
803:
802:Balakian 2003
798:
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790:Balakian 2003
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765:, p. 104
764:
763:Balakian 2003
759:
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730:
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724:, p. 105
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2174:Malta exiles
2066:Perpetrators
2016:By location
1991:
1877:Ra's al-'Ayn
1854:Confiscation
1686:
1516:
1311:
1032:
964:Bank Ottoman
963:
943:. Retrieved
937:
924:
912:. Retrieved
905:
896:
884:. Retrieved
877:
868:
849:
825:. Retrieved
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797:
785:
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746:
741:
729:
717:
709:
686:
676:
667:. New York:
662:
659:Akcam, Taner
654:
642:
627:
590:
582:Bibliography
563:
557:
548:
540:
526:
523:
506:Papken Siuni
495:
491:bashibazouks
490:
486:
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465:
461:
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439:Negotiations
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429:
411:
407:bashibazouks
405:
371:
368:Mob violence
363:
355:Papken Siuni
352:
330:Papken Siuni
324:
317:
307:Papken Siuni
273:
262:
231:
215:Papken Siuni
198:
178:Ottoman Bank
175:
173:
147:
142:Papken Siuni
102:Belligerents
86:
68:Ottoman Bank
29:
2270:Reparations
2258:Recognition
2231:The Promise
2161:Prosecution
1884:Terminology
1872:Deir ez-Zor
1794:(1912–1913)
1792:Balkan Wars
1702:(1916–1920)
1696:(1914–1917)
945:3 September
914:3 September
886:3 September
827:3 September
543:Christendom
378:Golden Horn
232:Armed with
225:started by
2369:Categories
2004:Resistance
1993:Vorpahavak
1958:Demography
1915:Diyarbekir
1844:Tehcir Law
1755:Background
1256:Armen Garo
1061:(Ramgavar)
749:. Oxford:
610:References
359:Armen Garo
342:Armen Garo
296:Armen Garo
287:Activities
249:Background
219:Armen Garo
154:Armen Garo
2297:Memorials
2246:Aftermath
2030:Musa Dagh
1987:Survivors
1940:Trebizond
1893:By region
1864:Mass rape
1662:Armenakan
1605:Musa Dagh
1560:(1894–96)
1093:(Hunchak)
1067:(Dashnak)
480:Massacres
475:Aftermath
402:Tarlabasi
265:Armenians
1827:Genocide
1631:Andranik
1246:Andranik
1191:Siamanto
1157:Thinkers
1016:Ideology
848:(2003).
780:Armenica
570:See also
416:Bosporus
314:Planning
242:dynamite
238:grenades
191:Armenian
160:Strength
72:Istanbul
63:Location
2320:Related
2093:Djevdet
1920:Erzurum
1668:Hunchak
1447:History
1295:History
1034:Miatsum
562:titled
514:Dadrian
349:Seizure
336:. When
234:pistols
183:Turkish
148:†
2275:Denial
2237:others
2098:Reshid
2088:Djemal
2078:Talaat
2020:Zeitun
1925:Harput
1910:Bitlis
1905:Aleppo
1834:Causes
1688:Fedayi
1676:(1890)
1670:(1887)
1664:(1885)
1585:Zeitun
1572:(1915)
1566:(1909)
1151:People
1071:Hosank
856:
634:
598:
510:Harput
502:Harput
487:softas
424:ulemas
412:softas
386:Galata
275:millet
144:
113:
83:Result
2337:Sayfo
2083:Enver
2045:Azakh
1935:Sivas
1900:Adana
1681:Units
1616:Arabo
1231:Arabo
1171:Raffi
398:Tünel
2217:film
2213:book
2035:Urfa
1600:Urfa
947:2008
916:2008
888:2008
854:ISBN
829:2008
632:ISBN
596:ISBN
498:Egin
489:and
410:and
400:and
390:Pera
372:The
257:and
217:and
174:The
55:Date
2025:Van
1945:Van
1930:Muş
1590:Van
558:An
2371::
2215:,
936:.
904:.
876:.
837:^
817:.
770:^
695:^
685:.
661:.
617:^
361:.
240:,
236:,
197:,
193::
185::
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987:t
980:v
949:.
918:.
890:.
862:.
831:.
689:.
604:.
181:(
20:)
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