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However, the modern era has also brought environmental challenges. Rapid urbanization and industrialization have led to pollution of the river, impacting water quality and aquatic life. Conservation efforts, led by government agencies and local communities, aim to address these issues and protect the
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The river then begins its southerly flow course, first through Kogi state, after which it forms the local state boundaries between Ondo and northern Edo state before re-entering southern Edo state where it is joined by its major tributary; the Ogbese River before emptying into the lower mouth of the
1756:
The Laws of
Nigeria, Containing the Ordinances of Nigeria, in Force on the 1st Day of January, 1923, and the Orders, Proclamations, Rules, Regulations and Bye-laws Made Thereunder, in Force on the 1st Day of May, 1923, and the Principal Imperial Statutes, Orders in Council, Letters Patent and Royal
444:
In recent decades, the Ovia River has gained recognition as a site of ecological importance. Efforts to conserve its diverse flora and fauna have led to the establishment of protected areas and wildlife reserves along its course. Scientific research into the river's ecosystem continues, shedding
298:
in the groves around the shrine for varying periods, ranging from a week to three months. They wear masks and emerge periodically to dance, often in elaborate attire. Each dancer represents the spirits of past worshippers, and each impersonates their most patrilineal ancestor. These spirits are
453:
In recent years, the Ovia River has faced environmental challenges, including pollution from industrial and agricultural activities. Conservation efforts and initiatives to preserve the river's ecosystem are ongoing, with the aim of safeguarding its natural beauty and ecological significance.
420:
While the colonial presence brought infrastructure development, it also introduced challenges. Land disputes and resource exploitation became contentious issues as colonial powers exerted control. Indigenous communities struggled to retain their land and traditional ways of life.
356:
Trade flourished along the river's course, connecting inland communities with coastal trade routes. The Ovia River became a crucial conduit for commerce, facilitating the exchange of agricultural goods and crafts. The riverbanks bustled with markets and trading posts where
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At the end of the festival, the women of the community perform the Agbala dance, signifying the return of the men to the real world. The festival concludes with a rite of reconciliation between the sexes, reinforcing the importance of cooperation within the community.
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The river's significance in the colonial period extended beyond trade. It became a vital transportation route, with steamships navigating its waters. These steamships connected the inland communities to the coastal ports, facilitating the export of commodities like
352:
The river held profound spiritual significance. Local folklore abounds with tales of river deities and spirits, with rituals and ceremonies performed along its shores to appease and seek favor from these supernatural entities.
340:
people. These communities established settlements, relying on the river's bounty for sustenance. The Ovia River became the lifeblood of agriculture, with fertile soils nourished by annual floods, fostering the growth of
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in 1960 marked a new chapter in the Ovia River's history. Irrigation schemes were established, enhancing agricultural productivity and providing livelihoods to farmers. The river's waters powered small-scale
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The Ovia (Osse) River originates in the Apata hills section of the
Yorubaland plateau, a region of mildly undulating terrain and rolling hills west of the Niger-Benue confluence and north of the town of
1511:
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The festival is accompanied by various prohibitions and rituals, with the community observing bans on sexual relations and quarrelling during this period. Women are forbidden from touching the
780:"Refworld | Nigeria: The Ovia cult; its membership, doctrine, rituals, ceremonies and initiation, consequences for refusing to join, and consequences for breaching the oath of secrecy"
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The festival is also a time for the community to come together and express solidarity. Blessings and curses sought from Ovia during the festival are considered particularly potent.
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The Ovia River basin served as the cradle of indigenous cultures and communities for generations. Its verdant banks bore witness to the rise and fall of various
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The Ovia
Festival features dances, accompanied by the beating of Ikpasa sticks, clappers, and songs. The festival culminates in the obodo, a stage of
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states of
Nigeria. This local watershed is also the source of various other rivers in the region, including the Ogun and Osun rivers.
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287:. She is worshipped in many communities, but there are strict customs in place. Women are not allowed to enter her
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During the Ovia festival, an integral part of the river's cultural heritage, most men in the community go into
750:"The myth about the river and cult of Ovia in Edo (Bini) | Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution"
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3411:. Ethnographic survey of Africa., Western Africa ;, pt. 13. International African Institute, London.
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3059:
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2163:"Urinary schistosomiasis in school aged children of two rural endemic communities in Edo State, Nigeria"
1980:"CASE STUDY 2: MULTIPURPOSE FOREST MANAGEMENT FOR BUSHMEAT PRODUCTION: A SUCCESS STORY FROM WEST AFRICA"
1484:
458:
429:
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2681:"Hydrological Assessments of some Rivers in Edo State, Nigeria; for Small-Scale Hydropower Development"
1979:
1881:
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1948:
951:
571:
Edo State of
Nigeria: A Guide : Inside One Year of Edo State Pictorial : Special Attractions
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The Ovia River has a cultural and spiritual significance in the region. According to local beliefs,
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Noriode, Rukeme M.; Idowu, Emmanuel T.; Otubanjo, Olubunmi A.; Mafe, Margaret A. (2018-05-01).
