Bottom trawling - Knowledge (XXG)

31: 2946: 468: 862:(SPRFMO) has gained a new level of protection. All countries fishing in the region (accounting for about 25 percent of the global ocean) agreed to exclude bottom trawling on high seas areas where vulnerable ecosystems are likely or known to occur until a specific impact assessment is undertaken and precautionary measures have been implemented. Observers will also be required on all high seas bottom trawlers to ensure enforcement of the regulations. 282: 322: 364: 294: 430:

long-lasting, cumulative impacts that modify the cohesiveness and texture of sediments. It can be asserted nowadays that due to its recurrence, mobility and wide geographical extent, industrial trawling has become a major force driving seafloor change and affecting not only its physical integrity on short spatial scales but also imprinting measurable modifications to the geomorphology of entire continental margins.

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diamond-meshed netting, the size of the meshes decreasing from the front of the net towards the codend. Into the body, fish and turtle escape devices can be fitted. These can be simple structures like "square mesh panels", which are easier for smaller fish to pass through, or more complicated devices, such as

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of the sea bed which is being fished, varying from small rubber discs for very smooth, sandy ground, to large metal balls, up to 0.5 metres (1.6 ft) in diameter, for very rough ground. These bobbins can also be designed to lift the net off the seabed when they hit an obstacle. These are known as

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which are used to keep the mouth of the trawl net open. Otter boards are made of timber or steel and are positioned in such a way that the hydrodynamic forces, acting on them when the net is towed along the seabed, push them outwards and prevent the mouth of the net from closing. They also act like a

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The design requirements of a bottom trawl are relatively simple, a mechanism for keeping the mouth of the net open in horizontal and vertical dimensions, a "body" of net which guides fish inwards, and a "cod-end" of a suitable mesh size, where the fish are collected. The size and design of net used

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English commissions in the 19th century determined that there should be no limitation on trawling. They believed that bottom trawling, like tilling of land, actually increased production. As evidence, they noted that a second trawler would often follow a first trawler, and that the second trawler

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three fathom long and ten men's feet wide, and that it had a beam ten feet long, at the end of which were two frames formed like a colerake, that a leaded rope weighted with a great many stones was fixed on the lower part of the net between the two frames, and that another rope was fixed with nails

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Trawling gear produces acute impacts on biota and the physical substratum of the seafloor by disrupting the sediment column structure, overturning boulders, re-suspending sediments and imprinting deep scars on muddy bottoms. Also, the repetitive passage of trawling gear over the same areas creates

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of so small a mesh, no manner of fish, however small, entering within it can pass out and is compelled to remain therein and be taken...by means of which instrument the fishermen aforesaid take so great abundance of small fish aforesaid, that they know not what to do with them, but feed and fatten

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By the end of the 19th century there were more than 3,000 sailing trawlers in commission in UK waters and the practice had spread to neighbouring European countries. Despite the availability of steam, trawling under sail continued to be economically efficient, and sailing trawlers continued to be

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The body of the trawl is funnel-like, wide at its "mouth" and narrowing towards the cod end, and usually is fitted with wings of netting on both sides of the mouth. It is long enough to assure adequate flow of water and prevent fish from escaping the net, after having been caught. It is made of

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Until the late 18th century sailing vessels were only capable of towing small trawls. However, in the closing years of that century a type of vessel emerged that was capable of towing a large trawl, in deeper waters. The development of this type of craft, the sailing trawler, is credited to the

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was strongly dependent on the type of gear used, with otter trawls estimated as having the smallest impact and removing 6% of biota per pass while hydraulic dredges had the largest impact and removed 41% of biota per pass. Other research found trawled canyon sediments contained 52 percent less

2502: 796:– created the world's third-largest marine protected area and may protect deep sea corals, fish, and seamounts from bottom trawling. However, the actual boundaries of this reserve and what harvest limitations may occur therein have not been detailed. Moreover, Kiribati currently has only one 225:

Bottom trawling does not only have a long tradition in European waters. It was also recognized in 1704 during the Edo era in Japan as a common fishing method. A slightly different approach was developed where the "Utase Ami" or "trawled bottom net" was deployed from a sideways sailing boat.

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fishermen of Brixham in Devon. The new method proved to be far more efficient than traditional long-lining. At first its use was confined to the western half of the English Channel, but as the Brixham men extended their range to the North Sea and Irish Sea it became the norm there too.

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promised to support a global ban on bottom trawling if there was sufficient support to make that a practical option. Bottom trawling has been banned in a third of New Zealand's waters (although a large percentage of these areas were not viable for bottom trawling in the first place)

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The simplest method of bottom trawling, the mouth of the net is held open by a solid metal beam, attached to two "shoes", which are solid metal plates, welded to the ends of the beam, which slide over and disturb the seabed. This method is mainly used on smaller vessels, fishing for

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has long been recognised as causing major ecological changes to the fish community on the Grand Banks, concern has been raised more recently about the damage which benthic trawling inflicts upon seabed communities. A species of particular concern is the slow growing, deep water

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would often harvest even more fish than the first. The reason for this peculiarity is that the destruction caused by the first trawl resulted in many dead and dying organisms, which temporarily attracted a large number of additional species to feed on this moribund mass.

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An estimated 370 million tonnes a year of carbon dioxide stored in seafloor sediment is released by bottom-trawling fishing. Most carbon released into the sea enters the atmosphere within a decade. Banning bottom trawling in marine protected areas has been suggested.

