454:
794:
509:
766:
662:
392:
573:
846:
42:
617:
439:. Although the notices of Owain ap Dyfnwal's demise seem to indicate that he had been killed in battle, nothing is known of the circumstances. Whilst it is possible that these records refer to Owain Foel himself, Owain Foel clearly lived on years afterwards, and there is no reason to disregard the obituaries as erroneous. If the like-named men are indeed different people, they could well have been closely related, with the latter perhaps being a son of Owain ap Dyfnwal's brother, Máel Coluim. The likelihood that there were indeed two contemporary Cumbrian rulers named
790:. If Suibne and Máel Coluim mac Cináeda were indeed brothers, another possibility is that Suibne's title is evidence that Máel Coluim mac Cináeda seized the vacated Cumbrian kingship and installed Suibne as king over the Cumbrians. Such a move may explain the Scots' failure to immediately exploit their victory over the English in 1018, and could indicate that the Scottish king's resources were instead projected against the vulnerable Cumbrian realm.
877:: perhaps a matrilineal link to Owain Foel's confederate at Carham, Máel Coluim mac Cináeda. If the Máel Coluim of 1054 was indeed a member of Owain Foel's family, one possibility is that the Scots had deprived him of the Cumbrian kingship following Owain Foel's demise, and that Siward installed him as king over the Cumbrians following the English victory against Mac Bethad. Another possibility, suggested by the account of events dictated by
6107:
629:
that Máel Coluim mac Cináeda seized control of the kingdom. If the latter had indeed done so in the near aftermath of Carham, such an acquisition would have taken place at the height of his power. There may be reason to suggest that Owain Foel died sometime before 1030, perhaps leaving a weak heir or vacated throne. Certainly, the fourteenth-century
873:—identified as the son of the king of the Cumbrians—in opposition to Mac Bethad. Máel Coluim appears to have been a member of the Cumbrian royal dynasty, and may well have been a descendant of Owain Foel himself: perhaps a son or grandson. The Gaelic personal name borne by this man could be evidence of an ancestral link with the ruling Scottish
827:("enemy of Britons"). Whether this description reflects genuine animosity between him and the Kingdom of Strathclyde is unknown. It is possible that this description of the Scottish king refers to aggression against the Cumbrians at some point after the Battle of Carham and Owain Foel's demise. In 1038,
995:
Against the possibility that
Donnchad received the Cumbrian kingship from his grandfather—immediately after the Battle of Carham—is the fact that Donnchad is not attested as one of the kings at the assembly, and the fact that a seemingly contemporary source remarks upon his young age on his death in
755:
appear to have expanded deep into what had formerly been
Cumbrian-controlled territories. There is reason to suspect that this encroachment was connected to the eleventh-century decline and demise of the Kingdom of Strathclyde. Such an expansion could have taken place with the demise of Owain Foel
628:
Owain Foel's death date is unknown. Although it is possible that he died at the battle, or else soon after, there is no specific evidence that he was indeed killed or mortally wounded. In fact, he could well have lived and reigned long afterwards. Whatever the case, it may have been upon his death
953:
and means "People of the Clyde". The title accorded to Owain Foel differs from those recorded for three of his immediate royal predecessors—his apparent father, grandfather, and great-grandfather—who were styled King of the
Cumbrians. Whilst Owain Foel's title may, therefore, be evidence of the
624:. The stones display significant Scandinavian influences, and are traditionally associated with a legendary king, variably known as Owain Caesarius. It is possible that this figure refers to Owain Foel, or any of the tenth- and eleventh-century Cumbrian kings who bore the same name.
881:, is that Siward installed Máel Coluim as King of Alba. If Máel Coluim was indeed placed upon the Scottish throne, one possibility is that Owain Foel was still reigning as King of Strathclyde. Whatever the case, Owain Foel is the last known king of the realm.
835:
to have attacked certain unspecified
Britons. Whilst it is conceivable that this source is evidence that at least some Cumbrians were still independent by this date, another possibility is that these particular people were under
658:. The rationale behind the meeting of the four kings is uncertain. One possibility—amongst many—is that it concerned the collapse of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, and perhaps had something to do with the recorded ravaging of 1030.
532:
It may have been the unfolding turmoil in the north of
England that lured Máel Coluim mac Cináeda into another cross-border foray. In the course of this invasion, Owain Foel campaigned alongside the Scots, possibly as an ally or
783:
borne by Suibne is the same as that of the reigning Máel Coluim mac Cináeda. This patronym could be evidence that the two were brothers, and that Suibne had instead been placed upon the throne in a region occupied by the
600:, and other valuables. It is also possible that the territorial extent of the Cumbrian realm was enlarged by way of the Northumbrian defeat. For instance, a twelfth-century inquest of the landholdings of the
654:. The fact that no Cumbrian king is recorded at this royal assembly seems to reveal that no such king reigned by this date, and may indicate that the Cumbrian realm then formed part of the Scottish
5594:
4576:
604:—undertaken at a time when the realm had long since been absorbed by the Scots—appears to identify territories formerly encapsulated within the kingdom. The fact that this inquest included
151:
in 1018. Although it is possible that he died in the conflict, no source states as much, and it is uncertain when he died. Owain Foel may be an ancestor—perhaps the father—of a certain
3504:"Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 139: Simeon of Durham OSB, Historia Regum. Richard of Hexham OSA, De Gestis Regis Stephani et de Bello Standardii. John of Hexham OSA, Nennius"
596:
as the southern frontier of their realm. For Owain Foel and the
Cumbrians, the successful outcome of the campaign would have probably meant a surplus of plunder: including cattle,
453:
391:
642:
Another historical episode that may cast light upon the fate of the
Cumbrian realm concerns an assembly of northern kings in about 1031. Specifically in about 1031, the
986:), may well be named after the same man. A seventeenth-century account associates Owain Caesarius with the Giant's Caves, located on the north bank of the River Eamont.
6078:
870:
793:
572:
353:
152:
85:
608:, an important part of what had been Northumbrian territory, could indicate that this region had been annexed by the Cumbrians as a result of the victory at Carham.
508:
3631:
The
Chronicle of Florence of Worcester, with the Two Continuations: Comprising Annals of English History, From the Departure of the Romans to the Reign of Edward I
765:
5999:
3812:
4775:
Edmonds, F (2009). "Personal Names and the Cult of
Patrick in Eleventh-Century Strathclyde and Northumbria". In Boardman, S; Davies, JR; Williamson, E (eds.).
5126:
661:
497:
as a result of his stalwart defence. In the years that followed, Æthelræd's royal authority collapsed under a sustained
Scandinavian onslaught until
6127:
404:
166:
Simplified pedigree of the Cumbrian royal dynasty. Owain Foel is highlighted. It is possible that all these men ruled the Kingdom of Strathclyde.
3268:
561:, however, may indicate that this man had been slain two years beforehand, perhaps revealing that it was actually Uhtred's succeeding brother,
486:
4984:
5888:
5857:
5793:
5686:
5667:
5648:
5555:
5460:
5088:
4947:
4784:
4700:
4658:
4628:
4562:
4522:
4416:
4366:
4343:
4306:
373:
845:
41:
4465:
4959:
Language, History and Onomastics in Medieval Cumbria: An Analysis of the Generative Usage of the Cumbric Habitative Generics Cair and Tref
498:
976:
545:
in 1018. Although the battle is recorded by numerous sources, Owain Foel's participation is specifically attested by the twelfth-century
6060:
396:
381:
259:
132:
96:
576:
The title of Dyfnwal's son and eventual successor, Máel Coluim, as it appears on folio 9r of British Library Cotton Faustina B IX (the
5992:
5176:
4488:
4322:
4277:
384:, ruled in 973 whilst Dyfnwal was still alive. Following Máel Coluim's death in 997, the kingship appears to have passed to a certain
4607:
5921:
5838:
5815:
5532:
5513:
5479:
5433:
5314:
5289:
5235:
5184:
5115:
5061:
4998:
4916:
4765:
4446:
3990:
3752:
3387:
616:
376:. The chronology of Dyfnwal's apparent abdication is uncertain. He seems to have vacated the throne by the 970s. His apparent son,
3376:
The Charters of David I: The Written Acts of David I King of Scots, 1124–53, and of his Son Henry, Earl of Northumberland, 1139–52
6132:
5332:
5259:
5205:
4204:
4164:
4121:
4849:
967:, may be identical to Owain Caesarius, a legendary figure associated with an assemblage of apparent tenth-century monuments at
380:, may have briefly reigned as king, although no source states as much. Certainly, English sources reveal that Dyfnwal's son,
762:
who expedited the undoing of the Cumbrian regime, and oversaw the acquisition of much of the kingdom's western territories.
5985:
3635:
3357:
3339:
972:
592:
The defeat inflicted upon the English seems to have confirmed the Scots' royal authority over Lothian and established the
478:
458:
6066:
6038:
6008:
5957:
597:
385:
268:
68:
4355:
The Empire of Cnut the Great: Conquest and the Consolidation of Power in Northern Europe in the Early Eleventh Century
854:
647:
427:, Owain ap Dyfnwal was slain in 1015. This obituary is corroborated by the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century texts
6043:
5623:
5283:
5229:
4757:
4715:
4684:
4646:
3318:
964:
5099:
4710:
3508:
3661:
William of Malmesbury's Chronicle of the Kings of England, From the Earliest Period to the Reign of King Stephen
5369:
4082:
3869:
3601:
3567:
3531:
3495:
3461:
3427:
551:. There is a degree of uncertainty as to the identity of the man who mounted the English defence. According to
5151:
4962:
4514:
4290:
4282:
3539:
3323:
899:
828:
651:
547:
48:
4357:. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. Leiden:
3575:
3469:
3435:
3397:
5628:"Peoples and Languages in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Britain and Ireland: Reading the Charter Evidence"
5489:
4404:
3705:
3405:
3231:
865:
817:
798:
369:
140:
6111:
5640:
4486:
Clancy, TO (2011). "Gaelic in Medieval Scotland: Advent and Expansion: Sir John Rhys Memorial Lecture".
3784:
722:
557:
518:
3670:
954:
diminishment of the realm, the evidence of expansion preserved by the inquest seems to contradict this.
680:
666:
963:
Either Owain Foel himself, or his predecessor Owain ap Dyfnwal, or this man's like-named grandfather,
6054:
3877:
859:
578:
435:
377:
250:
5964:
5012:
3683:
631:
494:
463:
128:
58:
5305:
Macquarrie, A (1998) . "The Kings of Strathclyde, c. 400–1018". In Grant, A; Stringer, KJ (eds.).
