263:
783:
superiority, but also were more willing "to tolerate large losses and considerable desertion": according to Brue, no less than 8,000 Ottoman soldiers were killed and another 6,000 wounded in the just nine days of the siege of
Nauplia. Furthermore, unlike the Venetians, the Ottomans this time enjoyed the effective support of their fleet, which among other activities ferried a number of large siege cannons to support the siege of Nauplia.
275:
287:
charged with inspecting the situation in the peninsula, warned that unless the many deficiencies were addressed soon, it would be lost in a coming war. He also recommended that, given the lack of funds and men, and the inability of either the available army or the navy to stop an
Ottoman invasion over land, the defence of the Morea should be limited to a handful of strategically important fortresses: the capital
476:
425:, arrived in the peninsula in late March, but comprised only two ships carrying ammunition. As a result, in March 1715 the Venetians decided to concentrate their defence on Nauplia, the Acrocorinth, the Castle of the Morea, and Monemvasia. The Venetian commanders hoped to be able to hold Navarino and Coron as well, but already in April, Dolfin judged that these would have to be abandoned as well.
209:
485:
555:
infantry). The cavalry numbers given by Brue are about half those expected for an
Ottoman force of this size, indicating that likely the Ottoman commanders had to begin the campaign before their entire army was assembled. The army's artillery park comprised 111 light field guns, 15 larger siege guns, and 20 mortars.
254:) system was problematic as well, being plagued by money shortages and the reluctance of the colonial subjects to serve in it. For example, out of 20,120 men deemed fit for duty in 1690, only 662 actually joined the militia in the Morea. The Venetian army in the Morea particularly lacked cavalry. Only three
782:
According to the
Ottomanist Virginia Aksan, the campaign had been "basically a walkover for the Ottomans". Despite the presence of sufficient material, the Venetian garrisons were weak, and the Venetian government unable to finance the war, while the Ottomans not only enjoyed a considerable numerical
457:
had excommunicated anyone helping the
Venetians in whatever manner also influenced the Greek attitudes. This was a severe blow to the Venetians: many leaders of armed bands joined the Ottoman army, bolstering the latter instead of the numerically much inferior Venetian forces, while the Ottomans were
233:
Consequently, from the beginning of its rule, Venice's officials toured the fortresses to ascertain their state and their capacity to resist. However, the
Venetians' position was hampered by problems of supplies and morale, as well as the extreme lack of troops available: in 1702, the garrison at the
554:
on 9 June, where he held a review of the troops. Although the accuracy of his figures is open to doubt, Brue reports 14,994 cavalry and 59,200 infantry as present at Thebes on 9 June, with the total number of men involved in the campaign against the Morea placed at 110,364 (22,844 cavalry and 87,520
286:
In light of these facts, the
Venetian governors in the Morea quickly concentrated their attention to the fortifications. However, although a detailed survey in 1698 found serious deficiencies in all the fortresses of the Morea, little seems to have been done to address them. In 1711, Daniele Dolfin,
229:
had launched dangerous raids into the peninsula. The
Republic was well aware of the Ottoman ambitions to recover the Morea, both for reasons of prestige and because of the potential threat to the Ottoman possessions in the rest of Greece posed by Venetian possession of the peninsula: with the Morea
735:
on 9 July, which they found abandoned, and arrived before
Nauplia three days later. Nauplia, the main stronghold of Venetian power in the Morea, was the best-fortified overseas possession of the Republic. With ample stores, a garrison of about 3,000 men, and an artillery complement of at least 150
709:
According to a report by
Minotto, the Ottoman advance guard entered the Morea on 13 June. The first Venetian fortress was the citadel of Acrocorinth, held by little over 300 Venetian and about 110 Greek and Albanian auxiliaries. The Venetian garrison was weakened by maladies, and the artillery was
531:
cavalry. Ottoman armies were distinguished by the presence of large numbers of cavalry, which formed about 40% of a field army, but its effectiveness against European regular infantry had diminished much in the previous decades, as shown in the Great Turkish War. Still, it retained its tactical
452:
