230:
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potential allies, diplomats, and spies". There were also Jews that possessed special skills in a wide range of fields that the
Ottomans took advantage of, including David and Samuel ibn Nahmias, who established a printing press in 1493. That was then a new technology and accelerated production of literature and documents, which was especially important for religious texts and bureaucratic documents. Other Jewish specialists employed by the empire included physicians and diplomats that emigrated from their homelands. Some of them were granted landed titles for their work, including Joseph Nasi, who was named Duke of Naxos.
367:
864:) and Rabbi Joseph Garson, who was living in Damascus at the time. The Safed attack may have been initiated by retreating Mamluk soldiers who accused the Jews of treacherously aiding the Turkish invaders, with Arabs from the surrounding villages joining the melee. In Hebron, Jews were attacked, beaten and raped, and many were killed as their homes and businesses were looted and pillaged. An account of the event, recorded by Japheth ben Manasseh in 1518, mentions how the onslaught was initiated by Turkish troops led by Murad Bey, the deputy of the Sultan from Jerusalem.
631:
1345:
contacts with Europe, who knew
European languages, and brought new knowledge and technologies". Additionally, some Sephardic Jews "were...prominent merchants with European markets" who were even regarded as "potential allies, diplomats, and spies" during times of war against Christians. Throughout the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire saw an increased Jewish influence on the economy and commerce. There is no doubt among historians that "Spanish Jews contributed significantly to the development of the capital in the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century".
134:
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2267:, p. 15: "Capsali, relying on Jewish informants, was perhaps better informed about what was happening to Jewish communities in remote parts of the Empire. He wrote about Jews suffering in time of war: the pogrom in Safed during Selim I's campaign against the Mamluks for the conquest of Syria, Palestine and Egypt; and preparations for a pogrom against the Jewish community in Cairo on the eve of Selim’s conquest of the city.'
1126:, or Grand Rabbi, was still the civil and spiritual ethnarch of Ottoman Jews, and he was now constrained by the creation of two councils, one spiritual and one civil. These councils were elected by a general assembly of 80 deputies, composed of 20 rabbis and 60 laymen, themselves elected by Istanbul Jews. The hahambaşı was now an elected position, whereupon 40 extra deputies from the provinces were added to the assembly.
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325:, the Turkish term for the Chief Rabbi. There were no restrictions in the professions Jews could practice, analogous to the restrictions common in Western Christian countries. There were restrictions, however, regarding the areas Jews could live in or work, which were similar to the restrictions placed on Ottoman subjects of other religions. Like all non-Muslims, Jews had to pay the
4020:
1185:, a high-ranking official observed, "whereas in former times, in the Ottoman State, the communities were ranked, with the Muslims first, then the Greeks, then the Armenians, then the Jews, now all of them were put on the same level. Some Greeks objected to this, saying: 'The government has put us together with the Jews. We were content with the supremacy of Islam.'"
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2279:, p. 185: "When the Mamluks realized that the Ottomans were about to conquer Israel in 1516, they accused the Jews of treason and of supporting the new rulers. Before withdrawing, the Mamluk soldiers took revenge by attacking the Jews of Galilee and Safed and looting their property. Naked and destitute, the Jews were forced to hide in the fields."
798:
2291:, p. 407: "While the Jews of Jerusalem were not affected by the Ottoman invasion, those of Safed suffered heavily. The retreating Mameluke forces attacked them and the Arabs of the surrounding villages used the opportunity to set upon the Jews and despoil them. They abandoned everything and fled for their lives to hide in the fields."
1388:, had Jewish populations of about 20,000 Jewish people by the early 16th century. Salonica was considered the main center of Jewish life in the Ottoman Empire. Jewish people maintained a strong presence in Salonica until the outbreak of World War II and the Holocaust, when "there were around 56,000 Jews living in" the city.
2303:, p. 44: "In contrast to the Jews of Jerusalem, who were not adversely affected by the conflict between the Mamluks and the Ottoman Turks in 1516, Safed appears to have suffered considerably. Retreating Mamluks attacked the community, while Arabs in nearby villages exploited the opportunity to do likewise."
2604:
Under
Ottoman rule, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Jews continued to thrive, becoming part of the commercial and political ruling class. Like Armenians, the Jews could engage in necessary commercial activities, such as moneylending and banking, that were proscribed for Moslems under
1167:, most scholars conclude that Arab anti-Semitism in the modern world arose in the nineteenth century, against the backdrop of conflicting Jewish and Arab nationalism, and was imported into the Arab world primarily by nationalistically minded Christian Arabs (and only subsequently was it "Islamized").
