316:
smaller crabs occurs as well, especially in the winter when other food sources are more limited. Some larger crabs are also cannibalized as well, especially if they have recently moulted, and are lacking the hard outer shell. Paddle crabs hunt in several ways. The crabs spend much of their time scavenging for food in the sediment layers, but will also actively hunt fish, shrimp and other creatures. The flattened hind legs of the crab allow them to swim rapidly, which aid them in catching faster prey. These paddles also allow the crabs swim in water up to 10 meters deep, giving them a larger hunting range than other crab species that can be limited to shallow water. The crab’s claws are also extremely important for their success in hunting. Not only can they be used to catch fish, but the claws are extremely important for accessing other prey as well. These crabs are very good at harvesting mussels and other bivalves, In order to get to the soft flesh inside, the paddle crab can either pry the shell of the mussels open with its claws, or in the case of smaller mussels, the crab’s claws are strong enough to crush the shell. With all of these tools at its disposal, the paddle crab is one of the more dominant predators of the intertidal zone.
401:, and it is directed by males towards females. This sexual cannibalism occurs when the female is soft-shelled after molting during the mating process. Male crabs protect the females they mate with from being cannibalised but unreceptive females or those that have mated with other crabs are in danger of being cannibalised. This is most likely done to maximize the number of eggs fertilised by his sperm. Some examples of males cannibalising females they have mated with have also been observed. This sexual cannibalism is not about mate choice or adaptation and is instead more opportunistic. In one example male crabs that had not cannibalised female crabs all accepted frozen squid afterwards, while very few males that had cannibalised female crabs accepted frozen squid afterwards. This indicates that hunger could be a part of the cause behind the cannibalism, and male crabs just take the opportunity to feed while the females are vulnerable in their soft-shelled state. Unlike in other examples of sexual cannibalism, size was not shown to have an effect on whether cannibalism occurred. Sexual cannibalism in
271:
means they have 10 legs and are situated symmetrically with five legs on each side. The claws are also serrated with large points on the insides. The carapace, or shell, of the crab can range from pale orange to light gray, and can be spotted with brown and red. The carapace is a rough oval shape, and the front end has five teeth to either side of the eyes. Paddle crabs can reach sizes ranging from 100–140 mm across the shell upon reaching maturity. Unlike some other crab species, the last pair of legs of this crab is flattened into a paddle, hence their name. These paddles are also colored blue, and sometimes have a purple tinge, making them distinctive in color from the rest of the body. Unlike prawns and lobsters which have narrow bodies with long tails, paddle crabs have also developed a wide body (carapace) and very short tail (abdomen), which is usually tucked underneath to its body making it compact and wide.
283:) found to be quite a unique species to which is native to New Zealand and Australia. Paddle crabs are often active swimmers, but if they are not active, they normally bury themselves underneath the sand. There are hundreds of species worldwide, showing that they are common throughout New Zealand, and species found in different areas have turned up in New Zealand, mainly in warmer waters to the North, and have made themselves at home when they invade either naturally or accidentally by ship. Ships need to pump water to keep them balanced, however many marine species like paddle crabs have tiny larvae in their life cycle, where they might get sucked into ballast tanks and get pumped out again when the ship reaches a destination. If they survive, the larvae would grow to become an adult in its new home. According to all records in 2003 from the ‘Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries’
386:. Male crabs can only mate with soft post-molt females, so they begin to carry female crabs under their bodies up to 8 days prior to the females molting. Once the female has molted, she depends entirely on the male for protection, and he will even assist with the molting process by using his legs to remove parts of the female's old carapace. Once molting is complete they will mate for between 12 and 36 hours and even up to four days. After mating the female is released and the females move onto spawning grounds deeper in the water, of which the location is not known, and the males move to foraging grounds.