3840:
6020:
5872:
5760:
5731:
5713:
5497:
5404:
5168:
5028:
4874:
4866:
4823:
4740:
4724:
4426:
4384:
4255:
3920:
3806:
3713:
3301:
3285:
742:
566:
502:
874:
485:. One of this man's earliest royal acts was a strike against his embattled English counterpart,
423:
5677:
Taylor, S (2006). "The Early History and Languages of West Dunbartonshire". In Brown, I (ed.).
5452:
3883:
Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots, and Other Early Memorials of Scottish History
17:
5917:
5884:
5853:
5834:
5811:
5789:
5785:
5768:
5682:
5663:
5644:
5581:
5551:
5547:
5528:
5509:
5475:
5456:
5429:
5412:
5310:
5180:
5156:
5111:
5107:
5084:
5067:
5057:
5004:
4994:
4943:
4912:
4886:
4831:
4790:
4780:
4761:
4732:
4696:
4664:
4654:
4624:
4572:
4558:
4541:
4518:
4474:
4442:
4412:
4372:
4362:
4339:
4302:
4263:
3986:
3863:
3748:
3595:
3561:
3525:
3489:
3455:
3421:
3383:
3379:
3293:
3221:
1006:
636:
601:
429:
79:
6048:
5876:
5752:
5721:
5705:
5609:
5444:
5396:
5373:
5337:
5264:
5210:
5146:
5138:
4966:
4858:
4815:
4688:
4616:
4591:
4497:
4358:
4331:
4312:
4294:
4247:
4238:
4209:
4169:
4126:
3910:
3655:
3349:
3277:
968:
671:
635:
records a ravaging inflicted upon Britons that year by the English and the Scandinavians of
621:
555:, Uhtred commanded the English forces. A passage preserved by the ninth- to twelfth-century
538:
400:
184:
148:
136:
5867:
Woolf, A (2010). "Reporting Scotland in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". In Jorgensen, A (ed.).
4620:
4501:
4335:
4298:
516:
as it appears on folio 153r of British Library Cotton Tiberius B I (the "C" version of the
6032:
6026:
5927:
5830:
5679:
Changing Identities, Ancient Roots: The History of West Dunbartonshire From Earliest Times
5505:
5053:
5040:
4990:
4980:
4922:
4396:
4092:
4091:. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts.
4070:
4060:
3954:
3924:
3887:
3794:
3768:
3727:
3693:
3643:
3616:
3544:
3371:
3254:
3235:
857:
invaded Alba and defeated the reigning Mac Bethad. According to the twelfth-century texts
707:
seems to indicate that the original territory of this population group was located in the
655:
513:
490:
409:
5081:
Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic
3914:
3900:
3762:
3503:
3225:
5602:
Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archæological Society
4584:
Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archæological Society
3948:
3659:
5696:
Thornton, DE (2001). "Edgar and the Eight Kings, AD 973: Textus et Dramatis Personae".
4676:
4040:
4020:
4000:
939:
708:
5913:
5900:
4908:
4891:
4844:
4803:
3820:
3313:
849:
Owain Foel's title as it appears on folio 94v of Cambridge Corpus Christi College 139.
769:
Suibne's name as it appears on folio 16v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 488: "
46:
Owain Foel's name as it appears on folio 94v of Cambridge Corpus Christi College 139 (
6121:
5735:
5445:
4896:
4878:
4679:(2018). "Origins of the Kingdom of the English". In Naismith, R; Woodman, DA (eds.).
4086:
4064:
3967:
3937:
3881:
3788:
3709:
3687:
3639:
3629:
3305:
949:
802:
701:
ethnicity, first recorded in the ninth century. Some of the earliest evidence of the
686:
562:
5627:
3717:
805:(Eadwulf III)) as it appears on folio 157r of British Library Cotton Tiberius B I: "
5493:
5194:
4935:
4430:
4236:
Broun, D (2004c). "The Welsh Identity of the Kingdom of Strathclyde c.900–c.1200".
4153:
3366:. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 2. London: Longmans & Co.
738:
734:
489:. Unfortunately for the Scots, this invasion of Northumbria was utterly crushed by
482:
144:
5356:
5297:
5243:
4228:
4188:
4145:
3361:
3343:
5852:. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
5662:. Oxford Studies in Medieval European History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5566:
4457:
3744:
3672:
Annales Cambriae: The B Text From London, National Archives, MS E164/1, pp. 2–26
593:
5341:
4213:
4130:
3610:
3248:
5803:
5326:
5268:
5214:
5173:
The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and its Transformation, 1000–1135
4692:
4251:
4198:
4173:
4115:
3723:
726:
605:
5906:
5772:
5764:
5717:
5634:
5585:
5416:
5408:
5253:
5199:
5160:
5071:
5008:
4901:
4870:
4835:
4827:
4794:
4736:
4728:
4668:
4545:
4478:
4376:
4267:
4259:
4158:
3297:
3289:
3281:
679:
Another aspect of the uncertainty surrounding the kingdom is the obituary of
5880:
5709:
4779:. Studies in Celtic History. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 42–65.
4653:. Studies in Celtic History. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 66–90.
4096:
4074:
3982:
3928:
3891:
3798:
3780:
3772:
3697:
3689:
Willelmi Malmesbiriensis Monachi Gesta Regum Anglorum Atque Historia Novella
3647:
3620:
3258:
5931:
5743:
Wadden, P (2016). "Dál Riata c. 1000: Genealogies and Irish Sea Politics".
5387:
McGuigan, N (2015b). "Review of A Ross, The Kings of Alba, c.1000–c.1130".
5142:
5050:
Prophecy of Berchán: Irish and Scottish High-Kings of the Early Middle Ages
4926:
3958:
3731:
3239:
926:" ("King of the Clydesmen"). The compiler of this source may have intended
745:—and afterwards came to be territorially confined within the boundaries of
669:
as it appears on folio 39r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489 (the
461:
as it appears on folio 16v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 488 (the
6106:
5756:
5593:
Cumberland And Westmorland Antiquarian And Archaeological Society (1947).
5400:
4819:
971:
collectively known as The Giant's Grave. The nearby site of Castle Hewin (
4438:
780:
746:
730:
155:
who is described as the "son of the king of the Cumbrians" in the 1050s.
4744:
5977:
5726:
4862:
697:
appears to have been applied to a population of mixed Scandinavian and
620:
The Giant's Grave, a collection of apparent tenth-century monuments at
541:, a conflict in which the two kings fought and defeated the English at
5825:
Woolf, A (2004). "The Age of Sea-Kings, 900–1300". In Omand, D (ed.).
5527:. Oxford Companions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 42–43.
5378:
3678:(September 2015 ed.) – via Welsh Chronicles Research Group.
5810:. Oxford Companions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 8–10.
4971:
721:
terminology appears to have encompassed the region south and west of
542:
534:
5806:(2001). "Anglo-Scottish Relations: 1. 900–1100". In Lynch, M (ed.).
5614:
5470:
Minard, A; Busse, PE (2006). "Owain ap Dyfnwal". In Koch, JT (ed.).
4596:
421:
According to the "B" version of the eleventh- to thirteenth-century
368:
Owain Foel seems to have been a member of the ruling dynasty of the
3612:
A Cursory Relation of the Antiquities & Familyes in Cumberland
844:
792:
764:
712:
698:
660:
615:
571:
507:
452:
441:
390:
3348:. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. Vol. 1. London:
5869:
Reading the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Language, Literature, History
4754:
The Kingship of the Scots, 842–1292: Succession and Independence
3848:
Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (School of Celtic Studies)
806:
523:
5981:
5428:. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 514–515.
108:
5636:
The Reality Behind Charter Diplomatic in Anglo-Norman Britain
5052:. Contributions to the Study of World History. Westport, CT:
1019:
1013:
837:
822:
785:
770:
757:
750:
716:
702:
692:
684:
537:
of his Scottish counterpart. The operation culminated in the
468:
445:
could account for Owain Foel's epithet (meaning "the bald").
5871:. Studies in the Early Middle Ages. Vol. 23. Turnhout:
5443:
Minard, A (2012). "Cumbria". In Koch, JT; Minard, A (eds.).
4645:
Davies, JR (2009). "Bishop Kentigern Among the Britons". In
756:
himself. In fact, Suibne could have been the leader of the
388:, a man who seems to have been yet another son of Dyfnwal.
5523:
Oram, R (2001). "Borders: 1. to 1603". In Lynch, M (ed.).
5474:. Vol. 4. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 1407.
3227:
Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, A.D. 500 to 1286
646:
records a concord between Knútr, Máel Coluim mac Cináeda,
372:. For much of the tenth century, the kingdom was ruled by
5681:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 12–41.
4411:. The History of Wales. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4007:(2 November 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010
3827:(22 January 2011 ed.). University College Cork. 2011
947:, a term that is otherwise employed by the tenth-century
5366:
Neither Scotland nor England: Middle Britain, c.850–1150
5309:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–19.
4047:(15 August 2012 ed.). University College Cork. 2012
4027:(29 August 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008
4511:
The Men of the North: The Britons and Southern Scotland
980:), a place name meaning "Owain's castle" (derived from
5660:
The Shape of the State in Medieval Scotland, 1124–1290
5567:"On the Origin of 'Hiberno-Norse Inversion-Compounds'"
5502:
Maps, Genealogies, Lists: A Companion to Irish History
4804:"The Emergence and Transformation of Medieval Cumbria"
5110:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 257–258.
4066:
Florentii Wigorniensis Monachi Chronicon ex Chronicis
853:
Owain Foel could have lived into the 1050s. In 1054,
815:
In the words of the pseudo-prophetic twelfth-century
4532:
Clarkson, T (2013). "The Last King of Strathclyde".
3664:. Bohn's Antiquarian Library. London: Henry G. Bohn.
5639:. Glasgow: Centre for Scottish and Celtic Studies,
4088:
Brut y Tywysigion; or, The Chronicle of the Princes
4069:. Vol. 1. London: English Historical Society.
3692:. Vol. 1. London: English Historical Society.
3250:
Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286
91:
78:
74:
64:
57:
34:
5905:
5899:
5325:
5252:
5198:
4900:
4890:
4681:Writing, Kingship and Power in Anglo-Saxon England
4606:
4555:Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age
4321:
4276:
4197:
4157:
4114:
3790:The Text of the Bruts From the Red Book of Hergest
3741:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition
5152:20.500.11820/762e78fe-2a9c-43cf-8173-8300892b31cb
5424:Minard, A (2006). "Cumbria". In Koch, JT (ed.).
5307:Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community
5098:Jennings, AP (2001). "Galloway, Origins of". In
3266:Anderson, AO (1930). "The Prophecy of Berchan".
1536:
1534:
4504:– via British Academy Scholarship Online.
143:. Owain Foel is recorded to have supported the
5993:
4845:"The Expansion of the Kingdom of Strathclyde"
981:
8:
5912:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
5336:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
5263:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
5209:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
4907:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
4208:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
4168:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
4125:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
897:His name is recorded by the twelfth-century
942:
933:
927:
921:
842:overlordship when attacked by the English.