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2636:"Edo State of Nigeria: A Guide : One Year of Edo State (pictorial): Special Attractions"
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838:
434:
284:
3185:
2427:
1666:"The Origin of the Eweka Dynasty of Benin: A Study in the Use and Abuse of Oral Traditions"
1539:
Sailing
Directions for the Southwest Coast of Africa: From Cape Palmas to Cape of Good Hope
2342:
342:
2455:"Fish communities of a stretch of river affected by urban disturbance in Nigeria, Page 2"
381:, in particular, recognized its strategic importance and established settlements such as
2739:
1091:
1507:
Assessment of Rural Youth
Migration in Ovia North East Local Government Area, Edo State
1289:"University of Birmingham Staff Papers: Papers of Robert Elwyn Bradbury - Archives Hub"
398:
378:
256:
3535:
2950:
Effects of
Emerging Chemical Contaminants on Water Resources and Environmental Health
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461:, resulting in the unfortunate loss of four lives when a car plunged into the river.
283:
was a beautiful woman transformed into the river, making it the largest river in the
2471:
2454:
1462:"COLLABORATION OF STAKEHOLDERS FOR DYNAMIC RESTORATION OF FOREST ESTATE IN NIGERIA"
545:"Nigeria Physical Setting: Relief and drainage | Tansi International College, Awka"
299:
believed to exist on the threshold between the visible world and the sacred realm.
288:
280:
3495:"24 hours after accident, bodies of Igbinedion University lecturers not recovered"
1785:
Things Fall Apart?: The
Political Ecology of Forest Governance in Southern Nigeria
916:
At the Back of the Black Man's Mind: Or Notes on the Kingly Office in West Africa
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365:, and exotic materials exchanged hands, attracting traders from distant regions.
1288:
457:
In 2012, an auto-crash occurred at the Ovia River bridge involving lecturers of
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125:
3254:
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295:
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1689:
1665:
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The Benin kingdom and the Edo-speaking peoples of south-western Nigeria
377:
in the 19th century heralded significant changes along the Ovia River.
346:
211:
64:
3313:
1093:
When We Ruled: Oba Ewuare the Great of Benin (ruled c.1440-c.1473 AD)
402:
207:
515:
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light on its unique biodiversity and ecological significance.
3465:"VIDEO: Car crash kills four Igbinedion University lecturers"
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437:, contributing to the electrification of nearby communities.
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along its banks. This marked the beginning of a new era as
349:, and various crops that sustained the local populations.
1064:. Doctoral dissertation. University of Hamburg, Germany.
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Post-independence and modern era (20th century - present)
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The history of the Ovia River is deeply intertwined with
47:
Location of the lower mouth of the Ovia River in Nigeria
1629:
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1017:Schaefer, Ronald P.; Egbokhare, Francis O. (2000).
389:imposed their governance structures on the region.
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3424:"BAR International Series, Issues 215-216, p473"
3215:"BAR International Series, Issues 215-216, p166"
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778:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
3341:"BAR International Series, Issues 215-216, 213"
1987:Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Management
2306:
2304:
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1399:
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2723:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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2520:Edo Govt to Re-Brand Culture, Tourism Assets
1883:Edo Govt to re-brand culture, tourism assets
1670:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
1489:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1020:Oral Tradition Narratives of the Emai People
324:Pre-colonial era (circa 14th - 19th century)
1823:Office, United States Hydrographic (1952).
1600:Concise Lives of the Famous Iyases of Benin
1536:Office, United States Hydrographic (1932).
3463:Television, Channels (7 September 2012).
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2740:"A Brief History Of The Kingdom Of Benin"
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1854:Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs
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2549:Edo to re-brand culture, tourism assets
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1566:"The legacies of Oba Ewuare the Great"
1482:
306:or participating in their activities.
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1890:from the original on 6 February 2020
1578:from the original on 31 January 2020
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2056:Great Benin: The age of Ikaladerhan
1959:from the original on 26 August 2023
1861:from the original on 26 August 2023
1734:from the original on 26 August 2023
1607:from the original on 26 August 2023
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998:from the original on 26 August 2023
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166:2,500 km (970 sq mi)
3430:. British Archaeological Reports.
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158:120 km (75 mi)
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188:42 m³/s (1,483 cfs)
139:5.91000°N 5.27000°E
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1639:978-0-323-95528-7
1603:. Kraus Reprint.
1263:978-978-31533-7-0
1090:Walker R (2006).
1030:978-3-8258-4030-3
926:978-0-7146-1653-7
885:978-1-337-51764-5
490:978-0-86543-610-7
196:
195:
3559:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2907:The Art of Benin
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2804:Nyame A (1977).
