553:
1457:
1445:
3416:
2622:
1759:
1429:
1469:
746:. They allegedly did "their best to exploit" the tribes in those areas "who did not use the canoe, by bartering with them bits of iron and steel and worn-out European articles for extravagant quantities of furs." For example, "the Crees gave the Ottawas 'all their beaver robes for old knives, blunted awls, wretched nets and kettles used until they were past service.'"
43:
888:, across the river from the site of Pontiac's birth. While the British had encouraged the Native American efforts, they did not want to get drawn into open conflict again with the United States and withdrew from offering direct support to the tribes. Wayne's army defeated several hundred members of the Indian confederacy at the
864:. He hoped to build on their support to exclude European-American colonists from his territory in northwest Ohio and southern Michigan. The defeat of the British by the United States had a far-ranging influence on British-allied Native American tribes, as many were forced to cede their land to the United States.
875:
In 1792 President George
Washington sent Major Alexander Truman, his servant William Lynch, and guide/interpreter William Smalley on a peace mission to the tribes. Truman and Lynch were killed; Truman was apparently killed prior to April 20, 1792 at Lower Tawa Town, an Ottawa village (Ottawa, Putnam
782:. The European introduction of guns and other weapons to some of their trading partners had disrupted the traditional balance of power in the region and changed economic risks and rewards. All indigenous peoples on both sides were disrupted or decimated; some groups, such as the Iroquoian-speaking
797:
and established a trading post. Many Odawa moved there from their traditional homeland of
Manitoulin Island near the Bruce Peninsula, and Wyandot (Huron) also moved near the post. Some Odawa had already settled across northern Michigan in the Lower Peninsula, and more bands established villages
733:
The mostly highly prized fur was beaver, popular in Europe. Other furs traded included deer, marten, raccoon, fox, otter, and muskrat. In exchange the Odawa received "hatchets, knives, kettles, traps, needles, fish hooks, cloth and blankets, jewelry and decorative items, and later firearms and
920:
men and captured five
English traders. Down to as few as twenty warriors the Miami tried to negotiate terms of surrender, and Langlade promised to allow the Miami men to return home if they handed over the English. The Miami sent only three of the five Englishmen. When the Englishmen reached
982:
Many Odawa bands moved away from the
European Americans into northern Michigan. The tribes retained communal control of relatively small pockets of land in the territory of the Maumee River. Bands of Odawa-occupied areas known as Roche de Boeuf, and Wolf Rapids on the upper Maumee River.
867:
Following the
Revolutionary War, in the 1790s, Egushawa, together with numerous members of other regional tribes, including the Wyandot and Council of Three Fires, Shawnee, Lenape, and Mingo, fought the United States in a series of battles and campaigns in what became known as the
1026:
were 1,497, of whom about half were Odawa. There were 197 Odawa listed as associated with the Seneca School in
Oklahoma, where some Odawa had settled after the American Civil War. In 1900 in Michigan there were 5,587 scattered Ojibwe and Odawa, of whom about two-thirds are Odawa.
755:
1057:
people related to their land, to their people, and various other means of communicating their values, outlooks and histories in and around
Northern Michigan. These stories have been translated into English by Howard Webkamigada and published as the book
431:
Their neighbors applied the "Trader" name to the Odawa because in early traditional times, and also during the early
European contact period, they were noted as intertribal traders and barterers. The Odawa were described as having dealt "chiefly in
3144:
801:
With movements of the tribes in relation to warfare and colonial encroachment, the tribes settled in roughly the following pattern: "Sandwiched between the French, in the north and west, and the
English, in the south and east, the
925:. He was killed, boiled and eaten in front of his warriors. Afterward the Odawa released the Miami women and left for Detroit with four captured Englishmen and more than $ 300,000 worth (in today's dollars) of trade goods.
653:"Their arms consisted only of a bow and arrows, a buckler of boiled leather and the club. They wore no breech clouts, their bodies were tattooed in many fashions and designs, their faces painted and their noses pierced."
610:
during the Middle
Woodland period, may have evolved into the Odawa people. The Hopewell tradition was a widely extended trading network operating from about 200BCE to 500 CE. Some of these peoples constructed earthwork
334:. This large family is made up of numerous smaller tribal groups or "bands," which are commonly called a "Tribe" in the United States and "First Nation" in Canada. Their language is considered a divergent dialect of
552:
998:
in Ohio (34 square miles total). These were only reserves, for which they were paid annuities for ten years. Pressure continued to build against the Odawa as European-American settlers moved into the area.
2675:
1742:
1685:
3404:
2610:
987:
921:
Langlade's lines, one of his men stabbed one of them to death, scalped the Englishman, and ripped his heart out and ate it in front of the Miami men. Langlade's men seized the Miami chief
948:, the Odawa and other members of the Western Confederacy ceded all of Ohio to the United States, except the northwest area. This was part of the area controlled by the Detroit Odawa.
4035:
3290:
1034:
numbers about 4,700. There are about 10,000 persons who identify as Odawa in the United States, with the majority in Michigan. Another several thousand live in Ontario, Canada.
3972:
2746:
2645:
1489:
1249:
1038:
1810:(1780-1846), Odawa-French fur trader and businesswoman, also supported public education for children on Mackinac Island; added in 1984 to Michigan's Women's Hall of Fame
3397:
2782:
2632:
2603:
682:
interior nations became known to Europeans by the names the Odawa used for them, rather than by the nations’ own names (endonyms). For example, these exonyms include
2660:
3812:
1729:
1206:) was the principal one, located near Presque Isle. Ottokee and his band lived at the mouth of the Maumee River; he was a son of Otussa and grandson of chief
4096:
2705:
1142:
By the end of the eighteenth century, the Ottawa in Ohio were concentrated in the northwest area along the Maumee River (which has its mouth at Lake Erie.)
786:, were exterminated as tribes. But by the mid-17th century, the tribes were more severely affected by new infectious diseases than warfare. Lacking acquired
1006:, the US government arranged for the Odawa to cede their reserves in 1831. The four following bands eventually all removed to areas of Kansas, then part of
483:. The Odawa home territory at the time of early European contact, but not their trading zone, was well to the west of the city and river named after them.
4173:
4168:
3390:
3382:
3116:
2596:
2588:
247:
670:
of 1667 reported that three tribes lived in the same town: the Odawa, the Kiskakon Odawa, and the Sinago Odawa. All three tribes spoke the same language.