1403:
Additionally, some historians claim
Salonica was seen as the "New Jerusalem" and has been named the "Mother of Israel" where the Jewish Sabbath "was most vigorously observed". Also, there were many international organizations that thought about creating a new Jewish state instead of Palestine before
817:
population of the Empire was largely uninterested in business enterprises and accordingly left commercial occupations to members of minority religions. Additionally, since the
Ottoman Empire was engaged in a military conflict with the Christian nations at the time, Jews were trusted and regarded "as
1395:
began in Spain and
Portugal and Jews were forced to convert to Christianity or emigrate. Religious persecution caused many Sephardic Jews to immigrate to Salonica and make up a majority of the city's population. In Salonica, Jews lived in communities around synagogues in which "Jewish organizations
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to place certain restrictions on Jews living in the region. For example, some of the restrictions placed on Jews in the
Ottoman Empire were included, but not limited to, a special tax, a requirement to wear special clothing, and a ban on carrying guns, riding horses, building or repairing places of
821:
Although the
Ottomans did not treat Jews differently from other minorities in the country, the policies seemed to align well with Jewish traditions, which allowed communities to flourish. The Jewish people were allowed to establish their own autonomous communities, which included their own schools
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in certain regions of the Empire. This was especially true for the
Sephardic Jews, who had large amounts of political and cultural influence in the Ottoman Empire. The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire had political and cultural influence because they "were perceived as Westerners who had extensive
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community. In fact, the
Sephardic Jews eclipsed and absorbed the Romaniot Jews and changed the culture and the structure of Jewish communities in the Ottoman Empire. In the centuries that followed, the Ottomans reaped the benefits of the Jewish communities that they adopted. In exchange for Jews
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was not settled by Spanish Jews until later. The Jewish population at Jerusalem increased from 70 families in 1488 to 1,500 at the beginning of the 16th century, and that of Safed increased from 300 to 2,000 families. Damascus had a Sephardic congregation of 500 families. Istanbul had a Jewish
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in 1470. Even before then, as the Ottomans conquered Anatolia and Greece, they encouraged Jewish immigration from the European lands from which they were expelled. The Ashkenazi Jews mixed with the already large Romaniot Jewish communities that had become part of the Ottoman Empire as they had
412:
During the Classical Ottoman period, the Jews, together with most other communities of the empire, enjoyed a certain level of prosperity. Compared with other Ottoman subjects, they were the predominant power in commerce and trade as well as diplomacy and other high offices. In the 16th century
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and courts. Those rights were extremely controversial in other regions in Muslim North Africa and absolutely unrealistic in Europe. The communities would prove to be centers of education and trade because of the large array of connections to other Jewish communities across the Mediterranean.
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Moins de douze ans après, en 1660, sous Mohammed IV, la ville de Safed, si importante autrefois dans les annales juives parce qu'elle était habitée exclusivement par les Israélites, fut détruite par les Arabes, au point qu'il n' y resta, dit une chroniquer une seule ame
1064:, which required orphans of Jewish parents to be raised as Muslims. Once Ottoman rule began, the Orphan's Decree was revoked, although a "Dung-Gatherers' Decree," which tasked Jews with cleaning sewers, remained in effect. Also, the Ottoman authorities raised the
1396:
provided all the religious, legal, educational and social services". The concentration of Jews in the city as well as the binding social capital provided by Jewish organizations allowed Salonica to become an "almost autonomous" zone for Jews to flourish in.
1133:. A key difference was the lack of clergy; The hahambaşı still held absolute spiritual authority over Jews of Istanbul, but provincial Jews were free to organize their local affairs as they wished. Istanbul was also the only city represented in the chamber.
936:. However, the city was also served by large port, making it easily susceptible to infectious agents from abroad. Incidents of plague often affected the production of broadcloth as residents of Salonica repeatedly became ill, died or fled during outbreaks.
2486:(1920) p.241. "Long before the culmination of Sabbathai's mad career, Safed had been destroyed by the Arabs and the Jews had suffered severely, while in the same year (1660) there was a great fire in Constantinople in which they endured heavy losses..."
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I have seen a little fellow of six years old, with a troop of fat toddlers of only three and four, teaching to throw stones at a Jew, and one little urchin would, with the greatest coolness, waddle up to the man and literally spit upon his Jewish
1399:
The strength of the Jewish community in Salonica can even be seen after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. After the Ottoman Empire fell, the city of Salonica was not depicted as a Greek or Turkish city, but instead was considered a Jewish city.
884:. When Alvaro Mendès arrived in Istanbul in 1588, he is reported to have brought with him 85,000 gold ducats. The Mendès family soon acquired a dominating position in the state finances of the Ottoman Empire and in commerce with Europe.
621:
is a land wherein nothing is lacking" and asked "Is it not better for you to live under Muslims than under Christians?" Many had taken the Rabbi up on his offer, including the Jews who were expelled from the German Duchy of Bavaria by
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contributing their talents for the benefit of the empire, they would be rewarded well. Compared to European laws, which restricted life for all Jews, that was a significant opportunity, which drew Jews from across the Mediterranean.
447:
themselves. They had come to the Ottoman Empire from many lands, bringing with them their own customs and opinions, to which they clung tenaciously, and had founded separate congregations. Another tremendous upheaval was caused when
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to codify Jewish affairs in the empire. The constitution was ultimately a temporary victory for the laity, as the constitution was quickly eroded by renewed rabbinical control and corruption. This state of affairs continued until
1348:
Although many Sephardic Jews had large amounts of political and cultural capital, the Jewish community in the Ottoman Empire was decentralized for most of the region's history. This changed, however, when the Sultan appointed a
1353:
or a chief rabbi to exercise jurisdiction in the community regarding issues of "marriage, divorce, engagement, and inheritance" in addition to delivering "his community's share of the taxes and keeping order" in the community.
65:
79:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
553:, was perceived as an "expulsion" by the Jews. Despite this interpretation however, the Romaniotes would be the most influential community in the Empire for several decades, until that position would be lost to a wave of
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The history of Jews in the Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is principally a chronicle of decline in influence and power. They lost their influential positions in trade mainly to the
1250:. While the authorities under Sharif Pasha, Egyptian governor of Damascus, tortured the accused until they confessed to the crime, and killed two Jews who refused to confess, prominent European Jews such as
171:. The experience of Jews in the Ottoman Empire is particularly significant because the region "provided a principal place of refuge for Jews driven out of Western Europe by massacres and persecution."