33:
328:. Along with these predatory fish, larger crabs can also cannibalize younger paddle crabs. When it comes to parasites, nematodes and bryozoans are the main groups that parasitize these crabs. These parasites reach the highest density on mature crabs that no longer moult. However, the type and intensity of parasitism can differ depending on the setting that the crab is living. In a study looking at the crossing over of parasites between native and invasive crabs, it appears that
46:
351:
life and females produce clutches of eggs from early spring to late summer. It is not known how many clutches can be fertilised from one insemination, but females have been observed to produce up to four or five without re-mating. In one clutch the female crabs produce between 82,000 and 683,000 eggs
270:
appear to be fairly similar to many other crabs. Paddle crabs have a hard shell, or carapace and ten legs, five to each side. The first set of legs of the crab is tipped with large claws. The claws of the paddle crab are fairly long and narrow and are curled in a sickle shape. They are decapods which
315:
Paddle crabs consume a wide variety of organisms. Much of their diet is made up of mollusks and crustaceans, but they have also been observed catching and eating fish as well. Crabs have been found to consume vegetative tissues that they find while they are foraging in the sediment. Cannibalism of
378:
Males and females meet in shallow sheltered bays during winter, which is July to August in New
Zealand. The time is also variable between populations with some mating as early as May and some as late as November. Males often attract mates by creating a rasping sound, by rubbing their legs together
365:
before extending themselves as far as possible. They then angle themselves up and begin flexing their abdomen to release large clouds of larvae. Females have also been observed to preen the egg mass during development. Higher temperatures have been observed to prolong the breeding season, increase
360:
width and body mass, with larger and heavier crabs having higher fecundity. Larvae develop synchronously and are released in large numbers by vigorous waving of the female's body, which disturbs their egg cases and causes them to break out. Females mostly release their larvae at night and when
287:
were locally found on open sandy beaches, in surf areas and open coast. Adults are relatively distributed throughout mainland New
Zealand, Stewart Island and Chatham Island from intertidal to more than 10 meters with size maturity varies geographically, i.e., those from the Tasman Bay maturing
449:
Paddle crabs have caught in large numbers and sold commercially since the 20th
Century. With much of the catch occurring off the course of the North Island, paddle crab has become increasing important economically. However, since the exact population is not known, there is the potential for
450:
overfishing to occur. Since much of the paddle crab habitat is close to shore, they are fairly easy for recreational fishermen to catch. The paddle crab is known for having meat with both good flavor and texture, which contributes to a large amount of its market success.
445:
The crabs are known for their aggression on beaches, often pinching swimmers in New
Zealand. It can be fairly easy to come in contact with the crabs, since their preferences for sandy beaches put them into a similar area as many vacationers.
336:, they risk being exposed to new parasites brought by the invasive species that they have little to no resistance to. However, in the study when comparing crabs caught in the same site, there were no similar parasites between the species.
418:
The population of paddle crabs in New
Zealand is believed to be increasing since the late 20th Century, due to their predator numbers decrease due to over-fishing. Formal studies investigating these changes have yet to be undertaken.
409:
in its own diet could be due to males consuming each other during the breeding season, as the smaller males guarding females do not have protection themselves from cannibalism and can sometimes be mistaken for females.
442:
and whare wānanga (houses of learning). The crabs are known to be a traditional food source, but researchers in the early
Colonial period did not record much about harvesting traditions.
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spp. and so, research bottom trawl records (trawl database) and some other electronic databases, recRamp, CELR, AllSeaBio database were created to record all crabs of this type (i.e.,
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has also been observed to be highly migratory in an experiment that tagged a number of crabs. This means that populations in New
Zealand are not likely to be genetically diverse.
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smaller with carapace 50mm width, compared to those from the
Pegasus Bay, 65mm. However, fishery reports of this species from Stewart Island were thought to be misidentified as
1296:
1468:
1309:
501:
1473:
1458:
704:
Bradford, E. (1998). "Harvest estimates from the 1996 national marine recreational surveys". New
Zealand Fisheries Assessment Research Document 98/16
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678:
Gust, Nick; Inglis, Graeme J. (2006). "Adaptive multi-scale sampling to determine an invasive crab's habitat usage and range in New
Zealand".