3420:
2670:
1509:
1461:
1271:
1236:
425:
722:) usually referred to any Algonquian speaker from the Great Lakes region as an Odawa. In their own language, the Odawa (like the Ojibwe) identified as
4086:
3619:
3249:
315:
in what became the United States. In the 21st century, there are a total of approximately 15,000 Odawa living in Ontario, Canada, and in Michigan and
1602:
1187:
806:
settled in present-day Indiana and western Ohio; the Ottawa settled in Northwest Ohio along the Maumee, the Auglaize, and the Blanchard rivers; the
557:
1712:
Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Michigan (formerly "Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 8", currently recognized by Michigan)
770:
The Odawa had disputes and warfare with other tribes, particularly over the lucrative fur trade. For example, the tribe once waged war against the
3264:
527:. Of the estimated 5,000 ethnic Odawa and additional 10,000 people with some Odawa ancestry, in the early 21st century an estimated 500 people in
1227:
2739:
872:. The Indians hoped to repulse the European-American pioneers coming to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, but were finally defeated.
3149:
2778:
2680:
2495:
2481:
262:
3997:
3639:
2915:
2476:. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2009. This work was a 2010 Michigan Notable Book selected by the Library of Michigan.
3559:
2100:
1596:
3967:
3432:
2665:
1499:
1449:
1258:
3579:
2685:
243:
3449:
2541:
2052:
4163:
4076:
3805:
3504:
3444:
2732:
2246:
2224:
2200:
2086:
1993:
1956:
2941:
2372:
Janet E. Rozick, "Side Cut, Farnsworth, Bend View, and Providence Metroparks", pp. 10–11 (Cited to Tanner, 48 – 51), Larry Angelo,
1163:
991:
1456:
1145:
The reservations and reserves listed below resulted from the Treaty of Greenville (1795), and following ones. These are listed by
4101:
1632:
1590:
3977:
2695:
258:. Their territory long preceded the creation of the current border between the two countries in the 18th and 19th centuries.
2690:
1699:
1323:
401:
4178:
3714:
2290:
569:
3798:
3234:
3203:
3159:
2655:
2650:
1674:
1444:
986:
In 1817, in the first treaty involving land cessions after the War of 1812, the Ohio Odawa ceded their lands, accepting
657:
In 1616, Champlain left the Huron villages and visited the "Cheueux releuez," who lived westward from the lands of the
4158:
4153:
4148:
3594:
3469:
3254:
2956:
2951:
2553:
1863:
1668:
1568:
1541:
1413:
1407:
1341:
1199:
1173:
2009:
774:. In the mid-17th century the Odawa allied with other Algonquian tribes around the Great Lakes against the powerful
3529:
3479:
3229:
2961:
2640:
1732:, Michigan (formerly "Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Units 11 through 17", currently recognized by Michigan)
1644:
1535:
1529:
1332:
1304:
1060:
Ottawa Stories from the Springs, Anishinaabe dibaadjimowinan wodi gaa binjibaamigak wodi mookodjiwong ezhinikaadek
1003:
909:
861:
841:
has historically been reported to have been born at the confluence of the Maumee and Auglaize rivers, where modern
743:
4091:
3912:
3499:
3484:
2531:
2035:
1892:
1614:
1562:
1370:
1193:
1179:
1046:
1042:
1023:
3744:
3599:
2359:
4081:
3609:
3564:
3353:
3295:
3239:
1771:
1650:
1626:
1584:
1519:
1398:
1314:
1213:
1031:
889:
536:
1295:
1045:
devoted approximately two years of study in the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians community.
591:, Michigan, the southern group of Anishinaabeg divided into three groups, the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi.
4111:
3840:
3539:
3306:
3269:
3259:
3208:
3198:
3154:
2969:
2790:
1832:
1763:
1662:
1608:
1417:
1402:
1394:
1365:
1361:
1336:
1283:
1253:
1207:
1157:
1101:
838:
303:, Canada. They considered this their original homeland. After the 17th century, they also settled along the
266:
2425:
3514:
3509:
3347:
2946:
1905:
1807:
1656:
1620:
1386:
1327:
1308:
646:
619:
612:
370:
1738:
Muskegon River Band of Ottawa Indians, Michigan (formerly "Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 5")
1353:
1126:
3370:
2267:
2150:
1821:
1382:
1183:
995:
968:
929:
834:
618:
The Odawa, together with the Ojibwe and Potawatomi, were part of a long-term tribal alliance called the
3341:
3311:
1349:
1111:
4005:
3957:
3524:
3364:
3358:
3335:
3323:
3274:
3104:
2923:
2501:
2333:
2133:
1741:
Ottawa Colony Band of Grand River Ottawa Indians, Michigan (currently recognized only as part of the
1638:
1357:
1279:
1146:
1081:
945:
885:
869:
739:
623:
584:
331:
2387:
1091:
4025:
3749:
3121:
3071:
3027:
2905:
2844:
2770:
2538:
Vol. N-Z, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1910, pp. 167–172, full text online
1131:
933:
830:
719:
634:
516:
490:
378:
339:
1018:
The population of the different Odawa groups has been estimated. In 1906, the Ojibwe and Odawa on
837:
in the North American colonies. They made raids against Anglo-American colonists. The Odawa chief
3982:
3699:
3679:
3589:
3213:
3127:
3110:
3061:
2933:
2762:
1390:
1299:
1266:
1262:
1096:
964:
787:
603:
152:
912:
began assembling an allied war party of Odawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibwe warriors who traveled to
3724:
3709:
3694:
3674:
3669:
3066:
2491:
2477:
2464:
2242:
2220:
2196:
2082:
1989:
1952:
1545:
1287:
1106:
1019:
956:
763:
588:
288:
615:
for burials, a practice that ended about 250 CE. The Saugeen mounds have not been excavated.
