75:
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2009:
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commoner was allowed to graze. These regulations were responsive to demographic and economic pressure; thus rather than let a common become degraded, access was restricted even further. This important part of actual historic practice was absent from the economic model of Hardin. In reality the use of common land in
England and Wales was a triumph of conserving a scarce resource using agreed custom and practice.
2736:
67:
407:
consume vegetation faster than it can be renewed and this leads to land degradation, loss of vegetative areas, and soil erosion resulting in poor quality feed and reduced livestock yields and income. Also, these grazing lands are critical in controlling carbon dioxide and mitigating risks against severe weather such as floods and droughts. Overgrazing weakens ecological conservation.
2760:
51:
2748:
1998:
31:
406:
In the
Caribbean region, overgrazing is a threat to vegetation areas where there is livestock farming, which is an important source of livelihood and food security for many people. a combination of small scale livestock farming with small ruminants, and mixed farming is practised. However, livestock
415:
In New
Zealand, overgrazing is a massive threat to the native species of flora and fauna, especially the native bushes which are often overlooked by invasive species looking for homes. Mustalids, rabbits, hares and possums often eat the plants that hold soil together. This makes the ground very
289:
Normally, rights of use of common land in
England and Wales were, and still are, closely regulated, and available only to "commoners". If excessive use was made of common land, for example in overgrazing, a common would be "stinted", that is, a limit would be put on the number of animals each
230:
regime shifts. Their study underscores the urgent need for effective management and conservation strategies to mitigate the profound ecological impacts of overgrazing, highlighting the issue's global scope. Similarly, on the
Mongolian steppes, Liu et al. (2013) found that approximately 60% of
416:
unstable and crumbly. If soil is unstable, it is prone to collapse in extreme weather events such as floods and heavy rain. This is detrimental to farmers of crops and animals alike. 40% of the native species of New
Zealand have been wiped out by pests including humans.
1158:
764:
Ling, S. D.; Scheibling, R. E.; Rassweiler, A.; Johnson, C. R.; Shears, N.; Connell, S. D.; Salomon, A. K.; Norderhaug, K. M.; PĂ©rez-Matus, A.; HernĂĄndez, J. C.; Clemente, S.; Blamey, L. K.; Hereu, B.; Ballesteros, E.; Sala, E. (2015-01-05).
264:. This case study emphasizes the critical need for sustainable grazing practices to protect soil health and maintain ecosystem functionality, further illustrating the wide-reaching consequences of overgrazing across diverse habitats.
250:
extinction as key factors. Their findings shed light on the multifaceted drivers behind changes in savannah ecosystems. Echoing this theme of alternative strategies to combat overgrazing, Kriegisch et al. (2019) demonstrated how
155:
and reducing the biomass in a ecosystem contribute directly to climate change between grazing events. Successful planned grazing strategies have been in support of the
American bison of the Great Plains, or migratory
259:
In a similar vein, the research by Cai et al. (2020) presents a stark example of the terrestrial impact of overgrazing, showing how the fertile island effect collapses under extreme conditions in shrub-encroached
255:
availability could reduce the foraging movement of overgrazing sea urchins, suggesting that alternative food sources may significantly influence grazing behaviors and aid in managing marine ecosystem pressures.
1532:
1241:
197:
can tolerate. A meta-analysis of 148 studies found that the value of most ecosystem functions declines with increasing grazing intensity and that increasing aridity weakens positive impacts of light grazing.
286:. This cited the work of a Victorian economist who used as an example the over-grazing of common land. Hardin's example could only apply to unregulated use of land regarded as a common resource.
231:
vegetation decline could be attributed to climate factors, with the rest significantly influenced by increased goat density due to overgrazing. This points to a complex interplay between
754:
Horsley, S. B., Stout, S. L., & DeCalesta, D. S. (2003). Whiteâtailed deer impact on the vegetation dynamics of a northern hardwood forest. Ecological applications, 13(1), 98-118.
1234:
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can lead to the growth of less preferred species of grasses and ferns or non-native plant species that can potentially displace native, woody plants, decreasing the biodiversity.
