59:
62:
66:
65:
61:
60:
67:
64:
1305:
1911:
1898:
1954:
476:
653:
63:
1832:
1048:
724:
84:
2240:
1519:
1563:
3305:
Oeters, Franz; Ottow, Manfred; Meiler, Heinrich; LĂŒngen, Hans Bodo; Koltermann, Manfred; Buhr, Andreas; Yagi, Jun-Ichiro; Formanek, Lothar; Rose, Fritz; Flickenschild, JĂŒrgen; Hauk, Rolf; Steffen, Rolf; Skroch, Reiner; Mayer-Schwinning, Gernot; BĂŒnnagel, Heinz-Lothar; Hoff, Hans-Georg (2006). "Iron".
329:
that accomplished chemical reactions similar to those of oxygen. Ultimately, the meaning was generalized to include all processes involving the loss of electrons or the increase in the oxidation state of a chemical species. Substances that have the ability to oxidize other substances (cause them to
525:
demonstrated that this loss of weight was due to the loss of oxygen as a gas. Later, scientists realized that the metal atom gains electrons in this process. The meaning of reduction then became generalized to include all processes involving a gain of electrons. Reducing equivalent refers to
40:
2312:) relative to the standard hydrogen electrode) or pe (analogous to pH as -log electron activity), is a master variable, along with pH, that controls and is governed by chemical reactions and biological processes. Early theoretical research with applications to flooded soils and
2350:
The key terms involved in redox can be confusing. For example, a reagent that is oxidized loses electrons; however, that reagent is referred to as the reducing agent. Likewise, a reagent that is reduced gains electrons and is referred to as the oxidizing agent. These
694:
The mechanisms of atom-transfer reactions are highly variable because many kinds of atoms can be transferred. Such reactions can also be quite complex, involving many steps. The mechanisms of electron-transfer reactions occur by two distinct pathways,
1109:
2316:
production was seminal for subsequent work on thermodynamic aspects of redox and plant root growth in soils. Later work built on this foundation, and expanded it for understanding redox reactions related to heavy metal oxidation state changes,
2139:. In these reactions, an electron detaches from a molecule and then re-attaches almost instantaneously. Free radicals are part of redox molecules and can become harmful to the human body if they do not reattach to the redox molecule or an
238:, and simultaneously, the oxidation state of oxygen decreases as it accepts electrons released by the iron. Although oxidation reactions are commonly associated with forming oxides, other chemical species can serve the same function. In
3085:
The homogeneous proton-transfer reactions described are similar to homogeneous electron-transfer reactions in that the overall electron-transfer reaction can be decomposed into one electronation reaction and one deelectronation
219:â Only one (usually) electron flows from the atom, ion, or molecule being oxidized to the atom, ion, or molecule that is reduced. This type of redox reaction is often discussed in terms of redox couples and electrode potentials.
994:
The oxidation potential is a measure of the tendency of the reducing agent to be oxidized but does not represent the physical potential at an electrode. With this notation, the cell voltage equation is written with a plus sign
278:
gains electrons and is reduced. The pair of an oxidizing and reducing agent that is involved in a particular reaction is called a redox pair. A redox couple is a reducing species and its corresponding oxidizing form, e.g.,
480:
2226:
and regenerate the unchanged parent compound. The net reaction is the oxidation of the flavoenzyme's coenzymes and the reduction of molecular oxygen to form superoxide. This catalytic behavior has been described as a
3118:
IUPAC. Compendium of
Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). Online version (2019-) created by S. J. Chalk.
3097:
IUPAC. Compendium of
Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). Online version (2019-) created by S. J. Chalk.
269:
The processes of oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously and cannot occur independently. In redox processes, the reductant transfers electrons to the oxidant. Thus, in the reaction, the reductant or
208:
or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state. The oxidation and reduction processes occur simultaneously in the chemical reaction.
2178:), whose interconversion is dependent on these ratios. Redox mechanisms also control some cellular processes. Redox proteins and their genes must be co-located for redox regulation according to the
1362:
In the above reaction, zinc metal displaces the copper(II) ion from the copper sulfate solution, thus liberating free copper metal. The reaction is spontaneous and releases 213 kJ per 65 g of zinc.
897:), or potential when the half-reaction takes place at a cathode. The reduction potential is a measure of the tendency of the oxidizing agent to be reduced. Its value is zero for H + e â
2103:
into molecular oxygen. The reverse reaction, respiration, oxidizes sugars to produce carbon dioxide and water. As intermediate steps, the reduced carbon compounds are used to reduce
505:, reductants, or reducers. The reductant transfers electrons to another substance and is thus itself oxidized. Because it donates electrons, the reducing agent is also called an
334:, oxidants, or oxidizers. The oxidant removes electrons from another substance, and is thus itself reduced. Because it "accepts" electrons, the oxidizing agent is also called an
3308:
3217:
3188:
2962:
3634:
2271:). These oxides must be reduced to obtain the corresponding metals, often achieved by heating these oxides with carbon or carbon monoxide as reducing agents.
2275:
are the reactors where iron oxides and coke (a form of carbon) are combined to produce molten iron. The main chemical reaction producing the molten iron is:
1142:
This spontaneous reaction releases 542 kJ per 2 g of hydrogen because the H-F bond is much stronger than the F-F bond. This reaction can be analyzed as two
2151:
2430:
which release stored electricity, and can be recharged with electricity. PANIC does not apply to cells that can be recharged with redox materials. These
2715:
501:
Substances that have the ability to reduce other substances (cause them to gain electrons) are said to be reductive or reducing and are known as
3598:
3571:
3534:
3502:
3468:
3438:
3406:
3358:
3029:
2996:
2831:
2417:"LEORA says GEROA" â the loss of electrons is called oxidation (reducing agent); the gain of electrons is called reduction (oxidizing agent).
2782:
PingarrĂłn, JosĂ© M.; Labuda, JĂĄn; Barek, JiĆĂ; Brett, Christopher M. A.; CamĂ”es, Maria
Filomena; Fojta, Miroslav; Hibbert, D. Brynn (2020).
3846:
3723:
3393:
James, Bruce R.; Brose, Dominic A. (2012). "Oxidation-reduction phenomena". In Huang, Pan Ming; Li, Yuncong; Sumner, Malcolm E. (eds.).