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Sephardic Jews did not envision Palestine as the seat of Jewish governance and autonomy in the immediate aftermath of World War I. Sa'adi Levy, who lived in Salonica, owned a printing press in
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of the Empire. As the empire lost control over its European provinces in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, these Jewish communities found themselves under Christian rule. The
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In the sixteenth century, the leading financiers in Istanbul were Greeks and Jews. Many of the Jewish financiers were originally from Iberia and had fled during the period leading up to the
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Tamar . .challenges David's conclusion concerning the severity of the riots against the Jews, arguing that the support of the Egyptian Jews saved the community of Safed from destruction'.
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In 1881, in response to rising antisemitism in mainland Europe, as well as a number of proposals made by various parties regarding the potential settlement of Jews within the empire, the
331:("head tax") and faced other restrictions in clothing, horse riding, army service, slave ownership, etc. Although many of these restrictions were decreed, they were not always enforced.
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rose to power in the 14th and 15th centuries, there had been Jewish communities established throughout the region. The Ottoman Empire lasted from the early 12th century until the end of
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This constitution was the culmination of a struggle between progressive lay bourgeoisie and conservative rabbis over leadership in the Jewish community, as well as pressure from the
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J. Hacker, Ottoman policies towards the Jews and Jewish attitudes towards Ottomans during the Fifteenth Century in "Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire", New York (1982)
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Varlik, Nükhet (2014). "Plague, Conflict, and Negotiation: The Jewish Broadcloth Weavers of Salonica and the Ottoman Central Administration in the Late Sixteenth Century".
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Inalcik, Halil. “The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23, (1969): 229–249.pg236
47:
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Campos, Michelle U. (2005). "Between "beloved Ottomania" and "the Land of Israel": The Struggle over Ottomanism and Zionism Among Palestine's Sephardi Jews, 1908–13".
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2014:
1107:(Ladino). Writer M. Franco stated that Ottoman government employee and translator Yehezkel Gabay (1825-96) wrote the Ottoman Turkish version of this constitution.
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in 1347, the city was a shadow of its former glory. As Mehmed wanted the city as his new capital, he decreed the rebuilding of the city. And in order to revivify
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The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
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which passed to Ottoman authority in 1324. The synagogue is still in use, although the modern Jewish population of Bursa has shrunk to about 140 people.
876:. Many of these families brought great fortunes with them. The most notable of the Jewish banking families in the 16th-century Ottoman Empire was the
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The Turks' conquest of the city in 1517, was marked by a violent pogrom of murder, rape, and plunder of Jewish homes. The surviving Jews fled to the "
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writes that one symbol of Jewish degradation was the phenomenon of stone-throwing at Jews by Muslim children. Morris quotes a 19th-century traveler:
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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305:. Although the status of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire may have been exaggerated, it is undeniable that some tolerance was enjoyed. Under the
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Naar, Devin E. (2014-11-12). "Fashioning the "Mother of Israel": The Ottoman Jewish Historical Narrative and the Image of Jewish Salonica".
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In addition to the already existent Jewish population in the lands the Ottomans conquered, many more Jews were given refuge after the
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in 1872, the Zaydi Imam of Yemen had implemented more restrictions on Jews than had been present in the Ottoman Empire, such as the
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1215:, Morocco; elsewhere in Morocco, Jews were attacked and killed in the streets in broad daylight. In 1891, the leading Muslims in
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tax burden on Jews and often did not respect Jewish holidays. Starting around 1881, many Yemeni Jews began to move to Jerusalem.
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190:). By the end of the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire had the largest Jewish population in the world, with 150,000 compared to
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Peri, Oded (1990). "The Muslim waqf and the collection of jizya in late eighteenth-century Jerusalem". In Gilbar, Gad (ed.).
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549:, where they made up 10% of the city's population. But at the same time the forced resettlement, though not intended as an
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1269:. To all this the Jew is obliged to submit; it would be more than his life was worth to offer to strike a Mohammedan.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Turkish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Friction between Jews and Turks was less common than in the Arab territories. Some examples: In 1660 or 1662, under
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916:("rabbi tax"). Sometimes, local rulers would also levy taxes for themselves, in addition to the taxes sent to the
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collected from Christian and Jewish communities was among the main sources of tax income of the Ottoman treasury.
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459:, he opted for the latter. His remaining disciples also converted to Islam. Their descendants are today known as
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1246:) were arrested after being accused of murdering the Christian Father Thomas and his servant in an instance of
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D. Tamar, "On the Jews of Safed in the Days of the Ottoman Conquest" Cathedra 11 (1979), cited Dan Ben Amos,
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writes that it was in the 19th century that the position of Jews worsened in Muslim countries. According to
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declared that " immigrants be able to settle as scattered groups throughout Turkey, excluding Palestine."
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as part of a larger trend of antisemitism resurging throughout Europe that the Ottomans would exploit. The
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1019:, who speaks of him as an acquaintance whom he esteemed highly. Fonseca was involved in negotiations with
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1505:, a Ladino language newspaper published by David Fresco in Constantinople/Istanbul in the years 1872–1930
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Even though Jews were placed under special restrictions in the Ottoman Empire, there was still a vibrant
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Morris, Benny. Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-2001. Vintage Books, 2001
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banking house of Mendès, which moved to and settled in Istanbul in 1552 under the protection of sultan
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that immigrated to the Ottoman Empire between 1421 and 1453. Among these new Ashkenazi immigrants was
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Ottoman Jews were obliged to pay special taxes to the Ottoman authorities. These taxes included the
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Charles Issawi & Dmitri Gondicas; Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism, Princeton, (1999)
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were subjected to what Gilbert calls punitive taxation. In 1864, around 500 Jews were killed in
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Essai sur l'histoire des Israélites de l'Empire ottoman: depuis les origines jusqu'à nos jours
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by the majority Muslim population. Muslims in the Ottoman Empire used the Qur'anic concept of
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from all over his empire be resettled in the new capital. Within months most of the Empire's
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and French covering the rival ideological claims and intellectual controversies of the day:
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M. Rosen, Studies in the History of Istanbul Jewry, 1453-1923 (Diaspora, 2), Turnhout, 2015
1431:. In 1919, one of his sons proposed Jewish autonomy and self-governance in Salonica to the
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Ottoman Jews held a variety of views on the role of Jews in the Ottoman Empire, from loyal
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in 1517. Accounts of the attack against the Jews in Safed were recorded by historian Rabbi
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317:, etc.). In the framework of the millet, Jews had a considerable amount of administrative
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Studies in Ottoman Social & Economic Life, Heidelberg, (1999); the essay is entitled:
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was one of the main sources of revenue accruing to the Ottoman state treasury as a whole.
