Ottonian art - Knowledge (XXG)

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modern glass paste replacements. As from other periods, there are many more surviving ivory panels (whose material is usually hard to re-use) for book-covers than complete metalwork covers, and some thicker ivory panels were later re-carved from the back with a new relief. Many objects mentioned in written sources have completely disappeared, and we probably now only have a tiny fraction of the original production of reliquaries and the like. A number of pieces have major additions or changes made later in the Middle Ages or in later periods. Manuscripts that avoided major library fires have had the best chance of survival; the dangers facing wall-paintings are mentioned above. Most major objects remain in German collections, often still church libraries and treasuries.

1467: 713: 1252: 755: 325: 1228: 1033: 732: 344: 1071: 680: 280: 1205:, New York has a "dedication" scene, where a crowned monarch presents Christ with a model church, usually taken to be Otto I with Magdeburg Cathedral. Altogether seventeen survive, probably fewer than half of the original set. The plaques include background areas fully cut through the ivory, which would presumably originally have been backed with gold. Apart from the spaces left beside buildings, these openwork elements include some that leave chequerboard or foliage patterns. The style of the figures is described by 989: 1011: 31: 1444: 429: 170: 570: 310: 1402: 1051: 1284: 295: 695: 1216: 5621: 551:

Backgrounds are often composed of bands of colour with a symbolic rather than naturalistic rationale, the size of figures reflects their importance, and in them "emphasis is not so much on movement as in gesture and glance", with narrative scenes "presented as a quasi-liturgical act, dialogues of divinity". This gestural "dumb-show soon to be conventionalized as a visual language throughout medieval Europe".

905: 1513:, the first survey of the subject written in English, as the usual art-historical term, the "minor arts", seemed unsuitable for this period, where they were, with manuscript miniatures, the most significant art forms. In 2003 a reviewer noted that Ottonian manuscript illustration was a field "that is still significantly under-represented in English-language art-historical research". 1737: 1427: 566:, the best known and most extreme of the group, where "the figure-style has become more monumental, more rarified and sublime, at the same time thin in density, insubstantial, mere silhouettes of colour against a shimmering void". The group introduced the background of solid gold to Western illumination. 1322:

has the best-known surviving scheme, though much of the original work has been lost and the remaining paintings to the sides of the nave have suffered from time and restoration. The largest scenes show the miracles of Christ in a style that both shows specific Byzantine input in some elements, and a

1315:, and laymen may have dominated the art of wall-painting, though perhaps sometimes working to designs by monastic illuminators. The artists seem to have been rather mobile: "at about the time of the Oberzell pictures there was an Italian wall-painter working in Germany, and a German one in England". 787:

gold decorating areas between the bars of enamel and gem decoration. Relics were assuming increasing importance, sometimes political, in this period, and so increasingly rich reliquaries were made to hold them. In such works the gems do not merely create an impression of richness, but served both to

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for books were all made of or covered by gold, embellished with gems, enamels, crystals, and cameos. This was a much older style, but the Ottonian version has distinctive features, with very busy decoration of surfaces, often gems raised up from the main surface on little gold towers, accompanied by

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and less understanding of its classical models, but around 1000 a striking intensity and expressiveness emerge in many works, as "a solemn monumentality is combined with a vibrant inwardness, an unworldly, visionary quality with sharp attention to actuality, surface patterns of flowing lines and rich

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Surviving Ottonian works are very largely those in the care of the church which were kept and valued for their connections with either royal or church figures of the period. Very often the jewels in metalwork were pilfered or sold over the centuries, and many pieces now completely lack them, or have

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Although it is clear from documentary records that many churches were decorated with extensive cycles of wall-painting, survivals are extremely rare, and more often than not fragmentary and in poor condition. Generally they lack evidence to help with dating such as donor portraits, and their date is

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to Otto II, and imported Byzantine elements, especially enamels and ivories, are often incorporated into Ottonian metalwork such as book covers. However, if there were actual Greek artists working in Germany in the period, they have left less trace than their predecessors in Carolingian times. The

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Ottonian monasteries produced many magnificent medieval illuminated manuscripts. They were a major art form of the time, and monasteries received direct sponsorship from emperors and bishops, having the best in equipment and talent available. The range of heavily illuminated texts was very largely

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Ottonian dynasty. From this emerged a renewed faith in the idea of Empire and a reformed Church, creating a period of heightened cultural and artistic fervour. It was in this atmosphere that masterpieces were created that fused the traditions from which Ottonian artists derived their inspiration:

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manuscript painting, and whose miniatures are notable for "their delicate sensibility to tonal grades and harmonies, their fine sense of compositional rhythms, their feelings for the relationship of figures in space, and above all their special touch of reticence and poise". He worked chiefly in

547:, probably in the 980s. However, the majority of the 51 images in this book, which represent the first extensive cycle of images depicting the events of Christ's life in a western European manuscript, were made by two monks from Reichenau, who are named and depicted in one of the miniatures. 257:

manuscripts were both scribed and illuminated by monks with specialized skills, some of whose names are preserved, but there is no evidence as to the artists who worked in metal, enamel and ivory, who are usually assumed to have been laymen, though there were some monastic goldsmiths in the

550:

The style of the "Liuthar group" is very different, and departs further from rather than returning to classical traditions; it "carried transcendentalism to an extreme", with "marked schematization of the forms and colours", "flattened form, conceptualized draperies and expansive gesture".

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presented the Milan example in anticipation of a visit by the Emperor, also referred to in the London example which was possibly from the same workshop. The latest and most lavish is the Aachen example, which is studded with jewels and shows an enthroned Emperor, surrounded by a pope and

1499:'s studies of ivories and sculpture in general. A number of exhibitions held in Germany in the years following World War II helped introduce the subject to a wider public and promote the understanding of art media other than manuscript illustrations. The 1950 Munich exhibition 205:. This goal was accomplished in various ways. For example, the many Ottonian ruler portraits typically include elements, such as province personifications, or representatives of the military and the Church flanking the emperor, with a lengthy imperial iconographical history. 369:

In contrast to manuscripts of other periods, it is very often possible to say with certainty who commissioned or received a manuscript, but not where it was made. Some manuscripts also include relatively extensive cycles of narrative art, such as the sixteen pages of the

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The most important "Reichenau school" manuscripts are agreed to fall into three distinct groups, all named after scribes whose names are recorded in their books. The "Eburnant group" covered above was followed by the "Ruodprecht group" named after the scribe of the

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depicting the donors of the manuscripts to a church, including bishops, abbots and abbesses, and also the emperor. In some cases successive miniatures show a kind of relay: in the Hornbach Sacramentary the scribe presents the book to his abbot, who presents it to St

934:, with biblical figure scenes in bronze relief, each cast in a single piece, where the powerfully simple compositions convey their meanings by emphatic gestures, in a way comparable to the Reichenau miniatures of the same period. There is also a bronze column, the 152:

and metalwork, and was produced in a small number of centres for a narrow range of patrons in the circle of the Imperial court, as well as important figures in the church. However much of it was designed for display to a wider public, especially of pilgrims.

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complex schemes where "bands of gold outline the bold, squares circles, ellipses, and rhombs that enclose the figures", and inscriptions are incorporated in the design explicating its complex theological symbolism. This style was to be very influential on

229:. The one thing the ruler portraits rarely attempt is a close likeness of the individual features of a ruler; when Otto III died, some manuscript images of him were re-purposed as portraits of Henry II without the need being felt to change the features. 245:

Abbey, who presents it to St Peter, who presents it to Christ, altogether taking up eight pages (with the facing illuminated tablets) to stress the unity and importance of the "command structure" binding church and state, on earth and in heaven.