3680:
3325:
3142:"Teaching the fundamentals of electron transfer reactions in mitochondria and the production and detection of reactive oxygen species"
2633:
624:
proposed the words electronation and de-electronation to describe reduction and oxidation processes, respectively, when they occur at
3987:
3627:
3281:
3124:
3103:
3071:
2938:
2913:
2888:
2695:
2104:
2044:
1879:
1095:
807:
176:
136:
2647:
1657:
Here the overall equation involves adding the reduction equation to twice the oxidation equation, so that the electrons cancel:
2438:, produce electricity from internal redox reactions. Here, the positive electrode is the cathode and the negative is the anode.
3895:
3890:
3700:
2051:
and cellular respiration are complementary, but photosynthesis is not the reverse of the redox reaction in cell respiration:
1857:
1073:
745:
700:
696:
4055:
2244:
597:, reduce by atom transfer: they transfer the equivalent of hydride or H. These reagents are widely used in the reduction of
2743:
4060:
2420:"RED CAT" and "AN OX", or "AnOx RedCat" ("an ox-red cat") â reduction occurs at the cathode and the anode is for oxidation
1755:. The sacrificial metal, instead of the protected metal, then corrodes. A common application of cathodic protection is in
468:
Oxidizers are oxidants, but the term is mainly reserved for sources of oxygen, particularly in the context of explosions.
266:
Oxidation is a process in which a substance loses electrons. Reduction is a process in which a substance gains electrons.
1693:
ion with sulfur in oxidation state +2 can react in the presence of acid to form elemental sulfur (oxidation state 0) and
4096:
3620:
2214:
that contain one more electron than their parent compounds. In general, the electron donor is any of a wide variety of
4086:
2767:
2474:
2345:
861:
3247:
1842:
1058:
2423:"RED CAT gains what AN OX loses" â reduction at the cathode gains (electrons) what anode oxidation loses (electrons)
1910:
788:
4025:
3715:
1763:
1459:
1861:
1846:
1077:
1062:
760:
734:
3752:
3652:
2554:
1785:
often contain metals in oxidized states, such as oxides or sulfides, from which the pure metals are extracted by
1551:
591:
325:
Oxidation originally implied a reaction with oxygen to form an oxide. Later, the term was expanded to encompass
3982:
2539:
2504:
580:
1897:
513:
with electron acceptors. The word reduction originally referred to the loss in weight upon heating a metallic
2975:
1777:
Redox reactions are the foundation of electrochemical cells, which can generate electrical energy or support
767:
4081:
4030:
3831:
510:
2847:
3785:
2544:
2484:
2112:
1969:
1853:
1069:
741:
247:
76:
31:
4015:
3947:
3805:
3795:
2711:
2449:
483:
223:
774:
1304:
4010:
3738:
2171:
1975:
1936:
1744:
1309:
845:
340:
4020:
3952:
3937:
3880:
3261:
2589:
2584:
2529:
2499:
2211:
1736:
1490:
821:
2091:
is frequently stored and released using redox reactions. Photosynthesis involves the reduction of
756:
4045:
3815:
3644:
3287:
2956:
2549:
2524:
2123:
1686:
1587:, is a well-known example of electrochemical corrosion: it forms as a result of the oxidation of
1341:
584:
414:
326:
4040:
4035:
3997:
3942:
3861:
3841:
3777:
3594:
3567:
3530:
3524:
3498:
3492:
3464:
3434:
3402:
3354:
3321:
3277:
3171:
3120:
3099:
3067:
3061:
3025:
3021:
3014:
2992:
2944:
2934:
2909:
2884:
2827:
2691:
2559:
2479:
2469:
2427:
2301:
2088:
1748:
1623:
1579:
refers to the electrochemical oxidation of metals in reaction with an oxidant such as oxygen.
1486:
1270:
707:
522:
427:
377:
335:
216:
193:
3428:
3972:
3921:
3875:
3586:
3559:
3554:
SchĂŒring, J.; Schulz, H. D.; Fischer, W. R.; Böttcher, J.; Duijnisveld, W. H., eds. (1999).
3346:
3313:
3269:
3231:
3202:
3161:
3153:
2795:
2509:
2489:
2454:
2330:
2100:
1778:
618:
527:
147:
107:
2625:
1953:
4050:
3962:
3911:
2599:
2574:
2534:
2305:
2179:
2159:
2108:
1940:
1592:
1531:
1523:
1502:
1471:
1414:
546:
331:
320:
275:
197:
51:
1968:
processes involve redox reactions. Before some of these processes can begin iron must be
1728:
Thus one sulfur atom is reduced from +2 to 0, while the other is oxidized from +2 to +4.
338:. Oxidants are usually chemical substances with elements in high oxidation states (e.g.,
885:
The electrode potential of each half-reaction is also known as its reduction potential (
4091:
3757:
3746:
3166:
3141:
2579:
2569:
2459:
2155:
2092:
2048:
1995:
1926:
1794:
1790:
1694:
1689:
reaction is one in which a single substance is both oxidized and reduced. For example,
1467:
841:
691:. Electron transfer reactions are generally fast, occurring within the time of mixing.
539:
506:
502:
496:
475:
271:
79:(strong oxidizing agent), a violent redox reaction accompanied by self-ignition starts.
3350:
2333:, and various methodological approaches for characterizing the redox status of soils.
652:
4075:
4005:
3977:
3885:
3836:
3810:
3291:
2655:
2519:
2514:
2431:
2272:
2187:
2136:
1957:
1922:
1808:
1756:
1376:
1332:
atom in a compound or solution is replaced by an atom of another metal. For example,
1313:
1143:
853:
633:
307:
239:
3227:
3198:
2162:. The redox state is reflected in the balance of several sets of metabolites (e.g.,
1747:. A simple method of protection connects protected metal to a more easily corroded "
3957:
3763:
3670:
3660:
2604:
2494:
2464:
2322:
2228:
2175:
2128:
2116:
1759:
steel, in which a sacrificial zinc coating on steel parts protects them from rust.
1160:
915:) and negative for oxidizing agents that are weaker than H (e.g., â0.763V for Zn).
781:
621:
535:
363:
263:
of the words "reduction" and "oxidation." The term "redox" was first used in 1928.