439:"My impression is that no pressure existed, that it was merely performαnce that counted."
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Two violent incidences took place in Safed and Hebron after the Ottomans had ousted the
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and the Ottoman Empire, occurred during the reign of Mehmed the Conquerors's successor,
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Physician of the Soul, Healer of the Cosmos: Isaac Luria and His Kabbalistic Fellowship
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1474:("Translation Journal"), began in 1876 and edited by Jozef Niego, published in Istanbul
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2671:"Ottoman Policy and Restrictions on Jewish Settlement in Palestine: 1881-1908: Part I"
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Salonica became the Jewish center of the Ottoman Empire after 1492. At this time, the
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1007:, who were able to "capitalize on their religio-cultural ties with the West and their
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Some Jews who reached high positions in the Ottoman court and administration include
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Letters to Auntie Fori: The 5,000-Year History of the Jewish People and Their Faith
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H. Inalcik; The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600, Phoenix Press, (2001)
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Olson, Robert W. (1979). "Jews in the Ottoman Empire in Light of New Documents".
2319:. Macmillan Reference USA in association with the Keter Pub. House. p. 746.
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1480:("The East"), began in 1867, edited by an anonymous person, published in Istanbul
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In 1865, when the equality of all subjects of the Ottoman Empire was proclaimed,
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Jews, Turks, Ottomans: A Shared History, Fifteenth Through the Twentieth Century
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Banking on Baghdad: inside Iraq's 7,000-year history of war, profit and conflict
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were allowed to settle in the wealthier cities of the empire, especially in the
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During the Ottoman Empire, the following newspapers served Jewish communities:
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781:, received a large number of the exiles, who soon outnumbered the pre-existing
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further lowered the number of Jews within the borders of the Ottoman Empire.
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In particular on the history of Istanbul Jewry in the Ottoman Empire, see
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Ottoman Palestine, 1800–1914 : Studies in economic and social history
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The shade of swords: jihad and the conflict between Islam and Christianity
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1381:
1377:
1239:
1039:
1016:
906:
786:
757:
733:
725:
713:
709:
705:
681:
542:
510:
351:
327:
318:
164:
145:
2924:
2207:
1612:
1420:
1376:
Although Jews were spread throughout the Ottoman Empire, the cities of
1274:
1200:
1171:
1050:
1031:
877:
797:
602:
538:
434:
383:
263:
195:
101:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
2484:
The Jews of Asia: especially in the sixteenth and seventeenth century.
1555:("The Nation"), October 1919 to 17 September 1922, edited by Jak Loria
417:, the apogee of Jewish influence could arguable be the appointment of
2370:
Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a historical encyclopedia
1545:("The Journal of the Orient"), 1918–1977, by the political scientist
1328:
1285:
rule after the occupation of the region in 1878. The independence of
1224:
1212:
1208:
1004:
972:
845:
841:
814:
741:
634:
618:
610:
522:
488:
460:
455:. He was eventually caught by the Ottoman authorities and when given
267:
255:
191:
2867:
Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001
1423:
and socialism. The family were merchants and central figures in the
1129:
The Jewish millet constitution is noted for its similarity with the
2074:
Jewish Salonica : between the Ottoman Empire and modern Greece
483:
under Ottoman rule took place after the Empire gained control over
1527:
1442:
1314:
1304:
1204:
1066:
964:
943:
894:
861:
778:
765:
761:
753:
737:
729:
677:
649:
629:
580:
406:
365:
332:
283:
271:
259:
132:
2184:"The Sephardic Exodus to the Ottoman Empire | My Jewish Learning"
2131:"EARLY MODERN JEWISH HISTORY: Overview » 5. Ottoman Empire"
1902:
Avigdor Levy; The Jews of the Ottoman Empire, New Jersey, (1994)
1756:"EARLY MODERN JEWISH HISTORY: Overview » 5. Ottoman Empire"
1234:
An important instance of anti-Semitism around this time was the
929:
613:
and wrote a letter inviting the European Jewry to settle in the
109:{{Translated|tr|Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndaki Yahudilerin tarihi}}
76:
3991:
3585:
3180:
2752:"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
2712:"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
2397:
An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914
1227:. In 1897, synagogues were ransacked and Jews were murdered in
609:
whose family had lived in France. He became the Chief Rabbi of
802:
606:
530:
429:, a rank usually only bestowed upon Muslims) of the island of
258:
passed into Muslim rule, thirty Jewish communities existed in
28:
2620:
A history of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East
1886:
1884:
813:
The Jews satisfied various needs in the Ottoman Empire. The
498:, he found the city in a state of disarray. After suffering
342:'s minister of Finance ("Defterdar") Hekim Yakup Pasha, his
1326:
In the Ottoman Empire, Jews and Christians were considered
1273:
The overwhelming majority of the Ottoman Jews lived in the
785:. Gradually, the chief centre of the Sephardic Jews became
182:. The Ottoman Empire became a safe haven for Jews from the
1497:("Language Journal"), began in 1899, edited by Avram Leyon
1337:
worship, and having public processions or public worship.