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The term "Ottonian art" was not coined until 1890, and the following decade saw the first serious studies of the period; for the next several decades the subject was dominated by German art historians mainly dealing with manuscripts, apart from

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from Late Antique structures in Rome and Ravenna and their incorporation into Ottonian buildings was a device intended to suggest imperial continuity. This was clearly the intention of Otto I when he removed columns, some of

112:(circa 951–1024). However, the style neither began nor ended to neatly coincide with the rule of the dynasty. It emerged some decades into their rule and persisted past the Ottonian emperors into the reigns of the early 124:, though the transitions at both ends of the period are gradual rather than sudden. Like the former and unlike the latter, it was very largely a style restricted to a few of the small cities of the period, and important 712: 2077:

Lasko, 87–91; Williamson, 12; Beckwith, 126–129. On the function of the original object, Williamson favours a door, Lasko leans towards a pulpit, and Beckwith an antependium, but none seem emphatic in their

930:(died 1022), who was himself an artist, although his biographer was unusually honest in saying that he did not reach "the peaks of perfection". The most famous of these is the pair of church doors, the 1171:

wings now in Berlin (all illustrated below) produced particularly fine and distinctive work, perhaps in Trier, with "an astonishing perception of the human form ... facility in handling the material".

425:. In the group of four presentation miniatures in the former described above "we can almost follow ... the movement away from the expansive Carolingian idiom to the more sharply defined Ottonian one". 1195:

or altar frontal, the cover of an exceptionally large book, a pulpit, or something else, has been much discussed. Each nearly square plaque measures about 13x12 cm, with a relief scene from the

1727:, 1965, Warburg Surveys, 2, of which Backhouse is a review. See Backhouse, 98 for German scholars dubious about the traditional Reichenau school. Garrison, 15, supports the traditional view. 1848:

Dodwell, 130–156 covers the whole period, as does Beckwith, 92–124; Legner's three volumes have catalogue entries on considerable numbers of manuscripts made in Cologne, or now located there.

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was dipped in the situla to collect water with which to sprinkle the congregation or other objects. However the four Ottonian examples from the 10th century are made from a whole section of

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and their pages were probably seen by very few; when they were carried in the grand processions of Ottonian churches it seems to have been with the book closed to display the cover.

4088: 185:" of the patrons of manuscripts are very prominent in Ottonian art, and much Ottonian art reflected the dynasty's desire to establish visually a link to the Christian rulers of 1327:; they are therefore usually dated around 980–1000. Indeed, the paintings are one of the foundations of the case for Reichenau Abbey as a major centre of manuscript painting. 977:, surrounded by a plain gold surface into which the outline of the figure had been recessed. The Essen cross with large enamels illustrated above shows both these techniques. 324: 1227: 1608:

Zentralbibliothek Codex U1 (ex-Cathedral Treasury), folios 7v to 10r; Alexander, 89–90; Legner, Vol 2, B2, all eight pages illustrated on pp. 140-141; Dodwell, 134; the

938:, 3.79 metres (12.4 ft) high, originally the base for a crucifix, cast in a single hollow piece. This unusual form is decorated with twenty-four scenes from the 1032: 2559: 1010: 988: 515:" of manuscripts, most from the 11th century, in a strongly contrasting style, though still attributed by most scholars to Reichenau, but by Dodwell also to Trier. 273:

at this period was mainly for the church, and may have been centred in monasteries, although (see below) wall-paintings seems to have been usually done by laymen.

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For example, Legner, Vol 2 pp. 238-240, no. E32, where a largely rubbed-down 6th-century Byzantine bookcover plaque has on the original back a Cologne relief of

922:

from the end of the period, a huge candelabra in Essen, and in particular a spectacular collection of ambitious large bronze works, and smaller silver ones, at

792:, and particular types of gem were believed to have actual powerful properties in various "scientific", medical and magical respects, as set out in the popular 156:

The style is generally grand and heavy, sometimes to excess, and initially less sophisticated than the Carolingian equivalents, with less direct influence from

309: 1343:) is one of the outstanding masterpieces of the period. Its traditional dating by the church, long thought to be implausibly early, was finally confirmed by 4451: 4958: 1758:

Or at any rate, monks depicted and named in them. Whether these would actually have been the main scribes of the text is discussed by Mayr-Harting, 229

1355:, which was formerly the abbey) is a virtually unique survival of a type of object once found in many major churches. It is a smaller sculpture of the 637:

for the cathedral there (now in the university library). Other important monastic scriptoria that flourished during the Ottonian age include those at

446:

A number of important manuscripts produced from this period onwards in a distinctive group of styles are usually attributed to the scriptorium of the

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Dodwell, 134–144; Backhouse, throughout, is rather sceptical about Trier as a major centre; Beckwith, 96–104 stresses the mobility of illuminators.

796:. The few surviving pieces of secular jewellery are in similar styles, including the crown worn by Otto III as a child, which he presented to the 731: 1704: 1163:

Among various stylistic groups and putative workshops that can be detected, that responsible for pieces including the panel from the cover of the

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often uncertain; many have been restored in the past, further complicating the matter. Most survivals are clustered in south Germany and around

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Lasko, 94–95; Henderson, 15, 202–214; see Head for an analysis of the political significance of reliquaries commissioned by Egbert of Trier.

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Sorabella, Jean. "Ottonian Art". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (September 2008)

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This scene was often included in Ottonian cycles of the Life of Christ. Many show Jesus (with crossed halo) twice, once asleep and once

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and other German and French sites. There are many oblong panels with reliefs which once decorated book-covers, or still do, with the

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as "very heavy, stiff, and massive ... with extremely clear and flat treatment of drapery ... in simple but powerful compositions".

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appear to represent a new departure for ivory carving in their form, and the type is hardly found after this period. Situlae were

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as the most common subject. These and other subjects very largely continue Carolingian iconography, but in a very different style.

294: 3680: 2932: 5100: 4573: 2864: 2780: 1503:("sacred art" in Latin) devised this term for religious metalwork and the associated ivories and enamels, which was re-used by 1118:

tusk, and are slightly larger in girth at their tops. All are richly carved with scenes and figures on different levels: the

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enamel in Germany, which is thought to have fulfilled orders for other centres, and after his death in 993 possibly moved to

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models of Late Antique, Carolingian, and Byzantine origin. Surviving Ottonian art is very largely religious, in the form of

35: 2105:

Dodwell, 130; the Italian was "Johannes Italicus", who one scholar has identified with the Gregory Master, see Beckwith, 103

3942: 3695: 434: 5324: 4696: 4537: 4365: 3170: 3082: 3055: 1994: 1457: 1434: 1380: 492:–1024), imperial commissions. Due to their exceptional quality, the manuscripts of Reichenau were in 2003 added to the 4985: 3352: 1477: 1388: 1387:, which relate to ivory carving of the same period, the large silver cross of the Abbess Raingarda in the Basilica of 862: 622: 595:, which probably influenced a style with "an incisive line and highly formal organization of the page", giving in the 592: 4639: 1123: 116:, which lacks an artistic "style label" of its own. In the traditional scheme of art history, Ottonian art follows 5282: 4898: 4721: 4095: 3709: 3685: 3238: 3197: 2910: 2530: 1889: 1258: 1202: 1164: 1148: 858: 818: 759: 618: 574: 371: 2510:, 1991, 2 vols, Harvey Miller (see Suckale-Redlefsen above for review; also there is a 1999 single volume edition) 1187:, "Magdeburg plaques", the "plaques from the Magdeburg Antependium" or similar names. They were probably made in 617:

became important under Abbot Humbert, in office from 1028 to 1051, and the pages (as opposed to the cover) of the

