107:
99:
131:, the canisters and oxygen masks are mounted in the top portion of the seat backs, since the ceiling is too high above the passengers. If a decompression occurred, the panels were opened either by an automatic pressure switch or by a manual switch, and the masks are released. When the passengers pull down on the mask they removed the retaining pins and triggered the production of oxygen.
198:
crash, killing all on board. An ATA DC-10, Flight 131, was also destroyed while parked at O'Hare
Airport, on August 10, 1986. The cause was the accidental activation of an oxygen canister, contained in the back of a broken DC-10 seat, being shipped in the cargo compartment to a repair station. There
190:
mixture. The chemical reaction is exothermic and the exterior temperature of the canister will reach 260 °C (500 °F). It will produce oxygen for 12 to 22 minutes. The two-mask generator is approximately 63 mm (2.5 in) in diameter and 223 mm (8.8 in) long. The three-mask
118:
to passengers to protect them in case of loss of cabin pressure. Chemical oxygen generators are not used for the cockpit crew, who are typically supplied using compressed oxygen canisters, also known as oxygen bottles. In narrow body airliners, for each row of seats there were overhead
337:
for gas separation. In the case of oxygen generation a zeolite-based sieve forces preferential adsorption for nitrogen. Clean, dry air is passed through the sieve beds on the oxygen generator, producing an oxygen-enriched gas.
231:, and at a fixed rate of about 6.5 man-hours of oxygen per kilogram of the mixture. The mixture has an indefinite shelf life if stored properly: candles have been stored for 20 years without decreased oxygen output.
284:, a nuclear-powered submarine, under the Arctic on 21 March 2007. The candle had become contaminated with hydraulic oil, which caused the mixture to explode rather than burn.
536:
652:
329:
Advances in technology have provided industrial oxygen generator systems for use where air is available and a higher concentration of oxygen is desired.
648:
582:"Degraded Modes and the 'Culture of Coping' in Military Operations: An Analysis of a Fatal Incident on-board HMS Tireless on 20/21 March 2007"
564:
469:
William H. Schechter; R. R. Miller; Robert M. Bovard; C. B. Jackson; John R. Pappenheimer (1950). "Chlorate
Candles as a Source of Oxygen".
429:
Hayyan M., Hashim M.A., AlNashef I.M., Superoxide Ion: Generation and
Chemical Implications, Chem. Rev., 2016, 116 (5), pp 3029–3085.
362:, and everywhere a compact emergency oxygen generator with long shelf life is needed. They usually contain a device for absorption of
381:
620:
M. M. Markowitz; D. A. Boryta; Harvey
Stewart Jr. (1964). "Lithium Perchlorate Oxygen Candle. Pyrochemical Source of Pure Oxygen".
395:, chemical oxygen generators are used as a backup supply. Each canister can produce enough oxygen for one crewmember for one day.
689:
442:
Yunchang Zhang; Girish
Kshirsagar; James C. Cannon (1993). "Functions of Barium Peroxide in Sodium Chlorate Chemical Oxygen".
194:
In May 11, 1996, accidental activation of improperly shipped expired generators, mistakenly labeled as empty, caused the
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generator is approximately 70 mm (2.8 in) in diameter and 250 mm (9.8 in) long.
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were no fatalities or injuries because the plane contained no passengers when the fire broke out.
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to maintain the reaction temperature and to protect surrounding equipment. The key reaction is:
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are a promising group of oxygen sources, as well. The generators are usually ignited by a
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releases the oxygen. The burning iron supplies the heat. The candle must be wrapped in
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An explosion caused by one of these candles killed two Royal Navy sailors on
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211:, is a cylindrical chemical oxygen generator that contains a mix of
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299:. At 400 °C (750 °F), it releases 60% of its weight as
378:
Self-contained oxygen generators (SCOGs) are used in submarines.
216:
123:
and oxygen generators. In some wide-body airliners, such as the
74:
was used as an oxygen source on early crewed missions of the
370:; a kilogram of LiOH absorbs about half a kilogram of CO
27:
Device that releases oxygen via a chemical reaction
319:Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) oxygen generators
223:at about 600 °C (1,100 °F), producing
182:). The explosives in the percussion cap are a
653:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
102:Diagram of a chemical oxygen generator system
8:
42:. The oxygen source is usually an inorganic
384:(SCSRs) are used to facilitate escape from
151:), which is mixed with less than 5 percent
537:Airliners.net, Photograph, Dave Campbell
110:Chemical Oxygen Generator, Cut-away View
97:
502:. Season 12. Episode 2. 10 August 2012.