2812:
2810:
3123:(1970). "Eretz Yisrael Under Ottoman Rule, 1517-1917".
3041:
The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic
2940:
Better together : restoring the American community
1736:
L. Stavrianos; The Balkans since 1453, NYU Press (2000)
1673:
The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic
773:. Bayezid allowed the Jews to live on the banks of the
2343:
Hebron Jews: memory and conflict in the land of Israel
2237:. Spertus College of Judaica Press. 1999. p. 56.
2227:
2225:
1864:
Muslims & Zimmis in the Ottoman cultur and society
1858:
1856:
928:
The Jews of Salonica were well known for the spinning
656:
in 1492 and granted them permission to settle in the
2213:
Folktales of the Jews, V. 3 (Tales from Arab Lands),
1954:, "The Jews of Islam", New York (1984), pp. 135 –136
1898:
1896:
72:
68:
a machine-translated version of the Turkish article.
4192:
4176:
4160:
4117:
4082:
4039:
3937:
3899:
3619:
3510:
3470:
3212:
3102:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
2015:"Holocaust | Jews in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey"
1101:
Konstitusyon para la nasyon yisraelita de la Turkia
178:, Anatolia had already been home to communities of
3124:
2581:
413:especially, the Jews rose to prominence under the
2756:and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages"
2716:and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages"
1827:"International Jewish Cemetery Project – Turkey"
1727:B. Lewis, The Jews of Islam, PUP, (1987) 137–141
688:in 1492, declared by the Spanish King and Queen
2878:Lewis (1999), pp. 136–137; Gerber (1986), p. 86
2623:. Cambridge, United Kingdom. pp. 260–263.
789:, where they soon outnumbered the pre-existing
286:became a spiritual centre for the Jews and the
684:. The expulsion came about as a result of the
97:accompanying your translation by providing an
59:Click for important translation instructions.
46:expand this article with text translated from
4003:
3597:
3192:
2827:
2825:
2758:. In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
2718:. In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
2276:
237:'s silver Torah case, Constantinople, 1860 –
8:
2547:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1929:"The Sephardic Exodus to the Ottoman Empire"
1491:Ottoman Turkish and Ladino (Judeo-Spanish):
1223:to prohibit the entry of Jews arriving from
3152:Ottoman history and society: Jewish sources
2858:
2856:
2400:. Cambridge University Press. p. 212.
2367:Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. (2007).
2288:
2264:
2216:Jewish Publication Society 2011 p.61, n.3:
1211:. In 1875, 20 Jews were killed by a mob in
627:conquered lands from the Byzantine Empire.
358:, who was the master of the mint in Egypt.
217:of modern Turkey continues to be home to a
4026:Jews and Judaism in Bosnia and Herzegovina
4010:
3996:
3988:
3604:
3590:
3582:
3199:
3185:
3177:
2684:(3). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 312–332.
2651:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2104:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
952:, seventeenth century. From the 1901-1906
4074:Sejdić and Finci constitutional challenge
2760:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
2720:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
2394:İnalcık, Halil; Quataert, Donald (1994).
1174:in 1828. There was a massacre of Jews in
2346:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 40.
2313:Fred Skolnik; Michael Berenbaum (2007).
1568:, 1909–1911, published by Nahum Solokoff
1468:Ottoman Turkish with Hebrew characters:
1367:
1319:Administrative building backside of the
1242:(which was then under the leadership of
982:
796:
470:
228:
209:brought an increased Jewish presence to
3100:Reform in the Ottoman Empire: 1856-1876
2816:
2801:
2789:
1633:
1254:demanded the release of the condemned.
967:, with a substantial Jewish community,
475:Paths of Jewish immigration to Salonika
457:the choice between death and conversion
4287:History of the Jews in the Middle East
4277:Jews and Judaism in the Ottoman Empire
2644:
2097:
575:was soon bolstered by small groups of
2906:
2904:
2902:
2664:
2662:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2036:
2034:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1623:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
1165:The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies
769:community of 30,000 individuals with
246:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
239:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme
7:
2496:Isidore Singer; Cyrus Adler (1912).
2424:Historic cities of the Islamic world
2300:
2160:"Turkey Virtual Jewish History Tour"
1991:"Jewish Community in Ottoman Empire"
1643:"Ottomans' benefactions on the Jews"
1618:Jews in Palestine under Ottoman rule
1453:, a Ladino newspaper from Salonica (
561:Influx of Sephardic Jews from Iberia
453:proclaimed himself to be the Messiah
362:Classical Ottoman period (1300–1600)
4248:List of Bosnia and Herzegovina Jews
2669:Mandel, Neville J. (October 1974).
2340:Jerold S. Auerbach (30 July 2009).
2135:jewishhistory.research.wesleyan.edu
1798:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 287.
1760:jewishhistory.research.wesleyan.edu
1704:The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire
1596:Racism and discrimination in Turkey
1581:History of the Jews in Thessaloniki
1364:History of the Jews in Thessaloniki
591:
402:
290:was compiled there as well as many
3014:Azagury, Yaelle (12 August 2020).
2780:) // CITED: p. 24 (PDF p. 26/338).
2740:) // CITED: p. 37 (PDF p. 39/338).
2519:. Librairie A. Durlacher. p.
2421:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007).
1518:, published beginning in 1908, by
1203:. In 1869, 18 Jews were killed in
25:
4184:Arie Livne Jewish Cultural Center
2838:, HarperCollins, 2002, pp 179–82.