343: 4481: 4360: 4316: 3724: 3367: 3335: 830: 422: 1215: 1070: 5228: 4883: 4726: 4711: 4522: 4392: 4266: 4058: 4013: 3974: 3915: 3886: 3286: 810: 316: 4382: 3182: 1376: 869:) is in a very comparable style. Other major objects include a reliquary of St Andrew surmounted by a foot in 389:

The Ottonian style did not produce surviving manuscripts from before about the 960s, when books known as the "

5406: 4743: 4583: 4527: 4515: 4338: 4333: 3893: 3497: 3340: 3255: 3121: 2915: 2265: 1708: 1453: 1372: 1348: 797: 363: 190: 5624: 5517: 5165: 5115: 5075: 5038: 4938: 4578: 3898: 3876: 3736: 3050: 3045: 2373:, 1st edn. 1982 (many later editions), Macmillan, London, page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st edn. paperback. 1983: 1738:"Illuminated manuscripts from the Ottonian period produced in the monastery of Reichenau (Lake Constance)" 1335:

Very little wood carving has survived from the period, but the monumental painted figure of Christ on the

957:. During this period the workshop followed Byzantine developments (of many decades earlier) by using the 927: 588: 233: 182: 149: 30: 1650: 1437:; note the rods for curtains. The columns are probably 4th century, the canopy 9th, 10th or 12th century. 554:

The group were produced perhaps from the 990s to 1015 or later, and major manuscripts include the Munich

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were important forerunners of the style, from a few decades before and probably from the same workshop.

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Around 980, Archbishop Egbert of Trier seems to have established the major Ottonian workshop producing

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in New York. All came from the milieu of the Ottonian court: an inscription says that Archbishop

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one already used. Small plaques with decorative motifs derived from plant forms continued to use

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All except the New York situla are illustrated and discussed in Beckwith, pp. 129–130, 135–136

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Beckwith, 126–138; Lasko, 78–79, 94, 106–108, 112, 131, as well as the passages cited below

1307:; though there are also important examples from north Italy. There is a record of bishop 1179:, now dispersed in several collections, were probably commissioned (perhaps by Otto I) for 458:

was one of a number of dissident voices here, believing the works to have been produced at

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In a continuation and intensification of late Carolingian trends, many miniatures contain

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Much very fine small-scale sculpture in ivory was made during the Ottonian period, with

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also has four pages of presentation scenes, with two each spread across a full opening.

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Ottonian Imperial Art and Portraiture. The Artistic Patronage of Otto III and Henry II

1110:, and previously were usually of wood or bronze, straight-sided and with a handle. An 518:

The outstanding miniaturist of the "Ruodprecht group" was the so-called Master of the

5639: 5490: 5458: 5319: 5314: 5297: 5125: 5120: 5105: 5080: 5070: 5021: 4975: 4681: 4659: 4590: 4456: 4285: 4188: 4164: 4147: 4120: 4115: 4100: 3881: 3871: 3866: 3770: 3519: 3480: 3419: 3245: 3202: 2900: 2832: 2674: 2652: 2568: 2483: 1509: 685: 539: 455: 347: 270: 249: 173:"Roma", "Gallia", "Germania" and "Sclavinia" pay homage to Otto III, from the Munich 157: 69: 17: 2520: 1857:

Lasko, Part Two (pp. 77–142), gives a very comprehensive account. Beckwith, 138–145

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in the 970s and 980s, and was responsible for several miniatures in the influential

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in about 970, to decorate a large flat surface, though whether this was a door, an

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and Trier instead. Wherever it was located, the "Reichenau school" specialized in

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Reichenau Reconsidered. A Re-Assessment of the Place of Reichenau in Ottonian Art

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Suckale-Redlefsen, 524; Lasko, xxii lists a number of the exhibitions up to 1972.

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Reichenau reconsidered. A Re-assessment of the Place of Reichenau in Ottonian Art

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remained rare in the north, though there are more examples in Italy, such as the

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Large objects in non-precious metals were also made, with the earliest surviving

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around 975 show a less accomplished Netherlandish version of Ottonian style. In

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Monuments of Romanesque Art; The Art of Church Treasures in North-Western Europe

2383: 2366: 1584: 1504: 1206: 1192: 1111: 965: 959: 814: 784: 771: 737: 658: 463: 454:, despite an admitted lack of evidence connecting them to the monastery there. 262: 202: 40: 252:

also remained an influence, especially with the marriage of the Greek princess

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Belief and culture in the Middle Ages: Studies presented to Henry Mayr-Harting

1407: 1336: 1107: 642: 585: 398: 366:) to the main liturgical books, with very few secular works being so treated. 65: 1639:

An area where evidence is generally thin across Europe, see Cherry, Chapter 1

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hiring lay artists for a now vanished cycle at his newly foundation (983) of

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Dodwell, 134, quoted; Beckwith, 92–93; compare the St John portraits in

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As well as the reuse of motifs from older imperial art, the removal of

93: 72:, northern Italy and eastern France. It was named by the art historian 2357: 2270: 2215:

The Uta Codex: Art, Philosophy, and Reform in Eleventh-Century Germany

5537: 5396: 5170: 4888: 4818: 4387: 4299: 4154: 3385: 2927: 1449: 1384: 1368: 973:, with enamel all over the plaque, while figures were now usually in 898: 850: 842: 780: 646: 493: 459: 394: 238: 209: 129: 89: 511:, also known as the Liuthar Gospels, give their name to the third " 3621: 2876: 2760: 1473: 1392: 1360: 1304: 1300: 1282: 1188: 1157: 1086: 1082: 1069: 954: 903: 870: 763: 753: 650: 568: 534: 427: 342: 168: 1596:

Dodwell, 123; Imperial portraiture is a major subject in Garrison

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in a continuous strip winding round the column in the manner of

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in contrast, there are no surviving contemporary portraits of

633:), the major work of the school. Henry also commissioned the 128:, as well as the court circles of the emperor and his leading 1472:

Cross of the Abbess Raingarda, 963- 965, silver, 201x156 cm,

809:

or processional crosses include an outstanding group in the

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Beckwith, 142; Lauer, Rolf, in Legner, III, 142 (in German)

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and lay assistants employed by monasteries. While secular

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as well as to their Carolingian predecessors, particularly

2416:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024

2390:, Penguin History of Art (now Yale), 1972 (nb, 1st edn.), 2255:, "Reichenau Illumination: Facts and Fictions", review of 1621:

Or so it is usually assumed, but see Suckale-Redlefsen, 98

5464:

Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation

1570: 1568: 881:(now in Paris). The Palace Chapel also has the pulpit or 413:". The two other major manuscripts of the group are the 409:. This is the first stylistic group of the traditional " 2440:

Suckale-Redlefsen, Gude, review of Mayr-Harting, Henry,

1549: 1547: 1545: 1719:

Dodwell, 130, with his full views in: C.R. Dodwell et

1323:

closeness to Reichenau manuscripts such as the Munich

2277:

Early Medieval Art: Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque

2050:

Williamson, 26, though Lasko, 92 disagrees with this.

1657:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 169–186. 2402:

Ornamenta Ecclesiae, Kunst und Künstler der Romanik.