Venetian appeals to the local Greek inhabitants were also ineffective, especially in continental Greece: most of the Greeks remained either neutral or actively joined the Ottomans. The Ottomans actively encouraged this with proclamations that life, property, and privileges of ecclesiastical and
258:
regiments of five companies each, and the Croat cavalry regiment of Antonio Medin, with eight companies, were stationed in the Morea. The quality of both the men and their horses was judged as extremely poor, and peacetime losses through desertion or disease meant that they were never at full
710:
badly maintained and with insufficient ammunition. By 2 July, the Ottomans had breached the walls in two places. As the fortress was about to fall, the large number of civilian refugees began pressuring Minotto to capitulate. Terms were arranged for the safe passage for the garrison to
307:. It was hoped that by concentrating the available resources in strengthening these, they could be made impregnable. Almost the only major new fortification undertaken by the Venetians during their rule in the Morea was the new citadel for Nauplia, built in 1711–1714 on the height of
176:". The Venetian position there was weak, with only a few thousand troops in the whole peninsula, plagued by supply, disciplinary and morale problems. Nevertheless, peace was maintained between the two powers for twelve more years. In the meantime, the Ottomans began a reform of their
172:(the Ottoman queen-mother) had come from there. Already in 1702, there were tensions between the two powers and rumours of war because of the Venetian confiscation of an Ottoman merchant vessel. Troops and supplies were moved to the Ottoman provinces adjoining the Venetian "
428:
On the outbreak of the war, the Venetians called for aid from the other European states, but due to the Republic's diplomatic isolation and the preoccupation of the European powers with other conflicts, response was slow: apart from the Pope and the Crusading orders of the
408:
gives similar, but slightly different numbers: 1747 (397 cavalry) at Nauplia, 450 at Corinth, 466 infantry and 491 at Rio and its region, 279 at Monemvasia, 43 each at Kelefa and Zarnata, 719 (245 cavalry) at Coron and Modon, and 179 infantry and 125 at
420:
These forces were clearly inadequate to confront an Ottoman army of 200,000 men, as the various reports received by the Venetian commanders claimed. The Venetian government also delayed ins ending reinforcements to the Morea: the first convoy, under
558:
The army was aided by the Ottoman fleet, which operated in close coordination with it. Like the Venetians, the Ottoman navy was a mixed force of sailing ships of the line and rowed galleys. The Ottomans also secured the assistance of their
714:, and the garrison began leaving the citadel on 5 July. However, some Janissaries, eager for plunder, disobeyed Damat Ali's orders and entered the citadel. A large part of the garrison and most of the civilians were massacred or sold to
532:
mobility, whereas the Ottoman infantry was a far more static force, capable either of last-stand defence or mass attack, but not much else. The indiscipline of the Janissaries also proved a constant headache for the Ottoman commanders.
462:, decided to assist the Venetians, they made this conditional on the Venetian providing arms and supplies. In the event, the rapid Ottoman advance and the absence of an effective Venetian response persuaded them to remain neutral.
437:, who immediately dispatched a few warships, the major European powers offered help only after the loss of the Morea. Even after the arrival of these auxiliary squadrons, in July 1715 Dolfin only possessed 22 ships of the line, 33
767:). However, being denied effective support from the sea by Delfin's reluctance to endanger his fleet by engaging the Ottoman navy, the fort capitulated. The remaining Venetian strongholds, including the last remaining outposts on
242:, the main invasion route from the mainland, numbered only 2,045 infantry and barely a thousand cavalry. The peacetime Venetian military system, which consisted of a small permanent army and spread it among small garrisons (
246:) in the colonies, also proved a problem, as it prohibited a rapid mobilization and concentration of a large force. Furthermore, such a force was essentially an infantry army, short in cavalry and hence forced to avoid
653:
and southwest, across the central Morea, to Messenia, assisted by supplies from the fleet. At the same time, the Ottoman fleet had captured the last Venetian possessions in the central Aegean, the islands of
200:, turned its attention to reversing the losses of Karlowitz. Profiting from the general war weariness that made any intervention by the other European powers unlikely, the Porte turned its focus on Venice.
