362:) is the loss of ovarian function before the age of 40 due to follicular dysfunction such as accelerated follicular atresia. POF may present itself with characteristics and symptoms such as loss of menstruation for at least 4 months and also increased serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration (greater than or equal to 40 IU/L). There may be many causes of POF, ranging from genetic disorders to surgery, radiation therapy, and exposure to environmental toxicants. Accelerated follicular atresia due to chromosomal and genomic defects accounts for up to one-half of all POF cases. For example,
259:
28:
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large (greater than 7 cm), cause abdominal pain, or rupture, in which case pain relievers or emergency surgery may be required. If the cyst lasts for longer than a few months, a physician may recommend surgical removal or testing to determine if it is cancerous. Ultrasound is a common method of visualizing a cyst to determine treatment.
438:. The mechanism of PCOS is unknown, but is multifactorial. It has been observed that certain genes related to steroid and androgenic hormone production may contribute to development of the disease in individuals, environmental factors such as insulin resistance and obesity, and passing down of genetics from first degree relatives.
242:
Anti-MΓΌllerian hormone (AMH) has been studied to be a key regulator in the ovaries in humans that inhibits follicular atresia. It has been proven that AMH reduces the growth of follicles and its upregulation proposes a potential pathophysiological pathway in PCOS. Using indirect comparators to derive
50:
age. Approximately 1% of mammalian follicles in ovaries undergo ovulation and the remaining 99% of follicles go through follicular atresia as they cycle through the growth phases. In summary, follicular atresia is a process that leads to the follicular loss and loss of oocytes, and any disturbance or
82:
cells. Oocytes are then able to mature within the follicle through meiosis. In humans with ovaries, this process occurs continuously, as they are born with a finite number of follicles (between 500,000-1,000,000 follicles), and about 99% of follicles undergo atresia. Only one follicle will be mature
441:
Diagnosis of PCOS is based on meeting two of the three clinical criteria based on the
Rotterdam Criteria: chronic anovulation (the ovum is not released from the ovary during menstrual cycle), hyperandrogenism (increased levels of androgen hormones, such as testosterone), and large number of ovarian
391:
When an ovarian follicle fails to undergo atresia and release an egg, it can grow to form a cyst. This may be due to an overproduction of FSH or an inadequate supply of LH. Most follicular cysts are harmless and resolve on their own within several months. However, rarely a cyst will grow to be very
449:
Non-pharmacological management and treatment of PCOS include dietary intervention. While there is no one optimal diet or superior diet, as this disease is highly individualized, diets that impact weight loss and insulin resistance have been shown to improve reproductive function. Examples of these
445:
PCOS is correlated with other metabolic comorbidities. One of large concern is obesity and insulin resistance. This is of high interest when assessing treatment and management of PCOS. Other risk factors include traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors such as dyslipidemia and hypertension.
349:
Undergoing follicular atresia is necessary in order for mammals to maintain a healthy reproductive system. Mammalian ovaries ovulate about 1% of the follicles and the remaining follicles may go through atresia as it cycles through the growth phases. However, disorders in the regulation of follicle
414:
According to the gonadotropin theory, follicular depletion associated with incessant follicular atresia has also been hypothesized as a potential etiology for ovarian cancer, due to an increase in serum gonadotropins. This leads to an inflammatory environment which promotes cellular turnover and
453:
Pharmacological management may be recommended for those who have comorbid conditions, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, etc. Guidelines suggest possible oral contraceptives in combination with metformin (anti-diabetic medication), and/or anti-androgen agents. As PCOS is a highly individualized
95:
to prepare the body for conception. If conception does not occur, then it will be shed and is known as the corpus albicans. It has been observed that this mechanism is important in regulating and maintaining a healthy reproductive system in mammals.
426:(i.e. loss of appetite, nausea, constipation, and unexpected weight loss). Many people who are diagnosed with ovarian cancer also report feeling very full fast and many of them having a feeling on unexpected continuous bloating in their abdomen.
403:
is highly prevalent amongst humans who have ovaries and leads to many deaths in the United States. Since FSH inhibits follicular atresia, the overproduction of FSH can lead to excessive follicle formation and increased risk of ovarian cancer.
374:
have been linked to follicular deficiencies. Smoking has also been found to increase follicular atresia and lead to premature ovarian failure. Some of the short term effects of POF are hot flashes, irregular heart beat/heart
305:
This type of follicular atresia is often considered the classic and most commonly observed form. In most species, it occurs throughout follicular development and is universally seen in large follicles (>5mm diameter).