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Global catch from bottom trawling has been estimated at over 30 million tonnes per year, an amount larger than any other fishing method. Concerns about the environmental impacts of bottom trawling have led to changes in gear design, such as the addition of

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and/or kites attached to the "headline" (the rope which runs along the upper mouth of the net), and weighted "bobbins" attached to the "foot rope" (the rope which runs along the lower mouth of the net). These bobbins vary in their design depending on the

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plumes can drift with the current for tens of kilometres from the source of the trawling, increasing sedimentation rates in deep environments Bottom trawling-induced resuspended sediment mass on the world's continental shelves has been estimated at 22

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announced on 14 February 2006 that a draft agreement had been reached with fishing companies to ban bottom trawling in 30 percent of New Zealand's EEZ, an area of about 1,200,000 square kilometres (460,000 sq mi) reaching from

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Bottom trawling can both resuspend and bury biologically recyclable organic material, changing the flow of nutrients and carbon through the food web and thereby alter geomorphological landscapes. Ocean sediments are the sink for many

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The cod end is the trailing end of the net where fish are finally "caught". The size of mesh in the cod end is a determinant of the size of fish which the net catches. Consequently, regulation of mesh size is a common way of managing

855:(NEAFC) also recently closed four seamounts and part of the mid-Atlantic Ridge from all fishing, including bottom trawling, for three years. This still leaves most of international waters completely without bottom trawl regulation. 2049:

Luisetti, Tiziana; Turner, R. Kerry; Andrews, Julian E.; Jickells, Timothy D.; Kröger, Silke; Diesing, Markus; Paltriguera, Lucille; Johnson, Martin T.; Parker, Eleanor R.; Bakker, Dorothee C.E.; Weston, Keith (2019-02-01).

1492: 126:, which can be a small open boat with only 30 hp (22 kW) or a large factory trawler with 10,000 hp (7,500 kW). Bottom trawling can be carried out by one trawler or by two trawlers fishing cooperatively ( 421: 418: 1385:

Nakamoura E, Ourakami T (1900) Histoire de l’industrie de la pêche maritime etfluviale ouJapon. (Translated from the Japanese into French). Bureau des produits maritimes etfleuviauxdu ministère d’agriculture et commerce,

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reproduction. Repeated resuspension can also lead too a hardening of the sea bottom as finer sediments are proportionally more effectively carried away by currents than larger sediments, thus leading to habitat change .

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Sala, Enric; Mayorga, Juan; Bradley, Darcy; Cabral, Reniel B.; Atwood, Trisha B.; Auber, Arnaud; Cheung, William; Costello, Christopher; Ferretti, Francesco; Friedlander, Alan M.; Gaines, Steven D. (2021-03-17).

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Bradshaw, C.; Tjensvoll, I.; Sköld, M.; Allan, I.J.; Molvaer, J.; Magnusson, J.; Naes, K.; Nilsson, H.C. (2012). "Bottom trawling resuspends sediment and releases bioavailable contaminants in a polluted fjord".

1920: 146:. A 2021 paper estimated that bottom trawling contributed between 600 and 1500 million tons of carbon dioxide a year by disturbing carbon dioxide in the sea floor – emissions approximately equivalent to 816:

passed legislation banning trawling on 18 May 2011 in an effort to restore the territory's devastated fish stocks and marine ecosystem. The ban came into effect on 31 December 2012. The government paid

420: 658:'s General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) banned bottom trawling below 1000 meters (3,281 ft) and, in January 2006, completely closed ecologically sensitive areas off 2283:

Trawl Rockfish Conservation Area (RCA) Boundary Modifications Draft Environmental Assessment September 2013, National Marine Fisheries Service Sustainable Fisheries Division Northwest Region

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Multiple large-scale reviews on bottom trawling have noted that there is a great need for further studies that properly examine the effects of nutrient and toxin remobilization as well as

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is often found in high concentration in soft shallow sediments. Resuspending nutrient solids like these can introduce oxygen demand into the water column, and result in oxygen deficient

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Hiddink, Jan Geert; Jennings, Simon; Sciberras, Marija; Szostek, Claire L.; Hughes, Kathryn M.; Ellis, Nick; Rijnsdorp, Adriaan D.; McConnaughey, Robert A.; Mazor, Tessa (2017-07-14).

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March, E. J. (1953). Sailing Trawlers: The Story of Deep-Sea Fishing with Long Line and Trawl. Percival Marshal and Company. Reprinted by Charles & David, 1970, Newton Abbot, UK.

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on the upper part of the beam, so that the fish entering the space between the beam and the lower net were caught. The net had maskes of the length and breadth of two men's thumbs

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Oberle, Ferdinand K.J.; Storlazzi, Curt D.; Hanebuth, Till J.J. (2016). "What a drag: Quantifying the global impact of chronic bottom trawling on continental shelf sediment".

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organic matter than the undisturbed seafloor. There were 80 percent fewer sea worms in the trawled region and only half as much diversity of species in the trawled seafloor.

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The response from the Crown was to "let Commission be made by qualified persons to inquire and certify on the truth of this allegation, and thereon let right be done in the

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Hiddink, Jan Geert; van de Velde, Sebastiaan J.; McConnaughey, Robert A.; De Borger, Emil; Tiano, Justin; Kaiser, Michel J.; Sweetman, Andrew K.; Sciberras, Marija (2023).