583:
6000:
5986:
5978:
5939:
3886:. Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House.
3811:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1077:
1075:
938:. The latter seems to be derived from the
395:The name of Owain Foel's possible father,
162:
40:
31:
5725:
5613:
5472:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
5426:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
5377:
5150:
4970:
4942:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4615:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
4595:
4435:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
4330:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
2831:Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 139
2393:
2391:
2382:Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489' (n.d.)
1065:Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 139
5808:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
5525:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
5451:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp.
5104:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
3253:. Vol. 1. London: Oliver and Boyd.
2649:pp. 38–39, 40 tab. 3, 41, 247–248 n. 39.
1297:
1295:
916:In its account of the Battle of Carham,
493:, a young northern magnate who was made
5333:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5260:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5206:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4605:Crowcroft, R; Cannon, J, eds. (2015) .
4328:The Oxford Companion to British History
4287:The Oxford Companion to British History
4205:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4165:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4122:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3953:. Vol. 3, pt. 2. London: Seeleys.
2202:
2200:
1036:
890:
405:Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 502
5281:
5227:
5127:"From Dál Riata to the Gall-Ghà idheil"
5036:
5026:
4713:(1976). "The Battle of Carham, 1018".
4392:
4382:
3972:. Vol. 4, pt. 1. London: Seeleys.
3942:. Vol. 2, pt. 1. London: Seeleys.
3861:
3804:
3593:
3559:
3523:
3487:
3474:Early Manuscripts at Oxford University
3453:
3440:Early Manuscripts at Oxford University
3419:
3402:Early Manuscripts at Oxford University
5782:Lords of Alba: The Making of Scotland
5447:The Celts: History, Life, and Culture
4326:. In Crowcroft, R; Cannon, J (eds.).
3905:. Vol. 2. Edmonston and Douglas.
2843:
2841:
2123:
2121:
965:Owain ap Dyfnwal, King of Strathclyde
374:Dyfnwal ab Owain, King of Strathclyde
352:
350:
348:
346:
344:
338:
336:
334:
328:
326:
324:
322:
320:
310:
308:
306:
304:
302:
296:
294:
292:
286:
284:
282:
280:
278:
266:
264:
258:
256:
248:
220:
194:
182:
180:
178:
176:
174:
7:
5574:The Journal of Scottish Name Studies
4649:; Davies, JR; Williamson, E (eds.).
4621:10.1093/acref/9780191758027.001.0001
4502:10.5871/bacad/9780197264775.003.0011
4466:The Journal of Scottish Name Studies
4336:10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001
4299:10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001
4116:"Uhtred, Earl of Bamburgh (d. 1016)"
3269:Zeitschrift fĂĽr celtische Philologie
569:, who commanded the English troops.
501:attained the kingship of the entire
5083:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3470:"Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 502"
3436:"Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489"
3398:"Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488"
5544:The Kings & Queens of Scotland
5504:. New History of Ireland. Oxford:
5177:University of North Carolina Press
4489:Proceedings of the British Academy
4437:. Vol. 5. Santa Barbara, CA:
25:
4777:Saints' Cults in the Celtic World
4651:Saints' Cults in the Celtic World
4458:"The Gall-GhĂ idheil and Galloway"
3764:Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis
3719:The Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales
2605:Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488
1853:Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis
1405:Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488
1190:Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 502
1084:chs. genealogical tables, 8 ¶ 7;
6105:
4557:(EPUB). Edinburgh: John Donald.
3969:The Church Historians of England
3950:The Church Historians of England
3939:The Church Historians of England
3767:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh. 1843.
487:Æthelræd II, King of the English
403:, as it appears on folio 25r of
6093:Uncertain kings are italicised.
5850:From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070
5131:Viking and Medieval Scandinavia
4613:A Dictionary of British History
4409:Wales and the Britons, 350–1064
3902:The Four Ancient Books of Wales
18:Owain Foel, King of Strathclyde
6128:11th-century Scottish monarchs
5125:Jennings, A; Kruse, A (2009).
3669:Gough-Cooper, HW, ed. (2015).
821:, Máel Coluim mac Cináeda was
715:. By the twelfth century, the
612:Death and Cumbrian contraction
1:
5288:: CS1 maint: date and year (
5234:: CS1 maint: date and year (
4640:– via Oxford Reference.
4348:– via Oxford Reference.
3476:. Oxford Digital Library. n.d
3442:. Oxford Digital Library. n.d
2986:chs. genealogical tables, 9;
2677:pp. 38–39, 41, 247–248 n. 39.
1287:Jones; Williams; Pughe (1870)
5357:UK public library membership
5298:UK public library membership
5244:UK public library membership
5200:"Æthelred II (c.966x8–1016)"
4577:"The Giant's Grave, Penrith"
4229:UK public library membership
4189:UK public library membership
4146:UK public library membership
3363:Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia
3345:Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia
1824:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005)
1613:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005)
1549:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005)
1526:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005)
1443:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005)
1318:Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005)
131:. He may have been a son of
5251:Lawson, MK (January 2013).
4892:"Origins: Scotland to 1100"
2635:Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005)
1012:is derived from the Gaelic
855:Siward, Earl of Northumbria
683:, a man styled King of the
6149:
5745:Scottish Historical Review
4808:Scottish Historical Review
4758:Edinburgh University Press
4716:Scottish Historical Review
4685:Cambridge University Press
4429:(2006). "Ystrad Clud". In
4045:Corpus of Electronic Texts
4025:Corpus of Electronic Texts
4005:Corpus of Electronic Texts
3966:Stevenson, J, ed. (1856).
3947:Stevenson, J, ed. (1855).
3936:Stevenson, J, ed. (1853).
3825:Corpus of Electronic Texts
3743:. Vol. 5. Cambridge:
3739:O'Keeffe, KO, ed. (2001).
3636:Bohn's Antiquarian Library
3322:(13 April 2005 ed.).
3319:Corpus of Electronic Texts
3247:Anderson, AO, ed. (1922).
869:, Siward set up a certain
838:
786:
758:
751:
717:
703:
685:
139:, two other rulers of the
127:, was an eleventh-century
6088:
6015:
5962:
5954:
5949:
5942:
5784:(EPUB). Brimscombe Port:
4693:10.1017/9781316676066.005
4323:"Strathclyde, Kingdom of"
4252:10.3366/inr.2004.55.2.111
4001:"The Annals of Tigernach"
3979:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
3977:Swanton, M, ed. (1998) .
3628:Forester, T, ed. (1854).
3609:Ferguson, R, ed. (1890).
3540:"Cotton MS Faustina B IX"
3509:Parker Library on the Web
1360:ch. 8 ¶¶ 11–12, 8 n. 14;
1096:pp. 128 n. 66, 135 tab.;
801:(not to be confused with
332:
330:
290:
288:
242:
240:
238:
232:
230:
228:
218:
214:
212:
210:
204:
202:
200:
39:
5898:Wormald, J, ed. (2005).
5370:University of St Andrews
4986:Kings of Celtic Scotland
3576:"Cotton MS Tiberius B I"
3282:10.1515/zcph.1930.18.1.1
3163:
3139:
3115:
3087:
3071:
3023:
2967:
2907:
2801:
2728:pp. 52 § 183, 90 § 183;
2717:
2622:
2553:
2540:pp. 136–138, 139 n. 117.
2533:
2501:
2497:
2485:
2481:
2469:
2465:
2449:
2445:
2429:
2413:
2218:
2155:
2139:
2092:
1870:
1839:
1764:
1724:
1664:
1624:
1604:
1584:
1541:Crowcroft; Cannon (2015)
1466:
1357:
1301:
1271:Williams Ab Ithel (1860)
1214:
1188:
1153:
1081:
1043:
648:Mac Bethad mac FindlaĂch
470:Mael Colaim mac CĂnaetha
6133:Monarchs of Strathclyde
5881:10.1484/M.SEM-EB.3.4457
5710:10.1111/1468-0254.00079
4963:University of Edinburgh
4291:Oxford University Press
3899:Skene, WF, ed. (1868).
3324:University College Cork
3199:
3195:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3075:
3059:
3055:
3054:pp. 133–134, 135 tab.;
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3007:
3006:pp. 133–134, 135 tab.;
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2847:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2789:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2690:
2686:
2674:
2662:
2658:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2587:The Annals of Tigernach
2585:
2573:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2513:
2461:
2441:
2425:
2409:
2397:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2350:
2346:
2334:
2330:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2298:The Annals of Tigernach
2296:
2284:
2280:
2268:
2264:
2252:
2245:
2241:
2236:The Annals of Tigernach
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2206:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2163:
2159:
2143:
2127:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2072:
2068:
2056:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2001:
1994:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1946:
1942:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1802:Cotton MS Faustina B IX
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1612:
1608:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1525:
1521:
1506:
1502:
1490:
1486:
1474:
1470:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1422:
1418:
1403:
1396:
1391:The Annals of Tigernach
1389:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1345:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1286:
1282:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1195:
1184:
1177:
1173:
1161:
1157:
1141:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:pp. 236, 238 tab. 6.4;
1089:
1085:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1020:
1014:
982:
918:Historia regum Anglorum
900:Historia regum Anglorum
833:Historia regum Anglorum
823:
807:
771:
693:
652:Echmarcach mac Ragnaill
553:Historia regum Anglorum
548:Historia regum Anglorum
524:
481:succeeded a kinsman as
479:Máel Coluim mac Cináeda
469:
459:Máel Coluim mac Cináeda
49:Historia regum Anglorum
5342:10.1093/ref:odnb/49382
5324:Macquarrie, A (2004).
5143:10.1484/J.VMS.1.100676
4938:; Pedersen, F (2005).
4441:. pp. 1818–1821.
4214:10.1093/ref:odnb/17858
4199:"Malcolm II (d. 1034)"
4131:10.1093/ref:odnb/27981
4041:"The Annals of Ulster"
4021:"The Annals of Ulster"
3406:Oxford Digital Library
3168:Charles-Edwards (2013)
2692:Cotton MS Tiberius B I
2462:Charles-Edwards (2013)
2442:Charles-Edwards (2013)
2426:Jennings; Kruse (2009)
2410:Jennings; Kruse (2009)
1923:Charles-Edwards (2013)
1669:Charles-Edwards (2013)
1508:Cotton MS Tiberius B I
1251:Charles-Edwards (2013)
1219:Charles-Edwards (2013)
1187:pp. 101, 174 nn. 7–9;
1086:Charles-Edwards (2013)
943:
934:
928:
922:
879:Chronicon ex chronicis
866:Chronicon ex chronicis
850:
812:
797:The name and title of
776:
676:
625:
589:
584:
529:
512:The name and title of
474:
418:
370:Kingdom of Strathclyde
141:Kingdom of Strathclyde
5757:10.3366/shr.2016.0294
5698:Early Medieval Europe
5641:University of Glasgow
5633:. In Broun, D (ed.).
