Appalachian English - Knowledge (XXG)

2021:

can be traced back to Scottish-Irish ancestors, and include unique grammatical and lexical differences Appalachian English can be found in the following states: Ohio; West Virginia; Kentucky; North Carolina; Northern Georgia; Northern South Carolina; western Virginia; Alabama; and Tennessee. Notwithstanding, when it comes to determining its specific boundaries, some linguists believe that the boundaries should be fuzzy lines. These fuzzy lines should provide rough ideas of boundaries, rather than hard lines, because there is a lot of dialectic variety within these small areas that is often difficult to differentiate. The reality is a range of dialectic variants are commonplace in the Appalachian area of the country. Categorizing all of these different variants under one umbrella may actually further complicate the process of studying the variants of Appalachian speech. Appalachian English is thought to be the oldest form of English to date-including the Shakespearean dialect-which can be a factor contributing to the myth of the dialect being outdated.

2034:. Accent discrimination undermines intelligence and the character of an individual. Furthermore, easier access to social relations via the internet has expanded the quantity of negative beliefs associated with individuals from Appalachia. Despite all of the debates surrounding this dialect and whether or not its boundaries are legitimate and correct, to the people of Appalachia, their variety of English is central to their identities regardless of how it is seen by linguists, as well as outsiders. According to expert linguist Kirk Hazen, "Appalachia is the most misunderstood region in the nation". There are roles/portrayals of the language that have inspired it to be falsely associated with a stereotypical "hillbilly". Thus, creating misjudgments from non-Appalachians about the region. 1907:. Similarly the word "afeared" was common in northern England and the Midlands throughout the 1500s, 1600s and 1700s, though fell out of use in the early 1800s when it was supplanted in literary English after 1700 by the word "afraid". The word was used frequently in the work of Shakespeare. In Appalachia the word simply remained in use and did not get completely supplanted by the word "afraid", unlike in most of the English-speaking world. Though the word "afeared" originates in northern England and throughout the Midlands, it is nonetheless incorrect to refer to the word "afeared" as "Elizabethan" because it was commonly used in England long after the Elizabethan era (including throughout the 1600s). 2030:

following: housing; schooling; employment; medical assistance; and money. Appalachian English is often viewed by outsiders as a dialect of uneducated people. Individuals from Appalachia tend to be perceived as low-income and lower class, regardless of the individual's actual situation. Historically, these ideas originated prior to the onset of the American Civil War. Appalachian stereotypes are damaging to natives of the area. Consequently, natives hide or modify their accent when visiting or moving to areas outside of Appalachia. This is done in fear of

829:). For example, "Me and him are real good friends" instead of "He and I are really good friends." Accusative case personal pronouns are used as reflexives in situations which, in American English, do not typically demand them (e.g., "I'm gonna get me a haircut"). The -self/-selves forms are used almost exclusively as emphatics, and then often in non-standard forms (e.g., "the preacher hisself"). Second person pronouns are often retained as subjects in imperative sentences (e.g., "You go an' get you a cookie"). 305: 4426: 1915:

The Appalachian dialect retains a number of speech patterns found in Colonial American English but largely discarded in Standard speech, such as "r" intrusion (e.g., "warsh" for "wash") and a "y" sound in place of "a" on the end of certain words (e.g., "okry" for "okra"). The southern drawl is of an unknown American origin, although some of its characteristics suggest a relationship with the drawl of Ulster accents.

6022: 1852:), as originating in Southern and Midland English dialects. The use of "it are" (usually pronounced "it err") in place of "it is" was common among the rural population of the English Midlands and South in the 1500s, 1600s and 1700s, and was correspondingly common amongst British colonists, in particular English colonists in the original thirteen colonies. The phrase fell out of use in 1090:. Only used in formal and educated writing in the 17th century, it became nonstandard in the 18th century. Montgomery (2009) argues that a-prefixing developed from the preposition "an"/"on" in Early Middle English and suggests that it arose from the loss of the -n from "on" in examples like "hee set before his eyes king Henrie the eight with all his Lordes 43: 1130:'Liketa' also imposes a notion of impossibility on the clause in which it appears, distinguishing it from the word 'almost'. For example, "They almost made it to the top of the mountain" is allowed but not "They liketa made it to the top of the mountain." 'Liketa' does not carry the same notion of partial truth as 'almost'. 1914:

and Ulster can also be heard, such as the pin-pen merger and goose fronting, the Scotch-Irish and English settlers had a strong influence on the Appalachian dialect, linguistic analyses suggest that Appalachian English developed as a distinctive dialect among English-speaking people in North America.