3317:
911:
by definition, positive for oxidizing agents stronger than H (e.g., +2.866 V for F
3563:
2784:"Terminology of electrochemical methods of analysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2019)"
1960:
is an example of a redox reaction that takes place in most fruits and vegetables.
1739:
is a technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the
960:
However, the potential of the reaction at the anode is sometimes expressed as an
3916:
3851:
3222:
3193:
3157:
2564:
2318:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2163:
2147:
2140:
2132:
1831:
1812:
1771:
1762:
Oxidation is used in a wide variety of industries, such as in the production of
1690:
1455:
1320:
solution connected with a wire and a porous disk to a copper electrode in a CuSO
1047:
723:
629:
518:
469:
260:
3128:
3107:
3273:
2594:
2313:
2223:
1797:
1584:
1451:
918:
For a redox reaction that takes place in a cell, the potential difference is:
577:, are good reducing agents. These metals donate electrons relatively readily.
391:
3226:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
3197:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
2948:
2251:
Minerals are generally oxidized derivatives of metals. Iron is mined as its
710:
in water allows calculation of the thermodynamic aspects of redox reactions.
3967:
3612:
3398:
3235:
3206:
2435:
2352:
2252:
1944:
1930:
1793:
uses redox reactions to coat objects with a thin layer of a material, as in
1576:
1108:
625:
574:
562:
3374:
Bartlett, Richmond J.; James, Bruce R. (1991). "Redox chemistry of soils".
3175:
311:
because two half-reactions always occur together to form a whole reaction.
83:
17:
3581:
Tratnyek, Paul G.; Grundl, Timothy J.; Haderlein, Stefan B., eds. (2011).
2976:
https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch19/oxred_3.php#top
2800:
2783:
3590:
2762:
2219:
2167:
2043:
The process of cell respiration also depends heavily on the reduction of
1905:
1892:
1789:
at high temperatures in the presence of a reducing agent. The process of
1786:
1506:
1494:
1410:
1185:
1172:
1164:
1121:
1117:
602:
598:
531:
445:
438:
234:, the oxidation state of iron atoms increases as the iron converts to an
205:
201:
72:
47:
2239:
330:
lose electrons) are said to be oxidative or oxidizing, and are known as
3262:"Titles of Volumes 1â44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series"
2360:
2326:
2309:
2304:
reactions are central to myriad processes and properties in soils, and
1979:
1965:
1815:
1804:
1801:
1767:
1740:
1518:
1406:
849:
837:
748: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
554:
452:
227:
2822:
Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geoffrey (2017).
2686:
Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geoffrey (2002).
2264:
2207:
2115:(ATP) and is maintained by the reduction of oxygen. In animal cells,
2065:
2002:
1567:
1498:
1479:
1475:
1333:
1147:
558:
459:
431:
243:
43:
3454:
3452:
3450:
2222:. Once formed, these anion free radicals reduce molecular oxygen to
636:. They have not been widely adopted by chemists worldwide, although
605:. A related method of reduction involves the use of hydrogen gas (H
3066:. Vol. 1. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 494.
2879:
Whitten, Kenneth W.; Gailey, Kenneth D.; Davis, Raymond E. (1992).
538:. A reducing equivalent can be an electron or a hydrogen atom as a
2426:"PANIC" â Positive Anode and Negative is Cathode. This applies to
2238:
2096:
2006:
1952:
1752:
1561:
1517:
1463:
1329:
1303:
1107:
857:
637:
550:
521:
to extract the metal. In other words, ore was "reduced" to metal.
474:
235:
82:
57:
38:
2047:
to NADH and the reverse reaction (the oxidation of NADH to NAD).
3266:
Metals, Microbes, and
Minerals - the Biogeochemical Side of Life
2355:
are commonly used by students to help memorise the terminology:
1627:
1588:
1580:
1527:
1337:
688:
684:
570:
566:
465:) that can gain extra electrons by oxidizing another substance.
294:
281:
231:
27:
Chemical reaction in which oxidation states of atoms are changed
3616:
1562:
1316:
pictured. The battery is made out of a zinc electrode in a ZnSO
305:.The oxidation alone and the reduction alone are each called a
3690:
3494:
Descriptive
Inorganic, Coordination, and Solid-State Chemistry
2648:"redox â definition of redox in English | Oxford Dictionaries"
2183:
2146:
The term redox state is often used to describe the balance of
1825:
1782:
1192:
The half-reactions are combined so that the electrons cancel:
1041:
717:
647:
514:
156:
39:
2855:
2263:). Titanium is mined as its dioxide, usually in the form of
640:
has recognized the terms electronation and de-electronation.
2991:. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. p. 429.
2321:
and morphology, organic compound degradation and formation,
1124:, hydrogen is being oxidized and fluorine is being reduced:
2107:(NAD) to NADH, which then contributes to the creation of a
116:
162:
122:
3459:
Phillips, John; Strozak, Victor; Wistrom, Cheryl (2000).
2883:(4th ed.). Saunders College Publishin. p. 147.
683:
Redox reactions can occur slowly, as in the formation of
3020:. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. pp.
664:
54:. The sodium atom is oxidized, and fluorine is reduced.
3345:. Advances in Agronomy. Vol. 24. pp. 29â96.
1485:
The stepwise oxidation of a hydrocarbon by oxygen, in
3433:. National Science Teachers Association. p. 82.
2824:
General
Chemistry: Principles and Modern applications
177:
168:
165:
137:
128:
125:
2131:
reactions are redox reactions that occur as part of
714:
Standard electrode potentials (reduction potentials)
274:
loses electrons and is oxidized, and the oxidant or
159:
153:
119:
113:
3996:
3930:
3904:
3860:
3824:
3776:
3737:
3714:
3651:
3395:
Handbook of soil sciences: properties and processes
2929:Lehninger AL, Nelson DL, Cox MM (January 1, 2017).
150:
110:
3013:
2746:. In K. Lee Lerner; Brenda Wilmoth Lerner (eds.).
2308:, quantified as Eh (platinum electrode potential (
2750:(5th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.
1558:), form when oxygen combines with other elements.
836:), which is equal to the potential difference or
3060:Bockris, John O'M.; Reddy, Amulya K.N. (2013) .
3045:Bockris, John O'M.; Reddy, Amulya K. N. (1970).