2502:. Funk and Wagnalls. p. 283.
1866:by Haim Gerber, Jerusalem, (1999)
1404:the state of Israel was created.
1372:Jewish family of Salonica in 1917
1219:asked the Ottoman authorities in
1081:Constitution of the Jewish Millet
513:in 1204, and the outbreak of the
4030:
4018:
3565:
3556:
3555:
2869:. Vintage Books, 2001, pp 10–11.
1707:. Darwin Press. pp. 12–13.
1170:There was a massacre of Jews in
282:, as well as many other cities.
254:, on 15–20 August 636, when the
33:
2588:. John Wiley and Sons. p.
1965:"Letter of Rabbi Isaac Zarfati"
1603:History of the Jews in Istanbul
437:, Haim Gerber describes it as:
354:'s physician Is'hak Pasha, and
3613:History of the Jews in Europe
3523:British Indian Ocean Territory
3016:"The story of Jewish Salonica"
1151:Antisemitism in the Arab world
826:Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)
467:Resettlement of the Romaniotes
443:An additional problem was the
198:'s combined figure of 75,000.
107:You may also add the template
1:
4168:Old Jewish Cemetery, Sarajevo
2072:Naar, Devin E. (2016-09-07).
1641:Kamran, Tahir (6 June 2021).
1586:History of the Jews in Turkey
1411:that published newspapers in
1056:Prior to the creation of the
219:small Jewish population today
2887:Sharkey (2017), pp. 155-158.
2617:Sharkey, Heather J. (2017).
2253:", not to return until 1533.
2234:The Solomon Goldman lectures
2164:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
2046:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
1131:Armenian millet constitution
874:expulsion of Jews from Spain
445:lack of unity among the Jews
321:and were represented by the
299:expulsion of Jews from Spain
3207:History of the Jews in Asia
3150:Shmuelevitz, Aryeh (1999).
2042:"Sephardi Jews in Salonica"
1099:which was enacted in 1865,
1011:". An exception to this is
975:over a struggle for power.
4303:
3077:Those Were the Generations
2938:Putnam, Robert D. (2003).
1361:
1188:Throughout the 1860s, the
1140:
1084:
829:
564:
496:conquest of Constantinople
243:
71:Machine translation, like
4242:
4219:Perished in the Holocaust
3551:
3113:Stanford University Press
3098:Davison, Roderic (1963),
3075:; Mishal, Nissim (2000).
2985:10.1007/s10835-014-9216-z
2690:10.1080/00263207408700278
2559:10.1017/s0020743805052165
2462:10.1007/s10835-014-9219-9
2373:. ABC-CLIO. p. 185.
2277:Ben-Ami & Mishal 2000
1321:Grand Synagogue of Edirne
1310:Grand Synagogue of Edirne
748:coastal regions (such as
624:Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria
479:The first major event in
186:fleeing persecution (see
140:was built in 1878 at the
48:the corresponding article
4209:Hungarian-Jewish descent
3272:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2942:. Simon & Schuster.
2778:Martin Luther University
2768:Orient-Institut Istanbul
2750:Strauss, Johann (2010).
2738:Martin Luther University
2728:Orient-Institut Istanbul
2710:Strauss, Johann (2010).
2076:. Stanford, California.
1238:, in which many Jews in
1147:Islamic–Jewish relations
1103:, originally written in
882:Suleiman the Magnificent
724:), Western and Northern
3533:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3127:The Jews: Their History
3107:Fine, Lawrence (2003).
1281:for example came under
979:18th and 19th centuries
963:(1649–87), the city of
948:Jewish subjects of the
932:for the manufacture of
672:(1481–1512), after the
664:An influx of Jews into
545:, were concentrated in
376:Joods Historisch Museum
235:Abraham Salomon Camondo
118:For more guidance, see
4282:Jewish Turkish history
3662:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2678:Middle Eastern Studies
2513:Franco, Moïse (1897).
2427:. BRILL. p. 207.
1701:Levy, Avigdor (1992).
1591:Antisemitism in Turkey
1461:
1373:
1323:
1312:
1271:
999:
956:
810:
661:
617:, in which he stated "
504:a devastating conquest
476:
379:
241:
148:
4177:Cultural institutions
2913:Jewish Social Studies
2580:Black, Edwin (2004).
2316:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1878:, Channel 4 –History.
1779:Akbar, M. J. (2003),
1446:
1427:between Salonica and
1371:
1318:
1308:
1262:
1244:Muhammad Ali of Egypt
1143:Antisemitism in Islam
1049:Some Jews thrived in
1021:Charles XII of Sweden
986:
947:
800:
674:expulsion of the Jews
633:
601:'French'), a
474:
369:
244:Further information:
232:
176:the Ottoman conquests
159:and covered parts of
136:
120:Knowledge:Translation
91:copyright attribution
3447:United Arab Emirates
3055:, 9780814779583. p.
2019:www.projetaladin.org
1075:Council of Ministers
777:. Egypt, especially
138:Bet Yaakov Synagogue
3900:States with limited
3474:limited recognition
2482:Sidney Mendelssohn.
1678:Springer Publishing
1542:Le Journal d'Orient
1429:Manchester, England
1417:Ottoman nationalism
1393:Spanish Inquisition
996:Istanbul University
954:Jewish Encyclopedia
868:Banking and finance
836:1517 Hebron attacks
654:Spanish Inquisition
555:new Jewish arrivals
551:anti-Jewish measure
301:under the reign of
250:At the time of the
194:'s and non-Ottoman
161:Southeastern Europe
4255:List of synagogues
3121:Finkelstein, Louis
3039:Shaw, Stanford J.