1430:
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2327:
1445:
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398:(1912-1988), Ecologist and Botanist, undertook significant research and studies in overgrazing and established consequences on the surrounding land in Australia.
2060:
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1420:
1393:
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375:. Many bird species have become extinct or endangered, and many of the medium-sized desert mammals are now completely extinct or only exist on a few
2677:
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2022:
2017:
1737:
1361:
814:
Liu, Yi Y.; Evans, Jason P.; McCabe, Matthew F.; Jeu, Richard A. M. de; Dijk, Albert I. J. M. van; Dolman, Albertus J.; Saizen, Izuru (2013-02-25).
2012:
1356:
308:
1742:
1757:
1435:
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741:, La Puma, D., & Aronson, M. F. (2008). "A perfect storm: two ecosystem engineers interact to degrade deciduous forests of New Jersey".
1852:
1700:
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993:
Cai, Yurong; Yan, Yuchun; Xu, Dawei; Xu, Xingliang; Wang, Chu; Wang, Xu; Chen, Jinqiang; Xin, Xiaoping; Eldridge, David J. (2020-03-01).
609:
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152:
2609:
1802:
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With continued overutilization of land for grazing, there is an increase in degradation. This leads to poor soil conditions that only
2027:
1636:
1621:
1455:
1403:
165:
724:
CÎté, S. D., Rooney, T. P., Tremblay, J. P., Dussault, C., & Waller, D. M. (2004). "Ecological impacts of deer overabundance".
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2001:
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1120:
537:
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561:
641:. Sidney Draggan, topic ed.; Cutler J. Cleveland, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Council for Science and the Environment.
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630:
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190:
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883:"Woody encroachment over 70 years in South African savannahs: overgrazing, global change or extinction aftershock?"
687:
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was introduced by
European settlers, caused many long-lived species of trees and shrubs to give way to short-lived
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1977:
1915:
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995:"The fertile island effect collapses under extreme overgrazing: evidence from a shrub-encroached grassland"
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2085:
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1147:"ACT Territory and Municipal Services Directorate | Media Releases Kangaroo conservation cull to go ahead"
368:
279:
688:"Global effects of livestock grazing on ecosystem functions vary with grazing management and environment"
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2263:
1303:
499:
391:
331:
Various countries in Sub-Sahara Africa are affected by overgrazing and resulting ecological effects. In
319:
and other countries in the Sahel region have been exacerbated by land degradation and overgrazing. See
222:
Turning to the aquatic environment, Ling et al. (2015) have documented the phenomenon of catastrophic
74:
2805:
2728:
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1905:
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1967:
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1982:
1940:
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651:
Fuls, E.R. (1992). "Ecosystem modification created by patch-overgrazing in semi-arid grassland".
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114:
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for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods. It can be caused by either
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473:
364:
320:
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over a 70-year period, identifying overgrazing, global changes, and the ecological effects of
216:
347:
In many arid zones in
Australia, overgrazing by sheep and cattle during the 19th century, as
2815:
2569:
2527:
2419:
2310:
2218:
2203:
1832:
1812:
1807:
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132:
35:
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1972:
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Kriegisch, N.; Reeves, S. E.; Flukes, E. B.; Johnson, C. R.; Ling, S. D. (2019-07-01).
915:
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106:
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1955:
1910:
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522:
485:
2614:
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201:
183:
128:
102:
50:
1219:
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686:
Niu, Weiling; Ding, Jingyi; Fu, Bojie; Zhao, Wenwu; Eldridge, David (2025-02-01).
840:
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98:
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703:
66:
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Stevens, Nicola; Erasmus, B. F. N.; Archibald, S.; Bond, W. J. (2016-09-19).
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790:
711:
626:
477:
2505:
2233:
1950:
1596:
562:"Bison Conservation: Saving an Ecologically and Culturally Keystone Species"
278:
Overgrazing is used as an example in the economic concept now known as the
261:
247:
212:
94:
39:
27:
When plants are grazed for extended periods without sufficient recovery time
979:
924:
898:
867:
782:
452:"The concept of overgrazing and its role in management of large herbivores"
17:
2198:
1482:
117:
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at the expenses of grasses on a land area of up to 45 million hectares.