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2735:
2729:
2728:
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2676:
2670:
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2655:
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2609:
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2587:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2488:"Bight of Benin"
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2459:Tropical Zoology
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2365:
2359:
2358:
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2354:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2182:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1984:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1826:Publications ...
1820:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1753:Nigeria (1923).
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1533:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1504:Odilu G (2019).
1501:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1416:
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1392:
1391:
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1371:
1365:
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1360:
1342:
1336:
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1333:
1332:
1314:
1308:
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1304:
1285:
1279:
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1275:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1218:
1212:
1211:
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1207:
1179:
1173:
1172:
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1169:
1158:www.edoworld.net
1150:
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1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
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969:
968:
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942:
941:
939:
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910:
901:
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897:
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862:
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858:
834:
828:
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805:
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798:
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769:
768:
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746:
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584:
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559:
557:
555:
541:
535:
534:
532:
531:
512:
506:
505:
503:
502:
474:
285:kingdom of Benin
210:in Southwestern
185:
150:
149:
147:
146:
145:
144:5.91000; 5.27000
140:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
42:
41:
35:
19:
16:River in Nigeria
3567:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3558:
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3556:
3532:
3531:
3523:
3518:
3508:
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3355:
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3333:
3323:
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3311:
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3296:
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3253:
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3207:
3197:
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3183:
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3041:
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3019:
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3004:
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2984:
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2979:
2970:
2968:
2961:
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2904:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2819:
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2803:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2779:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2656:
2649:
2647:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2596:. Niger Press.
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2516:
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2379:
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2309:
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2292:
2290:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2224:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2137:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2067:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2029:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1850:
1849:
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1836:
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1814:
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1385:
1383:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1323:. Niger Press.
1316:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1271:
1264:
1249:
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1234:
1232:
1220:
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1131:
1129:
1118:
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1103:
1101:
1089:
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1038:
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1016:
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992:
977:
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927:
912:
911:
904:
895:
893:
886:
871:
870:
866:
856:
854:
836:
835:
831:
822:
820:
809:"Udo Town Wall"
807:
806:
802:
793:
791:
777:
776:
772:
763:
761:
748:
747:
743:
733:
731:
724:
707:
706:
702:
693:
691:
679:
678:
674:
665:
663:
659:
628:
624:
623:
619:
610:
608:
595:
594:
590:
581:
579:
574:. Eribo. 1997.
568:
567:
563:
553:
551:
543:
542:
538:
529:
527:
514:
513:
509:
500:
498:
491:
476:
475:
471:
467:
451:
427:
373:The arrival of
371:
326:
277:
265:
232:
206:is a perennial
183:
143:
141:
137:
134:
129:
126:
124:
122:
121:
118:
51:
50:
49:
48:
45:
44:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3565:
3563:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3534:
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3530:
3529:
3522:
3521:External links
3519:
3517:
3516:
3486:
3455:
3436:
3414:
3399:
3372:
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3331:
3304:
3285:
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3176:
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3135:
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3089:
3070:
3050:
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3012:
2977:
2959:
2953:. IGI Global.
2939:
2912:
2897:
2862:
2827:
2796:
2777:
2757:
2730:
2691:(3): 658–668.
2671:
2626:
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2582:
2567:
2538:
2509:
2478:
2445:
2418:
2389:
2360:
2333:
2318:
2300:
2271:
2254:Verlag Notring
2240:
2222:
2202:
2173:(3): 384–388.
2153:
2135:
2115:
2084:
2065:
2045:
2027:
2007:
1970:
1953:Verlag Notring
1939:
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722:
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672:
639:(1): 609–623.
617:
603:. 2023-06-07.
588:
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536:
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468:
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463:
450:
447:
426:
423:
370:
367:
332:, notably the
325:
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264:
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257:Gulf of Guinea
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3437:9780860542759
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3159:9789783153370
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3119:
3115:
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3105:
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3090:
3077:
3073:
3071:9780865436107
3067:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3051:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3016:
3013:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2985:WAJA (1976).
2981:
2978:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2943:
2940:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2835:WAJA (1976).
2831:
2828:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2797:
2784:
2780:
2778:9780130184245
2774:
2770:
2769:
2761:
2758:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2542:
2539:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2517:ATTA (2017).
2513:
2510:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2468:
2464:
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2456:
2449:
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2422:
2419:
2406:
2402:
2401:
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2348:
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2288:
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2259:
2255:
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2229:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2194:
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2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
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2157:
2154:
2142:
2138:
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2128:
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2119:
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2103:
2099:
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2072:
2068:
2066:9789782734358
2062:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2046:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:. Routledge.
2020:
2019:
2011:
2008:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1928:
1924:
1922:9780582609259
1918:
1914:
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1902:
1889:
1885:
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1832:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1775:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1749:
1746:
1733:
1729:
1727:9783631504727
1723:
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1513:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1497:
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1486:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1440:
1436:
1434:9780865436107
1430:
1426:
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