4043:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3704:
3689:
3684:
3654:
3649:
3629:
3474:
3329:
2854:
2508:
1836:
1777:
1030:
In the early 21st century, the total number of enrolled members of the federally recognized
1007:
846:
666:
471:
The Odawa name in its English transcription is the source of the place names of the city of
418:
366:
320:
216:
98:
4015:
3759:
3739:
3664:
3549:
3494:
3464:
3176:
3056:
2804:
2766:
2547:
2391:
2056:
2013:
1888:
1817:
1378:
1374:
1318:
1116:
607:
599:
512:
396:
335:
296:
269:
106:
102:
1986:
Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas
568:(birch bark scrolls), the Odawa people came from the eastern areas of North America, or
4143:
4020:
3927:
3922:
3892:
3779:
3734:
3729:
3659:
3624:
2897:
1549:
1231:
1121:
952:
842:
826:
807:
735:
658:
595:
506:
494:
409:
noting that it meant "men of the bulrushes", associated with the many bulrushes in the
327:
185:
110:
1468:
4137:
3604:
3574:
3569:
3454:
3317:
3244:
3092:
3021:
2991:
877:
775:
679:
627:
437:
251:
68:
1202:, Ohio – 34-mile square reserve on the south side of the river. McCarty's Village (
4010:
3907:
3902:
3877:
3719:
3554:
3544:
3098:
3076:
3015:
3009:
2835:
2829:
2798:
2774:
1813:
1783:
1167:
1086:
976:
960:
917:
913:
897:
893:
881:
803:
794:
565:
486:
480:
410:
304:
131:
1758:
2175:"Biography – PONTIAC – Volume III (1741-1770) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
2174:
1010:: the Blanchard's Creek, Little Auglaize, Roche de Boeuf, and Wolf Rapids bands.
951:
In 1807, the Detroit Odawa joined three other tribes, the Ojibwe, Potawatomi and
916:. They attacked the village in mid-morning on June 21, 1752, and killed thirteen
845:, later developed. In 1763, after the British had defeated France, Pontiac led a
493:, developed at the site of the last Ottawa reservation in Ohio. There is also an
4053:
3932:
3887:
3821:
3301:
3039:
2985:
2874:
2864:
2814:
2157:(University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, 1986) pp. 3, 58–59; and R. Douglas Hurt,
1867:
1801:
1054:
1050:
783:
779:
754:
723:
399:, a Catholic missionary in Michigan, transliterated this and recorded it in his
386:
312:
273:
2294:
1428:
856:(also spelled Agushawa), who had a village at the mouth of the Maumee River on
3882:
3872:
3519:
3192:
3172:
3164:
2886:
2824:
860:(where Toledo later developed) led the Odawa as an ally of the British in the
703:
576:
along the East Coast (where there are numerous Algonquian-language peoples).
292:
281:
148:
17:
1210:. His group were the last of the Odawa to remove in 1839 from Ohio to Kansas.
959:
under pressure from the United States. The agreement, between the tribes and
4068:
4048:
3962:
3952:
3937:
3897:
2997:
2850:
2042:
Vol. N-Z, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1910, pp. 167–172
1826:
1804:(ca. 1807–1902), first Native American to be ordained as an Episcopal priest
857:
771:
711:
123:
2724:
2469:
Edwin Mellen Press, 2007. (described by academic journal as a vanity press)
1780:(ca. 1814/7–1908), tribal leader, historian, and author of tribal histories
2006:
849:, but he was unable to prevent British colonial settlement of the region.
790:
to these European diseases, they suffered epidemics with high fatalities.
311:
and Wisconsin. They also occupied other areas of the Midwest south of the
42:
3850:
3489:
3424:
3415:
3033:
3003:
2818:
2621:
1795:
1789:
1557:
1473:
1437:
922:
853:
815:
707:
691:
573:
532:
511:
The Odawa dialect is considered one of several divergent dialects of the
433:
316:
308:
76:
72:
3145:
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
928:
This French-led victory over the English is believed to have led to the
798:
around and south of Detroit. Their area extended into present-day Ohio.
678:
Due to the extensive trade network maintained by the Odawa, many of the
361:, meaning "to trade," or "to buy and sell"). This term is common to the
3987:
3942:
3917:
3862:
3824:
3614:
2892:
1842:
1553:
811:
759:
528:
476:
457:
413:. But, this recorded meaning is more appropriately associated with the
300:
127:
85:
3790:
2263:"Treaty Between the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot, and Potawatomi Indians"
1576:
Other recognized/status governments with significant Odawa populations
287:
After migrating from the East Coast in ancient times, they settled on
4119:
4058:
3947:
3867:
3832:
3754:
3584:
2880:
2860:
2808:
1433:
822:
715:
583:(luminescent) beings, the Anishinaabe peoples moved inland along the
472:
449:
277:
255:
144:
81:
2521:
2456:
Odawa Language and Legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima,
2320:
1176:, Ohio – Meshkemau's Village, Wassonquet's Village, Waugau's Village
2262:
3534:
3459:
2840:
1757:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1427:
753:
695:
551:
2488:
Masters of Empire: Great Lakes Indians and the Making of America.
1410:, Ontario (formerly known as "Cockburn Island 19 Indian Reserve")
3854:
2474:
Our People, Our Journey: The Little River Band of Ottawa Indians
2429:
1766:
speaking at a council on April 27, 1763, 19th-century engraving.
1743:
Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan
1686:
Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan
1250:
Grand Traverse Indian Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land
972:
519:. In the Odawa language, the general language group is known as
465:
461:
445:
374:
362:
3794:
3386:
2728:
2592:
2578:
2403:
1949:
Siege and Survival: History of the Menominee Indians, 1634–1856
2583:
738:, the Odawa had a monopoly on all fur trade that came through
556:
Mid-18th century sketch of an Odawa family by British soldier
453:
441:
228:
2573:
2568:
2122:. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 4.
564:
According to Anishinaabeg tradition, and from recordings in
2362:. U.S. Government Printing Office – via Google Books.
2159:
The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720–1830
2140:. Cleveland, OH: The World Publishing Company. p. 188.
1237:
Ottawas of Roche de Bœuf and Wolf Rapids Indian Reservation
778:(of present-day New York) and their Iroquois allies in the
234:
219:
424:
The only tribe in the United States that is Odawa are the
2385:
1786:(born 1967), black ash basket weaver and birch bark biter
645:(hair lifted, raised, rolled up)), near the mouth of the
385:
and the English derivative "Ottawa" are also common. The
265:
tribes in the United States and have numerous recognized
2161:(Indiana University Press: Bloomington, 1998), pp. 8–12.
1722:
Grand River Bands of Ottawa Indians, Michigan (formerly
1186:, Ontario (located 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) east of
2053:"The Archaeology of Ontario-The Middle Woodland Period"
702:) for the Dakota. From the early days of the colony of
2077:
Williamson, Pamela, and Roberts, John (2nd ed. 2004).