5401:10.3366/nor.2015.0090
5364:McGuigan, N (2015a).
5269:10.1093/ref:odnb/4579
5215:10.1093/ref:odnb/8915
4850:Early Medieval Europe
4820:10.3366/shr.2014.0216
4174:10.1093/ref:odnb/8209
3615:. Kendal: T. Wilson.
3314:"Annals of Tigernach"
2894:p. 330 bk. 2 ch. 196.
2890:p. 214 bk. 2 ch. 13;
2804:ch. 8 ¶ 12, 8 n. 14;
1897:pp. 155–156 ch. 130;
1751:pp. 155–156 ch. 130;
1707:pp. 155–156 ch. 130;
1643:pp. 155–156 ch. 130;
1376:pp. 155–156 ch. 130;
1046:ch. 8 ¶ 12, 8 n. 14;
848:
796:
768:
664:
644:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
619:
575:
558:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
519:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
511:
456:
394:
111:1018), also known as
6114:at Wikimedia Commons
6009:Kings of Strathclyde
5875:. pp. 221–239.
5780:Walker, IW (2013) .
5565:Parsons, DN (2011).
4752:Duncan, AAM (2002).
4553:Clarkson, T (2014).
4509:Clarkson, T (2010).
4159:"Duncan I (d. 1040)"
4083:Williams Ab Ithel, J
3868:: CS1 maint: year (
3600:: CS1 maint: year (
3566:: CS1 maint: year (
3530:: CS1 maint: year (
3494:: CS1 maint: year (
3460:: CS1 maint: year (
3426:: CS1 maint: year (
2371:The Annals of Ulster
2364:The Annals of Ulster
2166:pp. 128, 139 n. 117.
1869:pp. 9–10, 10 n. 42;
1314:Minard; Busse (2006)
1217:chs. 7, 7 n. 25, 8;
860:Gesta regum Anglorum
579:Chronicle of Melrose
436:Brenhinedd y Saesson
5965:King of Strathclyde
5908:Scotland: A History
5833:. pp. 94–109.
5546:. Brimscombe Port:
5175:. Chapel Hill, NC:
5079:Hudson, BT (2005).
5048:Hudson, BT (1996).
4903:Scotland: A History
4843:Edmonds, F (2015).
4802:Edmonds, F (2014).
4687:. pp. 71–121.
4608:"Carham, Battle of"
4513:(EPUB). Edinburgh:
4456:Clancy, TO (2008).
4405:Charles-Edwards, TM
4320:Broun, D (2015b) .
4281:. In Crowcroft, R;
4275:Broun, D (2015a) .
3916:Chronica de Mailros
2772:p. 254, 254 n. 49;
2594:Annals of Tigernach
2560:p. 254, 254 n. 49;
2514:Jennings, AP (2001)
2305:Annals of Tigernach
2247:Annals of Tigernach
2225:p. 210, 210 n. 88;
1398:Annals of Tigernach
1233:p. 128, 128 n. 66;
1211:Gough-Cooper (2015)
1015:i nGall Gaidhealaib
1007:Scottish place name
920:styles Owain Foel "
829:Eadwulf of Bamburgh
818:Prophecy of Berchán
772:Suibne mac Cinaetha
632:Annals of Tigernach
495:Earl of Northumbria
464:Annals of Tigernach
129:King of Strathclyde
59:King of Strathclyde
29:King of Strathclyde
5873:Brepols Publishers
5658:Taylor, A (2016).
5643:. pp. 1–119.
5542:Oram, RD (2011) .
4957:Hicks, DA (2003).
4863:10.1111/emed.12087
4353:Bolton, T (2009).
4196:Broun, D (2004b).
3921:The Bannatyne Club
2792:p. 254, 254 n. 49.
2645:pp. 117–118, 158;
2448:pp. 374, 386–387;
2029:Collingwood (1923)
2002:Collingwood (1923)
1925:pp. 481, 529–530;
1348:pp. 43 n. 106, 44.
1253:p. 572 fig. 17.4;
1221:p. 572 fig. 17.4;
1164:pp. 222, 233, 236.
1100:p. 44, 44 n. 107;
1088:p. 572 fig. 17.4;
851:
813:
777:
743:Kirkcudbrightshire
711:region and nearby
691:. The Gaelic term
681:Suibne mac Cináeda
677:
667:Suibne mac Cináeda
626:
590:
530:
475:
419:
6110:Media related to
6101:
6100:
5976:
5975:
5890:978-2-503-52394-1
5859:978-0-7486-1233-8
5848:Woolf, A (2007).
5795:978-0-7524-9519-4
5786:The History Press
5688:978-0-7486-2561-1
5669:978-0-19-874920-2
5650:978-0-85261-919-3
5557:978-0-7524-7099-3
5548:The History Press
5462:978-1-59884-964-6
5389:Northern Scotland
5355:(Subscription or
5327:"Donald (d. 975)"
5296:(Subscription or
5284:cite encyclopedia
5242:(Subscription or
5230:cite encyclopedia
5108:Oxford Companions
5090:978-0-19-516237-0
4949:978-0-521-82992-2
4786:978-1-84383-432-8
4702:978-1-107-16097-2
4660:978-1-84383-432-8
4630:978-0-19-175802-7
4564:978-1-907909-25-2
4524:978-1-907909-02-3
4418:978-0-19-821731-2
4368:978-90-04-16670-7
4345:978-0-19-967783-2
4308:978-0-19-967783-2
4227:(Subscription or
4187:(Subscription or
4144:(Subscription or
4113:Aird, WM (2004).
4106:Secondary sources
3841:"Saltair na Rann"
3821:"Saltair na Rann"
3380:The Boydell Press
3350:Longmans & Co
2055:p. 55, 55 n. 61;
1901:p. 527, 527 n. 4.
1330:Macquarrie (1998)
1326:Macquarrie (2004)
1213:p. 46 § b1036.1;
1138:Macquarrie (2004)
602:Bishop of Glasgow
567:ruler of Bamburgh
430:Brut y Tywysogyon
366:
365:
362:
361:
102:
101:
16:(Redirected from
6140:
6109:
6094:
6002:
5995:
5988:
5979:
5971:Last known king
5958:Owain ap Dyfnwal
5955:Preceded by
5940:
5935:
5911:
5903:
5894:
5863:
5844:
5821:
5799:
5776:
5739:
5729:
5692:
5673:
5654:
5632:
5619:
5617:
5599:
5589:
5571:
5561:
5538:
5519:
5485:
5466:
5450:
5439:
5420:
5383:
5381:
5360:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5329:
5320:
5301:
5293:
5287:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5256:
5254:"Cnut (d. 1035)"
5247:
5239:
5233:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5202:
5197:(October 2009).
5190:
5164:
5154:
5121:
5094:
5075:
5044:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5011:. Archived from
4989:. Westport, CT:
4976:
4974:
4953:
4930:
4906:
4894:
4882:
4839:
4798:
4771:
4748:
4706:
4672:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4610:
4601:
4599:
4581:
4568:
4549:
4534:History Scotland
4528:
4505:
4482:
4462:
4452:
4422:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4380:
4349:
4325:
4316:
4313:Oxford Reference
4289:(2nd ed.).
4280:
4271:
4239:The Innes Review
4232:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4201:
4192:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4161:
4149:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4118:
4100:
4078:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4016:
4014:
4012:
3996:
3973:
3962:
3943:
3932:
3906:
3895:
3873:
3867:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3845:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3816:
3810:
3802:
3776:
3758:
3735:
3701:
3679:
3677:
3665:
3651:
3624:
3605:
3599:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3571:
3565:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3535:
3529:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3499:
3493:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3465:
3459:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3431:
3425:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3393:
3367:
3353:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3309:
3262:
3243:
3203:
3193:
3187:
3184:Taylor, S (2006)
3161:
3155:
3137:
3131:
3113:
3107:
3085:
3079:
3069:
3063:
3048:Taylor, S (2006)
3020:Taylor, A (2016)
3017:
3011:
3000:Taylor, S (2006)
2964:McGuigan (2015b)
2961:
2955:
2948:Stevenson (1853)
2910:ch. 9, 9 n. 12;
2904:McGuigan (2015a)
2901:
2895:
2860:McGuigan (2015a)
2857:
2851:
2845:
2836:
2826:Stevenson (1855)
2824:p. 156 ch. 130;
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2778:Stevenson (1855)
2776:p. 198 ch. 159;
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2710:McGuigan (2015a)
2703:
2697:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2656:
2650:
2619:McGuigan (2015a)
2616:
2610:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2547:
2541:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2495:
2489:
2479:
2473:
2459:
2453:
2439:
2433:
2423:
2417:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2386:
2360:
2354:
2344:
2338:
2328:
2322:
2294:
2288:
2278:
2272:
2262:
2256:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2195:
2173:
2167:
2153:
2147:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2116:
2082:
2076:
2066:
2060:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2016:p. 5, 55 n. 61;
2011:
2005:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1959:Taylor, A (2016)
1956:
1950:
1940:
1934:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1899:Stevenson (1855)
1873:ch. 8, 8 n. 14;
1867:Taylor, A (2016)
1864:
1858:
1850:pp. 60–61 § 15;
1837:
1831:
1813:
1807:
1797:Stevenson (1835)
1793:Stevenson (1856)
1786:
1780:
1762:
1756:
1753:Stevenson (1855)
1727:ch. 8, 8 n. 14;
1721:McGuigan (2015a)
1718:
1712:
1709:Stevenson (1855)
1667:ch. 8, 8 n. 14;
1662:
1656:
1653:Stevenson (1855)
1622:
1616:
1602:
1596:
1581:McGuigan (2015a)
1577:Taylor, A (2016)
1574:
1568:
1538:
1529:
1522:McGuigan (2015a)
1519:
1513:
1500:
1494:
1484:
1478:
1464:
1458:
1432:
1426:
1416:
1410:
1387:
1381:
1378:Stevenson (1855)
1372:p. 82, 82 n. 3;
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1290:
1280:
1274:
1248:
1242:
1208:
1202:
1174:McGuigan (2015a)
1171:
1165:
1151:
1145:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1079:
1070:
1062:p. 156 ch. 130;
1041:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1003:
997:
993:
987:
985:
979:
961:
955:
946:
937:
931:
925:
923:rex Clutinensium
914:
908:
895:
841:
840:
826:
810:
789:
788:
774:
761:
760:
754:
753:
720:
719:
706:
705:
696:
690:
689:
672:Annals of Ulster
587:
539:Battle of Carham
527:
499:KnĂştr Sveinnsson
472:
449:Battle of Carham
401:Dyfnwal ab Owain
386:Owain ap Dyfnwal
272:
254:
188:
185:Dyfnwal ab Owain
172:
171:
163:
149:Battle of Carham
137:Dyfnwal ab Owain
69:Owain ap Dyfnwal
44:
32:
21:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6118:
6117:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6084:
6011:
6006:
5960:
5945:
5938:
5924:
5897:
5891:
5866:
5860:
5847:
5841:
5827:The Argyll Book
5824:
5818:
5802:
5796:
5779:
5742:
5695:
5689:
5676:
5670:
5657:
5651:
5630:
5622:
5615:10.5284/1032950
5597:
5592:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5541:
5535:
5522:
5516:
5506:Clarendon Press
5500:, eds. (2005).