1309:
Naimi A, Movassaghpour AA, Hagh MF, Talebi M, Entezari A, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Solali S (February 2018). "TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) as the potential therapeutic target in hematological malignancies".
243:
this hypothesis, exploring different patient populations such as individuals who have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) help support the hypothesis that AMH may be a key regulator in inhibiting follicular atresia.
407:
The inability to regulate granulosa cell apoptosis and undergo follicular atresia, due to overexpression of certain genes, has been linked to the development of some hormone-related cancers (such as
83:
enough to release an egg and may be fertilized. Typically around 20 follicles mature each month but only a single follicle is ovulated; the follicle from which the oocyte was released becomes the
1149:
Manabe N, Matsuda-Minehata F, Goto Y, Maeda A, Cheng Y, Nakagawa S, et al. (July 2008). "Role of cell death ligand and receptor system on regulation of follicular atresia in pig ovaries".
450:
diets include the DASH diet (Dietary
Approach to Stop Hypertension) and the ketogenic diet. However it is important to consult a medical professional before starting on such diet is safe.
1492:
Makarevich AV, FΓΆldeΕ‘iovΓ‘ M, Pivko J, KuboviΔovΓ‘ E, Chrenek P (December 2018). "Histological characteristics of ovarian follicle atresia in dairy cows with different milk production".
925:"Selective inhibition of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion by estradiol. Mechanism for modulation of gonadotropin responses to low dose pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone"
104:
Follicular atresia occurs throughout all stages of follicular development, until the follicular reserve is completely exhausted. Exhaustion of the follicular reserve occurs at
140:(FSH), which promotes follicle development. Once the follicle has developed, it secretes estrogen, which in high levels decreases secretions of FSH. Granulosa cell
1797:
Zhang Z, Jia L, Feng Y, Zheng W (June 2009). "Overexpression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor facilitates the development of ovarian epithelial cancer".
341:
This form of follicular atresia has only been observed in small follicles of dairy cows (< 5mm diameter), and has not been reported in any other species.
112:
is caused by follicular atresia. Breakdown of the follicles prevent them from releasing hormones such as estrogen. Progesterone levels also decrease during
1832:
Lee K, Pisarska MD, Ko JJ, Kang Y, Yoon S, Ryou SM, et al. (October 2005). "Transcriptional factor FOXL2 interacts with DP103 and induces apoptosis".
1233:
Yang R, Xu S, Zhao Z, Li J (February 2012). "Fas ligand expression and mediated activation of an apoptosis program in bovine follicular granulosa cells".
209:
system has been linked to abnormal follicle development, and increased numbers of secondary follicles as a result of the inability to induce apoptosis.
108:, which is typically around the age of 51 in humans with ovaries. The dramatic decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels that is characteristic of
434:
Polycystic Ovary
Syndrome, or PCOS affects 6-12% of humans with ovaries of reproductive age in the United States, and is one of the common causes of
144:
is considered the underlying mechanism of follicular atresia, and has been associated with five ligand-receptor systems involved in cell death:
442:
cysts. Symptoms and characteristics of PCOS include irregular periods or missed periods, excess body hair or thinning hair, weight gain, acne.
1740:
1604:
1561:
535:
301:
ensures that the follicle gets eliminated without triggering an inflammatory response. Antral follicular atresia causes no damage to basal
1918:"Ovarian ageing, follicle depletion, and cancer: a hypothesis for the aetiology of epithelial ovarian cancer involving follicle depletion"
2111:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Disorder of Reproductive Age, Its Pathogenesis, and a Discussion on the Emerging Role of Herbal Remedies"
1541:
2313:
2260:"Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome"
157:
1869:"Differential apoptotic activities of wild-type FOXL2 and the adult-type granulosa cell tumor-associated mutant FOXL2 (C134W)"
359:
1067:"cFLIP regulates death receptor-mediated apoptosis in an ovarian granulosa cell line by inhibiting procaspase-8 cleavage"
1018:"Changes in expression of anti-apoptotic protein, cFLIP, in granulosa cells during follicular atresia in porcine ovaries"
137:
977:"Regulation mechanism of selective atresia in porcine follicles: regulation of granulosa cell apoptosis during atresia"
187:
148:
1629:
Podfigurna-Stopa A, Czyzyk A, Grymowicz M, Smolarczyk R, Katulski K, Czajkowski K, Meczekalski B (September 2016).