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While the greatest amount of divergence in subject-verb concord occurs in the past tense of the verb 'to be', certain types of plural subjects have an effect on concord across various types of verbs. However, plural subjects continue to show the greatest frequency of non-concord. The example below is

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a form of the older English phrase, "e'er a." The negative form is "nary" (not any), the AE pronunciation of the archaic "n'er a." Both are widely used in AE. When the word "one" follows, the "w" sound is dropped to form one word, "ary'ne" /"nary'ne" . When the word "one" is emphasized, however, the

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Sometimes the past participle of a strong verb such as "do" is used in place of the past tense. For example, "I done it already" instead of "I did it already" or in the case of the verb "see", "I seen" instead of "I saw". "Went" is often used instead of "gone" as the past participle of the verb "to

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and is criticized both inside and outside the speaking area as an inferior dialect, which is often mistakenly attributed to supposed laziness, lack of education, or the region's relative isolation. American writers throughout the 20th century have used the dialect as the chosen speech of uneducated

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was the earliest, complete linguistic atlas of a broad region. Furthermore, many of Hans Kurath's initial ideas about linguistic boundaries are under discussion in the modern-day. Appalachian English is one of the linguistic boundaries constructed by Hans Kurath. The origins of Appalachian English

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In addition to the linguistic boundary debates, Appalachian English is surrounded by stereotypical views of the area and the people living in it. A sense of "Appalachianism" is positively correlated with a shortage in access to environmental influences. These environmental influences include the

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is also one of the most salient features of this dialect. While "ain't" is used to some extent in most American English dialects, it is used with much greater frequency in the Appalachian dialect. Similarly, the phrase "it is" frequently appeared as "it are" in Appalachian English as late as the

880:

Divergence from standard English conjugation of the verb "to be" occurs with the highest frequency in the past tense, where grammatically plural subjects also take the singular form "was" rather than "were". Thus, the paradigm of the verb "to be" in Appalachian English more closely resembles the

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Along with these pejorative associations, there has been much debate as to whether Appalachian English constitutes a dialect separate from the American Southern regional dialect, as it shares many core components with it. Research reveals that Appalachian English also includes many grammatical

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Early theories regarding the origins of the Appalachian dialect tend to revolve around popular notions regarding the region's general isolation and the belief that the region is culturally static or homogenous. The tendency of Appalachian speakers to retain many aspects of their dialect for a

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Extensive research has been conducted since the 1930s to determine the origin of the Appalachian dialect. One popular theory is that the dialect is a preserved remnant of 16th-century (or "Elizabethan") English in isolation, though a far more accurate comparison would be to 18th-century (or

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Described as "Upper Southern U.S." in The American Heritage Dictionary (4th ed.), which suggests it is related to words such as "grease", but it is used more broadly, as in "The children made a big gaum, th'owin papers and books all over the place" or "They really gaumed the room up." See:

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Beliefs about Appalachia's isolation led to the early suggestion that the dialect was a surviving relic of long-forgotten forms of English. The most enduring of these early theories suggested that the Appalachian dialect was a remnant of Elizabethan English, a theory popularized by

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Less frequently, "gone" is used as the simple past tense: "I gone down to the meeting, but wasn't nobody there." "Done" is used with the past tense (or a past participle commonly used as a past tense, such as "gone") to express action just completed, as in "I done went/gone to the

3032:"w" sound returns ("ary ONE"/"nary ONE"). Example: "Have ye got any money?" Reply: "NO, I hain't got nary penny. Have YOU got ary'ne?" Contrary to a widespread myth current among non-AE speakers, the word is not followed by the indefinite article (which in fact is built into it). 976:-prefix most commonly occurs with progressives, in both past and non-past tenses. For example, "My cousin had a little pony and we was a-ridin' it one day" Common contexts also include where the participle form functions as an adverbial complement, such as after movement verbs ( 1161:"Might could|would|should" is sometimes used where a speaker of standard English would say "might be able to" or "could maybe". It is often used as a sort of equivalent to "If it weren't for X", such as "I might would, if I had any to spare." This is found in Scots as well. 1921:

influences in the Appalachian dialect are virtually nonexistent except for place names (e.g., "Appalachia", "Tennessee", "Chattahoochee River", "Cheoah Mountains"). While early settlers adopted numerous customs from tribes such as the

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dialects of northern England, southern Scotland and Ulster. However, many aspects of this theory have been questioned by linguists, with Michael Ellis (1992) arguing that the dialect is difficult to attribute to a single source.