5488:
5482:
5469:
5463:
5442:
5436:
5423:
5386:
5363:
5354:
5346:
5344:
5323:
5317:
5304:
5295:
5280:
5273:
5271:
5250:
5241:
5226:
5219:
5217:
5193:
5187:
5167:
5124:
5118:
5097:
5091:
5078:
5064:
5054:Greenwood Press
5047:
5035:
5025:
5018:
5016:
5015:on 23 June 2019
5001:
4991:Greenwood Press
4979:
4956:
4950:
4933:
4919:
4885:
4842:
4801:
4787:
4774:
4768:
4751:
4709:
4703:
4675:
4661:
4644:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4604:
4597:10.5284/1032950
4579:
4573:Collingwood, WG
4571:
4565:
4552:
4531:
4525:
4508:
4485:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4425:
4419:
4403:
4391:
4381:
4369:
4352:
4346:
4319:
4309:
4274:
4235:
4226:
4218:
4216:
4195:
4186:
4178:
4176:
4152:
4143:
4135:
4133:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4081:
4059:
4050:
4048:
4039:
4030:
4028:
4019:
4010:
4008:
3999:
3993:
3976:
3965:
3946:
3935:
3909:
3898:
3876:
3860:
3853:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3830:
3828:
3819:
3803:
3787:, eds. (1890).
3779:
3761:
3755:
3738:
3716:, eds. (1870).
3704:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3654:
3627:
3608:
3592:
3585:
3583:
3580:British Library
3574:
3558:
3551:
3549:
3545:British Library
3538:
3522:
3515:
3513:
3502:
3486:
3479:
3477:
3468:
3452:
3445:
3443:
3434:
3418:
3411:
3409:
3396:
3390:
3370:
3356:
3338:
3329:
3327:
3312:
3265:
3246:
3220:
3216:
3214:Primary sources
3211:
3206:
3200:Clarkson (2013)
3196:Dumville (2018)
3194:
3190:
3176:Clarkson (2010)
3172:Clarkson (2013)
3164:Clarkson (2014)
3162:
3158:
3148:Clarkson (2013)
3140:Clarkson (2014)
3138:
3134:
3124:Clarkson (2010)
3120:Clarkson (2013)
3116:Clarkson (2014)
3114:
3110:
3100:Clarkson (2010)
3092:Clarkson (2013)
3088:Clarkson (2014)
3086:
3082:
3076:Clarkson (2010)
3072:Clarkson (2014)
3070:
3066:
3032:Clarkson (2013)
3024:Clarkson (2014)
3018:
3014:
2984:Clarkson (2010)
2976:Clarkson (2013)
2968:Clarkson (2014)
2962:
2958:
2944:Forester (1854)
2940:Anderson (1908)
2916:Clarkson (2010)
2912:Clarkson (2013)
2908:Clarkson (2014)
2902:
2898:
2884:Anderson (1908)
2864:Clarkson (2013)
2858:
2854:
2848:Clarkson (2013)
2846:
2839:
2810:Clarkson (2013)
2802:Clarkson (2014)
2800:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2766:Clarkson (2010)
2764:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2738:Anderson (1922)
2734:Anderson (1930)
2714:Clarkson (2010)
2704:
2700:
2687:O'Keeffe (2001)
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2657:
2653:
2623:Clarkson (2014)
2617:
2613:
2600:Anderson (1922)
2584:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2548:
2544:
2530:Clarkson (2010)
2524:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2496:
2492:
2480:
2476:
2460:
2456:
2440:
2436:
2424:
2420:
2408:
2404:
2398:Clarkson (2010)
2396:
2389:
2377:Anderson (1922)
2361:
2357:
2347:Clarkson (2013)
2345:
2341:
2333:p. 137 n. 112;
2329:
2325:
2319:Anderson (1922)
2295:
2291:
2279:
2275:
2265:Clarkson (2013)
2263:
2259:
2231:Clarkson (2010)
2227:Clarkson (2013)
2219:Clarkson (2014)
2217:
2213:
2207:Clarkson (2010)
2205:
2198:
2174:
2170:
2160:Clarkson (2013)
2156:Clarkson (2014)
2154:
2150:
2140:Clarkson (2014)
2138:
2134:
2126:
2119:
2105:Clarkson (2010)
2101:Oram, RD (2011)
2097:Clarkson (2013)
2093:Clarkson (2014)
2083:
2079:
2073:Ferguson (1890)
2067:
2063:
2057:Clarkson (2010)
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2018:Clarkson (2010)
2012:
2008:
1991:Clarkson (2010)
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1957:
1953:
1941:
1937:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1891:Anderson (1908)
1879:Clarkson (2013)
1871:Clarkson (2014)
1865:
1861:
1846:p. 139 n. 117;
1840:Clarkson (2014)
1838:
1834:
1816:Oram, RD (2011)
1814:
1810:
1789:Anderson (1922)
1787:
1783:
1765:Clarkson (2014)
1763:
1759:
1745:Anderson (1908)
1725:Clarkson (2014)
1719:
1715:
1701:Anderson (1908)
1673:Clarkson (2013)
1665:Clarkson (2014)
1663:
1659:
1637:Anderson (1908)
1633:Anderson (1922)
1625:Clarkson (2014)
1623:
1619:
1609:Oram, RD (2011)
1605:Clarkson (2014)
1603:
1599:
1585:Clarkson (2014)
1575:
1571:
1545:Oram, RD (2011)
1539:
1532:
1520:
1516:
1503:O'Keeffe (2001)
1501:
1497:
1485:
1481:
1467:Clarkson (2014)
1465:
1461:
1433:
1429:
1417:
1413:
1388:
1384:
1370:Anderson (1908)
1362:Clarkson (2013)
1358:Clarkson (2014)
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1312:
1308:
1302:Clarkson (2014)
1300:
1293:
1281:
1277:
1263:Anderson (1922)
1249:
1245:
1239:Anderson (1922)
1223:Clarkson (2013)
1215:Clarkson (2014)
1209:
1205:
1197:Saltair na Rann
1179:Saltair na Rann
1172:
1168:
1158:Clarkson (2010)
1154:Clarkson (2014)
1152:
1148:
1142:Thornton (2001)
1136:
1132:
1126:Thornton (2001)
1124:
1120:
1114:Thornton (2001)
1112:
1108:
1082:Clarkson (2014)
1080:
1073:
1056:Anderson (1908)
1048:Clarkson (2013)
1044:Clarkson (2014)
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1004:
1000:
994:
990:
975:
962:
958:
915:
911:
905:Eugenius Calvus
896:
892:
887:
875:AlpĂnid dynasty
749:. As such, the
656:Kingdom of Alba
614:
451:
424:Annales Cambriæ
410:Saltair na Rann
267:
249:
183:
161:
125:Eugenius Calvus
53:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6146:
6144:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6075:
6070:
6063:
6058:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6029:
6024:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5982:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5961:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5950:Regnal titles
5947:
5946:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5922:
5895:
5889:
5864:
5858:
5845:
5839:
5822:
5816:
5800:
5794:
5777:
5751:(2): 164–181.
5740:
5693:
5687:
5674:
5668:
5655:
5649:
5620:
5590:
5562:
5556:
5539:
5533:
5520:
5514:
5486:
5480:
5467:
5461:
5440:
5434:
5421:
5384:
5368:(PhD thesis).
5361:
5321:
5315:
5302:
5248:
5191:
5185:
5165:
5122:
5116:
5095:
5089:
5076:
5062:
5045:
5037:|journal=
4999:
4977:
4961:(PhD thesis).
4954:
4948:
4940:Viking Empires
4931:
4917:
4883:
4840:
4814:(2): 195–216.
4799:
4785:
4772:
4766:
4749:
4707:
4701:
4673:
4659:
4642:
4629:
4602:
4569:
4563:
4550:
4529:
4523:
4506:
4483:
4453:
4447:
4423:
4417:
4401:
4393:|journal=
4367:
4350:
4344:
4317:
4307:
4272:
4246:(2): 111–180.
4233:
4193:
4150:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4085:, ed. (1860).
4079:
4063:, ed. (1848).
4057:
4037:
4017:
3997:
3991:
3974:
3963:
3944:
3933:
3913:, ed. (1835).
3907:
3896:
3880:, ed. (1867).
3874:
3837:
3817:
3777:
3759:
3753:
3736:
3702:
3686:, ed. (1840).
3680:
3666:
3658:, ed. (1847).
3652:
3625:
3606:
3572:
3536:
3500:
3466:
3432:
3394:
3388:
3378:. Woodbridge:
3374:, ed. (1999).
3368:
3360:, ed. (1885).
3354:
3342:, ed. (1882).
3336:
3310:
3263:
3244:
3224:, ed. (1908).
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3188:
3156:
3144:Edmonds (2014)
3132:
3108:
3098:p. 130 n. 42;
3096:Parsons (2011)
3080:
3064:
3040:Edmonds (2009)
3028:Edmonds (2014)
3012:
2982:p. 130 n. 42;
2980:Parsons (2011)
2972:Edmonds (2014)
2956:
2934:p. 185 n. 17;
2932:Swanton (1998)
2924:Edmonds (2009)
2896:
2872:Edmonds (2009)
2852:
2837:
2806:Edmonds (2014)
2794:
2782:
2758:
2746:
2698:
2679:
2675:Kapelle (1979)
2667:
2651:
2647:Kapelle (1979)
2621:pp. 163, 171;
2611:
2578:
2566:
2552:pp. 132, 139;
2550:Parsons (2011)
2542:
2528:pp. 132, 139;
2526:Parsons (2011)
2518:
2506:
2504:pp. 22, 38–39.
2490:
2474:
2468:p. 92 n. 234;
2454:
2434:
2428:pp. 123, 125;
2418:
2402:
2387:
2355:
2353:p. 137 n. 112.
2339:
2323:
2289:
2273:
2257:
2223:Edmonds (2014)
2211:
2196:
2192:Kapelle (1979)
2188:Oram, R (2001)
2168:
2148:
2146:p. 139 n. 117.