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Pelagic (midwater) otter trawl. 1: trawl warp, 2: otter boards, 3: longline chains, 4 hunter, 5: weights 6: headline with floats, 7: pre-net, 8: tunnel and belly, 9: codend

1149: 3577: 844:(RFMO) with competence to regulate, or else what RFMOs that do exist have not actually regulated. The major exception to this is in the Antarctic region, where the 3723: 2703:

Martín, Jacobo; Puig, Pere; Palanques, Albert; Ribó, Marta (2014). "Trawling-induced daily sediment resuspension in the flank of a Mediterranean submarine canyon".

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1.72 billion to affected trawlers in a buyout scheme. Persons who contravene the ban can be fined or imprisoned under the Fisheries Protection Ordinance (Cap 171).

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Atwood, Trisha B.; Romanou, Anastasia; DeVries, Tim; Lerner, Paul E.; Mayorga, Juan S.; Bradley, Darcy; Cabral, Reniel B.; Schmidt, Gavin A.; Sala, Enric (2024).

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species. In 2018, these closures were revised to allow trawling in some previously closed areas while closing new areas of sensitive habitat to bottom trawling.

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the pigs with them, to the great damage of the whole commons of the kingdom, and the destruction of the fisheries in like places, for which they pray remedy.

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ICES (2006) International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES): report of the WorkingGroup on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities. ACE 05:1 179

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urged nations to consider temporary bans on high seas bottom trawling. A global analysis of the impacts of bottom trawling found that the impact on seabed

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in supporting an interim bottom trawling ban at the United Nations. The proposal for this ban did not result in any actual legislation and was blocked.

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An early reference to fishery conservation measures comes from a complaint about a form of trawling dating from the 14th century, during the reign of

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per year, approximately the same as the sediment mass supplied to the continental shelves through the world's rivers. These plumes introduce a

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Benn, Angela R.; Weaver, Philip P.; Billet, David S. M.; Van Den Hove, Sybille; Murdock, Andrew P.; Doneghan, Gemma B.; Le Bas, Tim (2010).

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Oberle, Ferdinand K.J.; Swarzenski, Peter W.; Reddy, Christopher M.; Nelson, Robert K.; Baasch, Benjamin; Hanebuth, Till J.J. (July 2016).

828: 540:. Even in areas where the bottom sediments are ancient, bottom trawling, by reintroducing the sediment into the water column, can create 3716: 3602: 3445: 1585: 1410: 63:) along the seafloor. It is also referred to as "dragging". The scientific community divides bottom trawling into benthic trawling and 3632: 2349: 733: 725: 184:". This was an early beam trawl with a wooden beam, and consisted of a net 6 m (18 ft) long and 3 m (10 ft) wide, 2030:

NRC (2002) (National Research Council) Effects of trawling and dredging on seafloor habitat. National Academies Press, Washington, DC

455:. This species is home to a diverse community of deep sea organisms, but is easily damaged by fishing gear. On 17 November 2004, the 229:

Bottom trawling has been widely implicated in the population collapse of a variety of fish species, locally and worldwide, including

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has called for a ban on destructive and unregulated bottom trawling beyond national jurisdictions. Palau has led the effort at the

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is determined by the species being targeted, the engine power and design of the fishing vessel and locally enforced regulations.

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trawling. Benthic trawling is towing a net at the very bottom of the ocean and demersal trawling is towing a net just above the

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ones. But only a small fraction of the area proposed for protection will cover areas actually vulnerable to bottom trawling.

745: 2627: 3422: 3324: 792:, Anote Tong, announced in early 2006 the formation of the world's first deep-sea marine reserve area. This measure – the 637: 622:

a large Rockfish Conservation Area was created in 2002 prohibiting trawling in most areas of the coast between 75 and 150

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has banned all bottom trawling within its jurisdiction and by any Palauan or Palauan corporation anywhere in the world.

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suggests a cutoff of 600 metres (2,000 ft) is a point which ecological damage increases significantly.

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limit bottom trawling in specific closed areas to protect specific species or habitat. For instance, on the

544:. More suspended solids are introduced into the oceans from bottom trawling than any other man-made source. 281: 2465: 2416:

Mendoza, Jeremy. "Rise and fall of Venezuelan industrial and artisanal marine fisheries : 1950-2010".

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Paradis, Sarah; Puig, Pere; Masqué, Pere; Juan-Díaz, Xènia; Martín, Jacobo; Palanques, Albert (2017).

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built until the middle of the 1920s. Some were still operating in UK waters until the outbreak of

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Beyond national jurisdictions, most bottom trawling is unregulated either because there is no

390: 351: 203: 72: 1508:"Global analysis of depletion and recovery of seabed biota after bottom trawling disturbance" 4114: 3974: 3921: 3855: 3143: 3065: 2915: 2862: 2728: 2720: 2681: 2671: 2211: 2071: 2011: 2001: 1891: 1860: 1816: 1777: 1728: 1712: 1673: 1628: 1620: 1547: 1529: 1348: 1297: 1250: 1195: 1074: 994: 874: 818: 481: 451: 346: 2353: 2052:"Quantifying and valuing carbon flows and stores in coastal and shelf ecosystems in the UK" 1285: 4068: 3888: 3465: 3455: 3138: 2954: 2546: 2529: 2379: 2269: 1967: 889:

by countries to take this action at an international level. Palau has been joined by the