167:
The Ottomans were from the outset determined to reverse their territorial losses, especially the Morea, whose loss had been particularly keenly felt in the Ottoman court: a large part of the income of the
786:
On 13 September, the Grand Vizier began his return journey, and on the 22nd, near Nauplia, received the congratulations of the Sultan. A week of parades and celebrations followed. On 10 October, the
314:
The forces available to the Republic in the Morea on the eve of the war were fewer than 5,000 men, and dispersed among the various fortresses. According to a contemporary register preserved in
1753:
1743:
1703:
188:(1700–1721) preoccupied the attention of most European states. The Ottomans took advantage of the favourable international situation and secured their northern flank by
1531:
Chasiotis, Ioannis (1975). "Η κάμψη της Οθωμανικής δυνάμεως" [The decline of Ottoman power]. In Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.).
1738:
458:
able to dominate the countryside, where the Greek peasantry readily provided food and supplies to the Ottoman forces. Even where some Greek leaders, notably in the
225:
The inability of the Venetians to effectively defend the Morea had been apparent already during the latter stages of the Great Turkish War, when the Greek renegade
1728:
514:
593:
The Ottoman view on the campaign is known mostly through two eyewitness accounts, the diary of the French embassy interpreter Benjamin Brue (published as
180:, while Venice found itself increasingly isolated diplomatically from the other European powers: the Holy League had fractured after its victory, and the
662:(7 July), and proceeded to blockade the Venetian positions in the Morea. The Ottomans operated with impunity as the Venetian fleet remained in the
1723:
736:
guns, the city was expected to hold for at least three months, allowing for the arrival of reinforcements over the sea. On 20 July, after only
1642:
1544:
1499:
1733:
790:
was ceremonially placed in its casket, a sign that the campaign was over. The troops received six months' worth of pay on 17 October near
779:), likewise capitulated in exchange for safe departure. Within a hundred days, the entire Peloponnese had been re-taken by the Ottomans.
1718:
96:
gathered most European states (except for France, England and the Netherlands) in a common front against the Ottomans. In the resulting
189:
125:
1666:
1589:
24:
622:
748:
and successfully stormed the fort. The Venetian defenders panicked and retreated, leading to a general collapse of the defence.
1713:
1682:
History of modern Hellenism, Volume IV: Turkish rule 1669–1812 – Economic upturn and enlightenment of the nation (2nd Edition)
55:
1533:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΑ΄: Ο Ελληνισμός υπό ξένη κυριαρχία (περίοδος 1669 - 1821), Τουρκοκρατία - Λατινοκρατία
630:
449:, and was at a considerable disadvantage against the Ottoman fleet, which forced him to maintain a rather passive stance.
181:
58:. The Ottoman reconquest inaugurated the second period of Ottoman rule in the Morea, which ended with the outbreak of the
1678:Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος Δ′: Τουρκοκρατία 1669–1812 – Η οικονομική άνοδος και ο φωτισμός του γένους (Έκδοση Β′)
1748:
1708:
724:
700:
454:
193:
149:
1698:
1537:
History of the Greek Nation, Volume XI: Hellenism under Foreign Rule (Period 1669 - 1821), Turkocracy – Latinocracy
823:
815:
579:
101:
39:
59:
718:(including Minoto). Only 180 Venetians were saved and transported to Corfu. These tragic events later inspired
715:
543:
230:
as a springboard, the Venetians might seek to reclaim Crete, or foment anti-Ottoman rebellions in the Balkans.