2132:
2117:
2113:Kapelle (1979)
2087:p. 130 n. 42;
2085:Parsons (2011)
2077:
2069:Edmonds (2015)
2061:
2053:Edmonds (2015)
2045:
2041:Edmonds (2015)
2033:
2014:Edmonds (2015)
2006:
1983:
1979:Edmonds (2014)
1971:
1963:Edmonds (2014)
1951:
1935:
1915:
1903:
1875:Edmonds (2014)
1859:
1832:
1828:Wormald (2005)
1820:Forsyth (2005)
1808:
1781:
1777:Swanton (1998)
1757:
1739:p. 128 n. 66;
1713:
1657:
1617:
1597:
1569:
1530:
1514:
1495:
1479:
1459:
1427:
1411:
1382:
1350:
1338:
1324:p. 128 n. 66;
1306:
1291:
1285:p. 128 n. 66;
1275:
1261:p. 44 n. 107;
1257:p. 128 n. 66;
1243:
1203:
1183:§§ 2373–2376;
1166:
1146:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1071:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1018:("amongst the
998:
988:
973:grid reference
956:
909:
889:
888:
886:
883:
824:biodhba Bretan
729:—specifically
709:Firth of Clyde
613:
610:
450:
447:
364:
363:
360:
358:
357:
351:
349:
347:
345:
342:
340:
339:
337:
335:
333:
331:
329:
327:
325:
323:
321:
318:
316:
315:
309:
307:
305:
303:
300:
298:
297:
295:
293:
291:
289:
287:
285:
283:
281:
279:
276:
274:
273:
265:
263:
257:
255:
246:
245:
243:
241:
239:
237:
235:
233:
231:
229:
227:
225:
222:
221:
219:
217:
215:
213:
211:
209:
207:
205:
203:
201:
199:
197:
195:
192:
190:
189:
181:
179:
177:
175:
168:
167:
160:
157:
117:Owain the Bald
100:
99:
93:
89:
88:
82:
76:
75:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
55:
54:
45:
37:
36:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6145:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6113:
6108:
6104:
6103:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6003:
5998:
5996:
5991:
5989:
5984:
5983:
5980:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5959:
5953:
5948:
5941:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5923:0-19-820615-1
5919:
5915:
5910:
5909:
5902:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5865:
5861:
5855:
5851:
5846:
5842:
5840:1-84158-253-0
5836:
5832:
5829:. Edinburgh:
5828:
5823:
5819:
5817:0-19-211696-7
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5680:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5661:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5595:"Proceedings"
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5536:
5534:0-19-211696-7
5530:
5526:
5521:
5517:
5515:9780198217459
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5481:1-85109-445-8
5477:
5473:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5441:
5437:
5435:1-85109-445-8
5431:
5427:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5395:(1): 98–101.
5394:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5318:
5316:0-7486-1110-X
5312:
5308:
5303:
5299:
5291:
5285:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5255:
5249:
5245:
5237:
5231:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5186:0-8078-1371-0
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5117:0-19-211696-7
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5082:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5063:0-313-29567-0
5059:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5030:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
5000:0-313-29087-3
4996:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4918:0-19-820615-1
4914:
4910:
4905:
4904:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4767:0-7486-1626-8
4763:
4759:
4756:. Edinburgh:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4683:. Cambridge:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4632:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4448:1-85109-445-8
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4386:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4234:
4230:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4190:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3992:0-415-92129-5
3988:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3919:. Edinburgh:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3849:
3842:
3838:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3754:0-85991-491-7
3750:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3640:Henry G. Bohn
3637:
3633:
3632:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3389:0-85115-731-9
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3152:Duncan (2002)
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3060:Duncan (2002)
3057:
3056:Clancy (2006)
3053:
3052:Broun (2004c)
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3036:Davies (2009)
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3008:Duncan (2002)
3005:
3004:Broun (2004c)
3001:
2997:
2996:Clancy (2006)
2993:
2989:
2988:Davies (2009)
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2952:Thorpe (1848)
2949:
2945:
2941:
2938:pp. 133–134;
2937:
2936:Broun (2004c)
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2920:Davies (2009)
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2880:Duncan (2002)
2878:pp. 261–262;
2877:
2873:
2869:
2868:Davies (2009)
2865:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2828:p. 527 n. 4;
2827:
2823:
2822:Arnold (1885)
2819:
2818:Clancy (2006)
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2774:Arnold (1885)
2771:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2754:Hudson (1994)
2750:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:p. 47 § 162;
2735:
2731:
2730:Hudson (1994)
2727:
2726:Hudson (1996)
2724:p. 44 n. 43;
2723:
2719:
2718:Clancy (2008)
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:Wadden (2016)
2702:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2659:Hudson (2005)
2655:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2643:Hudson (1994)
2640:
2637:p. 466 n. 1;
2636:
2632:
2631:Hudson (2005)
2628:
2627:Bolton (2009)
2624:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2574:Broun (2004c)
2570:
2567:
2563:
2562:Broun (2004c)
2559:
2555:
2554:Clancy (2008)
2551:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2538:Broun (2004c)
2535:
2534:Clancy (2008)
2531:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2502:Clancy (2008)
2499:
2498:Clancy (2011)
2494:
2491:
2487:
2486:Sharpe (2011)
2483:
2482:Clancy (2011)
2478:
2475:
2471:
2470:Clancy (2008)
2467:
2466:Sharpe (2011)
2464:pp. 574–575;
2463:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2450:Clancy (2008)
2447:
2446:Clancy (2011)
2444:pp. 573–575;
2443:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2430:Clancy (2008)
2427:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2414:Clancy (2008)
2411:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2379:p. 578 n. 1;
2378:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2351:Broun (2004c)
2348:
2343:
2340:
2337:p. 44 n. 107.
2336:
2332:
2331:Broun (2004c)
2327:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2315:Broun (2004b)
2312:
2311:Broun (2004a)
2308:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2285:Broun (2004b)
2282:
2281:Broun (2004a)
2277:
2274:
2270:
2269:Duncan (2002)
2266:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2253:Broun (2004c)
2250:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:ch. 8 n. 48;
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2184:Broun (2004b)
2181:
2180:Broun (2015b)
2177:
2176:Broun (2015a)
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:Broun (2004c)
2161:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2144:Broun (2004c)
2141:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2128:Broun (2004b)
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:Clancy (2006)
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:Broun (2015a)
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:p. 55 n. 61;
2070:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:pp. 221–225;
2026:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:pp. 221–225;
1999:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1967:Minard (2006)
1964:
1961:p. 10 n. 42;
1960:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:Minard (2006)
1944:
1943:Minard (2012)
1939:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:Arnold (1885)
1892:
1888:
1887:Clancy (2006)
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1848:Barrow (1999)
1845:
1844:Broun (2004c)
1841:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:pp. 200–201;
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:Duncan (2002)
1771:pp. 236–237;
1770:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:Arnold (1885)
1746:
1742:
1741:Duncan (2002)
1738:
1737:Broun (2004c)
1734:
1730:
1729:Walker (2013)
1726:
1723:pp. 122–123;
1722:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:Arnold (1885)
1702:
1698:
1697:Duncan (1976)
1694:
1693:Broun (2004c)
1690:
1689:Clancy (2006)
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:Walker (2013)
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:Arnold (1882)
1642:
1641:Arnold (1885)
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:Duncan (1976)
1626:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1595:p. 174 n. 11.
1594:
1593:Hudson (1994)
1590:
1589:Hudson (1996)
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1565:Duncan (1976)
1562:
1558:
1557:Broun (2004c)
1554:
1553:Broun (2004b)
1551:pp. 200–201;
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:pp. 154–155;
1523:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1505:pp. 100–101;
1504:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:Keynes (2009)
1488:
1487:Lawson (2013)
1483:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:Keynes (2009)
1468:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:Broun (2004b)
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:Keynes (2009)
1436:
1435:Broun (2015a)
1431:
1428:
1424:
1423:Broun (2004b)
1420:
1419:Broun (2015a)
1415:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:Arnold (1885)
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1336:p. 117 n. 11.
1335:
1334:Hudson (1994)
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:Broun (2004c)
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:Broun (2004c)
1279:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:p. 550 n. 2;
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:Broun (2004c)
1252:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:Broun (2004c)
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1201:§§ 2373–2376.
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1185:Hudson (1994)
1182:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1102:Duncan (2002)
1099:
1095:
1094:Broun (2004c)
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1060:Arnold (1885)
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1022:
1021:Gall Gaidheil
1016:
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
992:
989:
984:
983:castell Ewain
978:
974:
970:
966:
960:
957:
952:
951:
950:Armes Prydein
945:
941:
936:
930:
924:
919:
913:
910:
906:
902:
901:
894:
891:
884:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:
862:
861:
856:
847:
843:
839:Gall Gaidheil
834:
831:is stated by
830:
825:
820:
819:
809:
804:
803:Eadwulf Cudel
800:
795:
791:
787:Gall Gaidheil
782:
773:
767:
763:
759:Gall Gaidheil
752:Gall Gaidheil
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
718:Gall Gaidheil
714:
710:
704:Gall Gaidheil
700:
695:
694:Gall Gaidheil
688:
687:Gall Gaidheil
682:
674:
673:
668:
665:The title of
663:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
633:
623:
618:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
586:
585:rex Cumbrorum
581:
580:
574:
570:
568:
564:
563:Eadwulf Cudel
560:
559:
554:
550:
549:
544:
540:
536:
526:
525:Uhtrede eorle
521:
520:
515:
510:
506:
504:
503:English realm
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
471:
466:
465:
460:
455:
448:
446:
444:
443:
438:
437:
432:
431:
426:
425:
416:
412:
411:
406:
402:
398:
393:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
359:
355:
343:
341:
319:
317:
313:
301:
299:
277:
275:
270:
261:
252:
247:
244:
236:
234:
226:
224:
223:
216:
208:
206:
198:
196:
193:
191:
186:
173:
170:
169:
165:
164:
158:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:Owen the Bald
118:
114:
110:
106:
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
81:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:
56:
51:
50:
43:
38:
33:
27:
19:
6077:
6072:
6065:
6053:
6031:
6019:
5970:
5963:
5907:
5901:"Chronology"
5868:
5849:
5826:
5807:
5781:
5748:
5744:
5704:(1): 49–79.
5701:
5697:
5678:
5659:
5635:
5605:
5601:
5577:
5573:
5543:
5524:
5501:
5471:
5446:
5425:
5392:
5388:
5365:
5345:. Retrieved
5331:
5306:
5272:. Retrieved
5258:
5218:. Retrieved
5204:
5172:
5134:
5130:
5103:
5080:
5049:
5017:. Retrieved
5013:the original
4985:
4958:
4939:
4902:
4857:(1): 43–66.
4854:
4848:
4811:
4807:
4776:
4753:
4723:(1): 20–28.
4720:
4714:
4680:
4677:Dumville, DN
4650:
4634:. Retrieved
4612:
4587:
4583:
4554:
4540:(6): 24–27.
