198:
Demonstrators and the
Klansmen were "forcibly separated" by the Oxnard policemen by the doors and at the windows outside of the community center, much of which had sustained surface damage (broken windows). While the police were not fully collaborating the Klan, their initial mission of peacekeeping meant protecting the Klan's event. At this time, the demonstrators combatted the police using the aforementioned mentioned tactics, and police on the scene were "outnumbered 150-200 to 9". Many of the demonstrators, while in combat, were chanting "Death to the klan, kill the klan, kill the klan and the klan cops; we have done it before and we'll do it again".
185:, the seminal Klan propaganda piece that outlines much of their central ideology, and was additionally used to stage recruiting rallies as far back as the 1920s. The Progressive Labor Party (PLP), along with their sub-organization Committee Against Racism (CAR), were allowed to protest the event by the City government, as part of the organization's campaign against fascists and racist organizations.
25:
233:" (town or city Klan chapter) was ever formed in the city. What occurred in Oxnard was one of several incidences of violence that occurred in California and throughout the country in the late 1970s, and preluded intensified violence and the increasing association of the Klan movement with openly Nazi elements. In
193:
In the early afternoon, a crowd of hundreds of PLP/CAR counter-protesters gathered outside of the community center where the Klan would be screening Birth of A Nation. According to police on the ground, the crowd of counter-protesters was described as "mostly
Mexican-Americans" as well as there being
205:
of a
Klansman was burned at the demonstration, and by 3:42, the Oxnard Police declared the protest as an unlawful assembly. Police ordered the protesters to disperse six times (in English and Spanish) but to no avail. Protestors jeered at the Police in response, to the cheering enthusiasm of the
144:
twice in the same year. People fought against police departments for the heavy-handed patrolling of neighborhoods, police brutality, and curfews enforced in neighborhoods like La
Colonia, which were enforced in full riot police formations. Also in the county, a circuit of activists formed around
176:
In 1977, racial tensions would escalate to their highest before the riot due to a rape and murder case, in which three Latino residents of Oxnard murdered Paul Yenney Jr. and raped and assaulted Linda Fiene, both a high-school couple. In July 1978, the Klan organizers successfully applied for a
135:
Recent history in the county demonstrated that members of the predominantly working-class communities in
Ventura County were willing to use militancy. In the decades prior to the event, working-class Mexican immigrants and Chicanos across Ventura County also participated in strikes, riots, and
197:
At approximately 1:30 in the afternoon, the
Klansmen charged into the community center. It was at this point where they were met by PLP and CAR demonstrators. The demonstrators used various weapons such as "dirt-clods, sticks, unopened soda-pop cans, and steel pipes wrapped in newspaper".
115:. While for much of its history the city was majority white, by 1963, Oxnard schools were becoming "majority-minority." In the 1970s, segregation became a divisive issue in the city, particularly in the context of schools. After the 1971
123:
had a responsibility to have "a racially balanced elementary school system." A fight over busing students and school district segregation came to a head, but this did not lead to the Klan's rise in Oxnard as it did in towns like
95:, who protected the event from the demonstrators. A fight and subsequent hours-long protest ensued between the Klan and Police who faced the demonstrators. After some hours, the police broke up the demonstration.
217:
At the initial reporting of the event, an estimated fifteen people suffered serious injuries, and thirteen people were arrested. One of the activists served a short sentence after being charged on the basis of
237:
just two months later, the Klan battled with the PLP and CAR at an event, also led by
Metzger, against Vietnamese refugees who had settled in the town. By 1979, the Klan ramped up their violence at the
103:
Oxnard was, until around the 1970s, a majority-white suburb, with the demographics shifting towards becoming a majority-Latino city. The Klan had a historically weak presence in
201:
After the scene of combat, the more militant demonstrators returned to the original protest and a "seemingly peaceful" protest continued until about 3:15. Around this time, an
242:, wherein the Klan murdered five members of the Communist Workers Party, and again in 1980 in Oceanside California, when Klansmen brutally assaulted counter-demonstrators.
785:
780:
687:
Drabble, John. 2007. "From White
Supremacy to White Power: The FBI, COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE, and the Nazification of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1970s".
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At 4:00, fifty Oxnard Police and the
Ventura County Sheriffs broke up the demonstration and several of the demonstrators were arrested.
92:
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165:, and several unions. Additionally, a base of activists formed around campuses in the county, particularly with organizations like
120:
87:
at the municipal community center as a recruiting and fundraising drive. The event was disrupted by a combative protest led by the
702:
146:
658:
Mexican
Americans with Moxie: A Transgenerational History of El Movimiento Chicano in Ventura County, California, 1945-1975
108:
664:
Barajas, Frank. 2014. "Community and Measured Militancy: The Ventura County Community Service Organization, 1958–1968."