197:
31:
787:
737:
663:
646:
634:
434:
405:
85:
410:
262:
1600:
564:
226:
213:
173:
602:
430:
292:
109:
732:
536:
239:
185:
137:
113:
89:
51:
595:
Journal de la campagne que le Grand Vesir Ali Pacha a faite en 1715 pour la conquête de la Morée
164:
peninsula, although they failed to retake Crete and expand their possessions in the Aegean Sea.
1662:
1638:
1585:
1564:
1540:
1519:
1495:
760:
741:
626:
501:
422:
387:
300:
133:
117:
97:
71:
572:
568:
296:
247:
105:
1615:
794:, and the Grand Vizier returned to the capital, for a triumphal entrance, on 2 December.
196:
of the Russo-Turkish war, the emboldened Ottoman leadership, under the new Grand Vizier,
1558:
1652:
1509:
551:
459:
329:
Acrocorinth (Corinth): 330 men, plus 162 Albanians for covering the Isthmus, under the
274:
81:
1692:
1554:
811:
641:, and thence cross into the northwestern Morea to attack the Castle of the Morea and
606:
576:
169:
35:
776:
560:
547:
540:
527:
that formed the core of any expeditionary army, augmented by provincial levies and
510:
177:
145:
100:(1684–1699) the Ottoman Empire suffered a number of defeats such as the battles of
28:
1656:
611:
Chronique de l’expédition des Turcs en Morée 1715 attribuée à Constantin Dioikétès
475:
1513:
818:, state slightly larger numbers, around 8,000 or even 10,000 men. These were the
1624:] (Ph.D. Dissertation) (in French). Aix-en-Provence: Université de Provence.
583:
524:
493:
337:
279:
235:
47:
1523:
772:
719:
695:
347:
304:
157:
141:
75:
1609:] (in Italian). Rome: Tipo lit. Ministero della Marina – Uff. Gabinetto.
638:
318:, the total strength of Venetian regular troops in the Morea was 4,414 men:
208:
1568:
484:
827:
745:
587:
528:
519:
446:
442:
315:
308:
267:
759:
were abandoned by the Venetians, who gathered their remaining forces at
791:
650:
497:
367:
288:
255:
144:
on the Ottoman Empire, seeking revenge for successive conquests of its
121:
16:
1715 Ottoman military offensive during the Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War
1607:
History of the Venetian navy: from Lepanto to the fall of the Republic
1602:
Storia della marina veneziana: da Lepanto alla caduta della Repubblica
535:
During the early months of 1715, the Ottomans assembled their army in
756:
659:
642:
438:
377:
357:
1661:. Philadelphia, Massachusetts: The American Philosophical Society.
768:
752:
711:
655:
207:
161:
153:
43:
1622:
Venice and the Morea: From Triumph to Disillusionment (1684–1718)
751:
The Ottomans then advanced to the southwest, where the forts of
129:
93:
50:) peninsula in southern Greece, which had been captured by the
1635:
The Last Victory of the Serenissima: 1716 – The Siege of Corfu
1631:
L'ultima vittoria della Serenissima: 1716 – L'assedio di Corfù
1345:
1343:
1318:
1316:
1274:
1272:
586:
in June 1715 numbered 58 ships of the line, 30 galleys, five
156:. During the conflict, Venetian troops seized the island of
1684:] (in Greek). Thessaloniki: Emm. Sfakianakis & Sons.
1617:
Venise et la Morée: du triomphe à la désillusion (1684–1718)
997:
995:
645:, while the main body of the army under Yusuf Pasha and the
1560:
The History of Greece under Othoman and Venetian Domination
1539:] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 8–51.
1637:] (in Italian). Bassano del Grappa: itinera progetti.