238:
Further expanding our understanding, Stevens et al. (2016) investigated
30:
2554:
2510:
2478:
1777:
1727:
1507:
387:
332:
243:
161:
136:
90:
887:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
771:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
109:. It can also be caused by immobile, travel restricted populations of
2532:
2458:
2126:
2116:
1601:
767:"Global regime shift dynamics of catastrophic sea urchin overgrazing"
55:
940:"Drift-kelp suppresses foraging movement of overgrazing sea urchins"
816:"Changing Climate and Overgrazing Are Decimating Mongolian Steppes"
2549:
304:
204:
73:
65:
59:
49:
43:
2440:
2228:
356:
312:
252:
215:, are especially vulnerable. For example, excessive browsing by
148:
2042:
1223:
2038:
500:"The relationship between overgrazing and the US environment"
82:
during their annual migration shows landscape not overgrazed
70:
Penned goats in an overgrazed landscape (Norte Chico, Chile)
469:
10.2981/0909-6396(2006)12[129:TCOOAI]2.0.CO;2
1103:"The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali"
382:
Overgrazing can also occur with native species. In the
303:
There have been overgrazing consequences in the region
139:. Overgrazing is also seen as a cause of the spread of
524:
All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life
1047:, Vol. 162, No. 3859, pp. 1243-1248. Also available
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2630:
2578:
2439:
2343:
2140:
2099:
1876:
1664:
1327:
1257:
610:"Holistic Land Management: Key to Global Stability"
521:
1151:ACT Territory and Municipal Services Directorate
235:and grazing practices in ecosystem degradation.
62:. The Egyptian side, to the left, is overgrazed.
1155:Government of the Australian Capital Territory
1121:"Arid Recovery â Roxby Downs, South Australia"
1083:"The Deadliest Conflict You've Never Heard of"
335:, overgrazing is considered the main cause of
2054:
1235:
8:
386:, the local government in 2013 authorised a
89:occurs when plants are exposed to intensive
2061:
2047:
2039:
1242:
1228:
1220:
528:. Cambridge, MA: South End Press. p.
1753:Environmental issues in the United States
914:
857:
839:
798:
692:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
467:
1738:Effects of climate change on agriculture
29:
442:
1743:Effects of climate change on livestock
54:Satellite image of the border between
78:Huge herd of migratory wildebeest in
7:
2747:
1997:
1853:Tropical cyclones and climate change
1180:"Caribbean Islands - Threats | CEPF"
1039:Garrett Hardin (December 13, 1968),
596:with, and accompanied by, prides of
123:Overgrazing reduces the usefulness,
2759:
1886:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
1064:Susan Jane Buck Cox (Spring 1985).
2610:Environmental impact of irrigation
309:herderâfarmer conflicts in Nigeria
25:
1533:pharmaceuticals and personal care
567:. Duke University. Archived from
502:. ArcGIS StoryMaps. 13 March 2020
153:emissions from animal agriculture
2758:
2746:
2734:
2723:
2722:
2008:
2007:
1996:
1684:decline in amphibian populations
1389:Deforestation and climate change
182:Overgrazing typically increases
131:of the land and is one cause of
2678:Agriculture and the environment
2415:British Agricultural Revolution
1818:Land surface effects on climate
1275:Environmental impact assessment
1251:Human impact on the environment
1161:from the original on 2020-07-02
1070:Journal of Environmental Ethics
371:exacerbated the threat to both
2622:Climate change and agriculture
2395:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
1:
1689:decline in insect populations
1213:. London: Macmillan & Co.
673:10.1016/S0140-1963(18)30541-X
2400:Arab Agricultural Revolution
1041:"The Tragedy of the Commons"
841:10.1371/journal.pone.0057599
726:Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.