5419: 5184: 4994: 4774: 4566: 4550: 4229: 4034: 3813: 3802: 3632: 3569: 3462: 3378: 3269: 3073: 2806: 2606: 2597: 2433:Metz, Peter (trans. Ilse Schrier and Peter Gorge), 2269:, Vol. 109, No. 767 (Feb., 1967), pp. 98–100, 1085:probably a site if not the main centre, along with 779:"beehive" projections in gold wire, and figurative 562:and a volume of biblical commentary there, and the 382:. Heavily illuminated manuscripts were given rich 1530:"Dictionary of Art Historians: Janitschek, Hubert" 788:offer a foretaste of the bejewelled nature of the 2450:, Vol. 75, No. 3 (Sep., 1993), pp. 524–527, 2114:Dodwell, 128–130; Beckwith, 88–92; Backhouse, 100 1653:. In Gameson, Richard; Leyser, Henrietta (eds.). 1261:, probably from the same workshop as the diptych. 853:) were imperial possessions; Vienna also has the 770:Objects for decorating churches such as crosses, 269:supplied a steady stream of work for goldsmiths, 2508:Ottonian Book Illumination. An Historical Study 2442:Ottonian Book Illumination. An Historical Study 2240:Medieval Illuminators and their Methods of Work 1273:Crucifixion, probably from a book-cover, c 1000 963:or "sunk enamel" technique in addition to the 161:bright colours with passionate emotionalism". 2553: 2307:, The British Museum Press, 2011 (2nd edn.), 1946:Lasko, 111–123, 119 quoted; Beckwith, 145–149 1201:inside a plain flat frame; one plaque in the 528:, whose work looked back in some respects to 485:(Munich, Bayerische Nationalbibl. clm. 4452, 8: 2223:, Vol. 78, No. 3 (Jul., 2003), pp. 856-858, 1776:Dodwell, 141–142, 141 quoted; Lasko, 106–107 1562:Beckwith, 81–86; Lasko, 82; Dodwell, 123–126 1132:on two levels, the "Situla of Gotofredo" of 885:. The late Carolingian upper cover of the 507:; Dodwell assigns this group to Trier. The 442:, "Liuthar group" of the "Reichenau school" 315:Henry II being crowned by Christ, from the 4563: 3810: 2603: 2560: 2546: 2538: 2476:An Introduction to Medieval Ivory Carvings 1910:Metz, 59–60; Lasko, 98; Beckwith, 133–134. 1359:, which is in wood which was covered with 1038:Bernward's doors at Hildesheim Cathedral, 543:, a gospel lectionary made for Archbishop 2437:, 1957, Frederick A. Praeger, LOC 57-5327 2279:, Thames & Hudson, 1964 (rev. 1969), 2319:The Pictorial arts of the West, 800–1200 1156:archbishops. This was probably made in 374:devoted to "strips" in three tiers with 330:Otto III or Henry II crowned by saints, 225:and reused them in his new cathedral at 217:, and other building materials from the 29: 1521: 1397: 1318:The church of St George at Oberzell on 1211: 984: 855:Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire 675: 580:Two dedication miniatures added to the 275: 5241:Contemporary Indigenous Australian art 3261:Art of the late 16th century in Milan 2358:"Art and Artifice in Ottonian Trier." 833:(died 1011), and a fourth cross, the 625:in 1045–46, which Henry presented to 621:were produced there, followed by the 84:between 919 and 1024 under the kings 7: 2422:, 1999, Cambridge University Press, 2335:, 2012, Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1651:"An Ottonian Sacramentary in Oxford" 573:Labourers in the vineyard, from the 181:Following late Carolingian styles, " 68:, covering also some works from the 2363:, Vol. 36, No. 1. (1997), pp 65–82. 1074:The "dedication" panel, one of the 665:Gallery of Christ calming the storm 470:, many of them, such as the Munich 4596:Vienna School of Fantastic Realism 3447:Neoclassical architecture in Milan 2404:Catalogue of an exhibition in the 1928:Lasko, 129–131; Beckwith, 144–145. 1919:Henderson, 15; Lasko, 96–98; Head. 1663:10.1093/oso/9780198208013.003.0016 873:, and gold altar frontals for the 27:Style in pre-Romanesque German art 25: 4670:American Figurative Expressionism 3006:International Gothic art in Italy 2096:Dodwell, 127–128; Beckwith, 88–92 2068:Beckwith, 133-136, 135-136 quoted 1821:Dodwell, 151–153; Garrison, 16-18 1126:, decorated with scenes from the 994:Abbess Mathilde's candelabrum in 837:came some fifty years later. The 5620: 5619: 4179:Neue Künstlervereinigung München 2435:The Golden Gospels of Echternach 1964:Lasko, 95–106; Beckwith, 138–142 1901:Lasko, 99–109; Beckwith, 138–142 1649:Kauffmann, Martin (2001-04-12). 1465: 1442: 1426: 1400: 1266: 1250: 1226: 1214: 1049: 1031: 1009: 987: 730: 711: 693: 678: 323: 308: 293: 278: 5101:Tunisian collaborative painting 4574:International Typographic Style 1937:Lasko, 64–66; Beckwith, 50, 80. 1098:A group of four Ottonian ivory 397:, as several miniatures in the 108:, it is a key component of the 4854:The Caribbean Artists Movement 1803:Beckwith, 108–110, both quoted 1685:Metz, throughout; Dodwell, 144 827:Essen cross with large enamels 817:were Ottonian princesses. The 724:Exorcism of the Gadarene swine 376:scenes from the life of Christ 36:Essen cross with large enamels 1: 3210:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance 2176: 1411: 1133: 1039: 999: 758:A corner of the cover of the 701: 600: 486: 475: 448:island monastery of Reichenau 435:Annunciation to the shepherds 143:was re-established under the 45: 5325:Modern European ink painting 4697:Bay Area Figurative Movement 2132:Beckwith, 150–152 Lasko, 104 1381:Abbey of San Pietro al Monte 1291:, nave fresco in St George, 1257:Panel from the cover of the 1124:Victoria & Albert Museum 177:, one of the "Liuthar group" 4986:Artificial intelligence art 2414:, "Artists and Patrons" in 2031:Metropolitan Museum example 1486:Survival and historiography 1363:and then thin gold sheet. 863:Germanisches Nationalmuseum 829:were probably all given by 700:Wall-painting at Oberzell, 623:Golden Gospels of Henry III 593:Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram 591:held the major Carolingian 5677: 4899:Post-painterly abstraction 4722:Situationist International 4096:Pennsylvania Impressionism 2353:, 1972, rev. 1977, Penguin 2238:Alexander, Jonathan A.G., 2213:Review by Karen Blough of 2195:Suckale-Redlefsen, 524–525 1890:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1395:and some stone sculpture. 1379:, and also on that in the 1259:Codex Aureus of Echternach 1203:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1175:A very important group of 1165:Codex Aureus of Echternach 1149:Metropolitan Museum of Art 946:and other Roman examples. 926:from the period of Bishop 859:Codex Aureus of Echternach 819:Cross of Otto and Mathilde 760:Codex Aureus of Echternach 619:Codex Aureus of Echternach 575:Codex Aureus of Echternach 509:Aachen Gospels of Otto III 372:Codex Aureus of Echternach 362:restricted (unlike in the 5615: 4482:California Scene Painting 4361:California Scene Painting 4317:Figurative Constructivism 3368:Poussinists and Rubenists 2584: 2291:Monuments of Medieval Art 1147:Treasury, and one in the 1017:Expulsion of Adam and Eve 831:Mathilde, Abbess of Essen 135:After the decline of the 5580:Prehistoric European art 5229:Contemporary African art 4712:Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai 4640:Generación de la Ruptura 4267:Universal Constructivism 4059:California Impressionism 4014:American Barbizon school 2156:Lombardia Beni Culturali 2007:"Image of Aachen situla" 1884:Lasko, 94-95; also this 857:. The book cover of the 811:Essen Cathedral Treasury 499:International Register. 