1386:
1384:
1382:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1180:
1178:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
453:
administrative autonomy would be respected. News that the
1658:
Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century
934:
932:
930:
621:
After a war council on 13 June, 15,000 Janissaries under
1024:
1022:
822:
land forces available to the overseas command under the
1291:
1289:
1287:
649:
moved onto the Isthmus of Corinth, and thence to the
1578:Ο τελευταίος Βενετο-Οθωμανικός Πόλεμος, 1714–1718
322:Nauplia: 1,716 men (370 for Palamidi), under the
250:and concentrate on sieges. The Venetian militia (
517:of the previous centuries, with a core of elite
413:, for a total of 4,527 men. The strength of the
311:overlooking the city and the approaches to it.
669:
23:took place in June–September 1715, during the
1239:
1208:
590:, and 60 galliots, along with cargo vessels.
575:, and their fleets. Commanded by the capable
546:. On 22 May, Grand Vizier marched south from
8:
1426:
1361:
1349:
1334:
1322:
1278:
1263:
1251:
1121:
974:
597:, Paris 1870), and that of Constantine the "
1584:]. Athens: Dim. N. Papadimas Editions.
1052:
1040:
1001:
986:
950:
921:
216:", with its provinces and major settlements
1492:Ottoman Wars 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged
1744:Massacres committed by the Ottoman Empire
1518:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1373:
1227:
1169:
1085:
938:
897:
885:
861:
849:
1582:The Last Venetian–Ottoman War, 1714–1718
1414:
1390:
1196:
1184:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1109:
1097:
1064:
1013:
689:Smiled o'er her long forgotten Greece:"
273:
261:
1629:Prelli, Alberto; Mugnai, Bruno (2016).
842:
803:
673:(Which, wrested from the Moslem's hand,
148:by the Turks, most recently (1669) the
112:(1699), was forced to cede the bulk of
1739:18th-century prisoner of war massacres
1563:. London: William Blackwood and Sons.
1450:
1438:
1402:
1028:
962:
909:
873:
731:After Corinth, the Ottomans passed by
1474:
1462:
1307:
1295:
671:"Sent by the state to guard the land,
7:
1704:Battles of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars
1676:Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1973).
1729:Military history of the Peloponnese
513:in 1714 was still organized in the
1515:Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853
1494:. London and New York: Routledge.
687:While yet the pitying eye of Peace
14:
677:By Buda's wall and Danube's side,
582:, the fleet that sailed from the
1754:Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)
683:Minotti held in Corinth's towers
483:
474:
204:Preparations and opposing forces
1576:Hatzopoulos, Dionysios (2002).
679:The chiefs of Venice wrung away
21:Ottoman reconquest of the Morea
1724:1715 in the Republic of Venice
675:While Sobieski tamed his pride
637:in 1683— were sent to capture
1:
1614:Pinzelli, Eric G. L. (2003).
1599:Nani Mocenigo, Mario (1935).
1310:, pp. 99, 124 (note 55).
1016:, pp. 363, 436–438, 479.
623:Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha
299:, and the coastal castles of
190:defeating Russia in 1710–1711
182:War of the Spanish Succession
685:The Doge's delegated powers,
681:From Patra to Euboea's bay,)
46:(more commonly known as the
25:Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War
1734:Military history of Corinth
1490:Aksan, Virginia H. (2013).
455:Patriarch of Constantinople
34:, aided by the fleet under
1770:
1719:1715 in the Ottoman Empire
824:Captain General of the Sea
740:, the Ottomans exploded a
601:", a guard officer to the
563:vassals, the regencies of
397:Aigina: 58 men, under the
392:provveditore straordinario
352:provveditore straordinario
342:provveditore straordinario
331:provveditore straordinario
69:
56:Sixth Ottoman–Venetian War
27:. The Ottoman army, under
60:Greek War of Independence
54:in the 1680s, during the
1677:
1427:Prelli & Mugnai 2016
1362:Prelli & Mugnai 2016
1350:Prelli & Mugnai 2016
1335:Prelli & Mugnai 2016
1323:Prelli & Mugnai 2016
1279:Prelli & Mugnai 2016
1264:Prelli & Mugnai 2016
1252:Prelli & Mugnai 2016
975:Prelli & Mugnai 2016
810:Older scholars, such as
544:Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha
198:Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha
32:Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha
1112:, p. 479 (note 6).