737: 589: 460: 177: 123: 41: 3148: 3120: 1693:"Effects of sediment influx on the settlement and survival of canopy-forming macrophytes" 1029:"Fishing and Farming Methods from the Seafood Watch Program at the Monterey Bay Aquarium" 2716: 2667: 2604: 2067: 1997: 1856: 1812: 1773: 1708: 1669: 1616: 1525: 1487: 1246: 1191: 1070: 990: 363: 321: 4073: 4042: 4017: 4007: 3999: 3878: 3840: 3803: 3536: 3516: 3196: 3130: 2997: 2930: 2925: 2875: 2850: 2790: 2761:

Annotated satellite images from a number of bottom trawling activities around the world

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first recognized in 1999 that trawling had caused significant damage to its cold-water

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Bottom fishing has operated for over a century on heavily fished grounds such as the

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in 1376 calling for the prohibition of a "subtlety contrived instrument called the

84: 80: 76: 68: 2263: 1781: 1677: 1441:, Book: Submarine Geomorphology Chapter 25, Springer, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-57852 744:. In 2004, Australia established the world's largest marine protected area in the 2799:

Bibliography of the Effects of Fishing Gear on the Seabed and Benthic Communities

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Watanabe, Hayato; Ito, Miku; Matsumoto, Akira; Arakawa, Hisayuki (2016-01-04).

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Short clip of a bottom trawl of a lake and the large amounts of debris produced

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Dinoflagellate cysts in recent marine sediments from Thermaikos Gulf, Greece.

1724: 1543: 1309: 1301: 1262: 1207: 1150:"Bottom trawling releases as much carbon as air travel, landmark study finds" 1129: 1086: 1006: 4058: 4022: 3954: 3835: 3417: 3060: 2123:

Twenty-sixth annual Scientific Diving Symposium. Retrieved on 10 August 2008

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US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

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Long Term Monitoring of a Deep-water Coral Reef: Effects of Bottom Trawling

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Today, some countries regulate bottom trawling within their jurisdictions:

162: 17: 2808: 1601:"Bottom-trawling along submarine canyons impacts deep sedimentary regimes" 3984: 3158: 3100: 3070: 2885: 2776: 2562: 973:"Mapping nearly a century and a half of global marine fishing: 1869–2015" 789: 755: 678: 645: 630: 584: 580: 523: 306: 142:, and limitations on locations where bottom trawling is allowed, such as 116: 92: 52: 2418:

Fisheries Centre the University of British Columbia Working Paper Series

2200:"Atmospheric CO2 emissions and ocean acidification from bottom-trawling" 2016: 1795:

Avellan, Astrid; Duarte, Armando; Rocha-Santos, Teresa (February 2022).

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International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

1118:"Trawling for Fish May Unleash as Much Carbon as Air Travel, Study Says" 3916: 3898: 3822: 3745: 3736: 3732: 3105: 3085: 3030: 2992: 2733: 2240:"Bottom trawling is huge source of carbon emissions, new study reveals" 1439:“Submarine Geomorphology: Bottom Trawling and other Fishing Activities” 882: 373: 338:, digging up to 15 centimetres (6 in) into the seabed, creating a 166: 139: 1716: 1624: 936: – Fish that live and feed on or near the bottom of seas or lakes 3115: 3040: 3012: 1944:

Giannakourou, A., Orlova, T.Y., Assimakopoulou, G., Pagou, K. (2005)

898: 692: 673: 663: 623: 339: 335: 112: 2329:"NZ to close 30pc of waters to trawling - National - NZ Herald News" 2167:"Carbon released by bottom trawling 'too big to ignore', says study" 1286:"The long 'lost' history of bottom trawling in England, c.1350–1650" 1231:"A path forward for analysing the impacts of marine protected areas" 846:

Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

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in 2004 applied "a precautionary approach" and closed the sensitive

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Bottom trawling stirs up the sediment at the bottom of the sea. The

1576:"In Brief: Deep-sea Trawling Has "Devastating" Impact, Study Finds" 2503:"Sri Lankan seas still disturbed by Indian bottom trawling menace" 870: 782: 682: 667: 659: 566: 466: 447: 414: 386: 362: 320: 310: 238: 161: 108: 29: 2392:"Kiribati creates world's first deep-sea marine reserve - World" 1055:"Protecting the global ocean for biodiversity, food and climate" 762:, sub-Antarctic waters, and off the east and west coasts of the 494: 3705: 3258: 2848: 2812: 2300:"West Coast fishery rebounds in a rare conservation 'home run'" 848:

regime has instituted extensive bottom trawling restrictions.

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Satellite image of trawler mud trails off the Louisiana coast

2584:"Pacific Leaders Back Bottom Trawling Ban | Scoop News" 689:(EEZ) so as to quickly close those areas to bottom trawling. 218:, and in Scandinavia and the Faroe Islands until the 1950s. 1411:"A Renegade Trawler, Hunted for 10,000 Miles by Vigilantes" 1176:"Quantifying the carbon benefits of ending bottom trawling" 329:

Otter trawling derives its name from the large rectangular

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Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

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which decreases light levels at the bottom and can affect

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Reed JK, Koenig CC, Shepard AN, and Gilmore Jr RG (2007)

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Ruttenberg, K.C. (2003). "The Global Phosphorus Cycle".

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South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation

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was the first country to ban industrial trawling in its

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Pictures of beam trawlers from the east coast of the UK

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Gear type fact sheet on various types of bottom trawls

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Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitats.