393:" were made, perhaps at 317:Sacramentary of Henry II 300:Apotheosis of Otto III. 80:which ruled Germany and 5407:Walking Artists Network 4744:Letterist International 4584:Washington Color School 3498:Arts in the Philippines 2531:Encyclopædia Britannica 2418:, eds. Timothy Reuter, 2266:The Burlington Magazine 1574:Honour and Fleming, 277 1349:Golden Madonna of Essen 1238:Moses Receiving the Law 798:Golden Madonna of Essen 364:Carolingian Renaissance 234:presentation miniatures 150:illuminated manuscripts 5518:Illuminated manuscript 5166:The Designers Republic 5116:Neue Slowenische Kunst 5039:Pattern and Decoration 4939:Institutional critique 4579:Abstract expressionism 3559:Latin American Baroque 3515:Colonial Asian Baroque 2371:A World History of Art 1553:Suckale-Redlefsen, 524 1510:Pelican History of Art 1295: 1078: 915: 813:; several abbesses of 767: 577: 443: 358: 183:presentation portraits 178: 51: 5156:Artist-run initiative 5131:Young British Artists 5096:New European Painting 5032:Moscow Conceptualists 4954:Feminist art movement 4732:Ukrainian underground 4707:Gutai Art Association 4106:Ten American Painters 3610:Western influence in 2587:List of art movements 2408:, Köln, 1985. 3 vols. 1995:image of Milan situla 1694:Suckale-Redlefsen, 98 1377:Sant' Ambrogio, Milan 1286: 1221:The Basilewsky Situla 1122:Situla of 920 in the 1106:vessels used to hold 1073: 907: 875:Palace Chapel, Aachen 800:after he outgrew it. 774:, altar frontals and 757: 750:Metalwork and enamels 688:, between 977 and 993 572: 564:Pericopes of Henry II 483:Pericopes of Henry II 440:Pericopes of Henry II 431: 346: 172: 106:Ottonian architecture 33: 18:Ottonian illumination 4966:Saqqakhaneh movement 4859:Chicano art movement 4727:Soviet Nonconformist 4533:Boston Expressionism 4516:Abstraction-Création 4334:Arbeitsrat für Kunst 4327:Cologne Progressives 4047:Art Nouveau in Milan 3850:Anglo-Japanese style 3826:National romanticism 3256:Fontainebleau School 3166:Northern Renaissance 3001:International Gothic 2420:Rosamond McKitterick 2400:Legner, Anton (ed). 2289:Calkins, Robert G.; 1507:in his book for the 1478:San Michele Maggiore 1435:Sant'Ambrogio, Milan 1389:San Michele Maggiore 1365:Monumental sculpture 1309:Gebhard of Constance 1092:Crucifixion of Jesus 1025:Hildesheim Cathedral 924:Hildesheim Cathedral 893:, New York) and the 357:, "Ruodprecht group" 110:Ottonian Renaissance 38:with gems and large 5501:Hierarchy of genres 5066:Saint Soleil School 5002:Post-conceptual art 4971:The Stars Art Group 4849:Black Arts Movement 4812:Neo-Dada Organizers 4613:Lyrical abstraction 4346:Australian tonalism 4019:California Tonalism 3691:Hudson River School 3494:Colonial Asian art 3234:English Renaissance 3183:Ghent–Bruges school 3171:Early Netherlandish 3083:Italian Renaissance 2996:Gothic art in Milan 2504:Mayr-Harting, Henry 2456:Swarzenski, Hanns. 2412:Mayr-Harting, Henry 2388:Ars Sacra, 800–1200 2349:Henderson, George. 2305:Medieval Goldsmiths 1325:Gospels of Otto III 1183:and are called the 1181:Magdeburg Cathedral 720:Gospels of Otto III 589:St. Emmeram's Abbey 556:Gospels of Otto III 497:Memory of the World 472:Gospels of Otto III 219:Palace of Theoderic 175:Gospels of Otto III 5543:Landscape painting 5151:New Leipzig School 5091:Neo-conceptual art 4839:Art & Language 4834:Capitalist realism 4756:Florida Highwaymen 4692:Hard-edge painting 4506:Streamline Moderne 4467:Harlem Renaissance 4310:Novecento Italiano 4138:Deutscher Werkbund 3965:Post-Impressionism 3527:Latin American art 3331:Guild of Romanists 3193:German Renaissance 3188:Northern Mannerism 2474:Williamson, Paul. 2369:and John Fleming, 2259:by C. R. Dodwell; 2217:by Adam S. Cohen, 1982:Basilewsky Situla 1794:Beckwith, 104, 102 1709:the Lorsch Gospels 1497:Adolph Goldschmidt 1313:Petershausen Abbey 1296: 1079: 981:Gallery of bronzes 916: 768: 611:in several media. 578: 560:Bamberg Apocalypse 521:Registrum Gregorii 444: 359: 332:Bamberg Apocalypse 179: 137:Carolingian Empire 52: 5633: 5632: 5415: 5414: 5271:Corporate Memphis 5224:Classical Realism 5194:Amazonian pop art 5086:Appropriation art 5054:Neo-expressionism 4924:Environmental art 4829:Nouvelle tendance 4546: 4545: 4494:Socialist realism 4351:Dresden Secession 3970:Neo-Impressionism 3933:Decadent movement 3904:Heidelberg School 3798: 3797: 3696:American luminism 3681:Düsseldorf School 3676:Shoreham Ancients 3666:Nazarene movement 3656:Danish Golden Age 3537:Indochristian art 3215:Antwerp Mannerism 3104:Pittura infamante 3098:Florentine School 3093:Proto-Renaissance 2331:Garrison, Eliza; 2321:, 1993, Yale UP, 2275:Beckwith, John. 2242:, 1992, Yale UP, 1672:978-0-19-820801-3 1419:Cologne Cathedral 1341:Cologne Cathedral 1339:(around 965–970, 1185:Magdeburg Ivories 1076:Magdeburg Ivories 940:ministry of Jesus 920:wheel chandeliers 883:Ambon of Henry II 823:Cross of Mathilde 776:treasure bindings 671:calming the storm 384:treasure bindings 261:period, and some 141:Holy Roman Empire 74:Hubert Janitschek 16:(Redirected from 5668: 5623: 5622: 5607:Western painting 5553:Modern sculpture 5511:History painting 5214:Art intervention 5007:Installation art 4824:Nouveau réalisme 4564: 4538:Leningrad School 4430:Mexican muralism 4403:Grosvenor School 4143:American Realism 4126:Der Blaue Reiter 4084:Berlin Secession 4079:Vienna Secession 4074:Munich Secession 3992:Pont-Aven School 3811: 3661:Troubadour style 3639:(c. 1770 – 1862) 3606:Qing handicrafts 3572:Western elements 3503:Letras y figuras 3476:African-American 3471:African diaspora 3442:Directoire style 3353:Heptanese school 3336:Dutch Golden Age 3321:Stroganov School 3314:Lutheran Baroque 3309:Louis XIII style 3282:Baroque in Milan 3144:Bolognese School 3139:High Renaissance 3122:Forlivese School 3117:Ferrarese School 2840:Migration Period 2604: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2539: 2447:The Art Bulletin 2406:Schnütgen Museum 2293:, Dutton, 1979, 2253:Backhouse, Janet 2227: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2187: 2184:Schnütgen Museum 2181: 2178: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2018: 2009:. Archived from 2003: 1997: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1953: 1947: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1893: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1831: 1830:Dodwell, 144–146 1828: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1785:Dodwell, 134–142 1783: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1734: 1728: 1717: 1711: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1646: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1563: 1560: 1554: 1551: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1526: 1469: 1446: 1430: 1416: 1413: 1404: 1357:Virgin and Child 1345:dendrochronology 1331:Larger sculpture 1320:Reichenau Island 1270: 1254: 1230: 1218: 1145:Aachen Cathedral 1138: 1135: 1053: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1013: 1004: 1001: 991: 839:Cross of Lothair 734: 715: 706: 703: 697: 682: 627:Speyer Cathedral 615:Echternach Abbey 605: 602: 491: 488: 480: 477: 468:liturgical books 411:Reichenau school 352:Resurrection of 327: 312: 297: 285:Otto II, by the 282: 78:Ottonian dynasty 50: 47: 21: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5611: 5528:Interactive art 5411: 5385:SoFlo Superflat 5310:Kitsch movement 5234:Africanfuturism 5186: 5180: 5059:Transavantgarde 4990: 4944:Light and Space 4929:Performance art 4909:Psychedelic art 4792:Nueva Presencia 4782:Otra Figuración 4770: 