1565:, located on the Wiikwemkoong Unceded Reserve, Ontario
1037:
There has been one major anthropological study of the
357:, is believed to be derived from the Anishinaabe word
2217:
Native American Power in the United States, 1783–1795
1244:
Current reserves/reservations and associated villages
821:
In the mid-18th century, the Odawa allied with their
231:
967:, gave the United States a large portion of today's
225:
4110:
4067:
4034:
3996:
3849:
3831:
3638:
3431:
3283:
3222:
3185:
3137:
3085:
3049:
2978:
2932:
2914:
2789:
2704:
2631:
2360:"Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico: N-Z"
2211:
2209:
1694:
Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Units 3 and 4
1571:, Ontario (formerly "Cockburn Island First Nation")
389:word for "Those men who trade, or buy and sell" is
222:
192:
181:
173:
162:
138:
117:
92:
62:
52:
2569:Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
2374:The Migration of the Ottawas from 1615 to Present,
2081:, p. 102. Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications.
1490:Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
1039:Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
706:, the Odawa became so important to the French and
637:met 300 men of a nation which, he said, "we call
587:. At the "Third Stopping Place" near what is now
250:region, now in jurisdictions of the northeastern
2783:History of Native Americans in the United States
2467:, 1763: The History of a Native American People,
2219:, p. 203. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
2120:Wisconsin's Past and Present: A Historical Atlas
1605:, Ontario (formerly "Cape Croker First Nation")
1196:, Ohio – Nawash's Village, Tontaganie's Village
1138:Former reserves/reservations and their villages
307:, and in what became the present-day states of
2490:New York Hill and Wang, 2015. Maps. 416 pp.
1228:Ottawas of Blanchard's Fork Indian Reservation
3806:
3398:
2740:
2604:
2536:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico,
2040:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico,
1975:, p. 49. The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company.
1730:Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians
8:
4097:Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School
2463:The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at
1747:Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 3
1724:Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 3
1717:Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 9
1715:Genesee Valley Indian Association (formerly
1514:Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 1
1504:Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 7
1494:Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 2
1076:Former villages not on reserves/reservations
35:
3117:Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands
2316:
2314:
2312:
2291:"Waterville, Ohio: Roche de Bout Metropark"
2195:, pp. 46–47. University of Michigan Press.
2118:The Wisconsin Cartographers' Guild (1998).
1864:"Odawa Ottawa First Nation Portal Websites"
1690:Gun Lake Band of Grand River Ottawa Indians
548:Oral histories and early recorded histories
3813:
3799:
3791:
3405:
3391:
3383:
2747:
2733:
2725:
2611:
2597:
2589:
2579:Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians
1510:Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians
1072:The following are or were Odawa villages:
896:and about 11 miles upriver of present-day
622:. Together they fought the nations of the
606:-influenced group who were located on the
261:Their peoples are federally recognized as
41:
34:
3250:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
2241:. New York: Riverhead Books. p. 50.
2138:The Explorers of North America: 1492–1806
876:County Ohio). In a campaign during 1794,
818:(Lenape) in Southeast and Eastern Ohio."
426:Little Traverse Bay Band of Odawa Indians
246:people who primarily inhabit land in the
2358:Hodge, Frederick Webb (April 10, 1910).
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
1984:Wurm, Stephen A., et al. (eds.) (1996).
1973:The City of Detroit, Michigan, 1701–1922
1967:
1965:
1603:Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation
1153:Also see Lee Sultzman, "Ottawa History"
421:band who lived along the Ottawa River.
3265:Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum
2169:
2167:
2007:Status of Indian Languages in Oklahoma.
1988:, p. 1118. Walter de Gruyter & Co.
1951:, p. 27. University of Nebraska Press.
1855:
1064:
196:Daawaaying, Daawaaw’kii, Nishnaabew’kii
1272:Little Traverse Bay Indian Reservation
159:
2779:Native Americans in the United States
2055:. Ontario Archaeology. Archived from
1936:A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language
1774:(1768-1866), chief and public servant
1597:Chippewas of Kettle & Stony Point
880:built a string of forts in the upper
523:, while the Odawa language is called
402:A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language
7:
1829:(1787–1885), merchant and fur trader
1735:Maple River Band of Ottawa, Michigan
63:Regions with significant populations
3968:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
3291:Native American place names in Ohio
2574:Little River Band of Ottawa Indians
2428:. mackinacbands.com. Archived from
2155:Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History
1906:"First Nations Culture Areas Index"
1726:, currently recognized by Michigan)
1500:Little River Band of Ottawa Indians
1481:Recognized/status Odawa governments
1432:Seal of the Grand Traverse Band of
793:In 1701 the French colonists built
276:, related to but distinct from the
4174:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
4169:Native American tribes in Michigan
3720:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
2626:Native American tribes in Michigan
1971:Burton, Clarence M. (ed.) (1922).
1835:(ca. 1720–1769), chief. Leader of
1532:(formerly "West Bay First Nation")
428:; the rest are considered Ottawa.
27:Indigenous people of North America
25:
4077:Anishinabek Educational Institute
2334:"Ottawa Stories from the Springs"
1414:Zhiibaahaasing 19A Indian Reserve
1151:American Indians North of Mexico.
626:(who came from the East) and the
3414:
3138:Prehistoric communities or sites
2620:
1633:Sagamok Anishnawbek First Nation
1591:Aundeck-Omni-Kaning First Nation
1408:Zhiibaahaasing 19 Indian Reserve
1342:Walpole Island 46 Indian Reserve
215:
2458:Xlibris, 2006. (self-published)
1910:Canadian Museum of Civilization
1333:Sheshegwaning 20 Indian Reserve
1259:Little River Indian Reservation
714:that before 1670, colonists in
299:in the present-day province of
272:in Canada. They are one of the
2532:Frederick Webb Hodge, "Ottawa"
2321:Lee Sultzman, "Ottawa History"
2036:Frederick Webb Hodge, "Ottawa"
1707:Unrecognized Odawa governments
1700:Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation
1311:(formerly known as "West Bay")
1053:stories that speak of how the
515:group, noted for its frequent
291:, near the northern shores of
1:
3928:Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")
2511:: Indian Tribal Series, 1976.
2239:The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee
2017:Intertribal Wordpath Society.
1839:against British and Americans
1324:Point Grondine Indian Reserve
1216:, Ohio – Kinjoino's Village (
847:rebellion against the British
825:trading partners against the
810:settled in Central Ohio; the
4087:Canadian residential schools
3235:Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)
3150:Archaeological sites in Ohio
2550:at The Canadian Encyclopedia
2544:, The Archaeology of Ontario
2542:"The Middle Woodland Period"
1895:, accessed September 4, 2019
1675:Whitefish River First Nation
1472:Flag of the Ottawa Tribe of
1371:Wiikwemkoong Unceded Reserve
1305:M'Chigeeng 22 Indian Reserve
1274:, Michigan ("Wequetonsing" (
908:In the winter of 1751–1752,
734:alcohol." Up to the time of
338:, characterized by frequent
3255:Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum
2957:Two Mile Square Reservation
2952:Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation
2012:September 17, 2010, at the
1934:Baraga, Frederick. (1878).