788:Standard of the Prophet
664:Venetian Ionian Islands
647:Agha of the Janissaries
580:Canım Hoca Mehmed Pasha
295:at the entrance of the
291:, the Acrocorinth, the
142:launched its own attack
40:Canım Hoca Mehmed Pasha
1714:18th century in Greece
744:under the bastions of
691:
435:Knights of St. Stephen
417:militias is unknown.
406:Apostolos Vakalopoulos
340:): 786 men, under the
283:
271:
217:
160:(Santa Maura) and the
86:Second Siege of Vienna
1653:Setton, Kenneth Meyer
1043:, pp. 32–33, 42.
826:Daniele Dolfin, from
631:namesake Grand Vizier
390:: 691 men, under the
380:: 282 men, under the
350:: 261 men, under the
336:Castle of the Morea (
324:provveditore generale
277:
265:
212:Map of the Venetian "
211:
136:. Further south, the
70:Further information:
1136:, pp. 479, 481.
725:The Siege of Corinth
701:The Siege of Corinth
523:troops, notably the
370:: 83 men, under the
360:: 45 men, under the
238:, which covered the
227:Limberakis Gerakaris
214:Kingdom of the Morea
184:(1701–1714) and the
174:Kingdom of the Morea
1749:Massacres in Greece
1709:Ottoman Peloponnese
1453:, pp. 272–274.
1441:, pp. 270–271.
1417:, pp. 483–486.
1405:, pp. 266–268.
1199:, pp. 244–245.
1100:, pp. 479–481.
1067:, pp. 429–432.
912:, pp. 421–426.
876:, pp. 412–418.
617:Attack on the Morea
603:Prince of Wallachia
431:Knights Hospitaller
293:Castle of the Morea
110:Treaty of Karlowitz
1465:, pp. 99–100.
1240:Nani Mocenigo 1935
1209:Nani Mocenigo 1935
1172:, pp. 39, 41.
888:, pp. 38, 41.
738:nine days of siege
629:and nephew of the
613:, Bucarest 1913).
515:"classical" manner
284:
272:
240:Isthmus of Corinth
218:
186:Great Northern War
138:Republic of Venice
52:Republic of Venice
38:('Grand Admiral')
1699:Conflicts in 1715
1644:978-88-88542-74-4
1546:978-960-213-100-8
1501:978-0-582-30807-7
1376:, pp. 41–42.
1337:, pp. 39–41.
1266:, pp. 32–33.
1254:, pp. 27–38.
1122:Vakalopoulos 1973
1055:, pp. 33–34.
977:, pp. 11–12.
953:, pp. 40–41.
924:, pp. 38–44.
900:, pp. 38–39.
864:, pp. 19–35.
852:, pp. 14–19.
627:Diyarbekir Eyalet
423:Lodovico Flangini
134:Tsardom of Russia
132:was taken by the
118:Habsburg monarchy
98:Great Turkish War
84:'s defeat in the
72:Great Turkish War
1761:
1685:
1672:
1648:
1625:
1610:
1595:
1572:
1550:
1527:
1505:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1282:
1276:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1053:Hatzopoulos 2002
1050:
1044:
1041:Hatzopoulos 2002
1038:
1032:
1026:
1017:
1011:
1005:
1002:Hatzopoulos 2002
999:
990:
987:Hatzopoulos 2002
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
951:Hatzopoulos 2002
948:
942:
936:
925:
922:Hatzopoulos 2002
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
831:
808:
705:
487:
478:
126:Poland-Lithuania
42:, conquered the
1769:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1689:
1688:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1651:
1645:
1628:
1613:
1598:
1592:
1575:
1553:
1547:
1530:
1510:Anderson, R. C.