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and unsophisticated characters, though research has largely disproven these stereotypes; however, due to such prejudice, the use of the Appalachian dialect is still often an impediment to educational and social advancement.

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Measurements such as "foot" and "mile" often retain their singular form even when used in the plural sense. For example, "That stick is 3 foot long", or "We need 6 foot of drywall". This is found in the Scots language.

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The word element "-ever" is sometimes reversed in words such as "whatever" ("everwhat"), "whoever" ("everwho"), and "however" ("everhow"), but the usage remains the same (e.g., "Everwho did this is in big trouble").

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Pronouns and adjectives are sometimes combined with "'un" (meaning "one"), such as "young'un" to mean "child", "big'un" to mean "big one", and "you'uns" to mean "you all". "Young'n'" and "'big'n'" also are common in

1872:(c. 800–1050 CE). Two such items are constructions with the word "till" to tell the time of day ("quarter till five") and the use of "at" in place of "that" as both a demonstrative and relative pronoun (Old Norse 1102:

In Appalachian English, the form 'liketa' functions as an adverb and occurs before the past form of a verb. 'Liketa' carries a meaning similar to "on the verge of" or "came so close that I really thought

2006:

The systematic study of linguistic boundaries in the United States has advanced, succeeding its inception in 1949. The systematic study of linguistic boundaries in the United States was established by

789:, as in other Southern American and some British speech. A related matter: The noun "grease" is pronounced with an "s", but this consonant turns into a "z" in the adjective and in the verb "to grease." 1199:

can be used with adjectives (e.g., "a right cold morning") and along with its standard use with adverbs, can also be used with adverbs of manner and time (e.g., "right loud" or "right often").

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The following is a list of words which occur in the Appalachian dialect. These words are not exclusive to the region, but tend to occur with greater frequency than in other English dialects:

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Some nouns are spoken in pairs, the first noun describing the seemingly redundant second noun, as in "hound dog", "Cadillac car", "widow woman", "toad frog", "biscuit bread", or "rifle gun".

4624: 822:"Them" is sometimes used in place of "those" as a demonstrative in both nominative and oblique constructions. Examples are "Them are the pants I want" and "Give me some of them crackers." 877:

The conjugation of the verb "to be" is different from that of standard English in several ways, and sometimes more than one form of the verb "to be" is acceptable in Appalachian English.

1985:. Other distinctive features of Ozark English include phonological idiosyncrasies (many of which it shares with Appalachian English); certain syntactic patterns, such as the use of 1086:-prefixing can be traced back to the 16th century: The construction reached its height from 1500 to 1700 and developed out of using the preposition "on" and a verbal noun ending in 1211:, the dialect shares many of the same terms of the South. In its relation to south of the Midland, it has several terms in common with its North Midland counterpart, including 1158:

Verb forms for the verb "to lay" are used instead of forms of the verb "to lie". For example, "Lay down and hush." The same occurs with "set" for "sit", and "leave" for "let".

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Wright, Laura (2003), "Eight grammatical features of Southern United States speech present in early modern London prison narratives", in Nagle, S. J.; Sanders, S. L. (eds.),

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dialect. Montgommery also identified several features, such as the use of the "a-" prefix (e.g., "a-goin'" for "going") and the attachment of "-ed" to certain verbs (e.g.,

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in northern Arkansas and southern Missouri. Ozark and Appalachian English have been documented together as a single Southern Mountain dialect of the United States.