4537:
4533:
4510:
4493:
4487:
4470:
4464:
4434:
4408:
4354:
4327:
4311:– via
4286:
4278:"Malcolm II"
4243:
4237:
4217:. Retrieved
4203:
4177:. Retrieved
4163:
4134:. Retrieved
4120:
4087:
4065:
4049:. Retrieved
4044:
4029:. Retrieved
4024:
4009:. Retrieved
4004:
3981:. New York:
3978:
3968:
3949:
3938:
3915:
3911:Stevenson, J
3901:
3882:
3852:. Retrieved
3847:
3829:. Retrieved
3824:
3789:
3763:
3740:
3718:
3688:
3671:
3660:
3630:
3611:
3584:. Retrieved
3579:
3550:. Retrieved
3543:
3516:23 September
3514:. Retrieved
3507:
3478:. Retrieved
3473:
3444:. Retrieved
3439:
3410:. Retrieved
3401:
3375:
3362:
3344:
3328:. Retrieved
3317:
3273:
3267:
3249:
3226:
3222:Anderson, AO
3191:
3180:Woolf (2007)
3159:
3135:
3128:Woolf (2007)
3126:ch. 9 ¶ 49;
3118:ch. 9 ¶ 13;
3111:
3104:Woolf (2007)
3102:ch. 9 ¶ 49;
3090:ch. 9 ¶ 13;
3083:
3067:
3044:Woolf (2007)
3015:
2992:Woolf (2007)
2959:
2942:p. 85 n. 4;
2928:Woolf (2007)
2899:
2892:Hardy (1840)
2888:Giles (1847)
2886:p. 85 n. 4;
2876:Woolf (2007)
2855:
2830:
2814:Woolf (2010)
2797:
2790:Woolf (2007)
2785:
2770:Woolf (2007)
2761:
2749:
2742:Skene (1867)
2722:Hicks (2003)
2701:
2691:
2682:
2670:
2663:Woolf (2004)
2654:
2639:Woolf (2004)
2614:
2604:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2569:
2558:Woolf (2007)
2545:
2532:ch. 9 ¶ 48;
2521:
2509:
2493:
2477:
2457:
2437:
2421:
2405:
2381:
2370:
2363:
2358:
2342:
2335:Hicks (2003)
2326:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2276:
2260:
2255:pp. 136–137.
2246:
2242:Woolf (2007)
2235:
2214:
2171:
2151:
2135:
2080:
2064:
2048:
2036:
2022:
2009:
1995:
1986:
1974:
1954:
1938:
1931:Skene (1868)
1927:Woolf (2010)
1918:
1911:Woolf (2010)
1906:
1883:Woolf (2010)
1862:
1857:pp. 1–5 § 1.
1852:
1835:
1811:
1801:
1784:
1779:pp. 148–149.
1769:Woolf (2007)
1760:
1716:
1685:Woolf (2007)
1681:Woolf (2010)
1660:
1649:Skene (1867)
1620:
1615:pp. 200–201.
1600:
1572:
1561:Woolf (2001)
1528:pp. 200–201.
1517:
1507:
1498:
1482:
1462:
1455:Woolf (2001)
1430:
1414:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1366:Woolf (2010)
1353:
1346:Hicks (2003)
1341:
1309:
1278:
1259:Hicks (2003)
1246:
1235:Hicks (2003)
1227:Woolf (2007)
1206:
1196:
1189:
1178:
1169:
1162:Woolf (2007)
1160:ch. 9 ¶ 41;
1156:ch. 7 ¶ 17;
1149:
1133:
1128:p. 67 n. 66.
1121:
1109:
1098:Hicks (2003)
1090:Woolf (2007)
1064:
1058:p. 82 n. 3;
1052:Woolf (2010)
1039:
1009:
1001:
991:
959:
948:
917:
912:
904:
898:
893:
878:
864:
858:
852:
832:
816:
814:
778:
739:Wigtownshire
735:Dumfrieshire
678:
670:
643:
641:
630:
627:
591:
577:
556:
552:
546:
531:
517:
483:King of Alba
476:
462:
457:The name of
440:
434:
428:
422:
420:
414:
408:
367:
311:
124:
120:
116:
112:
104:
103:
47:
26:
6079:Máel Coluim
6061:Máel Coluim
5944:Owain Foel
5727:11693/24776
5608:: 199–233.
5580:: 115–152.
5169:Kapelle, WE
5137:: 123–149.
4711:Duncan, AAM
4647:Boardman, S
4590:: 115–128.
4515:John Donald
3745:D.S. Brewer
3722:. Denbigh:
3710:Williams, E
3372:Barrow, GWS
2400:ch. 9 ¶ 48.
2375:§ 1034.10;
2368:§ 1034.10;
2251:§ 1030.11;
2240:§ 1030.11;
2103:chs. 2, 5;
2023:Proceedings
1996:Proceedings
1733:Aird (2004)
1639:pp. 81–82;
1631:pp. 20–21;
1587:chs. 8, 9;
1547:chs. 2, 5;
1475:Aird (2004)
1447:Aird (2004)
1332:pp. 16–17;
1267:RhĹ·s (1890)
1104:pp. 29, 41.
929:Clutiensium
871:Máel Coluim
808:Eadulf eorl
594:River Tweed
415:Mael Coluim
397:Máel Coluim
382:Máel Coluim
354:Máel Coluim
271:(died 1015)
260:Máel Coluim
153:Máel Coluim
133:Máel Coluim
97:Máel Coluim
86:Máel Coluim
65:Predecessor
6122:Categories
6112:Owain Foel
6073:Owain Foel
5494:Martin, FX
5379:10023/7829
5359:required.)
5300:required.)
5274:2 February
5246:required.)
4981:Hudson, BT
4934:Forte, A;
4897:Wormald, J
4887:Forsyth, K
4636:7 December
4427:Clancy, TO
4231:required.)
4191:required.)
4148:required.)
4051:11 October
4031:11 October
4011:12 October
3793:. Oxford.
3724:Thomas Gee
3638:. London:
3330:12 October
3232:David Nutt
3230:. London:
3209:References
2598:§ 1034.1;
2591:§ 1034.1;
2472:pp. 35–36.
2309:§ 1040.1;
2302:§ 1040.1;
2194:pp. 38–39.
1402:§ 1034.1;
1395:§ 1034.1;
1273:pp. 34–35.
1144:pp. 66–67.
977:NY48544627
935:Clutienses
727:Teviotdale
723:Clydesdale
606:Teviotdale
356:(fl. 1054)
314:(fl. 1018)
312:Owain Foel
262:(died 997)
187:(died 975)
113:Owain Moel
105:Owain Foel
35:Owain Foel
6055:Rhydderch
5773:0036-9241
5765:1750-0222
5736:162915120
5718:1468-0254
5624:Sharpe, R
5586:2054-9385
5498:Byrne, FJ
5490:Moody, TW
5417:0306-5278
5409:2042-2717
5195:Keynes, S
5161:1782-7183
5072:0885-9159
5039:ignored (
5029:cite book
5009:0885-9159
4972:1842/7401
4879:162103346
4871:1468-0254
4836:0036-9241
4828:1750-0222
4795:0261-9865
4737:0036-9241
4729:1750-0222
4669:0261-9865
4546:1475-5270
4479:2054-9385
4473:: 19–51.
4395:ignored (
4385:cite book
4377:1569-1462
4283:Cannon, J
4268:0020-157X
4260:1745-5219
4156:(2004a).
4097:24776516M
4075:24871544M
4061:Thorpe, B
3983:Routledge
3929:13999983M
3892:23286818M
3878:Skene, WF
3807:cite book
3799:19845420M
3785:Evans, JG
3773:14037534M
3714:Pughe, WO
3698:24871887M
3684:Hardy, TD
3656:Giles, JA
3648:24871176M
3621:25499451M
3358:Arnold, T
3340:Arnold, T
3306:162902103
3298:0084-5302
3290:1865-889X
3259:14712679M
1032:Citations
505:in 1016.
477:In 1005,
399:, son of
378:Rhydderch
253:(fl. 971)
251:Rhydderch
159:Parentage
135:, son of
95:possibly
84:possibly
5932:7397531M
5804:Woolf, A
5626:(2011).
5171:(1979).
5100:Lynch, M
4983:(1994).
4936:Oram, RD
4927:7397531M
4889:(2005).
4745:25529144
4575:(1923).
4439:ABC-CLIO
4431:Koch, JT
4407:(2013).
4285:(eds.).
4154:Broun, D
3959:7055940M
3864:cite web
3732:6930827M
3706:Jones, O
3596:cite web
3586:2 August
3562:cite web
3526:cite web
3490:cite web
3456:cite web
3446:2 August
3422:cite web
3412:2 August
3276:: 1–56.
3240:7115802M
3198:p. 118;
3182:p. 262;
3170:p. 571;
3146:p. 209;
3046:p. 262;
3030:p. 209;
2994:p. 262;
2974:p. 209;
2966:p. 100;
2950:p. 286;
2946:p. 156;
2930:p. 261;
2906:p. 138;
2862:p. 138;
2816:p. 235;
2808:p. 209;
2740:p. 574;
2732:p. 117;
2712:p. 163;
2708:p. 180;
2689:p. 107;
2661:p. 133;
2641:p. 100;
2633:p. 133;
2629:p. 142;
2602:p. 578;
2500:p. 374;
2484:p. 374;
2244:p. 254;
2020:ch. 10;
1993:ch. 10;
1965:p. 209;
1929:p. 235;
1885:p. 235;
1877:p. 209;
1795:p. 100;
1791:p. 478;
1695:p. 128;
1687:p. 236;
1683:p. 235;
1671:p. 573;
1651:p. 131;
1635:p. 544;
1591:p. 222;
1583:p. 140;
1559:p. 128;
1445:p. 200;
1368:p. 235;
1320:p. 201;
1269:p. 264;
1229:p. 236;
1176:p. 140;
1054:p. 235;
1010:Galloway
781:patronym
747:Galloway
731:Ayrshire
6049:Dyfnwal
6039:Dyfnwal
6033:Eochaid
6021:Arthgal
5831:Birlinn
5347:19 June
5220:28 July
5102:(ed.).
5019:23 June
4899:(ed.).
4433:(ed.).
4219:28 July
4179:28 July
4136:28 July
3854:29 July
3831:29 July
3781:RhĹ·s, J
3552:24 June
3480:29 July
3178:ch. 9;
3166:ch. 9;
3142:ch. 9;
3130:p. 262.
3106:p. 262.
3074:ch. 9;
3050:p. 26;
3042:p. 53;
3038:p. 78;
3026:ch. 9;
3022:p. 10;
3002:p. 26;
2990:p. 78;
2970:ch. 9;
2954:p. 212.