3020:The Jerusalem Post
2188:My Jewish Learning
1933:My Jewish Learning
1537:("The Young Turk")
1462:
1374:
1324:
1313:
1275:European provinces
1183:Ahmed Cevdet Pasha
1000:
957:
850:Ottoman–Mamluk War
832:1517 Safed attacks
811:
744:) but also in the
702:European provinces
662:
477:
380:
242:
167:, and much of the
149:
99:interlanguage link
4264:
4263:
4069:Sarajevo Haggadah
3985:
3984:
3579:
3578:
3516:other territories
3090:978-9-6544-8745-0
2774:info page on book
2770:. pp. 21–51.
2734:info page on book
2730:. pp. 21–51.
2630:978-0-521-76937-2
2353:978-0-7425-6615-6
2326:978-0-02-865936-7
2244:978-0-935982-57-2
1967:. Turkishjews.com
1805:978-90-04-07785-0
1668:Shaw, Stanford J.
1526:; later moved to
1433:League of Nations
1042:, for example, a
1013:Daniel de Fonseca
600:
356:Abraham de Castro
211:Ottoman Palestine
184:Iberian Peninsula
131:
130:
60:
56:
16:(Redirected from
4294:
4256:
4249:
4196:
4149:Zenica Synagogue
4121:
4109:Sephardi culture
4099:La Benevolencija
4086:
4034:
4027:
4022:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3989:
3938:Dependencies and
3879:Northern Ireland
3620:Sovereign states
3606:
3599:
3592:
3583:
3569:
3559:
3558:
3528:Christmas Island
3214:Sovereign states
3201:
3194:
3187:
3178:
3155:
3146:
3130:
3116:
3103:
3094:
3081:Yedioth Ahronoth
3060:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2979:(3–4): 337–372.
2968:
2962:
2961:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2908:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2860:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2829:
2820:
2814:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2771:
2747:
2741:
2731:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2642:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2587:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2487:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2456:(3–4): 261–288.
2445:
2439:
2438:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2289:Finkelstein 1970
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2265:Shmuelevitz 1999
2262:
2256:
2255:
2229:
2220:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2137:. Archived from
2127:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2095:
2069:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1925:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1891:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1829:. Archived from
1823:
1817:
1816:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1670:(27 July 2016).
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1638:
1447:A 1902 Issue of
1358:Life in Salonica
1283:Austro-Hungarian
1252:Adolphe Crémieux
1009:trading diaspora
988:David Ben-Gurion
791:Romaniote Jewish
783:Musta'arabi Jews
704:(cities such as
595:
593:
521:he ordered that
404:
370:Illustration of
252:Battle of Yarmuk
151:By the time the
110:
104:
77:Google Translate
58:
54:
37:
36:
29:
21:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4254:
4247:
4238:
4194:
4188:
4172:
4156:
4119:
4113:
4084:
4078:
4035:
4025:
4016:
3986:
3981:
3939:
3933:
3919:Northern Cyprus
3901:
3895:
3794:North Macedonia
3615:
3610:
3580:
3575:
3547:
3515:
3506:
3487:Northern Cyprus
3473:
3466:
3208:
3205:
3162:
3149:
3143:
3119:
3106:
3097:
3091:
3073:Ben-Ami, Shlomo
3071:
3068:
3063:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2950:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2910:
2909:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2861:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2832:Gilbert, Martin
2830:
2823:
2815:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2643:
2631:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2600:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2525:
2523:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2481:
2477:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2245:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2168:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2113:
2096:
2084:
2071:
2070:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1989:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1876:The Black Death
1874:
1870:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1806:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1762:
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1577:
1522:(Salonika) man
1472:Ceridei Tercüme
1441:
1380:(Istanbul) and
1366:
1360:
1303:
1236:Damascus affair
1153:
1139:
1089:
1087:Abraham Camondo
1083:
1062:Orphans' Decree
992:Yitzhak Ben-Zvi
981:
942:
926:
890:
870:
838:
830:Main articles:
828:
686:Alhambra Decree
584:Yitzhak Sarfati
569:
567:Alhambra Decree
563:
469:
364:
315:Armenian millet
311:Orthodox millet
248:
227:
215:successor state
188:Alhambra Decree
174:At the time of
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55:(December 2020)
38:
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3160:External links
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3133:Schocken Books
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3104:
3095:
3089:
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3064:
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3006:
2973:Jewish History
2963:
2949:978-0743235471
2948:
2930:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2852:
2840:
2821:
2819:, p. 130.
2806:
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2794:
2792:, p. 129.
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2553:(4): 461–483.
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2450:Jewish History
2440:
2434:978-9004153882
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2406:
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1680:. p. 40.
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1547:Albert Carasso
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1495:Ceride-i Lisan
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1459:Ottoman Empire
1440:
1437:
1384:, also called
1378:Constantinople
1359:
1356:
1342:Jewish culture
1302:
1299:
1221:Constantinople
1157:Martin Gilbert
1138:
1135:
1119:'s accession.
1117:Abdul Hamid II
1105:Judaeo-Spanish
1095:agreed upon a
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1079:
1036:Emanuel Karasu
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950:Ottoman Empire
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854:Elijah Capsali
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807:Ottoman Empire
801:Painting of a
698:Sephardic Jews
658:Ottoman Empire
646:Sephardic Jews
615:Ottoman Empire
577:Ashkenazi Jews
571:The number of
562:
559:
547:Constantinople
535:Romaniote Jews
519:Constantinople
485:Constantinople
481:Jewish history
468:
465:
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288:Shulchan Aruch
233:Jewish leader
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213:. The Ottoman
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4047:The Holocaust
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3154:. Isis Press.