2009:. The summary equation for cell respiration is:
3556:Redox: Fundamentals, Processes and Applications
91:reaction between sodium and chlorine, with the
3497:. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. p. 330.
3309:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
1146:. The oxidation reaction converts hydrogen to
3628:
1478:. Complete oxidation of materials containing
8:
3558:. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. p. 246.
3422:
3420:
3418:
3129:https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/O04362
3108:https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/R05222
2550:Oxidative addition and reductive elimination
1595:, formed in the following chemical reaction:
75:(mild reducing agent) are added to powdered
1860:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1076:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
222:Atom transfer â An atom transfers from one
3635:
3621:
3613:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
2961:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2874:
2872:
1622:The oxidation of iron(II) to iron(III) by
545:Reductants in chemistry are very diverse.
534:in redox reactions. The term is common in
212:There are two classes of redox reactions:
3268:. De Gruyter. 2021. pp. xxiiiâxxiv.
3165:
2799:
1880:Learn how and when to remove this message
1365:The ionic equation for this reaction is:
1269:The protons and fluoride combine to form
1096:Learn how and when to remove this message
808:Learn how and when to remove this message
3585:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 1071.
3523:Zumdahl, Steven; Zumdahl, Susan (2009).
3397:(second ed.). Boca Raton, Florida:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
1720:
1716:
1703:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1648:
1644:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1470:, some partially oxidized forms such as
1439:
1435:
1379:, it is seen that the zinc is oxidized:
1354:
1350:
1308:A redox reaction is the force behind an
1291:
1287:
1181:
1156:
1134:
1130:
687:, or rapidly, as in the case of burning
2617:
1489:, produces water and, successively: an
3661:Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution
2954:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2636:from the original on November 3, 2022.
3671:Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution
530:which transfer the equivalent of one
7:
3463:. Glencoe McGraw-Hill. p. 558.
3461:Chemistry: Concepts and Applications
2931:Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
1978:, for instance, is the oxidation of
1858:adding citations to reliable sources
1074:adding citations to reliable sources
746:adding citations to reliable sources
3724:Electrophilic aromatic substitution
2826:(11th ed.). Toronto: Pearson.
1591:metal. Common rust often refers to
3691:Nucleophilic internal substitution
3681:Nucleophilic aromatic substitution
3223:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
3194:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
2933:(Seventh ed.). New York, NY.
2742:Haustein, Catherine Hinga (2014).
820:Each half-reaction has a standard
25:
3529:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 160.
2718:from the original on May 30, 2012
2154:in a biological system such as a
2105:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
613:Electronation and deelectronation
226:to another. For example, in the
204:change. Oxidation is the loss of
3343:The Chemistry of Submerged Soils
3140:Mailloux, Ryan J. (April 2015).
2748:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science
2111:, which drives the synthesis of
1909:
1896:
1830:
1171:The reduction reaction converts
1112:Illustration of a redox reaction
1046:
722:
651:
509:. Electron donors can also form
146:
106:
3847:LindemannâHinshelwood mechanism
3049:. Plenum Press. pp. 352â3.
3016:Oxidations in Organic Chemistry
2989:Reductions in Organic Chemistry
2690:(8th ed.). Prentice-Hall.
733:needs additional citations for
644:Rates, mechanisms, and energies
628:. These words are analogous to
3896:Outer sphere electron transfer
3891:Inner sphere electron transfer
3701:Nucleophilic acyl substitution
3228:Outer-sphere electron transfer
3199:Inner-sphere electron transfer
2744:"Oxidation-reduction reaction"
706:Analysis of bond energies and
701:outer sphere electron transfer
697:inner sphere electron transfer
46:"gives" one outer electron to
1:
4061:Diffusion-controlled reaction
3351:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60633-1
3318:10.1002/14356007.a14_461.pub2
2652:Oxford Dictionaries | English
1530:, which consists of hydrated
2906:Fundamentals of Biochemistry
1413:in the presence of an acid (
1328:In this type of reaction, a
864:where hydrogen is oxidized:
3716:Electrophilic substitutions
3427:Robertson, William (2010).
3341:Ponnamperuma, F.N. (1972).
3158:10.1016/j.redox.2015.02.001
2768:Online Etymology Dictionary
2475:Chemical looping combustion
2390:"LEO the lion says GER " â
2346:List of chemistry mnemonics
2245:TĆinec Iron and Steel Works
2119:perform similar functions.
1732:Redox reactions in industry
1389:And the copper is reduced:
1247:
1220:
1199:
1038:Examples of redox reactions
862:standard hydrogen electrode
4113:
4026:Energy profile (chemistry)
3988:More O'FerrallâJencks plot
3653:Nucleophilic substitutions
3401:. pp. 14-1 -- 14-24.
3248:"Bond Energy and Enthalpy"
2788:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2343:
2235:Redox reactions in geology
2121:
1822:Redox reactions in biology
1460:internal combustion engine
1260:
1237:
1215:
494:
318:
248:transfer of hydrogen atoms
29:
4056:MichaelisâMenten kinetics
3274:10.1515/9783110589771-005
2555:Oxidative phosphorylation
2432:galvanic or voltaic cells
1552:iron(III) oxide-hydroxide
1281:The overall reaction is:
1273:in a non-redox reaction:
1242:
609:) as sources of H atoms.
581:Hydride transfer reagents
511:charge transfer complexes
3983:Potential energy surface
3862:Electron/Proton transfer
3747:Unimolecular elimination
3012:HudlickĂœ, MiloĆĄ (1990).
2987:HudlickĂœ, MiloĆĄ (1996).
2857:. University of Maryland
2848:"Nitric Acid Fact Sheet"
2540:Nucleophilic abstraction
2505:Electron transport chain
2297:Redox reactions in soils
1482:produces carbon dioxide.
1116:In the reaction between
4031:Transition state theory
3832:Intramolecular reaction
3758:Bimolecular elimination
3583:Aquatic Redox Chemistry
3312:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
3236:10.1351/goldbook.O04351
3207:10.1351/goldbook.I03052
3063:Modern Electrochemistry
3047:Modern Electrochemistry
1175:to the fluoride anion:
486:for oxidizing chemicals
50:, bonding them to form
3825:Unimolecular reactions
3786:Electrophilic addition
3491:Rodgers, Glen (2012).