2926:p. 53;
2922:p. 78;
2918:ch. 9;
2882:p. 40;
2874:p. 53;
2870:p. 78;
2812:p. 24;
2780:p. 557.
2768:ch. 9;
2756:p. 117.
2720:p. 37;
2716:ch. 9;
2665:p. 100.
2625:ch. 9;
2576:p. 136.
2564:p. 136.
2556:p. 37;
2536:p. 37;
2321:p. 581.
2233:ch. 9;
2158:ch. 9;
2142:ch. 8;
2107:ch. 9;
2095:ch. 8;
2059:ch. 10.
1981:p. 209.
1933:p. 162.
1913:p. 235.
1893:p. 82;
1842:ch. 8;
1830:p. 352.
1822:p. 33;
1818:ch. 5;
1799:p. 34;
1775:p. 28;
1767:ch. 8;
1755:p. 527.
1747:p. 82;
1743:p. 28;
1731:ch. 5;
1711:p. 527.
1703:p. 82;
1699:p. 21;
1679:ch. 5;
1655:p. 527.
1647:p. 84;
1627:ch. 8;
1611:ch. 2;
1607:ch. 8;
1579:p. 10;
1469:ch. 8;
1380:p. 527.
1364:p. 24;
1289:p. 660.
1241:p. 550.
1237:p. 43;
1050:p. 24;
969:Penrith
944:Cludwys
799:Eadwulf
622:Penrith
147:at the
5930:
5920:
5916:–366.
5887:
5856:
5837:
5814:
5792:
5771:
5763:
5734:
5716:
5685:
5666:
5647:
5584:
5554:
5531:
5512:
5478:
5459:
5455:–235.
5432:
5415:
5407:
5353:
5313:
5294:
5240:
5183:
5159:
5114:
5087:
5070:
5060:
5007:
4997:
4946:
4925:
4915:
4877:
4869:
4834:
4826:
4793:
4783:
4764:
4743:
4735:
4727:
4699:
4667:
4657:
4627:
4561:
4544:
4521:
4477:
4445:
4415:
4375:
4365:
4342:
4305:
4266:
4258:
4225:
4185:
4142:
4095:
4073:
3989:
3957:
3927:
3890:
3797:
3771:
3751:
3730:
3696:
3646:
3619:
3386:
3326:. 2005
3304:
3296:
3288:
3257:
3238:
3186:p. 26.
3154:p. 41.
3078:ch. 9.
3062:p. 41.
3010:p. 41.
2833:(n.d.)
2744:p. 99.
2694:(n.d.)
2607:(n.d.)
2596:(2005)
2589:(2010)
2488:p. 92.
2452:p. 32.
2432:p. 23.
2373:(2008)
2366:(2012)
2307:(2005)
2300:(2010)
2271:p. 29.
2249:(2005)
2238:(2010)
2209:ch. 9.
2115:p. 38.
2075:p. 37.
2043:p. 57.
2025:(1947)
1998:(1947)
1855:(1843)
1804:(n.d.)
1567:p. 21.
1510:(n.d.)
1407:(n.d.)
1400:(2005)
1393:(2010)
1304:ch. 8.
1199:(n.d.)
1192:(n.d.)
1181:(2011)
1116:p. 67.
1067:(n.d.)
932:from *
863:, and
741:, and
699:Gaelic
650:, and
637:Dublin
598:slaves
543:Carham
535:vassal
514:Uhtred
491:Uhtred
123:, and
92:Father
6067:Owain
6044:Owain
5761:eISSN
5732:S2CID
5714:eISSN
5631:(PDF)
5598:(PDF)
5570:(PDF)
5405:eISSN
4911:–37.
4895:. In
4875:S2CID
4867:eISSN
4824:eISSN
4741:JSTOR
4725:eISSN
4580:(PDF)
4461:(PDF)
4359:Brill
4256:eISSN
3850:. n.d
3844:(PDF)
3676:(PDF)
3582:. n.d
3548:. n.d
3512:. n.d
3408:. n.d
3302:S2CID
3286:eISSN
996:1040.
940:Welsh
885:Notes
713:Cowal
442:Owain
269:Owain
145:Scots
80:Issue
6027:Rhun
5918:ISBN
5885:ISBN
5854:ISBN
5835:ISBN
5812:ISBN
5790:ISBN
5769:ISSN
5683:ISBN
5664:ISBN
5645:ISBN
5582:ISSN
5552:ISBN
5529:ISBN
5510:ISBN
5476:ISBN
5457:ISBN
5430:ISBN
5413:ISSN
5349:2016
5311:ISBN
5290:link
5276:2016
5236:link
5222:2016
5181:ISBN
5157:ISSN
5112:ISBN
5085:ISBN
5068:ISSN
5058:ISBN
5041:help
5021:2019
5005:ISSN
4995:ISBN
4944:ISBN
4913:ISBN
4832:ISSN
4791:ISSN
4781:ISBN
4762:ISBN
4733:ISSN
4697:ISBN
4665:ISSN
4655:ISBN
4638:2015
4625:ISBN
4559:ISBN
4542:ISSN
4519:ISBN
4475:ISSN
4443:ISBN
4413:ISBN
4397:help
4373:ISSN
4363:ISBN
4340:ISBN
4303:ISBN
4264:ISSN
4221:2016
4181:2016
4138:2016
4053:2015
4033:2015
4013:2015
3987:ISBN
3870:link
3856:2016
3833:2016
3813:link
3749:ISBN
3602:link
3588:2016
3568:link
3554:2016
3532:link
3518:2018
3496:link
3482:2016
3462:link
3448:2016
3428:link
3414:2016
3384:ISBN
3332:2015
3294:ISSN
1005:The
779:The
725:and
582:): "
522:): "
467:): "
433:and
413:): "
5914:351
5877:doi
5753:doi
5722:hdl
5706:doi
5610:doi
5453:234
5397:doi
5374:hdl
5338:doi
5265:doi
5211:doi
5147:hdl
5139:doi
4967:hdl
4859:doi
4816:doi
4689:doi
4617:doi
4592:doi
4498:doi
4494:167
4332:doi
4295:doi
4248:doi
4210:doi
4170:doi
4127:doi
3278:doi
1024:").
903:as
109:fl.
6124::
5928:OL
5926:.
5904:.
5883:.
5788:.
5767:.
5759:.
5749:95
5747:.
5730:.
5720:.
5712:.
5702:10
5700:.
5606:47
5604:.
5600:.
5576:.
5572:.
5550:.
5508:.
5496:;
5492:;
5411:.
5403:.
5391:.
5372:.
5330:.
5286:}}
5282:{{
5257:.
5232:}}
5228:{{
5203:.
5179:.
5155:.
5145:.
5133:.
5129:.
5106:.
5066:.
5056:.
5033::
5031:}}
5027:{{
5003:.
4993:.
4965:.
4923:OL
4921:.
4873:.
4865:.
4855:23
4853:.
4847:.
4830:.
4822:.
4812:93
4810:.
4806:.
4789:.
4760:.
4739:.
4731:.
4721:55
4719:.
4695:.
4663:.
4623:.
4611:.
4588:23
4586:.
4582:.
4538:13
4536:.
4517:.
4496:.
4492:.
4469:.
4463:.
4389::
4387:}}
4383:{{
4371:.
4361:.
4338:.
4301:.
4293:.
4262:.
4254:.
4244:55
4242:.
4202:.
4162:.
4119:.
4093:OL
4071:OL
4043:.
4023:.
4003:.
3985:.
3955:OL
3925:OL
3923:.
3888:OL
3866:}}
3862:{{
3846:.
3823:.
3809:}}
3805:{{
3795:OL
3783:;
3769:OL
3747:.
3728:OL
3726:.
3712:;
3708:;
3694:OL
3644:OL
3642:.
3634:.
3617:OL
3598:}}
3594:{{
3578:.
3564:}}
3560:{{
3542:.
3528:}}
3524:{{
3506:.
3492:}}
3488:{{
3472:.
3458:}}
3454:{{
3438:.
3424:}}
3420:{{
3404:.
3400:.
3382:.
3316:.
3300:.
3292:.
3284:.
3274:18
3272:.
3255:OL
3236:OL
3234:.
3174:;
3150:;
3122:;
3094:;
3058:;
3034:;
2998:;
2978:;
2914:;
2866:;
2840:^
2820:;
2412:;
2390:^
2349:;
2317:;
2313:;
2283:;
2267:;
2229:;
2199:^
2190:;
2186:;
2182:;
2178:;
2162:;
2120:^
2111:;
2099:;
2091:;
1945:;
1889:;
1881:;
1735:;
1691:;
1675:;
1563:;
1555:;
1543:;
1533:^
1489:;
1473:;
1453:;
1449:;
1441:;
1437:;
1421:;
1328:;
1316:;
1294:^
1225:;
1194:;
1140:;
1074:^
811:".
775:".
737:,
733:,
675:).
639:.
588:".
565:,
528:".
473:".
417:".
119:,
115:,
52:).
6001:e
5994:t
5987:v
5934:.
5893:.
5879::
5862:.
5843:.
5820:.
5798:.
5775:.
5755::
5738:.
5724::
5708::
5691:.
5672:.
5653:.
5618:.
5612::
5588:.
5578:5
5560:.
5537:.
5518:.
5484:.
5465:.
5438:.
5419:.
5399::
5393:6
5382:.
5376::
5351:.
5340::
5319:.
5292:)
5278:.
5267::
5238:)
5224:.
5213::
5189:.
5163:.
5149::
5141::
5135:5
5120:.
5093:.
5074:.
5043:)
5023:.
4975:.
4969::
4952:.
4929:.
4909:1
4881:.
4861::
4838:.
4818::
4797:.
4770:.
4747:.
4705:.
4691::
4671:.
4619::
4600:.
4594::
4567:.
4548:.
4527:.
4500::
4481:.
4471:2
4451:.
4421:.
4399:)
4379:.
4334::
4315:.
4297::
4270:.
4250::
4223:.
4212::
4183:.
4172::
4140:.
4129::
4099:.
4077:.
4055:.
4035:.
4015:.
3995:.
3961:.
3931:.
3894:.
3872:)
3858:.
3835:.
3815:)
3801:.
3775:.
3757:.
3734:.
3700:.
3650:.
3623:.
3604:)
3590:.
3570:)
3556:.
3534:)
3520:.
3498:)
3484:.
3464:)
3450:.
3430:)
3416:.
3392:.
3352:.
3334:.
3308:.
3280::
3261:.
3242:.
3202:.
2850:.
2835:.
2696:.
2609:.
2516:.
2416:.
2385:.
2287:.
2130:.
2031:.
2004:.
1969:.
1949:.
1806:.
1512:.
1493:.
1477:.
1457:.
1425:.
1409:.
1069:.
907:.
407:(
107:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