1508:
1502:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1285:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
896:
892:
884:
880:
872:
868:
860:
856:
848:
844:
840:
835:
834:
809:
805:
800:
707:
693:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
635:Siege of Vienna
619:
507:
506:
505:
504:
490:
489:
488:
480:
479:
468:
401:Francesco Bembo
344:Marco Barbarigo
333:Giacomo Minotto
297:Corinthian Gulf
248:pitched battles
223:
206:
146:overseas empire
78:
68:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1673:
1667:
1649:
1643:
1626:
1611:
1596:
1590:
1573:
1555:Finlay, George
1551:
1545:
1528:
1506:
1500:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1477:, p. 100.
1467:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1393:, p. 483.
1378:
1374:Chasiotis 1975
1366:
1354:
1339:
1327:
1312:
1300:
1283:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1242:, p. 319.
1232:
1228:Chasiotis 1975
1213:
1211:, p. 318.
1201:
1189:
1187:, p. 244.
1174:
1170:Chasiotis 1975
1162:
1160:, p. 481.
1150:
1148:, p. 479.
1138:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1086:Chasiotis 1975
1069:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1031:, p. 399.
1018:
1006:
991:
979:
967:
965:, p. 418.
955:
943:
939:Chasiotis 1975
926:
914:
902:
898:Chasiotis 1975
890:
886:Chasiotis 1975
878:
866:
862:Chasiotis 1975
854:
850:Chasiotis 1975
841:
839:
836:
833:
832:
830:to the Aegean.
816:William Miller
802:
801:
799:
796:
668:
618:
615:
605:(published by
550:, arriving at
502:Richard Knötel
492:
491:
482:
481:
473:
472:
471:
470:
469:
467:
464:
460:Mani Peninsula
403:
402:
395:
394:Vincenzo Pasta
385:
375:
365:
355:
354:Federgo Badoer
345:
334:
327:
326:Alessandro Bon
282:fortress today
270:fortress today
222:
219:
205:
202:
82:Ottoman Empire
80:Following the
67:
64:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1766:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1683:
1674:
1670:
1668:0-87169-192-2
1664:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1591:960-206-502-8
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1429:, p. 44.
1428:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:Pinzelli 2003
1411:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:Pinzelli 2003
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1364:, p. 45.
1363:
1358:
1355:
1352:, p. 41.
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1325:, p. 38.
1324:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1298:, p. 99.
1297:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1281:, p. 39.
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1230:, p. 39.
1229:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:Anderson 1952
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:Anderson 1952
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1158:Pinzelli 2003
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:Pinzelli 2003
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:Pinzelli 2003
1130:
1127:
1124:, p. 77.
1123:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:Pinzelli 2003
1106:
1103:
1099:
1098:Pinzelli 2003
1094:
1091:
1088:, p. 42.
1087:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:Pinzelli 2003
1061:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:Pinzelli 2003
1010:
1007:
1004:, p. 35.
1003:
998:
996:
992:
989:, p. 31.
988:
983:
980:
976:
971:
968:
964:
959:
956:
952:
947:
944:
941:, p. 41.