1669:Whitefish Lake First Nation
1569:Zhiibaahaasing First Nation
1542:Walpole Island First Nation
1160:, Ohio – Oquanoxa's Village
971:and a section of northwest
936:on the European continent.
814:in Southwest Ohio; and the
572:, and from a region called
539:has three fluent speakers.
4195:
3230:Flint Ridge State Memorial
2962:Upper Sandusky Reservation
1924:Canadian Oxford Dictionary
1820:painter and member of the
1798:(ca. 1726–1796), war chief
1645:Serpent River First Nation
1536:Sheshegwaning First Nation
1200:South Maumee River Reserve
1174:North Maumee River Reserve
1043:Jane Willetts Ettawageshik
1004:Indian Removal Act of 1830
892:, near the future site of
862:American Revolutionary War
744:Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
504:
332:Algonquian language family
4092:Hannahville Indian School
2760:
2338:Michigan State University
2191:Vogel, Virgil J. (1986).
1893:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1615:Garden River First Nation
1563:Wiikwemkoong First Nation
1462:Little Traverse Bay Bands
535:speak this language. The
377:, Odawa, and Ojibwe. The
143:
122:
97:
67:
57:
40:
4164:First Nations in Ontario
4102:U.S. residential schools
4082:Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School
3354:Treaty of Camp Charlotte
3296:Battle of Fallen Timbers
3240:Fort Hill State Memorial
2942:Blanchard's Fork Reserve
2755:Native Americans in Ohio
2676:Match-e-be-nash-she-wish
2584:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
2563:Official tribal websites
2193:Indian Names in Michigan
2105:faculty.marianopolis.edu
1845:(fl. 1762 – 1764), chief
1772:Jean-Baptiste Assiginack
1651:Sheguiandah First Nation
1627:Mississauga First Nation
1585:Aamjiwnaang First Nation
1520:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
1164:Blanchard's Fork Reserve
1032:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
890:Battle of Fallen Timbers
633:In 1615 French explorer
537:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
489:, is the county seat of
130:, traditional religion,
3685:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
3307:Indian removals in Ohio
3270:SunWatch Indian Village
3260:New Indian Ridge Museum
3209:Thunderbird (mythology)
2970:Indian removals in Ohio
2526:First Nations Histories
2486:McDonnell, Michael A.
1677:(Birch Island), Ontario
1665:(Parry Island), Ontario
1663:Wasauksing First Nation
1609:Chippewas of the Thames
1593:(Sucker Creek), Ontario
1530:M'Chigeeng First Nation
1149:in his 1910 history of
932:and contributed to the
3898:Grand Medicine Society
3421:Native American tribes
3348:Siege of Fort Recovery
2947:Moravian Indian Grants
2524:Shultzman, L. (2000).
2504:, and Cash, Joseph H.
2237:Treuer, David (2019).
2215:Barnes, Celia (2003).
2005:Anderton, Alice, PhD.
1808:Magdelaine Laframboise
1767:
1657:Thessalon First Nation
1621:Mattagami First Nation
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
852:A decade later, Chief
767:
655:
620:Council of Three Fires
561:
3371:Yellow Creek massacre
2404:"Domain Default page"
2390:July 9, 2005, at the
2268:World Digital Library
2151:Helen Hornbeck Tanner
2134:Brebner, John Bartlet
2079:First Nations Peoples
1822:Indian Group of Seven
1761:
1512:, Michigan (formerly
1502:, Michigan (formerly
1492:, Michigan (formerly
1471:
1459:
1447:
1431:
1194:Roche de Bœuf Reserve
1002:After passage of the
996:Little Auglaize River
969:Southeastern Michigan
940:Treaties and removals
930:French and Indian War
884:watershed, including
835:French and Indian War
757:
651:
649:. Of these, he said:
555:
139:Related ethnic groups
4179:Algonquian ethnonyms
3958:Seven fires prophecy
3715:Mescalero-Chiricahua
3470:Cheyenne and Arapaho
3365:Treaty of Grouseland
3359:Treaty of Greenville
3336:Raid on Pickawillany
3324:Northwest Indian War
3275:Zane Shawnee Caverns
3204:Petroglyphs in Ohio
3160:Petroglyphs in Ohio
3105:Glacial Kame culture
3086:Prehistoric cultures
3050:Historic communities
2924:Algonquian languages
2633:Federally recognized
2556:First Nations seeker
2472:McClurken, James A.
1947:Beck, David (2002).
1754:Notable Odawa people
1745:) (formerly part of
1639:Saugeen First Nation
1147:Frederick Webb Hodge
946:Treaty of Greenville
904:Raid on Pickawillany
870:Northwest Indian War
740:Green Bay, Wisconsin
730:) meaning "people."
624:Iroquois Confederacy
585:Saint Lawrence River
3978:Traditional beliefs
3122:Monongahela culture
3072:Muskingum (village)
2934:Former reservations
2906:Western Confederacy
2771:Northwest Territory
2461:Cappel, Constance,
2454:Cappel, Constance,
2426:"mackinacbands.com"
2406:. Sheshegwaning.org
2271:. November 17, 1807
2019:2009 (16 Feb 2009).
1214:Wolf Rapids Reserve
1188:Evansville, Ontario
1127:Saint Simon Mission
1102:Kitchiwikwedongsing
963:, representing the
944:In 1795, under the
639:les cheueux releuez
635:Samuel de Champlain
391:Wadaawewinini(wag).
244:Indigenous American
37:
4159:Great Lakes tribes
4154:Algonquian peoples
4149:Anishinaabe groups
4011:Birch bark scrolls
3983:Underwater panther
3485:Citizen Potawatomi
3342:St. Clair's defeat
3312:Lord Dunmore's War
3214:Underwater panther
3130:(Late Prehistoric)
3128:Whittlesey culture
3101:(Late Prehistoric)
3062:Lenape settlements
2763:Prehistory of Ohio
2681:Nottawaseppi Huron
2506:The Ottawa People,
2099:Bélanger, Claude.
1792:(1768–1866), chief
1768:
1611:(Caradoc), Ontario
1478:
1466:
1454:
1452:of Odawa Indians.