653:Journal of Arid Environments
384:Australian Capital Territory
226:overgrazing and its role in
1066:"No Tragedy on the Commons"
282:devised in a 1968 paper by
46:, in the upper right corner
34:Overgrazed area in western
2832:
2360:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
1019:10.1007/s11104-020-04426-2
964:10.1007/s00442-019-04445-6
704:10.1016/j.agee.2024.109296
625:C. Michael Hogan (2009). "
271:
175:
2719:
2710:Universities and colleges
2328:Universities and colleges
2133:
2076:
1991:
1926:Environmental engineering
1773:Environmental degradation
1550:fishing down the food web
1210:Common Land and Inclosure
207:species, both individual
2695:Agriculturist profession
2172:Agricultural engineering
2157:Agricultural cooperative
1931:Environmental mitigation
1788:Greenhouse gas emissions
1748:Environmental insecurity
1207:Gonner, E. C. K (1912).
337:woody plant encroachment
2801:Sustainable agriculture
2600:Agricultural wastewater
2323:Sustainable food system
2318:Sustainable agriculture
2209:Animal-free agriculture
2177:Agricultural technology
1978:Sustainable consumption
1319:Social ecology (ethics)
520:Laduke, Winona (1999).
450:Mysterud, Atle (2006).
2700:Agricultural machinery
2658:History of agriculture
2643:Agriculture by country
2638:Agricultural machinery
2595:Agricultural pollution
2590:Agricultural expansion
2365:Austronesian expansion
2276:Mechanised agriculture
1921:Ecological engineering
1701:runaway climate change
899:10.1098/rstb.2015.0437
783:10.1098/rstb.2013.0269
280:Tragedy of the Commons
83:
71:
63:
47:
2705:Government ministries
2648:Agriculture companies
2484:Convertible husbandry
2162:Agricultural supplies
2112:Agricultural Engineer
1304:List of global issues
1125:EMR Project Summaries
639:Encyclopedia of Earth
176:Further information:
77:
69:
53:
42:), by loss of native
33:
2355:Neolithic Revolution
2214:Cellular agriculture
2167:Agricultural science
1906:Community resilience
1706:in the United States
1674:Biodiversity threats
1347:cannabis cultivation
1314:Planetary boundaries
1280:Environmental issues
1270:Ecological footprint
743:Biological Invasions
394:due to overgrazing.
377:islands of Australia
359:species. Introduced
307:region. The violent
195:successional species
1968:Restoration ecology
1901:Climate engineering
1838:Ocean acidification
1828:Loss of green belts
1798:Holocene extinction
1793:Habitat destruction
1468:Environmental crime
1011:2020PlSoi.448..201C
956:2019Oecol.190..665K
832:2013PLoSO...857599L
665:1992JArEn..23...59F
616:. 20 December 2012.
299:Africa-Sahel region
2489:Rotational grazing
2405:Columbian exchange
1983:Waste minimization
1941:Mitigation banking
1936:Industrial ecology
1896:Cleaner production
1848:Resource depletion
1384:Corporate behavior
1342:animal agriculture
1109:. 22 January 2019.
1091:. 23 January 2019.
893:(1703): 20150437.
777:(1659): 20130269.
633:2010-07-11 at the
612:by Terry Waghorn.
598:keystone predators
240:woody encroachment
151:. Degrading land,
97:in poorly managed
84:
72:
64:
48:
2773:
2772:
2333:Urban agriculture
2306:Rice-duck farming
2254:Intensive farming
2224:Extensive farming
2036:
2035:
1858:Water degradation
1733:Ecological crisis
1679:biodiversity loss
1478:Industrialisation
1463:Genetic pollution
1309:Impact assessment
745:, 10(6), 785-795.
327:Sub-Sahara Africa
321:2010 Sahel famine
242:in South African
217:white-tailed deer
172:Ecological impact
168:planned grazing.