1106:
Asselin E, Xiao CW, Wang YF, Tsang BK (2000). "Mammalian follicular development and atresia: role of apoptosis".
498:
87:. The corpus luteum is the last stage of the ovarian follicles' lifecycle. It has an important role in secreting
423:
556:"Esculentoside A rescues granulosa cell apoptosis and folliculogenesis in mice with premature ovarian failure"
239:) and long form (cFLIPL), which are strongly expressed in granulosa cells, may act as anti-apoptotic factors.
418:
Ovarian cancer is characterized by some generalized symptoms such as bloating or swelling in the abdomen,
163:
1720:
1967:"Women's Knowledge on Ovarian Cancer Symptoms and Risk Factors in Nigeria: An Institutional-based Study"
463:
408:
194:
379:, night sweats, urogenital symptoms, and headaches; some of the more long-term consequences of POF are
1584:
250:
in rats can prevent atresia of the ovarian follicle, while depressed levels have the opposite effect.
809:
668:
322:
have often been observed, penetrating the basal lamina during this type of follicular atresia. These
152:
2240:
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2055:
1898:
1517:
1131:
1047:
745:
468:
435:
363:
197:
protein, that is expressed on granulosa cells, mediates signals that induce apoptosis by binding
1186:"Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits ovulation and induces granulosa cell death in rat ovaries"
136:
process that depends dominantly on granulosa cell apoptosis. Follicular atresia is inhibited by
1762:
Hunn J, Rodriguez GC (March 2012). "Ovarian cancer: etiology, risk factors, and epidemiology".
46:
and releasing an egg. It is a normal, naturally occurring progression that occurs as mammalian
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63:
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Manabe N, Goto Y, Matsuda-Minehata F, Inoue N, Maeda A, Sakamaki K, Miyano T (October 2004).
2279:
2271:
2222:
2173:
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2122:
2037:
2027:
2014:
Pitts MK, Heywood W, Ryall R, Smith AM, Shelley JM, Richters J, Simpson JM (February 2011).
1986:
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523:
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258:
236:
39:
2258:
Teede HJ, Misso ML, Costello MF, Dokras A, Laven J, Moran L, et al. (September 2018).
179:
173:
493:
367:
337:
of the follicle can also be observed. Basal follicular atresia causes no damage to antral
75:
1184:
Yamamoto Y, Kuwahara A, Taniguchi Y, Yamasaki M, Tanaka Y, Mukai Y, et al. (2015).
813:
672:
17:
2284:
2259:
2137:
2110:
1991:
1966:
1942:
1917:
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632:
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580:
555:
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400:
338:
330:
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302:
286:
247:
1933:
1270:"Relationship of Fas ligand expression and atresia during bovine follicle development"
949:
924:
2307:
2244:
2195:
2042:
2032:
2015:
1596:
1162:
901:
716:"Initiation of follicular atresia: gene networks during early atresia in pig ovaries"
117:
84:
31:
Histological view of an ovarian follicle. The egg is located within the smaller ring.
2059:
1902:
1521:
1135:
1051:
749:
2016:"High prevalence of symptoms associated with ovarian cancer among Australian women"
1065:
Matsuda F, Inoue N, Goto Y, Maeda A, Cheng Y, Sakamaki K, Manabe N (October 2008).
380:
376:
371:
326:
206:
92:
201:
and therefore plays an important role in follicular atresia. Lack of a functional
1810:
1775:
1323:
822:
681:
657:"Female reproductive decline is determined by remaining ovarian reserve and age"
419:
266:
From studying dairy cows, two forms of follicular atresia have been identified:
2074:
1982:
1845:
1415:
1398:
1365:
1246:
923:
Marshall JC, Case GD, Valk TW, Corley KP, Sauder SE, Kelch RP (February 1983).
856:
764:
27:
2127:
1646:
1456:
1201:
323:
319:
202:
198:
2178:
2161:
2109:
Zeng LH, Rana S, Hussain L, Asif M, Mehmood MH, Imran I, et al. (2022).