2545:Organic redox reaction
2485:Electrochemical series
2288:+ 3 CO â 2 Fe + 3 CO
2248:
2113:adenosine triphosphate
1972:from the environment.
1961:
1697:(oxidation state +4).
1626:in the presence of an
1571:
1559:
1325:
1113:
487:
472:is a strong oxidizer.
98:
80:
77:potassium permanganate
55:
32:Redox (disambiguation)
4016:Rate-determining step
3948:Reactive intermediate
3806:Free-radical addition
3796:Nucleophilic addition
3739:Elimination reactions
3564:10013/epic.31694.d001
3430:More Chemistry Basics
2801:10.1515/pac-2018-0109
2450:Anaerobic respiration
2242:
2099:and the oxidation of
2001:and the reduction of
1956:
1565:
1521:
1514:Corrosion and rusting
1340:metal is placed in a
1307:
1111:
840:at equilibrium under
478:
86:
70:
42:
4011:Equilibrium constant
3591:10.1021/bk-2011-1071
3376:Advances in Agronomy
2182:for the function of
2172:beta-hydroxybutyrate
1976:Cellular respiration
1937:dehydroascorbic acid
1854:improve this section
1745:electrochemical cell
1669:+ 2 H â 2 Fe + 2 H
1310:electrochemical cell
1070:improve this section
856:considered, and the
846:electrochemical cell
742:improve this article
71:When a few drops of
30:For other uses, see
4097:Reaction mechanisms
4021:Reaction coordinate
3953:Radical (chemistry)
3938:Elementary reaction
3881:Grotthuss mechanism
3645:reaction mechanisms
2590:Reduction potential
2585:Reducing atmosphere
2530:Microbial fuel cell
2500:Electron equivalent
1737:Cathodic protection
1583:, the formation of
1434:+ 10 e + 12 H â N
1370:Zn + Cu â Zn + Cu
962:oxidation potential
842:standard conditions
822:electrode potential
708:ionization energies
190:oxidationâreduction
186:reductionâoxidation
89:reductionâoxidation
4087:Chemical reactions
4046:Arrhenius equation
3816:Oxidative addition
3778:Addition reactions
2658:on October 1, 2017
2525:Membrane potential
2428:electrolytic cells
2375:oss of electrons,
2249:
2243:Blast furnaces of
2231:or redox cycling.
2204:aromatic compounds
2202:Wide varieties of
2124:Membrane potential
1962:
1958:Enzymatic browning
1687:disproportionation
1681:Disproportionation
1572:
1560:
1342:copper(II) sulfate
1336:is deposited when
1326:
1300:Metal displacement
1114:
663:. You can help by
488:
426:), or else highly
99:
81:
56:
4069:
4068:
4041:Activated complex
4036:Activation energy
3998:Chemical kinetics
3943:Reaction dynamics
3842:Photodissociation
3600:978-0-8412-2652-4
3573:978-3-540-66528-1
3536:978-0-547-05405-6
3504:978-0-8400-6846-0
3470:978-0-02-828210-7
3440:978-1-936137-74-9
3408:978-1-4398-0305-9
3360:978-0-12-000724-0
3031:978-0-8412-1780-5
2998:978-0-8412-3344-7
2881:General Chemistry
2833:978-0-13-293128-1
2761:Harper, Douglas.
2712:"Redox Reactions"
2688:General Chemistry
2560:Partial oxidation
2480:Citric acid cycle
2470:Chemical equation
2302:Electron transfer
2089:Biological energy
1948:
1917:
1916:
1904:
1903:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1764:cleaning products
1749:sacrificial anode
1624:hydrogen peroxide
1487:organic chemistry
1405:The reduction of
1271:hydrogen fluoride
1265:
1264:
1106:
1105:
1098:
818:
817:
810:
792:
681:
680:
523:Antoine Lavoisier
336:electron acceptor
217:Electron-transfer
194:chemical reaction
68:
16:(Redirected from
4104:
3973:Collision theory
3922:Matrix isolation
3876:Harpoon reaction
3753:E1cB-elimination
3637:
3630:
3623:
3614:
3604:
3577:
3541:
3540:
3520:
3509:
3508:
3488:
3475:
3474:
3456:
3445:
3444:
3424:
3413:
3412:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3238:
3215:
3209:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3137:
3131:
3116:
3110:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3019:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2984:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2960:
2952:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2904:Jain JL (2004).
2901:
2895:
2894:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2852:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2819:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2739:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2683:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2654:. Archived from
2644:
2638:
2637:
2622:
2595:Thermic reaction
2510:Electrosynthesis
2490:Electrochemistry
2455:Bessemer process
2387:ain of electrons
2331:soil remediation
2292:
2247:, Czech Republic
2210:reduced to form
2084:
2039:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1834:
1826:
1779:electrosynthesis
1751:" to act as the
1724:
1715:+ 2 H â S + SO
1714:
1713:
1710:
1674:
1652:
1639:
1615:
1566:Iron rusting in
1554:(FeO(OH), Fe(OH)
1532:iron(III) oxides
1522:Oxides, such as
1458:, such as in an
1443:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1395:
1385:
1371:
1358:
1295:
1277:2 H + 2 F â 2 HF
1231:
1230:
1229:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1167:
1138:
1101:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1050:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1021:
1020:
1009:
1008:
990:
989:
978:
977:
956:
955:
944:
943:
932:
931:
906:
905:
901:
896:
895:
876:
875:
871:
852:reaction is the
835:
834:
813:
806:
802:
799:
793:
791:
750:
726:
718:
676:
673:
655:
648:
528:chemical species
425:
423:
422:
411:
409:
408:
400:
399:
388:
386:
385:
374:
372:
371:
360:
358:
357:
349:
348:
332:oxidizing agents
304:
302:
301:
291:
289:
288:
198:oxidation states
180:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
140:
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
96:
69:
21:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4051:Eyring equation
3992:
3963:Stereochemistry
3926:
3912:Solvent effects
3900:
3856:
3820:
3801:
3791:
3772:
3767:
3733:
3729:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3686:
3676:
3666:
3647:
3641:
3611:
3601:
3580:
3574:
3553:
3550:
3548:Further reading
3545:
3544:
3537:
3522:
3521:
3512:
3505:
3490:
3489:
3478:
3471:
3458:
3457:
3448:
3441:
3426:
3425:
3416:
3409:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3284:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3216:
3212:
3187:
3183:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3117:
3113:
3096:
3092:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2970:
2953:
2941:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2821:
2820:
2809:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2741:
2740:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2685:
2684:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2600:Transmetalation
2575:Redox potential
2535:Murburn concept
2445:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2306:redox potential
2299:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2237:
2200:
2180:CoRR hypothesis
2150:, NAD/NADH and
2126:
2109:proton gradient
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1964:Many essential
1951:
1950:
1949:
1934:
1886:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1851:
1835:
1824:
1734:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1683:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1593:iron(III) oxide
1557:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1524:iron(III) oxide
1516:
1503:carboxylic acid
1472:carbon monoxide
1441:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1415:denitrification
1402:
1394:Cu + 2 e â Cu
1393:
1384:Zn â Zn + 2 e
1383:
1369:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1323:
1319:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1183:
1179:
1158:
1154:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1067:
1051:
1040:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
988:
985:
984:
983:
976:
973:
972:
971:
954:
951:
950:
949:
942:
939:
938:
937:
930:
927:
926:
925:
914:
910:
903:
899:
898:
894:
891:
890:
889:
880:
873:
869:
868:
833:
830:
829:
828:
814:
803:
797:
794:
751:
749:
739:
727:
716:
677:
671:
668:
661:needs expansion
646:
615:
608:
595:
588:
547:Electropositive
503:reducing agents
499:
493:
463:
456:
449:
442:
435:
430:elements (e.g.