1442:
1180:Obidgewong Reserve
1087:Agushawas' Village
965:Michigan Territory
768:
641:" (modern French:
598:evidence that the
562:
407:"Watawawininiwok,"
323:, United States).
153:Algonquian peoples
47:Odawa group areas.
4128:
4127:
3788:
3787:
3710:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
3450:Alabama-Quassarte
3380:
3379:
3113:(Middle Woodland)
3067:Lower Shawneetown
2722:
2721:
2496:978-0-8090-2953-2
2482:978-0-87013-855-3
2297:on March 29, 2016
1587:(Sarnia), Ontario
1546:unceded territory
1464:of Odawa Indians.
1450:Little River Band
1170:, Upper Tawa Town
992:Blanchard's Creek
957:Treaty of Detroit
955:, in signing the
764:gunstock war club
750:Wars and refugees
659:Huron Confederacy
415:Matàwackariniwak,
289:Manitoulin Island
254:and southeastern
248:Eastern Woodlands
200:
199:
177:Daawaak, Odaawaag
158:
157:
16:(Redirected from
4186:
4044:Birchbark biting
3855:myth and stories
3815:
3808:
3801:
3792:
3640:Tribal languages
3620:United Keetoowah
3550:Muscogee (Creek)
3510:Fort Sill Apache
3445:Absentee Shawnee
3419:
3418:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3384:
3095:(Early Woodland)
2979:Historic figures
2749:
2742:
2735:
2726:
2706:State recognized
2691:Saginaw Chippewa
2661:Lac Vieux Desert
2625:
2624:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2590:
2522:"Ottawa History"
2509:Phoenix, Arizona
2502:Wolff, Gerald W.
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2432:on March 5, 2016
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2400:
2394:
2383:
2377:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2293:. Archived from
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2234:
2228:
2213:
2204:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2179:www.biographi.ca
2171:
2162:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2101:"Quebec History"
2096:
2090:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2059:on July 15, 2009
2049:
2043:
2033:
2020:
2003:
1997:
1982:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1902:
1896:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1866:. Archived from
1860:
1778:Andrew Blackbird
1552:located between
1222:Aabitanagaajiwan
1158:Auglaize Reserve
1122:Ogontz's Village
1112:Menawzhetaunaung
1008:Indian Territory
934:Seven Years' War
910:Charles Langlade
831:Seven Years' War
667:Jesuit Relations
579:Directed by the
558:George Townshend
460:, and medicinal
321:Indian Territory
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
160:
53:Total population
45:
38:
21:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4124:
4106:
4063:
4030:
3992:
3845:
3827:
3819:
3789:
3784:
3642:
3634:
3505:Eastern Shawnee
3495:Delaware Nation
3436:
3434:
3427:
3413:
3411:
3381:
3376:
3279:
3218:
3181:
3177:Wilderness Road
3133:
3124:(Late Woodland)
3081:
3057:Hell Town, Ohio
3045:
2974:
2928:
2910:
2791:Historic tribes
2785:
2767:History of Ohio
2756:
2753:
2723:
2718:
2700:
2671:Little Traverse
2627:
2619:
2617:
2565:
2518:
2451:
2449:Further reading
2446:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2392:Wayback Machine
2384:
2380:
2376:(1997), pp. 3–6
2371:
2367:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2214:
2207:
2190:
2186:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2149:
2145:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2034:
2023:
2014:Wayback Machine
2004:
2000:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1963:
1946:
1942:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1870:on July 5, 2019
1862:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1818:Woodlands style
1756:
1709:
1692:and as part of
1681:United States:
1578:
1485:United States:
1483:
1426:
1401:, Wikwemikong,
1399:Wabozominissing
1319:Miami, Oklahoma
1290:("Waganakisi" (
1246:
1218:"Anpatonajowin"
1168:Lower Tawa Town
1140:
1117:Michilimackinac
1082:Aegakotcheising
1078:
1070:
1024:Cockburn Island
1016:
942:
906:
833:, known as the
752:
676:
643:cheveux relevés
608:Bruce Peninsula
600:Saugeen complex
550:
545:
513:Ojibwe language
509:
503:
397:Frederic Baraga
348:
330:is part of the
297:Bruce Peninsula
263:Native American
218:
214:
188:, Nishnaabemwin
80:
48:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4192:
4190:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4136:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4021:Ottawa dialect
4018:
4013:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3923:Medicine wheel
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3893:Gitche Manitou
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3643:(still spoken)
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3560:Otoe-Missouria
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3500:Delaware Tribe
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3429:
3428:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3199:Mounds in Ohio
3196:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3155:Mounds in Ohio
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
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2927:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2868:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2822:
2812:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2646:Grand Traverse
2643:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2529:
2517:
2516:External links
2514:
2513:
2512:
2499:
2484:
2470:
2465:L'Arbre Croche
2459:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2417:
2395:
2378:
2365:
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2325:
2308:
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2254:
2247:
2229:
2205:
2184:
2163:
2143:
2125:
2110:
2091:
2070:
2044:
2021:
1998:
1977:
1961:
1940:
1927:
1915:
1897:
1881:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1830:
1824:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1550:Walpole Island
1539:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1507:
1497:
1482:
1479:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1418:Zhiibaahaasing
1411:
1405:
1403:Wikwemikonsing
1368:
1362:Walpole Island
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1302:
1296:Middle Village
1288:L'Arbre Croche
1276:Wiikwedoonsing
1269:
1256:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1211:
1197:
1191:
1177:
1171:
1161:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1092:Anamiewatigong
1089:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1068:Known villages
1066:
1065:
1015:
1014:Modern history
1012:
953:Wyandot people
941:
938:
905:
902:
843:Defiance, Ohio
751:
748:
736:Nicolas Perrot
680:North American
675:
672:
596:archaeological
549:
546:
544:
541:
507:Ottawa dialect
505:Main article:
502:
499:
495:Ottawa, Kansas
347:
344:
328:Ottawa dialect
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
164:
156:
155:
141:
140:
136:
135:
120:
119:
115:
114:
111:Ottawa dialect
95:
94:
90:
89:
65:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
50:
49:
46:
31:
26:
24:
18:Ottawa (tribe)
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4191:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4132:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3973:Turtle Island