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970:
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width of only 10–15 millimetres (0.4–0.6 in), while those from 5–15 m (16–49 ft) are 100–140 mm (3.9–5.5 in) wide.
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has not been affected by new parasites brought by invasive species. Since paddle crabs come in contact with an invasive species of crab,
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growth rates, and cause them to obtain sexual maturity sooner. This causes slight differences in mating times between populations of
632:
Wilkens S., S. Ahyong. (2015). Coastal crabs: a guide to the crabs of New Zealand. NIWA: Taihoro Nukurangi. Version 1. pp. 3–5, 43.
1371:
478:
787:
Miller, Aroha; Inglis, Graeme J.; Poulin, Robert (2006). "Comparison of the ectosymbionts and parasites of an introduced crab,
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is very prevalent with studies on the diet of the crab detecting it in almost every location tested. Part of the prevalence of
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McLaughlin, P. (1980). Comparative morphology of recent crustace. W.H. Freeman and Company. First Edition. pp. 126–128
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32:
601:
45:
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Haddon, Malcolm (1995). "Avoidance of Post-Coital Cannibalism in the Brachyurid Paddle Crab Ovalipes catharus".
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Buskirk, Ruth E.; Frohlich, Cliff; Ross, Kenneth G. (May 1984). "The Natural Selection of Sexual Cannibalism".
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913:"Size ‐ fecundity relationships, mating behaviour, and larval release in the New Zealand paddle crab,
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1376:
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Prenter, John; MacNeil, Calum; Elwood, Robert W. (March 2006). "Sexual cannibalism and mate choice".
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Large fish such as dogfish and snapper make up the majority of the predators that usually prey upon
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Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand National Aquatic Biodiversity Information System, 2012
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660:"Fisheries Assessment Plenary May 2014: Stock Assessments and Stock Status. Paddle Crabs (PAD)"
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but like in other crabs a very large proportion of these are lost to disease or predation.
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254:. Individuals from shallow waters, 0.1–0.5 metres (4–20 in) deep, have a
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791:, with sympatric and allopatric populations of a native New Zealand crab,
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296:) with at least 55mm carapace width taken to be the minimum adult size.
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Secrets of the Sea: The Story of New Zealand's Native Sea Creatures
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1172:"Mates with Benefits: When and How Sexual Cannibalism Is Adaptive"
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537:(Crustacea, Portunidae) around central and northern New Zealand"
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826:(Decapoda: Portunidae) from Blueskin Bay, Otago, New Zealand".
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Armstrong, James H. (1988). "Reproduction in the paddle crab
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Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Canterbury. pp. 2–15.
1113:"Sexual Cannibalism as a Manifestation of Sexual Conflict"
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626:
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434:, with designs being incorporated into weaving patterns,
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Life history and population biology of the paddle crab,
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Natural food and predatory activity of the paddle crab,
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Life history and population biology of the paddle crab,
732:(PhD thesis). University of Canterbury. pp. 4–12.
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New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
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New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
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New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
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382:In these shallow bays they mate when the females
965:. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. pp. 78–83.
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347:reach sexual maturity within the first year of
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370:living at different locations in the wild.
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1117:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
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20:
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875:(PhD thesis). University of Canterbury.
471:(White in White & Doubleday, 1843)"
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531:Wear, R. G.; Haddon, M. (1987-01-27).
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917:(White 1843) (Brachyura: Portunidae)"
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1469:Taxa named by Adam White (zoologist)
1325:98649b40-93cc-4235-9c9b-689a381d38fc
275:Geographic distribution and habitat
242:. It is found around the coasts of
961:Vennell, Robert (5 October 2022).
502:"pāpaka - Te Aka Māori Dictionary"
320:Predators, parasites, and diseases
14:
1474:Marine crustaceans of New Zealand
1459:Crustaceans of the Pacific Ocean
479:World Register of Marine Species
397:has been frequently observed in
250:, and in south-eastern parts of
44:
542:Marine Ecology Progress Series
361:releasing they stand on their
356:is also heavily influenced by
1:
1464:Crustaceans described in 1843
1090:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.05.011
934:10.1080/00288330.1994.9516622
840:10.1080/00288330.1988.9516323
809:10.1080/00288330.2006.9517428
1111:Schneider, Jutta M. (2014).