428:electronegative
421:
418:
417:
416:
413:
407:
404:
403:
402:
398:
395:
394:
393:
390:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
370:
367:
366:
365:
362:
356:
353:
352:
351:
347:
344:
343:
342:
339:
323:
321:Oxidizing agent
317:
300:
298:
297:
296:
293:
287:
285:
284:
283:
280:
276:oxidizing agent
257:
246:are reduced by
192:) is a type of
178:
149:
145:
138:
109:
105:
92:
58:
52:sodium fluoride
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4110:
4108:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4082:Soil chemistry
4074:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3931:Related topics
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3905:Medium effects
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3750:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3617:
3610:
3609:External links
3607:
3606:
3605:
3599:
3578:
3572:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3510:
3503:
3476:
3469:
3446:
3439:
3414:
3407:
3385:
3366:
3359:
3333:
3327:978-3527306732
3326:
3297:
3282:
3253:
3239:
3210:
3181:
3132:
3111:
3090:
3072:
3052:
3037:
3030:
3004:
2997:
2979:
2968:
2939:
2921:
2914:
2896:
2889:
2868:
2839:
2832:
2807:
2794:(4): 641â694.
2774:
2753:
2729:
2703:
2696:
2669:
2639:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2580:Reducing agent
2577:
2572:
2570:Redox gradient
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2460:Bioremediation
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2388:
2344:Main article:
2341:
2338:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2273:Blast furnaces
2268:
2260:
2256:
2236:
2233:
2199:
2196:
2137:microorganisms
2093:carbon dioxide
2086:
2085:
2049:Photosynthesis
2041:
2040:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1838:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1802:silver plating
1791:electroplating
1766:and oxidizing
1733:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1695:sulfur dioxide
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1651:+ 2 e â 2 OH
1640:
1632:
1631:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1597:
1596:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1483:
1468:carbon dioxide
1447:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1419:
1418:
1401:
1400:Other examples
1398:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1377:half-reactions
1373:
1372:
1360:
1359:
1321:
1317:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1279:
1278:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1190:
1189:
1169:
1168:
1144:half-reactions
1140:
1139:
1104:
1103:
1054:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1017:
1005:
992:
991:
986:
974:
958:
957:
952:
940:
928:
912:
908:
892:
883:
882:
878:
831:
816:
815:
730:
728:
721:
715:
712:
679:
678:
658:
656:
645:
642:
619:electrochemist
614:
611:
606:
593:
586:
507:electron donor
497:Reducing agent
495:Main article:
492:
489:
461:
454:
447:
440:
433:
419:
405:
396:
382:
368:
354:
345:
319:Main article:
316:
313:
299:
286:
272:reducing agent
256:
253:
252:
251:
220:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4109:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:Rate equation
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:Arrow pushing
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Marcus theory
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:Isomerization
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:Cycloaddition
3809:
3807:
3804:
3797:
3794:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3702:
3699:
3692:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3672:
3669:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3638:
3633:
3631:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3538:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3283:9783110588903
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3146:Redox Biology
3143:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3125:0-9678550-9-8
3122:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3104:0-9678550-9-8
3101:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3075:
3073:9781461574675
3069:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2940:9781464126116
2936:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2915:81-219-2453-7
2911:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2890:0-03-072373-6
2886:
2882:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2856:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2717:
2714:. wiley.com.
2713:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2697:0-13-014329-4
2693:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Hydrogenation
2518:
2516:
2515:Galvanic cell
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:delineation,
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:free radicals
2209:
2208:enzymatically
2205:
2198:Redox cycling
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1942:
1941:oxidized form
1938:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:ascorbic acid
1912:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1881:
1873:
1870:December 2023
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1839:This section
1837:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1809:galvanization
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1795:chrome-plated
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1641:
1638:Fe â Fe + e
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1553:
1545:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1505:, and then a
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1357:(aq) + Cu (s)
1353:(aq) â ZnSO
1349:Zn (s) + CuSO
1347:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1315:
1314:Galvanic cell
1311:
1306:
1299:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1257:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1219:
1212:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1100:
1097:
1089:
1086:December 2023
1079:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1055:This section
1053:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
982:
970:
967:
966:
965:
963:
948:
936:
924:
921:
920:
919:
916:
888:
867:
866:
865:
863:
859:
855:
854:half-reaction
851:
848:in which the
847:
843:
839:
827:
823:
812:
809:
801:
798:December 2023
790:
787:
783:
780:
776:
773:
769:
766:
762:
759: â
758:
754:
753:Find sources:
747:
743:
737:
736:
731:This section
729:
725:
720:
719:
713:
711:
709:
704:
702:
698:
692:
690:
686:
675:
666:
662:
659:This section
657:
654:
650:
649:
643:
641:
639:
635:
634:deprotonation
631:
627:
623:
620:
612:
610:
604:
601:compounds to
600:
596:
589:
582:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
498:
490:
485:
482:
481:international
477:
473:
471:
466:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
424:
410:
387:
373:
359:
337:
333:
328:
322:
314:
312:
310:
309:
308:half-reaction
303:
290:
277:
273:
267:
264:
262:
259:"Redox" is a
254:
249:
245:
242:, bonds like
241:
240:hydrogenation
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
215:
214:
213:
210:
207:
203:
199:
196:in which the
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:
173:
143:
142:
133:
103:
95:
90:
87:Example of a
85:
78:
74:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3958:Molecularity
3870:
3582:
3555:
3525:
3493:
3460:
3429:
3394:
3388:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3342:
3336:
3307:
3300:
3265:
3256:
3242:
3221:
3213:
3192:
3184:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3114:
3093:
3084:
3077:. Retrieved
3062:
3055:
3046:
3040:
3015:
3007:
2988:
2982:
2971:
2930:
2924:
2908:. S. Chand.
