102:
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began to make the
Ottomans the rulers of one of the most profitable empires, connected to the flourishing Islamic cultures of the time, and at the crossroads of trade into Europe. The Ottomans made major developments in calligraphy, writing, law, architecture, and military science, and became the
676:
By the 14th century, the
Ottoman Empire's prosperity made manuscript works available to merchants and craftsmen, and produced a flowering of miniatures that depicted pageantry, daily life, commerce, cities and stories, and chronicled events.
463:
during the two centuries before Orhan bear the names of
Illkhanate rulers. The Seljuks were under the suzerainty of the Illkhanates and later the Turco-Mongol conqueror Tamerlane. The Ottoman Empire came into its own when
448:
expanded the principality; the polity and the people were named "Ottomans" by
Europeans after him ("Ottoman" being a corruption of "Osman"). Osman's son Orhan expanded the growing realm into an empire, taking
662:. His contemporary Sheykhi wrote verses on love and romance. Yaziji-Oglu produced a religious epic on Mohammed's life, drawing from the stylistic advances of the previous generation and Ahmedi's epic forms.
1156:
566:, states that the name Turk, as a political term, shall be understood to include all citizens of the Turkish Republic, without distinction of, or reference to race or religion.
1730:
1600:
680:
By the late 18th century, European influences in painting were clear, with the introduction of oils, perspective, figurative paintings, use of anatomy and composition.
1119:
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634:(1757–1826) as an extension and reform of Osman's style, placing greater emphasis on technical perfection, which broadened the calligraphic art to encompass the
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Reliable information about the early history of the
Ottoman Turks remains scarce, but they take their Turkish name
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Ottoman poetry included epic-length verse but is better known for shorter forms such as the
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The early Yâkût period was supplanted in the late 15th century by a new style pioneered by
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508:. The Empire lasted until the end of the First World War, when it was defeated by the
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is a monotheistic religion that focuses heavily on learning the central text of the
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Not all
Ottoman Empire citizens were Muslims and not all Ottoman Muslims were
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612:(1429–1520), which became the basis for Ottoman calligraphy, focusing on the
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1652:
1579:
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version of the script, which became the standard for copying the Quran (see
335:
17:
1235:
845:
A History of the
Crusades: Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe
825:
A History of the
Crusades: Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe
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334:, enabled the Ottoman Turks to control all major land routes between
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The next great change in
Ottoman calligraphy came from the style of
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718:
656:. For example, the epic poet Ahmedi (-1412) is remembered for his
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613:
598:
594:
540:, assuring recognition of modern Turkish national borders, termed
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1591:
302:" was altered to "Ottoman" when it was transliterated into some
1008:
412:
in the 13th century, when they migrated from their homeland in
318:
into their realm. By the 1350s, they had begun crossing into
630:
The late calligraphic style of the
Ottomans was created by
524:
retaking most of the land lost to the Allies, the movement
847:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 311-353.
841:
Chapter VII. The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1451-1522
821:
Chapter VII. The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1329-1451
827:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp.175-221.
605:, calligraphy became one of the foremost of the arts.
500:
over the course of several centuries, with an advanced
342:
to find other ways to trade with Asians. Following the
310:, gradually began incorporating other Turkish-speaking
878:
Tolan, John; Veinstein, Gilles; Henry Laurens (2013).
792:
Tolan, John; Veinstein, Gilles; Henry Laurens (2013).
767:"The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831-1914"
273:, who comprise the majority of the population in the
59:
601:
and Islamic culture has historically tended towards
346:, the Ottoman Turkish identity ceased to exist; the
306:
over time. The Ottoman principality, expanding from
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2014:
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277:, which was established shortly after the end of
796:. Princeton University Press. pp. 167–188.
536:and negotiated the significantly more favorable
532:on October 29, 1923. The movement nullified the
217:Among peasantry and non-elite urban population.
882:. Princeton University Press. pp. 67–68.
843:". In Zacour, N. P., and Hazard, H. W. (ed.).
823:". In Zacour, N. P., and Hazard, H. W. (ed.).
330:, which had served as the capital city of the
1020:
458:
433:
285:
191:Muslims of the Ottoman Empire, excluding the
42:
8:
484:The Ottoman Empire came to rule much of the
35:
1867:
1619:
1380:
1272:
1171:
1027:
1013:
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603:discouraging or prohibiting figurative art
204:Muslims of Anatolia and some parts of the
34:
880:"Europe and the Islamic World: A History"
528:on November 1, 1922, and proclaimed the
298:alongside the Ottoman Empire; the name "
794:Europe and the Islamic World: A History
757:
404:Migration to Anatolia from Central Asia
168:
178:of the Ottoman Empire, excluding the
7:
973:Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition
868:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
638:script as well as the Nesih script.