2275:
2211:"Dietary Interventions: A Promising Treatment for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"
478:
298:
289:
within the antral layers of the granulosa membrane and sometimes within the
282:
217:
167:
141:
133:
113:
109:
105:
43:
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1951:
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1383:
1331:
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1219:
1170:
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1092:
1043:
1002:
868:
841:
776:
741:
700:
641:
589:
1696:
1679:
1286:
1269:
958:
909:
571:
120:, which is the major source of circulating progesterone levels in humans.
1885:
1868:
294:
221:
88:
51:
loss of functionality of this process can lead to many other conditions.
2020:
The
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
732:
715:
1399:"The role of AMH in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome"
993:
976:
796:
Banerjee S, Banerjee S, Saraswat G, Bandyopadhyay SA, Kabir SN (2014).
623:
454:
condition, each individual's management and goals will look different.
232:
129:
67:
2227:
2210:
1505:
1119:
1083:
1066:
1034:
1017:
940:
383:, infertility, cardiovascular diseases, and possible premature death.
888:
Kaipia A, Hsueh AJ (1997). "Regulation of ovarian follicle atresia".
71:
1867:
Kim JH, Yoon S, Park M, Park HO, Ko JJ, Lee K, Bae J (April 2011).
1631:"Premature ovarian insufficiency: the context of long-term effects"
1440:"Roles of Nitric Oxide in the Regulation of Reproduction: A Review"
798:"Female reproductive aging is master-planned at the level of ovary"
518:
McGee EA, Horne J (2018). "Follicle
Atresia". In Skinner MK (ed.).
1553:
483:
228:
213:
79:
59:
47:
2162:"Update on PCOS: Consequences, Challenges, and Guiding Treatment"
1680:"Multifaceted programmed cell death in the mammalian fetal ovary"
314:
Basal follicular atresia is characterized by the destruction of
1016:
Matsuda-Minehata F, Goto Y, Inoue N, Manabe N (October 2005).
554:
Liu Z, Li F, Xue J, Wang M, Lai S, Bao H, He S (August 2020).
116:
because without any follicles, there is no development of the
227:
In addition, two intracellular inhibitor proteins, cellular
190:(TNFΞ±), although the mechanism of how it occurs is unclear.
522:(Second ed.). Oxford: Academic Press. pp. 87β91.
262:
Layers of a mature ovarian follicle right before ovulation.
224:
6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 to induce apoptosis in granulosa cells.
350:
breakdown and generation can lead to various pathologies:
1348:
Shrikhande L, Shrikhande B, Shrikhande A (October 2020).
608:"Autophagy in Ovarian Follicular Development and Atresia"
170:-inducing ligand (TRAIL; also called APO-2) and receptors
1624:
1622:
1268:
Porter DA, Harman RM, Cowan RG, Quirk SM (April 2001).
714:
Zhang J, Liu Y, Yao W, Li Q, Liu H, Pan Z (July 2018).
655:
Wilkosz P, Greggains GD, Tanbo TG, Fedorcsak P (2014).
297:
in the antral layers of the membrane can be observed.
2073:
Rasquin Leon LI, Anastasopoulou C, Mayrin JV (2022).
1438:
Luo Y, Zhu Y, Basang W, Wang X, Li C, Zhou X (2021).
2166:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1834:
1684:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
1487:
1485:
1343:
1341:
857:"Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Ovary Corpus Luteum"
281:Antral follicular atresia is characterized by the
1725:Human Physiology, Biochemistry and Basic Medicine
2081:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1535:
1533:
1531:
863:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
771:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2160:Hoeger KM, Dokras A, Piltonen T (March 2021).
1354:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India
970:
968:
318:in the basal layer of the granulosa membrane.
358:Premature ovarian failure (POF) (also called
293:itself. During this process, the presence of
246:It has been proposed that enhanced levels of
62:are the site of development and breakdown of
8:
2104:
2102:
1727:. Boston: Academic Press. pp. 219β221.
612:International Journal of Biological Sciences
1071:The Journal of Reproduction and Development
981:The Journal of Reproduction and Development
601:
599:
333:An increased deposition of collagen in the
1965:Okunowo AA, Adaramoye VO (December 2018).
549:
547:
42:fails to develop, thus preventing it from
2283:
2226:
2177:
2136:
2126:
2041:
2031:
1990:
1971:Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health
1941:
1884:
1695:
1678:Klinger FG, Rossi V, De Felici M (2015).
1654:
1635:Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
1465:
1455:
1414:
1373:
1285:
1209:
1082:
1033:
992:
948:
831:
821:
731:
690:
680:
631:
579:
370:, and various autosomal diseases such as
1721:"Chapter 6.8 - Ovarian Cystic Disorders"
411:) and chemo-resistance in mouse models.