6192: 534:). In extreme instances, words such as "wire", "fire", "tire", and "hired" are pronounced identically to the words "war", "far", "tar", and "hard," respectively. 4211:"Discrimination based on national origin and ancestry: How the goals of equality have failed to address the pervasive stereotyping of the Appalachian tradition" 1844:

and Northumbrian dialects of English. The use of double negatives was common in England during the 17th and 18th centuries, especially in the Northern English

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The construction "don't...no" is used with transitive verbs to indicate the negative, e.g. "He don't know no better." This is commonly referred to as the

5744: 4717: 1341:— a verb modifier which is used to mean entirely completing an action; can be used in place of 'all the way'; e.g., "He knocked it clean off the table." 3487: 1981:. Studies have shown that Ozark English has more in common with the dialect of East Tennessee than with the dialect of West Tennessee or even Eastern 414: 1864:

until the mid-to-late twentieth century. A few items characteristic of Appalachian grammar originate, via British English and Scots dialects, in the

4635: 3165: 5850: 1068:-prefixing is more common with older speakers and might therefore disappear completely in a few years. Because of the considerable difference of 6595: 3542: 804:, while those who live outside of the Appalachian dialect area or at its outer edges tend to pronounce it with a long "a" sound (as in "lay"), 3205: 5794: 5579: 4335: 3981: 3900: 3796: 2336: 1918: 650:(e.g., "pen" and "pin" are both pronounced "pin"). Adjectives are often used to distinguish between the two (e.g., "ink pen", "sewing pin"). 5814: 4887: 4772: 413:"colonial") English. Regardless, the Appalachian dialect studied within the last century, like most dialects, actually shows a mix of both 739:. While this occurs to some extent in all dialects of American English, it possibly occurs with greater frequency in Southern Appalachia. 6552: 5295: 507: 4508: 1800:

president William Goddell Frost in the late 1800s. However, while Shakespearean words occasionally appear in Appalachian speech (e.g.,

1271:— to drive recklessly fast on dangerous rural or mountain roads; derived from an old logging term for rolling or skidding logs downhill 6600: 6026: 5843: 5400: 4419: 3775:

Appalachian Speech by Walt Wolfram, Donna Christian, Center for Applied Linguistics Center for Applied Linguistics, 1976. Pp. 114, 120

4593: 1155:, and is either negative or emphatically negative, never positive. "None" is often used in place of "any", as in "I don't have none." 4583: 4498: 4489:

Dumas, Bethany K. (1999), "Southern Mountain English: The Language of the Ozarks and Southern Appalachia", in Wheeler, R. S. (ed.),

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Dumas, Bethany K. (1999), "Southern Mountain English: The Language of the Ozarks and Southern Appalachia", in Wheeler, R. S. (ed.),

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for speakers in some areas. Some speakers may distinguish between the two sets of words by reversing the normal vowel sound, e.g.,

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Research suggests that the Appalachian dialect is one of the most distinctive and divergent dialects within the United States.

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paradigm for other non-"be" verbs in English, where the past tense takes a single form, regardless of number or person.

356: 693:. Other examples are "potato" (pronounced "tader"), "tomato" (pronounced "mader"), and "tobacco" (pronounced "backer"). 6046: 5981: 5175: 5165: 4763: 4730: 4726: 1148:

Some English strong verbs are occasionally conjugated as weak verbs in Appalachian English, e.g. "knowed", and "seed".

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usually refers to window shades, in Appalachia and the greater Midland dialect, it can also refer to window shutters.

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Mountain Speech in the Great Smokies, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1941, pg. 10

1364: 386: 365:(ANAE). The ANAE identifies the "Inland South", a dialect sub-region in which the Southern U.S. dialect's defining 304: 6585: 6407: 6387: 6206: 5866: 5739: 5265: 5223: 5194: 5126: 5094: 4703: 3407: 2048: 1453:

an event, party or social function where food is served; e.g., "They're having a fixin' in the hall next Friday."

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generation or more after moving to large urban areas in the north and west suggests that Appalachian English is

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Verbs ending in -st, -sk, and -sp take the syllabic -es rather than Standard -s, pronounced /ɪz/, e.g. "costes".