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3913:Little people
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
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3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
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3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Seneca-Cayuga
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
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3541:
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3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3330:Pontiac's War
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3318:Nanfan Treaty
3316:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:Fort Recovery
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3022:Little Turtle
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2992:Buckongahelas
2990:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
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2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2248:9781594633157
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2225:0-8386-3958-5
2222:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:0-472-06365-0
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2087:1-55239-144-2
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1994:3-11-013417-9
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:0-8032-1330-1
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1837:Pontiac's War
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1816:(1919–2016),
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:Williamsville
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:Sheshegwaning
1334:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:, Oklahoma –
1316:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:Cross Village
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1261:, Michigan –
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:Peshawbestown
1252:, Michigan –
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1132:Shabawywyagun
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
997:
993:
989:
984:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
939:
937:
935:
931:
926:
924:
919:
915:
911:
903:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:Fort Defiance
883:
879:
878:Anthony Wayne
873:
871:
865:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
799:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:Mohawk people
773:
765:
761:
756:
749:
747:
745:
741:
737:
731:
729:
725:
721:
718:(then called
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
673:
671:
669:
668:
662:
660:
654:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
628:Dakota people
625:
621:
616:
614:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
570:Turtle Island
567:
559:
554:
547:
543:Early history
542:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
508:
500:
498:
496:
492:
491:Putnam County
488:
484:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:sunflower oil
435:
429:
427:
422:
420:
417:a historical
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:
398:
393:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:(syncoped as
352:
345:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
268:
267:First Nations
264:
259:
257:
253:
252:United States
249:
245:
239:
213:
209:
205:
195:
191:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
87:
83:
78:
74:
70:
69:United States
66:
61:
56:
51:
44:
39:
30:
19:
4130:
3908:Jingle dress
3903:Jiibayaabooz
3878:Dreamcatcher
3610:Thlopthlocco
3320:(1701, 1726)
3284:Other topics
3169:
3099:Fort Ancient
3077:Pickawillany
3016:Kakowatcheky
3010:Joseph Brant
2966:
2902:
2870:
2799:Chalahgawtha
2775:Ohio Country
2713:
2666:Little River
2555:
2535:
2525:
2505:
2487:
2473:
2462:
2455:
2434:. Retrieved
2430:the original
2420:
2408:. Retrieved
2398:
2381:
2373:
2368:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:
2328:
2299:. Retrieved
2295:the original
2285:
2273:. Retrieved
2266:
2257:
2238:
2232:
2216:
2192:
2187:
2178:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2104:
2094:
2078:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2057:the original
2047:
2039:
2016:
2001:
1985:
1980:
1972:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:the original
1858:
1814:Daphne Odjig
1784:Kelly Church
1762:Odawa Chief
1746:
1723:
1716:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1579:
1524:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1484:
1460:Flag of the
1448:Flag of the
1416:, Ontario –
1373:, Ontario –
1346:Bakejiwanong
1345:
1335:, Ontario –
1326:, Ontario –
1307:, Ontario –
1292:Waaganaakizi
1291:
1275:
1221:
1217:
1204:"Tushquegan"
1203:
1182:, Ontario –
1150:
1144:
1141:
1071:
1059:
1047:Ettawageshik
1036:
1029:
1017:
1001:
988:reservations
985:
981:
977:Maumee River
961:William Hull
950:
943:
927:
914:Pickawillany
907:
894:Maumee, Ohio
882:Maumee River
874:
866:
851:
820:
800:
795:Fort Detroit
792:
769:
732:
727:
699:
687:
683:
677:
665:
663:
656:
652:
647:French River
642:
638:
632:
617:
593:
580:
578:
566:Wiigwaasabak
563:
524:
521:Nishnabemwin
520:
510:
487:Ottawa, Ohio
485:
481:Ottawa River
470:
430:
423:
414:
411:Ottawa River
406:
400:
394:
390:
382:
381:spelling of
358:
354:
350:
349:
325:
305:Ottawa River
286:
274:Anishinaabeg
260:
211:
207:
203:
201:
166:
151:, and other
132:Christianity
32:Ethnic group
29:
4054:Ribbon work
3933:Mudjekeewis
3888:Elbow witch
3841:Clan system
3822:Anishinaabe
3590:Sac and Fox
3326:(1785–1795)
3302:Beaver Wars
3195:(sculpture)
3040:Tenskwatawa
2986:Blue Jacket
2875:Anishinaabe
2865:Anishinaabe
2815:Erie people
2651:Hannahville
1802:Enmegahbowh
1424:Governments
1395:Two O'Clock
1387:Murray Hill
1358:Wallaceburg
1344:, Ontario (
1328:Beaverstone
1315:Ottawa OTSA
1230:, Kansas –
1097:Apontigoumy
1055:Anishinaabe
1051:Anishinaabe
780:Beaver Wars
724:Anishinaabe
700:Naadawensiw
688:Wiinibiigoo
387:Anishinaabe
313:Great Lakes
4138:Categories
4026:Potawatomi
4006:Algonquian
3883:Drumkeeper
3873:Deer Woman
3750:Potawatomi
3435:recognized
3173:Ohio River
3165:Tower Site
2887:Piankeshaw
2825:Honniasont
2436:August 31,
2410:August 31,
1850:References
1702:, Michigan
1688:(formerly
1354:Myersville
1309:M'Chigeeng
1280:Charlevoix
1020:Manitoulin
704:New France
690:) for the
602:people, a
525:Daawaamwin
479:, and the
379:Potawatomi
346:Tribe name
295:, and the
293:Lake Huron
282:Potawatomi
186:Daawaamwin
149:Potawatomi
4069:Education
4049:Quillwork
3998:Languages
3963:Shingebis
3953:Pukwudgie
3938:Nanabozho
3680:Chickasaw
3630:Wyandotte
3475:Chickasaw
3433:Federally
3193:Birdstone
3107:(Archaic)
3042:(Shawnee)
3036:(Shawnee)
3030:(Wyandot)
3028:Roundhead
3018:(Shawnee)
3000:(Shawnee)
2998:Cornstalk
2988:(Shawnee)
2916:Languages
2883:(Shawnee)
2857:speaking)
2851:Mosopelea
2847:speaking)
2845:Iroquoian
2832:(Wyandot)
2801:(Shawnee)
2641:Bay Mills
2343:April 10,
2323:, website
2301:March 29,
2275:August 3,
1938:, I, 300.
1922:"Odawa",
1827:Petosegay
1671:, Ontario
1659:, Ontario
1653:, Ontario
1647:, Ontario
1641:, Ontario
1635:, Ontario
1629:, Ontario
1623:, Ontario
1617:, Ontario
1599:, Ontario
1538:, Ontario
1391:South Bay
1383:Maiangowi
1184:Obijewong
1166:, Ohio –
1062:.