4702:Les Plasticiens 4687:New York School 4665:Action painting 4650:Metcalf Chateau 4559: 4554: 4542: 4462:Cercle et Carré 4398:New Objectivity 4305:Return to order 4247:School of Paris 4225: 4069:School of Paris 4030: 3916:Arts and Crafts 3821:Neo-romanticism 3806: 3794: 3790:Etching revival 3742:Barbizon school 3686:Pre-Raphaelites 3638: 3635: 3628: 3571: 3565: 3458: 3432:Louis XVI style 3374: 3363:Louis XIV style 3326:Animal painting 3287:Flemish Baroque 3265: 3176:World landscape 3127:Venetian School 3069: 3056:Majorcan school 3023:Novgorod School 3013:Lucchese School 2985:Opus Anglicanum 2977:Norman-Sicilian 2921:Italo-Byzantine 2821:Early Christian 2802: 2786:Pompeian Styles 2599: 2593: 2580: 2566: 2517: 2500: 2498:Further reading 2462:Faber and Faber 2430:, 9780521364478 2317:Dodwell, C.R.; 2235: 2230: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2029: 2025: 2016: 2014: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1839:Dodwell, 153–15 1838: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1718: 1714: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1543: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1488: 1481: 1470: 1461: 1447: 1438: 1431: 1422: 1414: 1405: 1371:reliefs on the 1353:Essen Cathedral 1333: 1281: 1274: 1271: 1262: 1255: 1246: 1243:Doubting Thomas 1231: 1222: 1219: 1141:Milan Cathedral 1136: 1068: 1061: 1058:Bernward Column 1054: 1045: 1042: 1036: 1027: 1014: 1005: 1002: 996:Essen Cathedral 992: 983: 944:Trajan's Column 936:Bernward Column 913:Bernward Column 909:Wedding at Cana 895:Arnulf Ciborium 879:Basel Cathedral 835:Theophanu Cross 752: 745: 735: 726: 716: 707: 704: 698: 689: 683: 667: 635:Uppsala Gospels 603: 545:Egbert of Trier 489: 478: 341: 334: 328: 319: 313: 304: 302:Liuthar Gospels 298: 289: 283: 167: 118:Carolingian art 48: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5674: 5672: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5638: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5558:Late modernism 5555: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5506:Genre painting 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5456: 5454:Ballets Russes 5451: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5437:Asemic writing 5429: 5427:History of art 5423: 5421: 5420:Related topics 5417: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5355:Relational art 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5278:Hypermodernism 5275: 5274: 5273: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5190: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5024: 5019: 5017:Postminimalism 5014: 5009: 5004: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4894:Generative art 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4864:Conceptual art 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4761:Cybernetic art 4758: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4749:Ultra-Lettrist 4746: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4623:Arte Informale 4620: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4561: 4560:(1945–present) 4548: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4508: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4489:Heroic realism 4486: 4485: 4484: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4423:Latin American 4420: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4393:Group of Seven 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4363: 4358: 4356:Social realism 4353: 4348: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4339:November Group 4331: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4302: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4262:Latin American 4257:Constructivism 4254: 4252:Crystal Cubism 4249: 4244: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4181: 4176: 4169: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3962: 3957: 3955:Volcano School 3952: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3913: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3817: 3815: 3808: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3759: 3749: 3744: 3734: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3717: 3712: 3710:Norwich School 3707: 3702: 3701: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3651:Fairy painting 3642: 3640: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3626: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3575: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3542:Chilote School 3534: 3532:Casta painting 3524: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3508:Tipos del País 3505: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3478: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3396:Louis XV style 3393: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3289: 3284: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3231: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3198:Cologne School 3190: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3100: 3095: 3079: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3051:Italian school 3042: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3033:Sienese School 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2988: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2952: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2943:Pre-Romanesque 2940: 2935: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2898: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2879: 2874: 2872:Donor portrait 2869: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2812: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2781:Julio-Claudian 2778: 2773: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2730:Greco-Buddhist 2722: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2670:Protogeometric 2667: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2612: 2610: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2557: 2550: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2526:"Ottonian art" 2523: 2516: 2515:External links 2513: 2512: 2511: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2484:V&A Museum 2472: 2454: 2438: 2431: 2409: 2398: 2381: 2364: 2356:Head, Thomas. 2354: 2351:Early Medieval 2347: 2329: 2315: 2303:Cherry, John, 2301: 2287: 2273: 2250: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2228: 2206: 2197: 2188: 2168: 2143: 2134: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2098: 2089: 2080: 2070: 2061: 2052: 2043: 2034: 2023: 1998: 1987: 1984:V&A Museum 1975: 1966: 1957: 1955:Lasko, 120-122 1948: 1939: 1930: 1921: 1912: 1903: 1894: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1850: 1841: 1832: 1823: 1814: 1805: 1796: 1787: 1778: 1769: 1760: 1751: 1729: 1712: 1705:the Gero Codex 1696: 1687: 1678: 1671: 1641: 1632: 1623: 1614: 1610:Egbert Psalter 1598: 1589: 1587:in manuscripts 1576: 1564: 1555: 1541: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1476:, Basilica of 1471: 1464: 1462: 1452:relief on the 1448: 1441: 1439: 1432: 1425: 1423: 1406: 1399: 1332: 1329: 1289:Gadarene swine 1287:Jesus and the 1280: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1265: 1263: 1256: 1249: 1247: 1232: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1213: 1198:Life of Christ 1129:Life of Christ 1067: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1055: 1048: 1046: 1037: 1030: 1028: 1021:Bernward Doors 1015: 1008: 