257:
186:Granulosa cell apoptosis is promoted by
74:are immature eggs and are surrounded by
26:
510:
212:TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (
1591:. New York: Elsevier. pp. 65β72.
1546:Basic Gynecology - Some Related Issues
1022:Molecular Reproduction and Development
220:(CASP3), which in turn interacts with
929:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
7:
2215:Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism
2209:Che X, Chen Z, Liu M, Mo Z (2021).
1350:"AMH and Its Clinical Implications"
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1733:10.1016/B978-0-12-803699-0.00046-3
1589:Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases
855:Oliver R, Pillarisetty LS (2022).
528:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.64395-7
25:
1916:Smith ER, Xu XX (November 2008).
1540:Townson DH, Combelles CM (2012).
1494:Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia
1312:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
1190:Reproductive Medicine and Biology
38:refers to the process in which a
2033:10.1111/j.1479-828X.2010.01284.x
1163:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01172.x
1151:Reproduction in Domestic Animals
1108:Biological Signals and Receptors
902:10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.349
430:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
1723:. In Cole L, Kramer PR (eds.).
1403:Reproductive Biomedicine Online
763:Kirkendoll SD, Bacha D (2022).
360:premature ovarian insufficiency
1597:10.1016/B0-12-475570-4/01066-0
606:Zhou J, Peng X, Mei S (2019).
1:
1934:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70281-X
1583:Gago LA, Ginsburg KA (2004).
2075:"Polycystic Ovarian Disease"
1811:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.12.024
1776:10.1097/GRF.0b013e31824b4611
1542:"Ovarian Follicular Atresia"
1324:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.082
823:10.1371/journal.pone.0096210
765:"Histology, Corpus Albicans"
682:10.1371/journal.pone.0108343
520:Encyclopedia of Reproduction
138:follicle-stimulating hormone
1585:"Premature Ovarian Failure"
1397:Garg D, Tal R (July 2016).
890:Annual Review of Physiology
188:tumor necrosis factor-alpha
149:tumor necrosis factor alpha
2330:
1983:10.2991/j.jegh.2018.07.002
1846:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.184
1444:Frontiers in Endocrinology
1416:10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.04.007
1366:10.1007/s13224-020-01362-0
1247:10.1016/j.gene.2011.11.032
78:and internal and external
2128:10.3389/fphar.2022.874914
2115:Frontiers in Pharmacology
1647:10.1007/s40618-016-0467-z
1457:10.3389/fendo.2021.752410
1202:10.1007/s12522-014-0201-5
499:Premature ovarian failure
424:gastrointestinal symptoms
354:Premature ovarian failure
387:Ovarian follicular cysts
18:Ovarian follicle atresia
2314:Reproduction in mammals
2179:10.1210/clinem/dgaa839
1587:. In Martini L (ed.).
1544:. In Darwish A (ed.).
263:
128:Atresia is a complex,
32:
2276:10.1093/humrep/dey256
2043:10536/DRO/DU:30033816
1697:10.1387/ijdb.150063fk
1287:10.1530/rep.0.1210561
572:10.18632/aging.103609
464:Advanced maternal age
409:granulosa cell tumors
261:
195:cell surface receptor
30:
1922:The Lancet. Oncology
1886:10.1038/onc.2010.541
1157:(Suppl 2): 268β272.
182:ligand and receptors
176:ligand and receptors
160:ligand and receptors
814:2014PLoSO...996210B
733:10.1530/REP-18-0058
673:2014PLoSO...9j8343W
566:(17): 16951β16962.
415:tumor development.
2264:Human Reproduction
2172:(3): e1071βe1083.
994:10.1262/jrd.50.493
624:10.7150/ijbs.30369
469:Female infertility
436:female infertility
364:Fragile X syndrome
264:
36:Follicular atresia
33:
2228:10.1159/000519302
1928:(11): 1108β1111.
1879:(14): 1653β1663.
1742:978-0-12-803699-0
1606:978-0-12-475570-3
1563:978-953-51-0166-6
1506:10.1111/ahe.12389
1120:10.1159/000014627
1084:10.1262/jrd.20051
1035:10.1002/mrd.20349
941:10.1172/JCI110765
537:978-0-12-815145-7
231:-like inhibitory
64:ovarian follicles
16:(Redirected from
2321:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2270:(9): 1602β1618.