145:non-native plants
16:(Redirected from
2823:
2762:
2761:
2750:
2749:
2738:
2726:
2725:
2570:Wildlife farming
2420:Green Revolution
2371:Ancient history
2311:Rice-fish system
2219:Contract farming
2204:Animal husbandry
2063:
2056:
2049:
2040:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1999:
1833:Phosphorus cycle
1813:Land consumption
1808:Land degradation
1783:Freshwater cycle
1582:Overexploitation
1555:marine pollution
1362:cocoa production
1244:
1237:
1230:
1221:
1214:
1194:
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990:
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843:
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574:on March 8, 2012
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489:
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456:Wildlife Biology
447:
426:Land degradation
228:marine ecosystem
178:Land degradation
141:invasive species
21:
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2820:
2791:Land management
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2774:
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2715:
2714:
2713:
2682:
2673:Poultry farming
2626:
2581:
2574:
2545:Poultry farming
2435:
2411:Modern history
2391:Post-classical
2339:
2338:
2337:
2281:Organic farming
2136:
2135:
2131:
2095:
2072:
2067:
2037:
2032:
1987:
1946:Organic farming
1872:
1863:Water pollution
1843:Ozone depletion
1823:Loss and damage
1723:Desertification
1660:
1572:Overconsumption
1493:cleaning agents
1394:Energy industry
1357:meat production
1323:
1253:
1248:
1206:
1203:
1201:Further reading
1198:
1197:
1188:
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1177:
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1127:. 15 March 2016
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808:
763:
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758:
753:
749:
739:Lockwood, J. L.
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685:
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650:
649:
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635:Wayback Machine
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431:Desertification
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373:flora and fauna
345:
329:
301:
296:
276:
270:
268:Economic theory
180:
174:
160:of the African
133:desertification
107:nature reserves
36:New South Wales
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22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2670:
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2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2501:Insect farming
2498:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2380:Ancient Greece
2377:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
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2266:
2261:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2004:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1973:Sustainability
1970:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1868:Water scarcity
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:Nitrogen cycle
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1768:Forest dieback
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1696:Climate change
1693:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1513:nanotechnology
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1297:on marine life
1289:
1288:
1287:
1285:list of issues
1277:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1171:
1157:. 2013-07-10.
1138:
1112:
1094:
1088:Foreign Policy
1074:
1057:
1032:
1005:(1): 201â212.
999:Plant and Soil
985:
950:(3): 665â677.
930:
873:
806:
756:
747:
730:
728:, 35, 113-147.
717:
678:
643:
618:
602:
585:
552:
538:
512:
491:
462:(2): 129â141.
441:
440:
438:
435:
434:
433:
428:
421:
418:
412:
409:
403:
400:
344:
341:
328:
325:
300:
297:
295:
292:
284:Garrett Hardin
272:Main article:
269:
266:
233:climate change
173:
170:
101:applications,
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2828:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2767:
2766:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2721:
2718:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:Meat industry
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Biotechnology
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2580:Environmental
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:Sheep farming
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Dairy farming
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2441:Farming Types
2438:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Ancient Egypt
2373:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Paludiculture
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2187:Biotechnology
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Agriculturist
2105:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:Reforestation
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Cultured meat
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:Birth control
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
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1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
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1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
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1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1713:Deforestation
1711:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
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1654:
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1633:
1630:
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1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:Manufacturing
1486:
1484:
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1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1436:nuclear power
1434:
1432:
1431:fracking (US)
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
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1024:
1020:
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1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
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989:
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981:
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957:
953:
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908:
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900:
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884:
877:
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869:
865:
860:
855:
851:
847:
842:
837:
833:
829:
826:(2): e57599.
825:
821:
817:
810:
807:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
760:
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751:
748:
744:
740:
734:
731:
727:
721:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
682:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
647:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
622:
619:
615:
611:
606:
603:
599:
595:
589:
586:
570:
563:
560:Duval, Clay.
556:
553:
541:
535:
531:
526:
525:
516:
513:
501:
495:
492:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
446:
443:
436:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
419:
417:
410:
408:
401:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:feral rabbits
358:
354:
353:annual plants
350:
342:
340:
338:
334:
326:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
298:
293:
291:
287:
285:
281:
275:
267:
265:
263:
257:
254:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
209:bunch grasses
206:
203:
199:
196:
192:
187:
185:
179:
171:
169:
167:
163:
159:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:game reserves
100:
96:
92:
88:
81:
76:
68:
61:
57:
52:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2615:Overdrafting
2604:
2474:Goat farming
2385:Ancient Rome
2291:Permaculture
2249:Horticulture
2194:Agroforestry
2152:Agribusiness
1649:urban sprawl
1644:Urbanization
1592:Particulates
1586:
1577:Overdrafting
1292:Human impact
1265:Anthropocene
1209:
1187:. Retrieved
1184:www.cepf.net
1183:
1174:
1163:. Retrieved
1150:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1086:
1077:
1069:
1060:
1044:
1035:
1002:
998:
988:
947:
943:
933:
890:
886:
876:
823:
819:
809:
774:
770:
759:
750:
742:
737:Baiser, B.,
733:
725:
720:
695:
691:
681:
659:(1): 59â69.