1170:Zuk, Marlene (2016-12-05).
1130:10.1101/cshperspect.a017731
1495:
795:(Brachyura: Portunidae)".
533:"Natural diet of the crab
1189:10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.017
692:10.1007/s10530-004-8243-y
602:Bay of Plenty Polytechnic
202:White and Doubleday, 1843
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185:
166:
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41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
911:Haddon, Malcolm (1994).
587:"Biology and Ecology of
306:Diet, prey and predators
1040:The American Naturalist
868:Osborne, T. A. (1987).
725:Osborne, T. A. (1987).
506:Te Aka Māori Dictionary
340:Mating and Reproduction
224:
770:: A flexible forager.
764:Davidson, R. (1987).
430:is a common motif in
680:Biological Invasions
215:, commonly known as
1182:(23): R1230–R1232.
500:Moorfield, John C.
438:and the designs of
1479:Edible crustaceans
789:Charybdis japonica
556:10.3354/meps035039
423:In a human context
395:Sexual cannibalism
390:Sexual cannibalism
334:Charybdis japonica
1441:
1440:
1389:Portunus catharus
1346:Open Tree of Life
1250:Ovalipes_catharus
1221:Ovalipes catharus
1213:Taxon identifiers
972:978-1-77554-179-0
915:Ovalipes catharus
872:Ovalipes catharus
824:Ovalipes catharus
793:Ovalipes catharus
768:Ovalipes catharus
729:Ovalipes catharus
589:Ovalipes catharus
535:Ovalipes catharus
469:Ovalipes catharus
428:Ovalipes catharus
407:Ovalipes catharus
403:Ovalipes catharus
399:Ovalipes catharus
368:Ovalipes catharus
345:Ovalipes catharus
330:Ovalipes catharus
326:Ovalipes catharus
311:Diet and foraging
300:Ovalipes catharus
285:Ovalipes catharus
268:Ovalipes catharus
266:At first glance,
212:Ovalipes catharus
208:
207:
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195:Portunus catharus
170:Ovalipes catharus
25:Ovalipes catharus
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1454:Portunoidea
1359:SeaLifeBase
1284:iNaturalist
281:O. catharus
244:New Zealand
217:paddle crab
108:Pleocyemata
1448:Categories
1404:Q109655343
981:Q114871191
485:7 November
454:References
414:Population
294:O.catharus
240:Portunidae
128:Ovalipidae
104:Suborder:
78:Arthropoda
1198:0960-9822
1139:1943-0264
1098:0003-3472
1060:0003-0147
1017:0029-8549
1005:Oecologia
943:0028-8330
848:0028-8330
565:0171-8630
549:: 39–49.
432:Māori art
354:Fecundity
252:Australia
146:Species:
118:Brachyura
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1398:Wikidata
1302:10537826
1236:Q7113226
1230:Wikidata
1157:25213095
977:Wikidata
573:24825007
440:wharenui
358:carapace
256:carapace
187:Synonyms
139:Ovalipes
124:Family:
98:Decapoda
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1431:5799412
1351:2979114
1315:2567121
1276:4648356
1148:4413240
1025:4221102
511:5 March
436:tā moko
363:dactyli
349:benthic
235:of the
229:species
227:, is a
180:, 1843)
134:Genus:
94:Order:
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246:, the
237:family
225:pāpaka
198:White
1418:4M2MZ
1372:WoRMS
1297:IRMNG
1021:JSTOR
569:JSTOR
475:WoRMS
221:Māori
178:White
1426:GBIF
1333:OBIS
1310:NCBI
1271:GBIF
1258:BOLD
1194:ISSN
1153:PMID
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1013:ISSN
967:ISBN
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844:ISSN
561:ISSN
513:2022
487:2018
384:molt
233:crab
219:and
1413:CoL
1245:AFD
1184:doi
1143:PMC
1125:doi
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