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The Impacts of Fishing on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems

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was protected by a fisheries closure in 2002, and the

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On the role bottom trawling plays in global fisheries

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The net is held open vertically on an otter trawl by

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An Account of the Fishing Gear of England and Wales.

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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

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within its EEZ to bottom trawling, including in the

4051: 3998: 3945: 3907: 3854: 3821: 3744: 3545: 3474: 3431: 3353: 3275: 3215: 3172: 3129: 3021: 2953: 2861: 1433: 1431: 732:. Australia also prohibits bottom trawling in the 251: 2466:"Facts About the Trawling Ban in Hong Kong Waters" 1980:Palanques, A.; Guillén, J.; Puig, P. (July 2001). 829:Indian fishermen regularly engage banning trawling 616:United States Regional Fishery Management Councils 522:. Bottom trawling mixes these pollutants into the 27:Fishing method by towing a net along the seafloor 1513:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 342:cloud, and scaring fish towards the net mouth. 2767:Campaign for a ban on deep sea bottom trawling 579:reported in 2006 that 95 percent of damage to 79:trawling), where a net is towed higher in the 3717: 2824: 1349:Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 193:Another source describes the wondyrchoum as: 8: 2323: 2321: 3864:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight 3789:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 2881:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight 714:area was protected by its designation as a 3724: 3710: 3702: 3272: 3255: 2858: 2845: 2831: 2817: 2809: 858:As of May 2007 the area managed under the 842:Regional Fisheries Management Organisation 827:banned banning trawling in 2017, however, 2732: 2685: 2675: 2215: 2075: 2015: 2005: 1948:Continental Shelf Research 25, 2585-2596. 1732: 1632: 1551: 1533: 1290:International Journal of Maritime History 728:to prohibit bottom trawling in the south 71:. Bottom trawling can be contrasted with 1229:Hilborn, Ray; Kaiser, Michel J. (2022). 853:North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission 2098:Report of the Secretary-General (2006) 971:Watson, Reg A.; Tidd, A. (2018-07-01). 963: 577:Secretary General of the United Nations 277: 2626:National Research Council (US) (2002) 2448:FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular 587:bottom trawling. A study published in 248: 2490:. Hong Kong Government. 26 July 2016. 2302:. Associated Press. December 26, 2019 7: 1490: page 4. Ms. Kimball 766:. New Zealand Fisheries Minister 734:Great Australian Bight Marine Park 726:Tasmanian Seamounts Marine Reserve 583:ecosystems worldwide is caused by 25: 3305:Geothermal energy and aquaculture 3164:Worshipful Company of Fishmongers 1960:Remote Impacts of Bottom Trawling 656:Food and Agriculture Organization 4109: 4108: 4096: 3812: 2944: 1801:Science of the Total Environment 1452:"Beam trawling on the North Sea" 1397:The Unnatural History of the Sea 895:Republic of the Marshall Islands 800:to monitor this proposed region. 695:has acted to protect vulnerable 526:where they can move back up the 476:Resuspension and biogeochemistry 292: 280: 257: 4142:Environmental impact of fishing 4097: 2765:Deep Sea Conservation Coalition 1821:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152012 1476:United Nations General Assembly 948:, a historic sidewinder trawler 928:Deep Sea Conservation Coalition 923:Environmental impact of fishing 457:United Nations General Assembly 403:Environmental impact of fishing 3578:Federated States of Micronesia 2501:Muiz, Sarah (4 October 2023). 1896:10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/08153-6 1890:. Elsevier. pp. 585–643. 1116:Einhorn, Catrin (2021-03-17). 891:Federated States of Micronesia 794:Phoenix Islands Protected Area 746:Great Barrier Reef Marine Park 551:, in order to better estimate 176:. A petition was presented to 1: 2777:Oceana: bottom trawling facts 2165:McVeigh, Karen (2024-01-18). 2108:. Retrieved on 10 August 2008 1782:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.12.008 1678:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.12.007 1409:Urbina, Ian (July 28, 2015). 638:Council of the European Union 504:persistent organic pollutants 2787:UNEP: System-Wide EarthWatch 2677:10.1371/journal.pone.0012730 2331:. Nzherald.co.nz. 2006-02-14 2077:10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.10.013 1865:10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.019 1584:. 2014-05-19. Archived from 1454:. Greenpeace. Archived from 999:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.04.023 944: – 1961 fishing trawler 313:, relatively close inshore. 83:. Midwater trawling catches 3764:Fish diseases and parasites 3378:Fish diseases and parasites 2528:September 13, 2009, at the 2204:Frontiers in Marine Science 1581:National Geographic Society 4158: 3451:Microalgal bacterial flocs 2783:"Oceans and Coastal Areas" 2725:10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.05.036 2632:National Academies Press. 2217:10.3389/fmars.2023.1125137 1986:Limnology and Oceanography 1255:10.1038/s41586-022-04775-1 1200:10.1038/s41586-023-06014-7 1079:10.1038/s41586-021-03371-z 954: – Dredging equipment 530:and into our food supply. 400: 44:engaged in bottom trawling 4082: 3970:Gathering seafood by hand 3810: 3271: 3254: 2942: 2857: 2844: 2771:FAO Gear type fact sheets 2561:. Iisd.ca. Archived from 2439:Fischer, Johanne (2010). 