2905:
2899:
2880:
2861:February 12,
2859:. Retrieved
2854:
2842:
2823:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2766:
2756:
2747:
2720:. Retrieved
2706:
2687:
2660:. Retrieved
2656:the original
2651:
2642:
2629:
2620:
2605:Sulfur cycle
2495:Electrolysis
2465:Calvin cycle
2411:
2410:lectrons is
2407:
2403:
2399:
2398:lectrons is
2395:
2391:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2349:
2335:
2323:free radical
2300:
2250:
2229:futile cycle
2216:flavoenzymes
2201:
2192:chloroplasts
2188:mitochondria
2176:acetoacetate
2145:
2135:and killing
2129:Free radical
2127:
2117:mitochondria
2087:
2066:light energy
2042:
1974:
1963:
1927:reduced form
1876:
1867:
1852:Please help
1840:
1776:
1761:
1735:
1727:
1684:
1543:
1456:hydrocarbons
1388:
1374:
1364:
1361:
1327:
1280:
1268:
1191:
1184:+ 2 e â 2
1170:
1141:
1115:
1092:
1083:
1068:Please help
1056:
1023:
1018:red(cathode)
1011:
999:
993:
980:
968:
961:
959:
946:
934:
922:
917:
886:
884:
825:
819:
804:
795:
785:
778:
771:
764:
752:
740:Please help
735:verification
732:
705:
693:
682:
669:
665:adding to it
660:
622:John Bockris
616:
579:
544:
536:biochemistry
500:
467:
324:
306:
268:
265:
258:
211:
189:
185:
101:
100:
93:
88:
36:
3917:Cage effect
3852:RRKM theory
3768:elimination
3152:: 381â398.
2565:Pro-oxidant
2325:chemistry,
2319:pedogenesis
2141:antioxidant
2133:homeostasis
1970:assimilated
1813:gold-plated
1772:nitric acid
1770:to produce
1691:thiosulfate
1585:iron oxides
1474:, and heat
1462:, produces
630:protonation
540:hydride ion
519:metal oxide
470:Nitric acid
261:portmanteau
255:Terminology
18:Oxidisation
4076:Categories
3382:: 151â208.
2612:References
2436:fuel cells
2434:, such as
2402:xidation,
2314:paddy rice
2224:superoxide
2218:and their
2152:NADP/NADPH
2122:See also:
2038:O + Energy
1966:biological
1798:automotive
1757:galvanized
1603:4 Fe + 3 O
1452:combustion
1344:solution:
1261:2 H + 2 F
1216:2 H + 2 e
768:newspapers
672:April 2023
626:electrodes
583:, such as
553:, such as
549:elemental
517:such as a
491:Reductants
327:substances
3968:Catalysis
3864:reactions
3526:Chemistry
3399:CRC Press
3292:242013948
3086:reaction.
3079:March 29,
2957:cite book
2949:986827885
2379:eduction
2367:xidation
2353:mnemonics
2340:Mnemonics
2253:magnetite
2220:coenzymes
1945:Vitamin C
1931:Vitamin C
1841:does not
1577:corrosion
1575:The term
1324:solution.
1312:like the
1057:does not
1030:ox(anode)
575:aluminium
563:magnesium
484:pictogram
224:substrate
206:electrons
202:reactants
3176:25744690
2716:Archived
2634:Archived
2630:Bitesize
2626:"Metals"
2443:See also
2414:eduction
2168:pyruvate
2148:GSH/GSSG
1935:Bottom:
1787:smelting
1781:. Metal
1661:2 Fe + H
1507:peroxide
1495:aldehyde
1411:nitrogen
1173:fluorine
1122:fluorine
1118:hydrogen
603:alcohols
599:carbonyl
532:electron
315:Oxidants
97:mnemonic
73:glycerol
48:fluorine
3167:4348434
2763:"redox"
2662:May 15,
2632:. BBC.