1006: 993: 986: 982: 979: 932:Bernward Doors 891:Morgan Library 887:Lindau Gospels 847:Imperial Cross 794:lapidary books 790:Celestial city 751: 748: 747: 746: 736: 729: 727: 717: 710: 708: 699: 692: 690: 684: 677: 666: 663: 609:Romanesque art 582:Egmond Gospels 526:Gregory Master 505:Egbert Psalter 452:Lake Constance 415:sacramentaries 407:Lorsch Gospels 391:Eburnant group 340: 337: 336: 335: 329: 322: 320: 314: 307: 305: 299: 292: 290: 287:Gregory Master 284: 277: 259:Early Medieval 187:Late Antiquity 166: 163: 122:Romanesque art 114:Salian dynasty 82:Northern Italy 63:pre-romanesque 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5673: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5626: 5618: 5617: 5614: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491:Fantastic art 5489: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5459:Christian art 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5360:Skeuomorphism 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5320:Massurrealism 5318: 5316: 5315:Lightpainting 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5298:Post-Internet 5296: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5171:Grunge design 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5126:Retrofuturism 5124: 5122: 5121:Scratch video 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5106:Memphis Group 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5081:Telematic art 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5071:Guerrilla art 5069: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5022:Endurance art 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4682:New media art 4680: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4660:Nanyang Style 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4591:Visionary art 4589: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4457:Scuola Romana 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4383:Anthropophagy 4381: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4366:Functionalism 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4286:Neoplasticism 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4189:Cubo-Futurism 4187: 4186: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4148:Ashcan School 4146: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4116:Expressionism 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4101:Mir iskusstva 4099: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3887:Boston School 3885: 3883: 3882:Hoosier Group 3880: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3872:Impressionism 3870: 3868: 3867:Peredvizhniki 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3857:Beuron School 3855: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3772: 3771:Munich School 3769: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3570:Art borrowing 3568: 3560: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3520:Company style 3518: 3516: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3420:Neoclassicism 3418: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3246:Cretan School 3244: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3203:Danube school 3201: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2680:Orientalizing 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2665:Sub-Mycenaean 2663: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2579:art movements 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2341:9780754669685 2338: 2334: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2314: 2313:9780714128238 2310: 2306: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2186:, Inv. B 98). 2185: 2172: 2169: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2144: 2141:Beckwith, 132 2138: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2081: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2047: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2013:on 2011-07-22 2012: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1812:Beckwith, 112 1809: 1806: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1633: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1492: 1485: 1479: 1475: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1409: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1351:(about 1000, 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1279:Wall painting 1278: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1224: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1143:, one in the 1142: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1077: 1072: 1066:Ivory carving 1065: 1060:at Hildesheim 1059: 1052: 1047: 1034: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1012: 1007: 997: 990: 985: 980: 978: 976: 972: 968: 967: 962: 961: 956: 952: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 914: 910: 906: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 807: 801: 799: 795: 791: 786: 782: 777: 773: 765: 761: 756: 749: 743: 739: 733: 728: 725: 722:; below, the 721: 714: 709: 696: 691: 687: 686:Codex Egberti 681: 676: 674: 672: 664: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 610: 598: 594: 590: 587: 583: 576: 571: 567: 565: 561: 557: 552: 548: 546: 542: 541: 540:Codex Egberti 536: 531: 527: 523: 522: 516: 514: 513:Liuthar group 510: 506: 500: 498: 495: 484: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 456:C. R. Dodwell 453: 449: 441: 437: 436: 430: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 367: 365: 356: 355: 349: 348:Codex Egberti 345: 338: 333: 326: 321: 318: 311: 306: 303: 296: 291: 288: 281: 276: 274: 272: 271:ivory carving 268: 264: 260: 255: 251: 250:Byzantine art 247: 244: 241:, founder of 240: 235: 230: 228: 224: 220: 216: 211: 206: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 176: 171: 164: 162: 159: 158:Byzantine art 154: 151: 146: 142: 138: 133: 131: 127: 123: 120:and precedes 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 70:Low Countries 67: 64: 60: 56: 43: 42: 37: 32: 19: 5656:Medieval art 5646:Ottonian art 5601:Trompe-l'œil 5599: 5570:Outsider art 5523:Illustration 5479:Lutheran art 5469:Catholic art 5432:Abstract art 5402:Unilalianism 5365:Software art 5340:Neosymbolism 5330:Neo-futurism 5293:Internet art 5283:Hyperrealism 5136:Superfiction 4919:Photorealism 4787:Afrofuturism 4552:Contemporary 4528:Dimensionism 4511:Concrete art 4444: 4440:Precisionism 4290: 4237:Sosaku-hanga 4211:Productivism 4201:Metaphysical 4171: 4160:Proto-Cubism 4064:Secessionism 4026:Costumbrismo 3911:Aestheticism 3862:Hague School 3842: 3766:Academic art 3747:Costumbrismo 3715:Empire style 3552:Quito School 3547:Cusco School 3463:Colonial art 3424: 3412:Fête galante 3410: 3379:18th century 3341:Delft School 3292:Caravaggisti 3270:17th century 3155: 3112:Quattrocento 3102: 3060: 2983: 2949: 2886: 2816:Late antique 2700:Severe style 2690:Black-figure 2577:Contemporary 2529: 2507: 2475: 2457: 2445: 2441: 2434: 2415: 2401: 2387: 2384:Lasko, Peter 2370: 2360: 2350: 2345:Google books 2332: 2318: 2304: 2290: 2276: 2264: 2261:D. H. Turner 2256: 2239: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2171: 2159:. Retrieved 2155: 2152:"Crocifisso" 2146: 2137: 2128: 2119: 2110: 2101: 2092: 2083: 2073: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2037: 2026: 2015:. Retrieved 2011:the original 2001: 1990: 1978: 1969: 1960: 1951: 1942: 1933: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1897: 1880: 1875:Metz, 26–30. 