2268:February 4, 2012, at the 2007:10.4319/lo.2001.46.5.1100 1957:Weaver, Dallas E (2007) 1762:Journal of Marine Systems 1658:Journal of Marine Systems 1284:Jones, Peter (May 2018). 866:Failed United Nations ban 702:from bottom trawling off 256: 3784:Individual fishing quota 3315:Integrated multi-trophic 1888:Treatise on Geochemistry 1395:Roberts, Callum (2007). 1302:10.1177/0843871418766765 724:in 1999 established the 620:United States West Coast 555:and hence the impact on 553:greenhouse gas emissions 3285:Aquaculture engineering 2839:Fishing industry topics 2759:Bottom trawling imagery 1845:Environmental Pollution 1535:10.1073/pnas.1618858114 1496: 17 November 2004. 687:exclusive economic zone 670:to all bottom trawling. 136:turtle excluder devices 2545:June 26, 2006, at the 1921:"What is a dead zone?" 1588:on September 20, 2020. 1437:Oberle et al. (2018), 1399:, Island Press, p. 238 1340:Collins, J.W. (1887). 572: 472: 426: 393:fishes in trawl nets. 368: 326: 200: 191: 169: 144:marine protected areas 122:Trawling is done by a 45: 3223:World fish production 2378:May 15, 2006, at the 1925:oceanservice.noaa.gov 1478: Session 59 831:in Sri Lankan waters. 716:Marine Protected Area 570: 470: 424: 366: 324: 195: 186: 165: 152:the aviation industry 33: 3774:Fisheries management 1033:www.seafoodwatch.org 606:Current restrictions 542:harmful algae blooms 407:environmental damage 397:Environmental damage 355:"rock-hopper" gear. 3932:Fishing tournaments 3794:Sustainable fishery 3076:Fish protein powder 2717:2014DSRII.104..174M 2668:2010PLoSO...512730B 2068:2019EcoSv..35...67L 1998:2001LimOc..46.1100P 1857:2012EPoll.170..232B 1813:2022ScTEn.80852012A 1774:2016JMS...159..120O 1709:2016NatSR...618677W 1670:2016JMS...159..109O 1617:2017NatSR...743332P 1526:2017PNAS..114.8301H 1247:2022Natur.607E...1H 1192:2023Natur.617E...1H 1071:2021Natur.592..397S 991:2018MarPo..93..171W 908:Fisheries Minister 648:to bottom trawling. 411:Marine conservation 241:, and many others. 3874:Commercial fishing 3846:History of fishing 3228:Fishing by country 2871:Commercial fishing 2134:"Drawing the line" 2056:Ecosystem Services 1966:2009-04-10 at the 1697:Scientific Reports 1605:Scientific Reports 1415:The New York Times 1376:4th edition, HMSO. 1122:The New York Times 836:Lack of regulation 808:territorial waters 754:in 2001 closed 19 573: 473: 427: 369: 327: 170: 46: 4124: 4123: 3927:Catch and release 3831:Artisanal fishing 3779:Fisheries science 3759:Diversity of fish 3699: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3492:Freshwater prawns 3250: 3249: 3246: 3245: 2973:Fish preservation 2896:Midwater trawling 2312:Los Angeles Times 1717:10.1038/srep18677 1625:10.1038/srep43332 1520:(31): 8301–8306. 1065:(7854): 397–402. 788:The President of 708:Northeast Channel 422: 359:Body of the trawl 267: 266: 204:Court of Chancery 73:midwater trawling 16:(Redirected from 4149: 4112: 4111: 4100: 4099: 4069:Fishing villages 4008:Artificial flies 3975:Handline fishing 3922:Big-game fishing 3816: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3703: 3623:Papua New Guinea 3603:Marshall Islands 3273: 3265:farmed fisheries 3256: 3144:Shrimp marketing 3066:Fish hydrolysate 2948: 2863:Fishing industry 2859: 2846: 2833: 2826: 2819: 2810: 2794: 2789:. 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Archived from 2346: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2325: 2316: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2278: 2272: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2251: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2219: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2130: 2124: 2115: 2109: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2079: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2009: 1992:(5): 1100–1110. 1977: 1971: 1955: 1949: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1736: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1636: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1555: 1537: 1503: 1497: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1464: 1463: 1448: 1442: 1435: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1406: 1400: 1393: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1372:Davis, F (1958) 1370: 1364: 1363: 1361:100 MegaByte PDF 1358: 1356: 1346: 1337: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1321: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1161: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1136: 1113: 1107: 1106: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1025: 1019: 1018: 968: 947: 875:Tommy Remengesau 810:and EEZ in 2009. 524:plankton ecology 510:pollutants like 452:Lophelia pertusa 423: 296: 284: 261: 260: 249: 148:those of Germany 103:species such as 21: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4078: 4074:Marine habitats 4047: 4018:Bite indicators 3994: 3941: 3903: 3850: 3817: 3808: 3740: 3730: 3700: 3687: 3633:Solomon Islands 3541: 3470: 3456:Photobioreactor 3427: 3349: 3267: 3242: 3211: 3168: 3139:Live fish trade 3125: 3017: 2955:Fish processing 2949: 2940: 2931:Fishing vessels 2901:Bottom trawling 2853: 2840: 2837: 2781: 2755: 2702: 2649: 2646: 2644:Further reading 2623: 2614: 2612: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2589: 2587: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2568: 2566: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2547:Wayback Machine 2539: 2535: 2530:Wayback Machine 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2468:. WWF Hong Kong 2464: 2463: 2459: 2443: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2401: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2380:Wayback Machine 2372: 2368: 2359: 2357: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2334: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2319: 2305: 2303: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2270:Wayback Machine 2262: 2258: 2249: 2247: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2183: 2181: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2150: 2148: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2116: 2112: 2097: 2093: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2025: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1968:Wayback Machine 1956: 1952: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1480:Verbatim Report 1474: 1470: 1461: 1459: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1436: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1380: 1371: 1367: 1354: 1352: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1241:(7917): E1–E2. 