2406:ain of
2394:oss of
2361:OIL RIG
2327:wetland
2310:voltage
2164:lactate
2030:â 6 CO
1980:glucose
1862:removed
1847:sources
1816:jewelry
1805:cutlery
1800:parts,
1768:ammonia
1741:cathode
1607:â 2 Fe
1581:Rusting
1491:alcohol
1407:nitrate
1375:As two
1294:â 2 HF
1148:protons
1137:â 2 HF
1078:removed
1063:sources
941:cathode
902:⁄
881:â H + e
872:⁄
850:cathode
838:voltage
782:scholar
757:"Redox"
555:lithium
228:rusting
200:of the
94:OIL RIG
3643:Basic
3597:
3570:
3533:
3501:
3467:
3437:
3405:
3357:
3324:
3290:
3280:
3174:
3164:
3123:
3102:
3070:
3028:
2995:
2947:
2937:
2912:
2887:
2830:
2722:May 9,
2694:
2265:rutile
2174:, and
2097:sugars
2003:oxygen
1743:of an
1568:pyrite
1550:O and
1499:ketone
1480:carbon
1476:energy
1334:copper
1232:+ 2 e
844:of an
784:
777:
770:
763:
755:
573:, and
559:sodium
551:metals
44:Sodium
4092:Redox
3871:Redox
3707:Acyl)
3288:S2CID
3218:IUPAC
3189:IUPAC
2851:(PDF)
2160:organ
2101:water
2095:into
2080:+ 6 O
2060:+ 6 H
2034:+ 6 H
2026:+ 6 O
2007:water
1994:) to
1921:Top:
1753:anode
1570:cubes
1497:or a
1493:, an
1464:water
1438:+ 6 H
1330:metal
1159:â 2
953:anode
860:is a
858:anode
789:JSTOR
775:books
638:IUPAC
592:LiAlH
236:oxide
181:-doks
102:Redox
3760:(E2)
3749:(E1)
3595:ISBN
3568:ISBN
3531:ISBN
3499:ISBN
3465:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3403:ISBN
3355:ISBN
3322:ISBN
3278:ISBN
3172:PMID
3121:ISBN
3100:ISBN
3081:2020
3068:ISBN
3026:ISBN
2993:ISBN
2963:link
2945:OCLC
2935:ISBN
2910:ISBN
2885:ISBN
2863:2024
2828:ISBN
2724:2012
2692:ISBN
2664:2017
2363:" â
2267:(TiO
2206:are
2190:and
2166:and
2156:cell
2068:â C
2064:O +
2056:6 CO
1845:any
1843:cite
1811:and
1783:ores
1628:acid
1589:iron
1528:rust
1501:, a
1450:The
1425:2 NO
1338:zinc
1238:2 F
1163:+ 2
1120:and
1061:any
1059:cite
1006:cell
929:cell
832:cell
761:news
699:and
689:fuel
685:rust
632:and
617:The
590:and
585:NaBH
571:zinc
567:iron
479:The
232:iron
141:-oks
3730:Ar)
3687:Ar)
3587:doi
3560:hdl
3347:doi
3314:doi
3270:doi
3232:doi
3230:".
3203:doi
3201:".
3162:PMC
3154:doi
3022:456
2796:doi
2255:(Fe
2186:in
2184:DNA
2158:or
2045:NAD
2005:to
1943:of
1929:of
1856:by
1719:+ H
1526:or
1454:of
1409:to
1290:+ F
1252:+ F
1133:+ F
1072:by
987:red
979:= â
893:red
744:by
667:.
515:ore
415:OsO
378:CrO
364:MnO
244:C=C
230:of
188:or
179:REE
139:RED
4078::
3798:(A
3788:(A
3726:(S
3703:(S
3697:i)
3693:(S
3683:(S
3677:2)
3673:(S
3667:1)
3663:(S
3593:.
3566:.
3513:^
3479:^
3449:^
3417:^
3380:39
3378:.
3353:.
3320:.
3286:.
3276:.
3264:.
3220:,
3191:,
3170:.
3160:.
3148:.
3144:.
3127:.
3106:.
3083:.
3024:.
2959:}}
2955:{{
2943:.
2871:^
2853:.
2810:^
2792:92
2790:.
2786:.
2765:.
2732:^
2672:^
2650:.
2628:.
2383:s
2371:s
2280:Fe
2194:.
2170:,
2143:.
2074:12
2020:12
1996:CO
1988:12
1982:(C
1818:.
1807:,
1774:.
1709:2â
1685:A
1534:Fe
1466:,
1417:):
1258:â
1235:â
1213:â
1150::
1022:+
1010:=
975:ox
964::
945:â
933:=
703:.
569:,
565:,
561:,
557:,
542:.
458:,
453:Br
451:,
446:Cl
444:,
437:,
412:,
392:Cr
389:,
375:,
361:,
295:Fe
292:/
282:Fe
184:,
157:iË
144:,
3802:)
3800:N
3792:)
3790:E
3766:i
3764:E
3728:E
3705:N
3695:N
3685:N
3675:N
3665:N
3636:e
3629:t
3622:v
3603:.
3589::
3576:.
3562::
3539:.
3507:.
3473:.
3443:.
3411:.
3363:.
3349::
3330:.
3316::
3294:.
3272::
3250:.
3234::
3205::
3178:.
3156::
3150:4
3034:.
3001:.
2965:)
2951:.
2918:.
2893:.
2865:.
2836:.
2804:.
2798::
2771:.
2726:.
2700:.
2666:.
2412:r
2408:e
2404:g
2400:o
2396:e
2392:l
2385:g
2381:i
2377:r
2373:l
2369:i
2365:o
2359:"
2290:2
2286:3
2284:O
2282:2
2269:2
2261:4
2259:O
2257:3
2082:2
2078:6
2076:O
2072:H
2070:6
2062:2
2058:2
2036:2
2032:2
2028:2
2024:6
2022:O
2018:H
2016:6
2014:C
1998:2
1992:6
1990:O
1986:H
1984:6
1947:)
1939:(
1933:)
1925:(
1883:)
1877:(
1872:)
1868:(
1864:.
1850:.
1723:O
1721:2
1717:2
1712:3
1706:O
1704:2
1702:S
1673:O
1671:2
1667:2
1665:O
1663:2
1649:2
1647:O
1645:2
1643:H
1630::
1613:3
1611:O
1609:2
1605:2
1556:3
1548:2
1546:H
1544:n
1542:·
1540:3
1538:O
1536:2
1509:.
1442:O
1440:2
1436:2
1431:3
1428:â
1355:4
1351:4
1322:4
1318:4
1292:2
1288:2
1286:H
1254:2
1250:2
1248:H
1227:2
1222:F
1206:2
1201:H
1186:F
1182:2
1180:F
1165:e
1161:H
1157:2
1155:H
1135:2
1131:2
1129:H
1099:)
1093:(
1088:)
1084:(
1080:.
1066:.
1024:E
1012:E
1000:E
981:E
969:E
947:E
935:E
923:E
913:2
909:2
907:H
904:2
900:1
887:E
879:2
877:H
874:2
870:1
826:E
824:(
811:)
805:(
800:)
796:(
786:·
779:·
772:·
765:·
738:.
674:)
670:(
607:2
594:4
587:4
462:2
460:I
455:2
448:2
441:2
439:F
434:2
432:O
420:4
406:7
401:O
397:2
383:3
369:4
355:4
350:O
346:2
341:N
250:.
172:/
169:s
166:k
163:É
160:d
154:r
151:Ë
148:/
132:/
129:s
126:k
123:É
120:d
117:É
114:r
111:Ë
108:/
104:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