453:(present-day İznik) and crossed the
338:and Europe. This development forced
322:and eventually came to dominate the
265:in the 13th century and founded the
94:Regions with significant populations
408:The Ottomans first became known to
1452:(reform and constitutional period)
714:Demographics of the Ottoman Empire
440:. Ertugrul, leader of the nomadic
424:. The Ottoman Turks established a
25:
1340:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
1303:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
860:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
344:dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
1335:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
480:Ottoman Empire until World War I
457:in 1362. All coins unearthed in
100:
52:
1416:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
977:. University of Chicago Press.
526:abolished the Ottoman sultanate
58:Painting of an Ottoman Turkish
1157:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
904:"Turkish Constitution of 1924"
856:Bréhier, Louis René. (1912). "
350:, which was written using the
1:
2162:Turks from the Ottoman Empire
576:Culture of the Ottoman Empire
368:History of the Turkish people
948:Resources in other libraries
910:(in Turkish). Archived from
354:, developed into the modern
1601:Vassal and tributary states
518:Turkish War of Independence
516:. Following the successful
432:, the capital of which was
60:
2178:
669:
645:
573:
472:'s well-defended capital,
428:in Western Anatolia under
365:
2115:
1870:
1174:
1120:Decline and modernization
943:Resources in your library
562:, which was based on the
538:Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
522:Turkish national movement
379:from 1579/1580 depicting
164:
157:
139:
123:
98:
76:
51:
1648:Six Divisions of Cavalry
1184:Foreign Affairs Ministry
695:Ottoman Turkish alphabet
690:Ottoman Turkish language
391:around 1299. Located at
348:Ottoman Turkish language
41:
1641:Agha of the Janissaries
1288:List of Ottoman sultans
765:Shaw, Stanford (1978).
418:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
1843:Science and technology
1293:Roman succession claim
908:T.C. Anayasa Mahkemesi
585:standard of opulence.
496:(excluding Iran), and
459:
434:
400:
328:fall of Constantinople
286:
250:
43:
1716:Dragoman of the Fleet
1431:Dragoman of the Porte
1221:Armenian Constitution
1108:Stagnation and reform
862:Catholic Encyclopedia
468:captured the reduced
393:Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi
375:
366:Further information:
153:Related ethnic groups
125:Old Anatolian Turkish
1436:Outer Palace Service
1352:Inner Palace Service
550:Definition of a Turk
520:that ended with the
193:Vilayet of the Hejaz
180:Vilayet of the Hejaz
1631:Classic period army
1472:Chamber of Deputies
1447:Imperial Government
659:Alexander the Great
618:Islamic calligraphy
352:Perso-Arabic script
261:, they migrated to
255:Turkic ethnic group
37:
27:Turkic ethnic group
1258:Translation Office
1142:2nd Constitutional
1130:1st Constitutional
1084:Sultanate of Women
914:on 26 August 2011.
648:Turkish literature
530:Republic of Turkey
401:
383:, who founded the
358:Turkish language.
304:European languages
294:, who founded the
275:Republic of Turkey
257:. Originally from
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2103:Star and crescent
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1298:Ottoman Caliphate
1179:Foreign relations
967:Itzkowitz, Norman
929:Library resources
889:978-0-691-14705-5
803:978-0-691-14705-5
724:Ottoman Armenians
672:Ottoman miniature
564:1921 Constitution
560:1924 Constitution
546:(National Pact).
377:Ottoman miniature
340:Western Europeans
324:Mediterranean Sea
239:
238:
83:12,590,352 (1884)
80:15,044,846 (1914)
16:(Redirected from
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1875:Social structure
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1721:Imperial Arsenal
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534:Treaty of Sèvres
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1734:
1732:
1731:Naval battles
1729:
1727:
1724:
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1719:
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1714:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:Kapudan Pasha
1702:
1701:
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1687:
1686:
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1659:Reform period
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1333:
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1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:Haseki sultan
1318:
1316:
1315:Valide sultan
1313:
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1308:
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1301:
1299:
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1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:United States
1192:
1190:
1187:
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1177:
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1128:
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1111:
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1106:
1102:
1099:
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1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:Classical Age
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1052:Osman's Dream
1050:
1049:
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1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1016:
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993:
986:
984:0-226-38806-9
980:
975:
974:
968:
964:
963:
959:
956:
955:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
935:
934:Ottoman Turks
930:
922:
913:
909:
905:
899:
896:
891:
885:
881:
874:
871:
867:
863:
859:
853:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
810:
805:
799:
795:
788:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
761:
758:
751:
746:
740:
739:Ottoman Kurds
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
719:Ottoman Arabs
717:
716:
715:
712:
708:
705:
704:
703:
700:
696:
693:
692:
691:
688:
687:
683:
681:
678:
673:
665:
663:
661:
660:
655:
649:
641:
639:
637:
633:
632:Mustafa Râkim
628:
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
588:
586:
583:
577:
569:
567:
565:
561:
557:
549:
547:
545:
544:
543:Misak-ı Milli
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
461:
456:
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447:
443:
438:
437:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
403:
398:
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369:
361:
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317:
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297:
293:
288:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:Ottoman Turks
229:
223:
220:
214:
211:
207:
201:
198:
194:
188:
185:
181:
177:
172:
169:
163:
160:
156:
151:
147:
142:
138:
133:
130:
126:
122:
117:
113:
109:
97:
92:
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
70:
64:
63:
55:
50:
45:
39:
36:Ottoman Turks
30:
19:
2133:
2128:Bibliography
2126:
2119:
2088:Coat of arms
2062:Christianity
2016:Demographics
1999:of Armenians
1940:Illumination
1925:Architecture
1806:Central bank
1757:Conscription
1683:
1674:Mansure Army
1657:
1629:
1536:Hakham Bashi
1504:Christianity
1451:
1401:Grand Vizier
1390:
1242:Civil codes
1216:Constitution
1062:Ghaza thesis
972:
933:
912:the original
907:
898:
879:
873:
865:
861:
852:
844:
832:
824:
812:
793:
787:
770:
760:
734:Ottoman Jews
679:
675:
657:
651:
629:
622:
607:
592:
579:
553:
541:
498:North Africa
483:
414:Central Asia
407:
283:
259:Central Asia
242:
240:
222:
213:
200:
187:
171:
32:Ethnic group
29:
18:Ottoman Turk
1955:Shadow play
1801:Agriculture
1794:Reformation
1790:Enlargement
1636:Janissaries
1345:Kizlar Agha
1330:Hanımefendi
1325:Kadınefendi
1137:Dissolution
1067:Interregnum
1000:BBC website
625:Hâfiz Osman
589:Calligraphy
514:partitioned
494:Middle East
455:Dardanelles
279:World War I
141:Sunni Islam
2151:Categories
1972:Literature
1885:Ottomanism
1580:Sanjakbeys
1563:Beylerbeys
1551:Provincial
1268:Government
1231:Family law
747:References
442:Kayı tribe
316:Christians
228:literature
148:(minority)
143:(majority)
2024:Armenians
1989:Education
1945:Miniature
1895:Languages
1880:Devshirme
1853:Transport
1653:Timariots
1519:Bulgarian
1411:Kazaskers
1373:Central (
1357:Kapi Agha
1226:Electoral
1152:Abolition
1147:Partition
839:(1989). "
819:(1989). "
771:Cambridge
752:Citations
476:in 1453.
466:Mehmed II
356:Latinized
253:) were a
119:Languages
2135:Category
2049:Religion
1962:Clothing
1848:Taxation
1811:Currency
1752:Aviation
1726:Admirals
1679:Hamidieh
1615:Military
1596:Kadiluks
1570:Vilayets
1524:Armenian
1462:Assembly
1199:Treaties
1168:Politics
1125:Tanzimat
969:(1980).
684:See also
666:Painting
593:Because
490:Caucasus
430:Ertugrul
422:Anatolia
410:the West
397:Istanbul
387:and the
263:Anatolia
135:Religion
112:Anatolia
2121:Outline
2076:Symbols
2067:Judaism
1994:Schools
1967:Cuisine
1930:Mosques
1917:Culture
1907:Slavery
1863:Society
1826:Sultani
1787:By era
1780:Economy
1762:Weapons
1575:Sanjaks
1558:Eyalets
1531:Judaism
1484:Millets
1421:Nişancı
1406:Viziers
1251:Halakha
1246:Mecelle
1189:Safavid
1101:Köprülü
1044:History
923:Sources
570:Culture
486:Balkans
381:Osman I
362:History
312:Muslims
292:Osman I
287:Osmanlı
247:Turkish
206:Balkans
176:Muslims
146:Alevism
2098:Tughra
2083:Anthem
2029:Greeks
1982:Poetry
1467:Senate
1236:Düstur
981:
931:about
886:
800:
779:162768
777:
642:Poetry
510:Allies
492:, the
488:, the
451:Nicaea
426:beylik
320:Europe
110:(esp.
105:
66:, 1657
62:sipahi
2057:Islam
2039:Women
2006:Media
1977:Prose
1950:Music
1831:Kuruş
1745:Other
1736:Ships
1592:Kazas
1514:Ullah
1492:Islam
1375:Porte
1113:Tulip
775:JSTOR
654:gazel
636:sülüs
614:Nesih
599:Quran
595:Islam
556:Turks
460:Söğüt
446:Osman
436:Söğüt
308:Söğüt
300:Osman
290:from
2093:Flag
2034:Jews
1936:Art
1836:Lira
1821:Para
1816:Akçe
1709:List
1696:Navy
1623:Army
1204:Wars
1057:Rise
979:ISBN
884:ISBN
798:ISBN
512:and
506:navy
504:and
502:army
336:Asia
241:The
1509:Rūm
1211:Law
620:).
420:in
226:In
2153::
1662::
1634::
906:.
866:15
864:.
773:.
769:.
281:.
249::
1594:/
1377:)
1028:e
1021:t
1014:v
987:.
892:.
806:.
781:.
399:.
245:(
208:.
195:.
182:.
114:)
20:)
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