1228: 1227: 1223: 1186:(7960): E1–E2. 1173: 1172: 1168: 1159: 1157: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1134: 1132: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1037: 1035: 1027: 1026: 1022: 970: 969: 965: 961: 945: 919: 868: 838: 738:South Australia 608: 599: 590:Current Biology 565: 563:Deep sea damage 482:suspended solid 478: 415: 413: 399: 382: 361: 319: 300: 297: 288: 285: 276: 258: 247: 160: 75:(also known as 49:Bottom trawling 42:research vessel 37:Celtic Explorer 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4155: 4153: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4137:Marine biology 4129: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4106: 4094: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4004: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3860: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3841:Fishing vessel 3838: 3833: 3827: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3806: 3804:Wild fisheries 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3750: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3662:United States 3660: 3658:United Kingdom 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3359: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3325:Antimicrobials 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3295:Best practices 3292: 3287: 3281: 3279: 3269: 3268: 3259: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3219: 3217: 3216:Area fisheries 3213: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3197:English Market 3194: 3189: 3184: 3178: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3131:Fish marketing 3127: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3027: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2998:Salmon cannery 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2959: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2876:Fish slaughter 2873: 2867: 2865: 2855: 2854: 2851:Wild fisheries 2849: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2793:on 2006-10-14. 2779: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2754: 2753:External links 2751: 2750: 2749: 2739: 2700: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2622: 2621: 2596: 2575: 2550: 2533: 2516: 2505:. Daily Mirror 2493: 2479: 2457: 2431: 2408: 2383: 2366: 2341: 2317: 2291: 2273: 2256: 2231: 2190: 2157: 2125: 2110: 2106:United Nations 2091: 2041: 2032: 2023: 1972: 1950: 1937: 1911: 1904: 1878: 1834: 1787: 1748: 1683: 1648: 1591: 1567: 1498: 1468: 1443: 1427: 1401: 1388: 1378: 1365: 1332: 1330:March, Page 33 1323: 1296:(2): 201–217. 1276: 1221: 1166: 1141: 1108: 1044: 1020: 962: 960: 957: 956: 955: 952:Fishing dredge 949: 937: 931: 925: 918: 915: 879:United Nations 867: 864: 837: 834: 833: 832: 822: 811: 801: 786: 780: 749: 719: 718:(MPA) in 2004. 690: 671: 653:United Nations 649: 634: 607: 604: 598: 597:Carbon release 595: 564: 561: 557:climate change 549:carbon cycling 477: 474: 398: 395: 381: 378: 360: 357: 318: 317:Otter trawling 315: 302: 301: 298: 291: 289: 286: 279: 275: 272: 265: 264: 254: 253: 252:External image 246: 243: 235:barndoor skate 159: 156: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4154: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4117: 4116: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4064:Fishing banks 4062: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3715: 3713: 3708: 3707: 3704: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3507:Marine shrimp 3505: 3503: 3502:Hirudiculture 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475:Other species 3473: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3423:US hatcheries 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3398:Fish stocking 3396: 3394: 3393:Fish hatchery 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3345:Recirculating 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3310:Inland saline 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3300:Copper alloys 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3233:Fishing banks 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3056:Fish emulsion 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3046:Cod liver oil 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3023:Fish products 3020: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2988:Filleted fish 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2891:Pair trawling 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2662:(9): e12730. 