1871: 1862: 1853: 1844: 1835: 1826: 1817: 1808: 1799: 1790: 1781: 1772: 1763: 1754: 1742:. Retrieved 1732: 1724: 1721:D. H. Turner 1715: 1699: 1690: 1681: 1654: 1644: 1635: 1626: 1617: 1601: 1592: 1579: 1558: 1533:. Retrieved 1524: 1508: 1500: 1493: 1489: 1433:Ciborium of 1334: 1317: 1297: 1241: 1237: 1196: 1174: 1162: 1160:about 1000. 1127: 1097: 1090: 1080: 1016: 974: 970: 964: 958: 948: 917: 806:crux gemmata 804: 803:Examples of 802: 769: 744:, after 1000 668: 657:, where the 613: 579: 553: 549: 538: 530:Late Antique 519: 517: 512: 501: 464:gospel books 445: 433: 423:Petershausen 410: 388: 380:his parables 368: 360: 351: 263:lay brothers 248: 231: 207: 180: 155: 134: 55:Ottonian art 54: 53: 39: 5651:Western art 5486:Digital art 5449:Avant-garde 5390:Superstroke 5266:Flat design 5261:Fictive art 5256:Excessivism 5204:Art for art 5199:Altermodern 5141:Taring Padi 5076:Lowbrow art 5044:Pliontanism 4981:Yoru no Kai 4934:Process art 4874:Systems art 4844:Arte Povera 4766:Antipodeans 4675:in New York 4645:Jikken Kōbō 4608:Color field 4477:Regionalism 4446:Aeropittura 4435:Neo-Fauvism 4408:Neues Sehen 4378:Kinetic art 4242:Suprematism 4216:Synchromism 4133:Noucentisme 4054:Primitivism 4042:Art Nouveau 3997:Cloisonnism 3987:Pointillism 3982:Divisionism 3960:Incoherents 3921:Art pottery 3807:(1863–1944) 3757:Macchiaioli 3732:Biedermeier 3720:Historicism 3705:Orientalism 3646:Romanticism 3617:Akita ranga 3469:Art of the 3454:Picturesque 3406:Chinoiserie 3401:Frederician 3239:Tudor court 3134:Cinquecento 3075:Renaissance 3062:Mappa mundi 3046:cartography 2938:Carolingian 2933:Merovingian 2916:Palaeologan 2888:Repoblación 2845:Anglo-Saxon 2776:Gallo-Roman 2715:Hellenistic 2710:Kerch style 2648:Minyan ware 2367:Hugh Honour 2180: 1000 2078:preference. 2041:Lasko, 92-3 1630:Metz, 47–49 1585:Charlemagne 1505:Peter Lasko 1207:Peter Lasko 1193:antependium 1112:aspergillum 1056:The bronze 1043: 1015 1003: 1000 975:senkschmelz 971:vollschmelz 966:vollschmelz 960:senkschmelz 815:Essen Abbey 772:reliquaries 738:Hitda Codex 705: 1000 659:Hitda Codex 604: 1020 490: 1001 479: 1000 339:Manuscripts 203:Charlemagne 191:Constantine 126:monasteries 49: 1000 41:senkschmelz 5661:German art 5640:Categories 5533:Jewish art 5345:Passionism 5305:iPhone art 5251:Cyborg art 5246:Crypto art 5219:Brandalism 5111:Cyberdelic 4976:Tropicália 4949:Street art 4904:Intermedia 4884:Minimalism 4603:Spatialism 4557:Postmodern 4413:Surrealism 4281:Shin-hanga 4121:Die Brücke 4089:Sonderbund 4002:Synthetism 3725:Revivalism 3634:Transition 3591:Manichaean 3437:Adam style 3358:Classicism 3297:in Utrecht 3225:Still life 2955:Romanesque 2911:Macedonian 2906:Iconoclast 2865:Visigothic 2771:Republican 2725:Indo-Greek 2695:Red-figure 2492:0112903770 2470:0571105882 2428:0521364477 2396:014056036X 2379:0333371852 2327:0300064934 2299:0525475613 2285:050020019X 2248:0300056893 2233:References 2017:2014-02-15 1535:2013-07-18 1415: 965 1408:Gero Cross 1337:Gero Cross 1236:panels of 1137: 980 1120:Basilewsky 1108:holy water 1104:liturgical 661:was made. 643:Hildesheim 586:Regensburg 481:) and the 466:and other 417:named for 399:Gero Codex 189:, such as 76:after the 66:German art 5595:Shock art 5585:Queer art 5565:Naïve art 5548:Modernism 5380:Superflat 5370:Sound art 5350:Post-YBAs 5335:Neomodern 5176:Verdadism 5146:Superflat 4995:1970–1999 4959:in the US 4879:Video art 4802:Happening 4775:1960–1969 4567:1945–1959 4230:1915–1944 4221:Vorticism 4173:A Nyolcak 4035:1900–1914 4007:Les Nabis 3938:Symbolism 3894:Amsterdam 3844:Japonisme 3814:1863–1899 3776:in Greece 3636:to modern 3481:Caribbean 3426:Goût grec 3348:Capriccio 3302:Tenebrism 3251:Turquerie 3149:Mannerism 3044:Medieval 2901:Byzantine 2882:Mozarabic 2833:Ethiopian 2737:Neo-Attic 2720:"Baroque" 2705:Classical 2675:Geometric 2653:Mycenaean 2600:(Western) 2598:Premodern 2569:Premodern 2161:22 August 2087:Lasko, 89 1606:Solothurn 1501:Ars Sacra 1153:Gotfredus 951:cloisonné 867:Nuremberg 597:Uta Codex 438:from the 403:Darmstadt 267:jewellery 254:Theophanu 227:Magdeburg 199:Justinian 195:Theoderic 44:enamels, 5625:Category 5575:Portrait 5496:Folk art 5444:Anti-art 5375:Stuckism 5288:Idea art 5209:Art game 5161:Artivism 5049:Punk art 5027:Sots Art 5012:Artscene 4869:Land art 4807:Neo-Dada 4739:Lettrism 4633:Nuagisme 4618:Tachisme 4499:Nazi art 4292:De Stijl 4206:Rayonism 4196:Art Deco 4184:Futurism 3975:Luminism 3943:Romanian 3928:Tonalism 3899:Canadian 3877:American 3783:Neo-Grec 3391:Rocaille 3220:Romanism 3154:Counter- 3088:Trecento 3028:Duecento 3018:Crusades 2950:Ottonian 2928:Frankish 2808:Medieval 2791:Trajanic 2751:Scythian 2746:Etruscan 2638:Cycladic 2616:Thracian 2478:, 1982, 2464:, 1974, 2220:Speculum 1740:. UNESCO 1723:(eds.), 1454:ciborium 1373:ciborium 1293:Oberzell 1167:and two 1116:elephant 928:Bernward 825:and the 785:repoussé 639:Salzburg 631:Escorial 419:Hornbach 243:Hornbach 215:porphyry 102:Henry II 98:Otto III 5590:Realism 5187:present 4914:Nut Art 4717:Pop art 4655:Mono-ha 4523:The Ten 4472:Kapists 4418:Iranian 4371:Bauhaus 4165:Orphism 4111:Fauvism 3948:Russian 3838:Nihonga 3752:Verismo 3737:Realism 3671:Purismo 3584:Moorish 3579:Islamic 3486:Haitian 3277:Baroque 3156:Maniera 3040:Mudéjar 2965:Spanish 2877:Pictish 2860:Lombard 2855:Insular 2796:Severan 2761:Gaulish 2756:Iberian 2685:Archaic 2628:Nuragic 2608:Ancient 2591:periods 2534:Online. 1888:in the 1234:Diptych 1177:plaques 1169:diptych 1100:situlae 911:on the 781:reliefs 742:Cologne 718:Munich 655:Cologne 354:Lazarus 223:Ravenna 165:Context 130:vassals 104:. With 94:Otto II 86:Henry I 5538:Kitsch 5397:Toyism 4889:Fluxus 4819:Op art 4388:Mingei 4322:Stupid 4300:Purism 4155:Cubism 3804:Modern 3596:Mughal 3386:Rococo 2991:Gothic 2972:Norman 2896:Viking 2850:Hunnic 2828:Coptic 2643:Minoan 2633:Aegean 2621:Dacian 2573:Modern 2490: 2468: 2426: 2394: 2377: 2339: 2325: 2311: 2297: 2283: 2246: 1886:brooch 1744:6 July 1669: 1458:Civate 1450:Stucco 1417:–970, 1385:Civate 1369:stucco 1347:. The 899:Munich 851:Vienna 845:) and 843:Aachen 766:, 980s 653:, and 647:Corvey 558:, the 494:UNESCO 460:Lorsch 395:Lorsch 239:Pirmin 210:spolia 197:, and 139:, the 90:Otto I 5185:2000– 4628:COBRA 3622:Uki-e 3612:Japan 3601:Qajar 2960:Mosan 2766:Roman 2660:Greek 2528:. In 2452:JSTOR 2361:Gesta 2271:JSTOR 2225:JSTOR 1517:Notes 1474:Pavia 1393:Pavia 1361:gesso 1305:Hesse 1301:Fulda 1189:Milan 1158:Trier 1087:Trier 1083:Milan 1019:from 955:Essen 871:Trier 764:Trier 651:Fulda 629:(now 535:Trier 524:, or 401:(now 145:Saxon 59:style 57:is a 5474:Icon 4797:ZERO 4555:and 4452:Asso 4276:Dada 3833:Yōga 2575:and 2488:ISBN 2482:for 2480:HMSO 2466:ISBN 2424:ISBN 2392:ISBN 2375:ISBN 2337:ISBN 2323:ISBN 2309:ISBN 2295:ISBN 2281:ISBN 2244:ISBN 2163:2022 1746:2014 1707:and 1667:ISBN 1240:and 877:and 432:the 421:and 378:and 100:and 34:The 1659:doi 1456:at 1391:in 1375:of 1303:in 1139:in 1023:at 897:in 783:in 599:of 450:in 221:in 61:in 5642:: 2571:, 2506:, 2486:, 2460:, 2444:, 2386:, 2343:, 2263:, 2177:c. 2154:. 1665:. 1567:^ 1544:^ 1412:c. 1410:, 1383:, 1134:c. 1040:c. 1000:c. 998:, 865:, 821:, 762:, 740:, 702:c. 673:. 649:, 645:, 641:, 601:c. 487:c. 476:c. 350:, 193:, 132:. 96:, 92:, 88:, 46:c. 2589:/ 2561:e 2554:t 2547:v 2182:( 2165:. 2020:. 1892:. 1748:. 1675:. 1661:: 1538:. 1480:. 1460:. 1421:. 889:( 861:( 849:( 841:( 474:( 20:)

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