770:
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137:
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104:
234:
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128:, at around the same time. Regardless, racial tensions rose, as was the case in many LA area suburbs during
83:
720:
The Invisible Empire in the West: Toward a New Historical Appraisal of the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s
760:
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35:
731:
https://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/3d/110/1010.html%7Caccess-date=2021-10-07
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https://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/3d/119/90.html%7Caccess-date=2021-10-07
54:
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91:
and Committee Against Racism. The demonstrators outnumbered the Klan and Oxnard Police and
669:
735:"Soria v. Oxnard School District Board of Trustees, 386 F. Supp. 539 (C.D. Cal. 1974)"
708:
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The events in Oxnard did not lead to mass sympathy for the Klan in Oxnard. No "
181:, the Klan's second most famous leader at the time. The Klansmen chose to show
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verdict challenged the de facto segregation, with the verdict declaring the
44:
741:
https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/386/539/2307887/
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692:
230:
679:
Bring The War Home: The White Power Movement and Paramilitary America
202:
166:
158:
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18:
107:, being stronger in the Los Angeles area, particularly in
49:
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https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/scq.2014.96.3.313
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573:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIn_re_Wagner_(1981) (
140:in 1971, as well as again in 1974, and in nearby
117:Soria v. Oxnard School District Board of Trustees
568:
206:residents, many of whom congregated on 9th St.
683:http://dx.doi.org/10.51174/ajdss.0101/woey9097
8:
722:. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
715:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
713:The Birth of a Nation, Robert Lang, Editor
592:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDrabble2007 (
377:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBarajas2021 (
358:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBarajas2021 (
339:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBarajas2021 (
320:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBarajas2021 (
282:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBarajas2014 (
786:White American riots in the United States
521:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWagner1974 (
416:"Polyglot City Is in Shock After a Melee"
399:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWagner1974 (
177:permit for an event that would be led by
661:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
611:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBelew2018 (
493:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBelew2018 (
301:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSoria1971 (
136:rebellions. The major instances were in
781:School segregation in the United States
668:. Vol. 96, p. 313-349, via JSTOR.
627:"Klan, Angry Crowd, Clash in Oceanside"
587:
452:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLang1994 (
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334:
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471:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLay1992 (
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375:, p. 66-67, 81, 140-141, 147-148.
263:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLay1992 (
73:On the afternoon of July 30, 1978, in
693:https://www.jstor.org/stable/40644149
681:Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
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296:
153:, both known for their leadership by
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447:
466:
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537:"Anti‐Klan Protest Leads to Melee"
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194:a more moderate NAACP-led crowd.
121:Oxnard Elementary School District
414:Hill, Gladwin (August 3, 1978).
23:
147:Community Service Organization
1:
776:History of Oxnard, California
666:Southern California Quarterly
641:– via Newspapers.com.
802:
766:Ku Klux Klan in California
16:Riot in Oxnard, California
725:"People v. Lopez (1980)"
718:Lay, Shawn, et al. 1992.
701:. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
707:Lang, Robert (editor);
697:"In re Wagner (1981)."
261:, p. 111-115, 169.
222:, and participation in
145:organizations like the
93:Ventura County Sheriffs
89:Progressive Labor Party
38:, as no other articles
655:Barajas, Frank. 2021.
189:Skirmish and protests
183:The Birth of a Nation
84:The Birth of a Nation
709:Griffith, David Wark
569:In re Wagner (1981)
469:, p. 4-6, 125.
240:Greensboro Massacre
171:Black Student Union
771:Oxnard, California
756:1978 in California
541:The New York Times
420:The New York Times
81:attempted to show
75:Oxnard, California
57:for suggestions.
47:to this page from
691:. Vol 48, No. 3.
631:Los Angeles Times
543:. July 31, 1978.
224:unlawful assembly
126:Pontiac, Michigan
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689:American Studies
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635:. Retrieved
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373:Barajas 2021
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637:October 29,
517:Wagner 1974
395:Wagner 1974
179:Tom Metzger
142:Santa Paula
130:integration
761:1978 riots
750:Categories
737:Justia Law
727:Justia Law
699:Justia Law
650:References
607:Belew 2018
489:Belew 2018
297:Soria 1971
161:, and the
138:La Colonia
99:Background
53:; try the
40:link to it
549:0362-4331
448:Lang 1994
428:0362-4331
213:Aftermath
109:Inglewood
43:. Please
711:(1994).
677:. 2018.
467:Lay 1992
259:Lay 1992
554:June 8,
433:June 9,
231:Klavern
149:(CSO),
113:Anaheim
547:
426:
203:effigy
77:, the
36:orphan
34:is an
246:Notes
167:MEChA
159:NAACP
639:2021
613:help
594:help
575:help
556:2024
545:ISSN
523:help
495:help
473:help
454:help
435:2024
424:ISSN
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169:and
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