1049:recorded
975:near the
858:Lake Erie
772:Mascouten
728:Neshnabek
712:fur trade
708:Canadians
684:Winnebago
674:Fur trade
594:There is
419:Algonquin
371:Nipissing
367:Algonquin
284:peoples.
242:) are an
169:, Odaawaa
124:Midewiwin
93:Languages
3851:Religion
3725:Muscogee
3700:Delaware
3695:Comanche
3675:Cheyenne
3670:Cherokee
3595:Seminole
3530:Kickapoo
3525:Kialegee
3490:Comanche
3465:Cherokee
3425:Oklahoma
3170:See also
3111:Hopewell
3034:Tecumseh
3012:(Mohawk)
3004:Egushawa
2994:(Lenape)
2967:See also
2903:See also
2819:Iroquois
2805:Delaware
2554:Odawa –
2388:Archived
2136:(1966).
2063:July 10,
2010:Archived
1874:March 9,
1796:Egushawa
1790:Cobmoosa
1580:Canada:
1558:Michigan
1525:Canada:
1474:Oklahoma
1440:Indians.
1438:Chippewa
1350:Foreplex
1300:Petoskey
1267:Muskegon
1263:Manistee
1239:, Kansas
1107:Machonee
994:and the
923:Memeskia
854:Egushawa
816:Delaware
788:immunity
692:Ho-Chunk
604:Hopewell
574:Dawnland
533:Michigan
501:Language
434:cornmeal
319:(former
317:Oklahoma
309:Michigan
182:Language
118:Religion
77:Michigan
73:Oklahoma
4112:Housing
3988:Wendigo
3943:Nokomis
3918:Manitou
3863:Aayaase
3825:culture
3775:Wyandot
3770:Wichita
3765:Shawnee
3705:Koasati
3690:Choctaw
3655:Arapaho
3650:Alabama
3625:Wichita
3615:Tonkawa
3605:Shawnee
3480:Choctaw
3223:Museums
3186:Culture
3024:(Miami)
3006:(Odawa)
2898:Wyandot
2893:Shawnee
2889:(Miami)
2686:Pokagon
2153:, ed.,
1843:Wawatam
1833:Pontiac
1764:Pontiac
1554:Ontario
1208:Pontiac
839:Pontiac
829:in the
827:British
812:Shawnee
808:Wyandot
760:warrior
589:Detroit
529:Ontario
517:syncope
477:Ontario
458:tobacco
340:syncope
301:Ontario
212:Odaawaa
193:Country
134:, other
128:Animism
99:English
86:Ontario
4120:Wigwam
4059:Wampum
4016:Ojibwe
3948:Powwow
3868:Baykok
3833:Family
3760:Seneca
3755:Quapaw
3740:Pawnee
3735:Ottawa
3665:Cayuga
3585:Quapaw
3575:Peoria
3570:Pawnee
3565:Ottawa
3455:Apache
3437:tribes
3373:(1774)
3367:(1805)
3361:(1795)
3350:(1794)
3344:(1791)
3338:(1752)
3332:(1763)
3314:(1774)
3298:(1794)
2881:Pekowi
2861:Ojibwe
2855:Siouan
2809:Lenape
2656:L'Anse
2494:
2480:
2245:
2223:
2199:
2085:
1992:
1955:
1434:Ottawa
1379:Kaboni
1375:Buzwah
1232:Ottawa
898:Toledo
823:French
758:Odawa
720:Canada
716:Quebec
698:(from
694:, and
686:(from
613:mounds
581:miigis
473:Ottawa
359:adaawe
355:Daawaa
351:Odawaa
336:Ojibwe
278:Ojibwe
256:Canada
208:Ottawa
206:(also
174:People
167:Daawaa
163:Person
145:Ojibwe
107:Ojibwe
103:French
82:Canada
58:15,000
4144:Odawa
3780:Yuchi
3745:Ponca
3730:Osage
3660:Caddo
3580:Ponca
3555:Osage
3545:Modoc
3540:Miami
3535:Kiowa
3460:Caddo
3093:Adena
2871:Odawa
2841:Mingo
2836:Miami
2830:Huron
2696:Sault
2548:Odawa
1889:Odawa
1544:, on
1278:)) –
918:Miami
804:Miami
762:with
742:, or
696:Sioux
466:herbs
462:roots
446:skins
383:Odawa
270:bands
204:Odawa
36:Odawa
3515:Iowa
2714:None
2492:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2438:2012
2412:2012
2345:2022
2303:2016
2277:2013
2243:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2083:ISBN
2065:2009
1990:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1876:2019
1556:and
1436:and
1348:) –
1294:)),
1022:and
973:Ohio
784:Erie
664:The
531:and
464:and
454:mats
452:and
450:rugs
444:and
442:furs
395:Fr.
375:Innu
363:Cree
326:The
280:and
202:The
4036:Art
3520:Kaw
3423:in
1891:at
1548:of
990:at
979:.
710:in
630:.
468:."
405:as
210:or
4140::
3853:,
3175:–
2781:–
2777:–
2773:–
2769:–
2765:–
2534:,
2336:.
2311:^
2265:.
2208:^
2177:.
2166:^
2103:.
2038:,
2024:^
1964:^
1908:.
1397:,
1393:,
1389:,
1385:,
1381:,
1377:,
1364:,
1360:,
1356:,
1352:,
1298:,
1286:,
1282:,
1265:,
1224:))
1041:.
900:.
661:.
497:.
475:,
456:,
448:,
440:,
436:,
373:,
369:,
365:,
342:.
229:ɑː
220:oʊ
147:,
126:,
105:,
101:,
75:,
3814:e
3807:t
3800:v
3406:e
3399:t
3392:v
2877:)
2873:(
2867:)
2863:(
2853:(
2843:(
2821:)
2817:(
2811:)
2807:(
2748:e
2741:t
2734:v
2612:e
2605:t
2598:v
2528:.
2498:.
2440:.
2414:.
2347:.
2305:.
2279:.
2251:.
2227:.
2203:.
2181:.
2107:.
2089:.
2067:.
1996:.
1959:.
1912:.
1878:.
1749:)
1719:)
1696:)
1516:)
1506:)
1496:)
1476:.
1220:(
1190:)
766:.
726:(
560:.
238:/
235:ə
232:w
226:d
223:ˈ
217:/
113:)
109:(
88:)
84:(
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71:(
20:)
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