2255:
2249:
2248:
2230:
2206:
2200:
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2181:
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1265:
1259:
1258:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1213:
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1103:
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1096:
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1062:
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1055:
1037:
1013:
1007:
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996:
972:
963:
962:
952:
920:
914:
913:
885:
879:
878:
876:
875:
852:
846:
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704:
694:
684:
652:
646:
645:
635:
603:
594:
593:
583:
551:
542:
541:
515:
489:Ovarian follicle
474:Folliculogenesis
345:Related diseases
339:granulosa cells.
331:granulosa cells.
303:granulosa cells.
151:(TNF alpha) and
72:oocytes. Oocytes
21:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1719:Cole L (2016).
1718:
1717:
1713:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1628:
1627:
1620:
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1609:
1607:
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1100:
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667:(10): e108343.
654:
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649:
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604:
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553:
552:
545:
538:
517:
516:
512:
507:
494:Ovarian reserve
460:
432:
398:
389:
368:Turner syndrome
356:
347:
316:granulosa cells
312:
295:pyknotic nuclei
287:granulosa cells
279:
256:
193:Fas antigen, a
126:
102:
76:granulosa cells
57:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2250:
2221:(6): 313β323.
2201:
2152:
2098:
2065:
2006:
1977:(1β2): 34β41.
1957:
1908:
1859:
1840:(3): 876β881.
1824:
1799:Cancer Letters
1789:
1754:
1741:
1711:
1690:(1β3): 51β54.
1670:
1641:(9): 983β990.
1618:
1605:
1575:
1562:
1527:
1500:(6): 510β516.
1481:
1430:
1389:
1360:(5): 337β341.
1337:
1301:
1280:(4): 561β566.
1260:
1241:(1): 148β154.
1225:
1196:(3): 107β115.
1176:
1141:
1098:
1077:(5): 314β320.
1057:
1028:(2): 145β151.
1008:
987:(5): 493β514.
964:
935:(2): 248β257.
915:
880:
847:
788:
755:
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647:
618:(4): 726β737.
595:
543:
536:
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508:
506:
503:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
459:
456:
431:
428:
401:Ovarian cancer
397:
396:Ovarian Cancer
394:
388:
385:
355:
352:
346:
343:
311:
308:
278:
275:
255:
252:
248:Nitrogen oxide
184:
183:
177:
171:
161:
155:
125:
122:
101:
98:
66:which secrete
56:
53:
24:
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10:
9:
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4:
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2061:
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2044:
2039:
2034:
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2017:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
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1931:
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1900:
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569:
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533:
529:
525:
521:
514:
511:
504:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
484:Ovarian aging
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
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196:
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159:
156:
154:
150:
147:
146:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
121:
119:
118:corpus luteum
115:
111:
107:
99:
97:
94:
90:
86:
85:corpus luteum
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
54:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
19:
2267:
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2253:
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2204:
2169:
2165:
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2118:
2114:
2090:. Retrieved
2078:
2068:
2026:(1): 71β78.
2023:
2019:
2009:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1805:(1): 56β64.
1802:
1798:
1792:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1746:. Retrieved
1724:
1714:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1638:
1634:
1610:. Retrieved
1588:
1578:
1567:. Retrieved
1545:
1497:
1493:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1409:(1): 15β28.
1406:
1402:
1392:
1357:
1353:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1277:
1274:Reproduction
1273:
1263:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1114:(2): 87β95.
1111:
1107:
1101:
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1070:
1060:
1025:
1021:
1011:
984:
980:
932:
928:
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889:
883:
872:. Retrieved
860:
850:
805:
801:
791:
780:. Retrieved
768:
758:
726:(1): 23β33.
723:
720:Reproduction
719:
709:
664:
660:
650:
615:
611:
563:
559:
519:
513:
452:
448:
444:
440:
433:
417:
413:
406:
399:
390:
381:osteoporosis
377:palpitations
372:galactosemia
357:
348:
313:
280:
271:
267:
265:
245:
241:
235:short form (
226:
216:) activates
211:
207:Fas receptor
192:
185:
127:
103:
93:progesterone
58:
35:
34:
1770:(1): 3β23.
1318:: 566β576.
896:: 349β363.
420:pelvic pain
335:theca layer
327:phagocytose
324:macrophages
320:Macrophages
132:controlled
2121:: 874914.