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2638:0-309-08340-0 2635: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2586:. Scoop.co.nz 2585: 2579: 2576: 2565:on 2012-07-22 2564: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2504: 2497: 2494: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2409: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2356:on 2007-09-30 2355: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2330: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2285: 2284: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2191: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2158: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2138:The Economist 2135: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1926: 1922: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1905:9780080437514 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1882: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1838: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1687: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1595: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1469: 1458:on 2008-12-10 1457: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1416: 1412: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1392: 1389: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1351:. p. 292 1350: 1343: 1336: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1225: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1170: 1167: 1155: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1112: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1045: 1034: 1030: 1024: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 979: 978:Marine Policy 974: 967: 964: 958: 953: 950: 943: 942: 938: 935: 934:Demersal fish 932: 929: 926: 924: 921: 920: 916: 914: 911: 907: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 885:to achieve a 884: 880: 876: 872: 865: 863: 861: 856: 854: 849: 847: 843: 835: 830: 826: 823: 820: 815: 812: 809: 805: 802: 799: 795: 791: 787: 784: 781: 778: 774: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 750: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 720: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 698: 694: 691: 688: 684: 681: 680: 675: 672: 669: 665: 661: 657: 654: 651:In 2005, the 650: 647: 643: 642:Darwin Mounds 639: 635: 632: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 612: 611: 605: 603: 596: 594: 592: 591: 586: 582: 578: 569: 562: 560: 558: 554: 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 499: 496: 492: 488: 483: 475: 469: 465: 462: 458: 454: 453: 449: 444: 440: 436: 431: 412: 408: 404: 396: 394: 392: 388: 379: 377: 375: 365: 358: 356: 353: 348: 343: 341: 337: 332: 323: 316: 314: 312: 308: 295: 290: 283: 278: 274:Beam trawling 273: 271: 263: 255: 250: 244: 242: 240: 236: 232: 231:orange roughy 227: 223: 219: 217: 211: 207: 205: 199: 194: 190: 185: 183: 179: 175: 168: 164: 157: 155: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 131: 129: 128:pair trawling 125: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 59:, which is a 58: 54: 50: 43: 39: 38: 32: 19: 4113: 4101: 3980:Spearfishing 3769:Fish farming 3638:South Africa 3527:Sea cucumber 3482:Brine shrimp 3461:Raceway pond 3403:Spawning bed 3383:Fish farming 3355:Fish farming 3192:Maine Avenue 3182:Billingsgate 3174:Fish markets 3149:Chasse-marée 3121:Surströmming 3111:Shrimp paste 3036:Fish as food 2968:Factory ship 2963:Fish factory 2900: 2791:the original 2708: 2704: 2659: 2655: 2628: 2613:. 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Retrieved 1032: 1023: 982: 976: 966: 940: 910:Jim Anderton 903: 869: 857: 850: 839: 773:subantarctic 768:Jim Anderton 764:North Island 760:Chatham Rise 677: 609: 600: 588: 574: 546: 532: 500: 479: 450: 432: 428: 383: 370: 344: 331:otter boards 330: 328: 303: 287:A beam trawl 268: 245:Fishing gear 228: 224: 220: 216:World War II 212: 208: 201: 196: 192: 187: 181: 171: 132: 121: 101:semi-pelagic 85:pelagic fish 81:water column 69:benthic zone 56: 48: 47: 35: 3965:Fishing net 3937:Fly fishing 3799:Overfishing 3754:Aquaculture 3739:topic areas 3643:South Korea 3613:New Zealand 3532:Sea sponges 3433:Algaculture 3320:Mariculture 3277:Aquaculture 3261:Aquaculture 3238:Other areas 3008:Smoked fish 3003:Salted fish 2936:Power block 2911:Gillnetting 2734:10261/80451 2711:: 174–183. 2244:Environment 1851:: 232–241. 1768:: 120–131. 1664:: 109–119. 985:: 171–177. 906:New Zealand 881:and in the 798:patrol boat 777:subtropical 752:New Zealand 704:Nova Scotia 443:overfishing 439:Grand Banks 325:Otter trawl 182:wondyrchoum 61:fishing net 18:Otter board 4131:Categories 4059:Fish ponds 3960:Fishfinder 3947:Techniques 3909:Recreation 3889:Processing 3869:By country 3598:Madagascar 3573:East Timor 3546:By country 3446:Microalgae 3441:Giant kelp 3363:Broodstock 3290:Aquaponics 3154:Fishmonger 3081:Fish sauce 2983:Dried fish 2978:Slurry ice 2916:Longlining 2747:071534711X 2615:2013-09-09 2590:2013-09-09 2569:2013-09-09 2402:2013-09-09 2396:smh.com.au 2360:2006-08-16 2335:2013-09-09 2250:2024-03-13 2184:2024-03-13 2151:2015-09-18 1930:16 October 1807:: 152012. 1488:A/59/PV.56 1462:2009-01-12 1160:2021-03-20 1135:2021-03-18 1038:2018-08-23 959:References 873:President 775:waters to 730:Tasman Sea 700:ecosystems 697:coral reef 628:overfished 538:dead zones 534:Phosphorus 528:food chain 508:lipophilic 506:, usually 487:gigatonnes 401:See also: 178:Parliament 174:Edward III 138:to reduce 97:groundfish 55:(towing a 4052:Locations 3955:Fish trap 3879:Marketing 3836:Fisherman 3746:Fisheries 3733:Fisheries 3588:Indonesia 3553:Australia 3418:Tailwater 3388:Fish feed 3061:Fish meal 2426:141051731 2226:2296-7745 2179:0261-3077 2146:0013-0613 2086:2212-0416 2062:: 67–76. 1725:2045-2322 1544:0027-8424 1318:134879666 1310:0843-8714 1263:1476-4687 1208:1476-4687 1130:0362-4331 1103:232301777 1087:1476-4687 1015:158305071 1007:0308-597X 904:In 2006, 887:consensus 825:Sri Lanka 814:Hong Kong 804:Venezuela 756:seamounts 722:Australia 491:turbidity 435:North Sea 387:mortality 352:roughness 89:anchovies 4115:Category 4087:Glossary 3990:Trolling 3985:Trawling 3894:Products 3856:Industry 3593:Kiribati 3522:Scallops 3330:Offshore 3159:Fishwife 3101:Lutefisk 3071:Fish oil 3051:Fish roe 2926:Dredging 2921:Trolling 2886:Trawling 2696:20856885 2656:PLOS ONE 2609:BBC News 2543:Archived 2526:Archived 2376:Archived 2266:Archived 1964:Archived 1873:22842052 1829:34856284 1743:26726051 1643:28233856 1562:28716926 1355:17 March 1271:35794262 1216:37165247 1095:33731930 941:Mincarlo 917:See also 790:Kiribati 679:lophelia 646:Scotland 631:rockfish 585:deep sea 581:seamount 441:. 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