940:
935:
933:
931:
927:
923:
918:
915:
911:
906:
903:
899:
894:
891:
887:
882:
879:
875:
870:
867:
863:
858:
855:
851:
846:
843:
837:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:George Finlay
807:
804:
797:
795:
793:
789:
784:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
734:
729:
727:
726:
721:
717:
713:
706:
703:
702:
697:
694:Excerpt from
690:
667:
665:
661:
658:(5 June) and
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
625:—governor of
624:
616:
614:
612:
608:
607:Nicolae Iorga
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
578:
577:Kapudan Pasha
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:North African
556:
553:
549:
545:
542:
538:
533:
530:
526:
522:
521:
516:
512:
503:
499:
495:
486:
477:
465:
463:
461:
456:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
426:
424:
418:
416:
412:
407:
400:
396:
393:
389:
386:
384:Agostin Balbi
383:
379:
376:
373:
369:
366:
363:
359:
356:
353:
349:
346:
343:
339:
335:
332:
328:
325:
321:
320:
319:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
281:
276:
269:
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
231:
228:
220:
215:
210:
203:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:Valide Sultan
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:, and in the
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:in 1683, the
87:
83:
77:
73:
65:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:Kapudan Pasha
33:
30:
26:
22:
1681:
1657:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1616:
1606:
1601:
1581:
1577:
1559:
1536:
1532:
1514:
1491:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1369:
1357:
1330:
1303:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1204:
1192:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1009:
982:
970:
958:
946:
917:
905:
893:
881:
869:
857:
845:
819:
806:
785:
781:
764:
750:
730:
723:
708:
699:
692:
670:
633:who led the
620:
610:
598:
594:
592:
557:
548:Thessalonica
541:Grand Vizier
534:
518:
511:Ottoman army
508:
500:(right), by
451:
427:
419:
414:
404:
399:provveditore
398:
391:
382:provveditore
381:
372:provveditore
371:
362:provveditore
361:
351:
341:
330:
323:
313:
285:
278:View of the
266:View of the
251:
243:
232:
224:
192:. After the
166:
79:
29:Grand Vizier
20:
18:
1451:Finlay 1856
1439:Finlay 1856
1403:Finlay 1856
1029:Setton 1991
963:Setton 1991
910:Setton 1991
874:Setton 1991
584:Dardanelles
525:Janissaries
496:(left) and
494:Janissaries
280:Acrocorinth
236:Acrocorinth
90:Holy League
48:Peloponnese
1693:Categories
1524:1015099422
1475:Aksan 2013
1463:Aksan 2013
1308:Aksan 2013
1296:Aksan 2013
838:References
773:Spinalonga
720:Lord Byron
696:Lord Byron
539:under the
443:galleasses
364:Paulo Donà
348:Monemvasia
305:Monemvasia
259:strength.
158:Cephalonia
76:Morean War
66:Background
599:Dioiketes
588:fireships
537:Macedonia
62:in 1821.
1655:(1991).
1557:(1856).
1512:(1952).
828:Dalmatia
753:Navarino
746:Palamidi
722:'s poem
529:timariot
520:kapikulu
466:Ottomans
447:galliots
433:and the
411:Navarino
316:Montreal
309:Palamidi
268:Palamidi
128:, while
1569:1903753
1484:Sources
792:Larissa
761:Methoni
716:slavery
704:(1816).
651:Argolid
639:Lepanto
573:Algiers
565:Tripoli
498:sipahis
445:and 10
439:galleys
415:cernide
368:Zarnata
289:Nauplia
256:dragoon
252:cernide
244:presidi
122:Podolia
116:to the
114:Hungary
1665:
1641:
1588:
1567:
1543:
1522:
1498:
757:Koroni
660:Aigina
643:Patras
571:, and
552:Thebes
358:Kelefa
221:Venice
102:Mohács
1680:[
1633:[
1620:[
1605:[
1580:[
1535:[
820:total
798:Notes
777:Souda
769:Crete
765:Modon
733:Argos
712:Corfu
656:Tinos
569:Tunis
388:Modon
378:Coron
374:Bembo
301:Modon
162:Morea
154:Crete
106:Zenta
44:Morea
1663:ISBN
1639:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1565:OCLC
1541:ISBN
1520:OCLC
1496:ISBN
814:and
775:and
755:and
742:mine
509:The
441:, 2
303:and
178:navy
150:loss
140:had
130:Azov
120:and
104:and
94:Linz
74:and
19:The
698:'s
609:in
338:Rio
194:end
152:of
124:to
92:of
1695::
1381:^
1342:^
1315:^
1286:^
1271:^
1216:^
1177:^
1072:^
1021:^
994:^
929:^
728:.
666:.
567:,
1671:.
1647:.
1594:.
1571:.
1549:.
1526:.
1504:.
771:(
763:(
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