656:
652:
646:
638:
621:
613:
605:
588:
576:. Retrieved
569:the original
555:
543:. Retrieved
523:
515:
504:. Retrieved
494:
459:
455:
445:
414:
405:
381:
346:
330:
302:
288:
277:
258:
237:
221:
202:Native plant
200:
188:
184:soil erosion
181:
129:biodiversity
125:productivity
122:
118:wild animals
99:agricultural
86:
85:
2806:Agroecology
2765:Wikiproject
2605:Overgrazing
2540:Pig farming
2523:Paddy field
2496:Hydroponics
2469:Fur farming
2454:Aquaculture
2449:Agrivoltaic
2430:Monoculture
2351:Prehistory
2301:Polyculture
2122:Farm worker
2100:Occupations
2070:Agriculture
1763:Externality
1758:Coral reefs
1718:Defaunation
1587:Overgrazing
1560:overfishing
1540:Marine life
1414:electricity
1337:Agriculture
627:Overgrazing
411:New Zealand
396:Maisie Carr
349:pastoralism
274:Common land
87:Overgrazing
2811:Grasslands
2780:Categories
2631:Categories
2296:Plantation
2244:Free range
2239:Feed ratio
2028:mitigation
2023:assessment
2018:by country
1916:Decoupling
1878:Mitigation
1607:Reservoirs
1528:pesticides
1473:Explosives
1451:reservoirs
1352:irrigation
1189:2024-04-08
1165:2021-06-12
1131:27 October
698:: 109296.
539:0896085996
506:2021-03-20
437:References
262:grasslands
224:sea urchin
213:grasslands
193:and early
158:wildebeest
115:non-native
80:Masai Mara
18:Overgrazed
2796:Livestock
2663:Livestock
2506:Livestock
2234:Farmhouse
1951:Recycling
1617:Transport
1602:Quarrying
1597:Pollution
1456:transport
1446:petroleum
1441:oil shale
1404:biodiesel
1072:, Vol. 7.
1027:1573-5036
972:1432-1939
944:Oecologia
907:0962-8436
850:1932-6203
791:0962-8436
712:0167-8809
578:April 13,
478:0909-6396
402:Caribbean
392:kangaroos
343:Australia
294:By region
248:megafauna
244:savannahs
95:livestock
40:Australia
2786:Land use
2729:Category
2555:Orchards
2528:Pastoral
2199:Agronomy
2013:Category
1637:shipping
1622:aviation
1508:plastics
1498:concrete
1483:Land use
1399:biofuels
1367:palm oil
1159:Archived
1107:BBC News
980:31250188
925:27502384
868:23451249
820:PLOS ONE
631:Archived
545:30 March
486:55599448
420:See also
390:of 1455
166:holistic
164:, or by
162:savannas
2816:Habitat
2753:Commons
2565:Terrace
2511:Pasture
2479:Grazing
2425:Organic
2345:History
2259:animals
2182:Digital
2142:General
2086:History
2081:Outline
2002:Commons
1778:Erosion
1728:Ecocide
1666:Effects
1612:Tourism
1545:fishing
1503:fashion
1426:fashion
1379:Bitcoin
1258:General
1045:Science
1007:Bibcode
952:Bibcode
916:4978877
859:3581472
828:Bibcode
800:4247405
661:Bibcode
594:balance
333:Namibia
211:and in
147:and of
137:erosion
91:grazing
2741:Portal
2582:impact
2533:Bocage
2459:Cattle
2127:Herder
2117:Farmer
2006:
1995:
1567:Mining
1421:energy
1329:Causes
1025:
978:
970:
923:
913:
905:
866:
856:
848:
797:
789:
710:
614:Forbes
536:
484:
476:
251:drift-
111:native
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