422:
350:Chemical oxygen generators are used in
62:, and the chemical reaction is usually
514:"OT McDonnell Douglas DC-10-40 N184AT"
471:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
649:"Breathing Easy on the Space Station"
333:(PSA) incorporates a material called
82:for use in emergency situations, for
7:
273:can also be used in oxygen candles.
526:from the original on June 21, 2024.
66:, making the generator a potential
600:"'Oxygen candle' caused explosion"
382:Self-contained self-rescue devices
25:
366:, sometimes a filter filled with
431:DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00407
622:Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev
1:
598:Page, Lewis (22 March 2007).
340:Nitrogen separation membrane
114:Commercial aircraft provide
393:International Space Station
219:powder, which when ignited
196:ValuJet Airlines Flight 592
721:
354:, breathing apparatus for
322:
165:) and less than 1 percent
34:is a device that releases
553:Chemistry of the Elements
551:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
331:Pressure swing adsorption
291:used on some spacecraft,
207:A chlorate candle, or an
32:chemical oxygen generator
342:equipment is also used.
647:Barry, Patrick (2000).
519:Aviation Safety Network
358:and mine rescue crews,
94:In commercial airliners
690:Firefighting equipment
111:
103:
557:Butterworth-Heinemann
549:Greenwood, Norman N.
289:Vika oxygen generator
233:Thermal decomposition
167:potassium perchlorate
134:The oxidizer core is
109:
101:
496:"Fire in the Hold".
271:lithium perchlorates
76:Soviet space program
72:Potassium superoxide
634:10.1021/i360012a016
483:10.1021/ie50491a045
456:10.1021/ie00017a028
444:Ind. Eng. Chem. Res
325:Oxygen concentrator
293:lithium perchlorate
188:tetrazene explosive
237:thermal insulation
112:
104:
685:Human spaceflight
566:978-0-08-037941-8
477:(11): 2348–2353.
411:SolidOx (welding)
368:lithium hydroxide
295:is the source of
247:→ 2 NaCl + 3 O
40:chemical reaction
16:(Redirected from
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705:Gas technologies
695:Submarine design
669:
668:
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659:on 11 March 2019
655:. Archived from
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259:lithium chlorate
116:emergency oxygen
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18:Oxygen generator
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335:molecular sieve
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311:→ LiCl + 2 O
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225:sodium chloride
213:sodium chlorate
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153:barium peroxide
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136:sodium chlorate
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628:(4): 321–330.
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602:. The Register
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450:(5): 966–969.
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406:Oxygen storage
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364:carbon dioxide
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323:Main article:
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184:lead styphnate
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209:oxygen candle
203:Oxygen candle
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661:. Retrieved
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604:. Retrieved
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356:firefighters
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121:oxygen masks
113:
84:firefighters
31:
29:
663:9 September
282: (S88)
88:mine rescue
68:fire hazard
52:perchlorate
679:Categories
606:2013-09-04
417:References
360:submarines
229:iron oxide
86:, and for
80:submarines
64:exothermic
60:firing pin
44:superoxide
278:HMS
267:potassium
255:Potassium
524:Archived
400:See also
352:aircraft
280:Tireless
221:smolders
56:Ozonides
48:chlorate
391:On the
287:In the
243:2 NaClO
700:Oxygen
563:
499:Mayday
301:oxygen
297:oxygen
263:sodium
261:, and
38:via a
36:oxygen
585:(PDF)
386:mines
307:LiClO
129:IL-96
125:DC-10
78:, in
50:, or
665:2012
561:ISBN
346:Uses
269:and
257:and
217:iron
215:and
186:and
127:and
630:doi
479:doi
452:doi
681::
651:.
624:.
559:.
522:.
516:.
475:42
473:.
448:32
446:.
374:.
303::
265:,
227:,
174:Cl
157:Ba
143:Cl
140:Na
90:.
70:.
54:.
46:,
30:A
667:.
636:.
632::
626:3
609:.
587:.
569:.
485:.
481::
458:.
454::
388:.
372:2
313:2
309:4
249:2
245:3
180:4
177:O
171:K
169:(
163:2
160:O
155:(
149:3
146:O
138:(
20:)
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