2092:2022-08-04
2079:StatPearls
1748:2022-07-28
1612:2022-07-28
1569:2022-07-26
1548:. InTech.
1450:: 752410.
874:2022-08-04
861:StatPearls
782:2022-07-26
769:StatPearls
505:References
329:the basal
254:Morphology
203:Fas ligand
199:Fas ligand
130:hormonally
55:Background
2245:238411748
2196:227078090
479:Oogenesis
299:Apoptosis
283:apoptosis
218:caspase 3
168:apoptosis
166:-related
153:receptors
142:apoptosis
134:apoptotic
124:Mechanism
114:menopause
110:menopause
106:menopause
100:Menopause
44:ovulating
2308:Category
2294:30052961
2237:34610596
2188:33211867
2147:35924049
2087:29083730
2060:21331891
2052:21299513
2001:30859785
1952:19012860
1903:21975528
1895:21119601
1873:Oncogene
1854:16153597
1819:19181441
1784:22343225
1706:26374525
1665:27091671
1522:51697201
1514:30022512
1476:34867795
1425:27174394
1384:33041549
1332:29288972
1296:11277875
1255:22155318
1220:26161038
1171:18638134
1136:30459318
1128:10810203
1093:18603835
1052:10644197
1044:16010689
1003:15514456
869:30969526
842:24788203
802:PLOS ONE
777:31424854
750:13689486
742:29743261
701:25310678
661:PLOS ONE
642:30906205
590:32759462
458:See also
222:caspases
89:estrogen
68:hormones
40:follicle
2285:6112576
2138:9340349
1992:7325817
1943:2713057
1656:4987394
1467:8640491
1375:7515982
1211:4490172
959:6401767
910:9074768
833:4008600
810:Bibcode
692:4195570
669:Bibcode
633:6429023
581:7521512
233:protein
60:Ovaries
48:ovaries
2292:
2282:
2243:
2235:
2194:
2186:
2145:
2135:
2085:
2058:
2050:
1999:
1989:
1950:
1940:
1901:
1893:
1852:
1817:
1782:
1739:
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840:
830:
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748:
740:
699:
689:
640:
630:
588:
578:
534:
291:antrum
277:Antral
272:basal.
268:antral
237:cFLIPS
2241:S2CID
2192:S2CID
2056:S2CID
1899:S2CID
1518:S2CID
1132:S2CID
1048:S2CID
746:S2CID
560:Aging
310:Basal
229:FLICE
214:TRAIL
180:PFG-5
174:APO-3
80:theca
2290:PMID
2233:PMID
2184:PMID
2143:PMID
2083:PMID
2048:PMID
1997:PMID
1948:PMID
1891:PMID
1850:PMID
1815:PMID
1780:PMID
1737:ISBN
1702:PMID
1661:PMID
1601:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1510:PMID
1472:PMID
1421:PMID
1380:PMID
1328:PMID
1292:PMID
1251:PMID
1235:Gene
1216:PMID
1167:PMID
1124:PMID
1089:PMID
1040:PMID
999:PMID
955:PMID
906:PMID
865:PMID
838:PMID
773:PMID
738:PMID
697:PMID
638:PMID
586:PMID
532:ISBN
270:and
91:and
70:and
2280:PMC
2272:doi
2223:doi
2174:doi
2170:106
2133:PMC
2123:doi
2038:hdl
2028:doi
1987:PMC
1979:doi
1938:PMC
1930:doi
1881:doi
1842:doi
1838:336
1807:doi
1803:278
1772:doi
1729:doi
1692:doi
1651:PMC
1643:doi
1593:doi
1550:doi
1502:doi
1462:PMC
1452:doi
1411:doi
1370:PMC
1362:doi
1320:doi
1282:doi
1278:121
1243:doi
1239:493
1206:PMC
1198:doi
1159:doi
1116:doi
1079:doi
1030:doi
989:doi
945:PMC
937:doi
898:doi
828:PMC
818:doi
728:doi
724:156
687:PMC
677:doi
628:PMC
620:doi
576:PMC
568:doi
524:doi
285:of
164:TNF
158:Fas
2310::
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2278:.
2268:33
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2231:.
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2054:.
2046:.
2036:.
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2022:.
2018:.
1995:.
1985:.
1973:.
1969:.
1946:.
1936:.
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1920:.
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806:9
785:.
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665:9
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20:)
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