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2754:Kanun-ı Esasi
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2714:Kanun-ı Esasi
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2141:on 2018-12-14
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1256:
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1209:Jerba Island
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323:Hakham Bashi
296:
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144:district of
95:edit summary
86:
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26:
18:Ottoman Jews
3967:Isle of Man
3902:recognition
3854:Switzerland
3789:Netherlands
3571:Asia portal
3472:States with
3392:Philippines
3332:South Korea
3327:North Korea
3222:Afghanistan
3025:8 September
1301:Jewish life
1248:blood libel
994:studied in
848:during the
775:Golden Horn
573:native Jews
537:, from the
515:Black Death
500:many sieges
419:Joseph Nasi
374:from 1906 (
348:Moses Hamon
292:Kabbalistic
169:Middle East
157:World War I
4271:Categories
4161:Cemeteries
4120:Synagogues
4062:Yugoslavia
3824:San Marino
3784:Montenegro
3764:Luxembourg
3744:Kazakhstan
3647:Azerbaijan
3452:Uzbekistan
3427:Tajikistan
3342:Kyrgyzstan
3322:Kazakhstan
3242:Bangladesh
3232:Azerbaijan
3053:0814779581
2848:Mark Cohen
2193:2018-04-16
2169:2018-04-16
2145:2018-12-09
2051:2018-12-09
2024:2018-04-16
2000:2018-04-16
1995:DailySabah
1971:2012-10-16
1938:2018-12-09
1837:2011-05-24
1765:2018-11-24
1629:References
1608:Romaniotes
1565:Hamevasser
1362:See also:
1161:Mark Cohen
1155:Historian
1141:See also:
1085:See also:
1044:Young Turk
1028:Ottomanism
934:broadcloth
913:rav akçesi
910:, and the
844:and taken
718:Adrianople
694:Isabelle I
670:Beyazid II
666:Asia Minor
642:Kemal Reis
638:Bayezid II
565:See also:
527:Christians
423:Sanjak-bey
389:linked to
382:The first
346:physician
344:Portuguese
303:Beyezid II
50:in Turkish
4204:Ashkenazi
3957:Gibraltar
3759:Lithuania
3538:Hong Kong
3492:Palestine
3417:Sri Lanka
3412:Singapore
3292:Indonesia
3045:NYU Press
3001:159989479
2993:0334-701X
2958:928398126
2647:cite book
2639:995805601
2567:162801222
2470:254595877
2301:Fine 2003
2100:cite book
2092:939277881
1553:La Nasion
1502:El Tiempo
1409:Amsterdam
1267:gaberdine
1217:Jerusalem
1194:Marrakech
1178:in 1867.
1176:Barfurush
1124:hahambaşı
961:Mehmet IV
750:Jerusalem
722:Nicopolis
652:from the
511:Crusaders
492:Mehmed II
435:Tax farms
387:synagogue
340:Mehmed II
280:Jerusalem
142:Kuzguncuk
113:talk page
4229:Sephardi
4129:Sarajevo
4104:Sarajevo
3977:Svalbard
3962:Guernsey
3909:Abkhazia
3884:Scotland
3839:Slovenia
3834:Slovakia
3809:Portugal
3667:Bulgaria
3561:Category
3482:Abkhazia
3432:Thailand
3387:Pakistan
3367:Mongolia
3362:Maldives
3357:Malaysia
3257:Cambodia
3047:, 1992.
2764:Würzburg
2724:Würzburg
2695:29 March
1952:B. Lewis
1652:13 April
1575:See also
1560:Hebrew:
1549:(Karasu)
1515:L'Aurore
1510:French:
1450:La Epoca
1382:Salonica
1291:Bulgaria
1240:Damascus
1040:Salonika
1017:Voltaire
924:Textiles
888:Taxation
787:Salonica
758:Damascus
726:Anatolia
714:Salonica
710:Sarajevo
706:Istanbul
682:Portugal
543:Anatolia
508:Catholic
487:. After
427:governor
403:עץ החיים
393:rule is
352:Murad II
319:autonomy
225:Overview
165:Anatolia
146:Istanbul
89:provide
4234:Writers
4214:Israeli
4136:Former:
4052:History
3874:England
3864:Ukraine
3814:Romania
3774:Moldova
3732:Ireland
3727:Iceland
3722:Hungary
3712:Germany
3707:Georgia
3697:Finland
3692:Estonia
3687:Denmark
3672:Croatia
3657:Belgium
3652:Belarus
3642:Austria
3637:Armenia
3632:Andorra
3627:Albania
3457:Vietnam
3372:Myanmar
3352:Lebanon
3282:Georgia
3237:Bahrain
3227:Armenia
3066:Sources
2925:4467038
2526:13 July
2210:(eds.),
2208:Dov Noy
1613:Urfalim
1478:Şarkiye
1421:Zionism
1201:Morocco
1172:Baghdad
1051:Baghdad
1032:Zionism
901:ispençe
878:Marrano
842:Mamluks
809:, 1779.
599:
539:Balkans
523:Muslims
415:millets
391:Ottoman
294:texts.
264:Sh’chem
196:Ukraine
111:to the
93:in the
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4085:Groups
4040:Topics
3972:Jersey
3914:Kosovo
3859:Turkey
3849:Sweden
3829:Serbia
3819:Russia
3804:Poland
3799:Norway
3779:Monaco
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3717:Greece
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619:Turkey
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3739:Italy
3543:Macau
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3422:Syria
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3287:India
3277:Egypt
3262:China
2997:S2CID
2921:JSTOR
2674:(PDF)
2563:S2CID
2466:S2CID
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