6241: 6153: 5939: 5464: 5418: 5317: 5290: 5255: 5150: 5021: 434: 402: 6173: 4476:

Dumas, Bethany K. (1976), "The Morphology of Newton County, Arkansas: An Exercise in Studying Ozark Dialect",

1639:— a single shot shotgun; historically a rifle with an unusually long barrel popular with Kentucky frontiersmen 1061:-prefix has been found to occur most frequently in more animated or vivid narratives, as a stylistic device. 6504: 6236: 5676: 5509: 5327: 5302: 1977:-stop in place of certain "z" sounds (e.g., "idn't" for "isn't"), all of which is seen in other dialects of 425: 159: 149: 139: 3495: 1227:(cottage cheese), however, are present in the North Midland dialect but absent in the Appalachian dialect. 6119: 6007: 5917: 5591: 5569: 5373: 5070: 5039: 4917: 1208: 805: 801: 797: 786: 755: 747: 736: 732: 686: 675: 667: 612: 589: 577: 558: 538: 515: 498: 467: 463: 449: 174: 108: 561:

then moves in the opposite direction and acquires a "drawl" or longer, glide-like sound quality, so that

6267: 6125: 6109: 6079: 5789: 5709: 5574: 5469: 5182: 5116: 4870: 4860: 4855: 4689: 2031: 1778:— a directional adverb meaning distant from both the speaker and the listener; e.g., "Look over yonder." 511:

identifies as the "Inland South"). This involves several unique vowel changes, in three complex stages:

418: 336: 122: 5782: 4695: 1587:— distance; e.g., "He'd have went up the road a piece to get on the main road." also refers to a snack 6417: 6382: 6303: 5969: 5211: 5104: 5044: 4922: 4895: 4812: 2043: 1809: 1701:— hard-working; e.g., "She's a smart womern—always a-cleanin and a-sewin and a-cookin fer 'er famly." 825:

Oblique forms of the personal pronouns are used as nominative when more than one is used (cf. French

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An American Glossary: Being an Attempt to Illustrate Certain Americanisms Upon Historical Principles

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Montgommery (1991, 1995) identifies 18 characteristics of Appalachian grammar, including the use of

1489:— hollow, as in a valley between two hills; e.g., "I continue to travel between hollers and cities." 1417:— later, after a while; when it becomes convenient, soon, immediately (largely depending on context) 409:, and lexicon. It is mostly oral but its features are also sometimes represented in literary works. 6509: 6478: 6331: 6318: 6221: 6183: 6163: 5809: 5639: 5631: 5529: 5492: 5378: 5363: 5238: 5155: 4994: 4522: 3929: 382: 6437: 6282: 5974: 5890: 5699: 5666: 5601: 5584: 5439: 5260: 4807: 4797: 4266: 4184: 4145: 4071: 3721: 3690: 3103: 2460: 2210: 1717: 1372: 1023:

forms functioning as nouns or adjectives; the forms must function as verbs. Thus, sentences like

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MKL Ching (December 1996). "GreaZy/GreaSy and Other /Z/-/S/ Choices in Southern Pronunciation".

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College of Arts and Sciences – College of Arts and Sciences | University of South Carolina

4410:, Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674), Cambridge University Press, 3456: 2586:"Inside Appalachia: Do We Talk Funny? "Ap-pal-atch-un" vs "Ap-pal-ay-shun"" 2010:. Hans Kurath was an American linguist who is acknowledged for his role as chief editor of the 6442: 6377: 6277: 6188: 5704: 5689: 5661: 5621: 5413: 5395: 5350: 5099: 4875: 4839: 4579: 4494: 4381: 4352: 4331: 4313: 4254: 4244: 4176: 4137: 4025: 3977: 3896: 3869: 3792: 3786: 3682: 3225: 3185: 3024: 2604: 2332: 2198: 2188: 1911: 1261: 4326:

Fischer, David Hackett (1989), "Backcountry Speech Ways: Border Origins of Highland Speech",

3971: 3890: 3863: 2547: 2491: 2326: 6392: 6336: 6226: 6211: 5991: 5986: 5934: 5824: 5777: 5729: 5656: 5564: 5554: 5549: 5539: 5385: 5358: 5216: 5136: 5081: 4979: 4961: 4948: 4785: 4780: 4514: 4411: 4127: 4063: 3243: 3241: 2871: 2452: 2394: 1884: 1880: 1845: 1841: 1430: 1360: 857: 796:

pronounce the word Appalachia with a short "a" sound (as in "latch") in the third syllable,

328: 260: 179: 169: 164: 1000:). Examples include "All of a sudden a bear come a-runnin'", and "He just kep' a-beggin'". 369:

is the most developed, as centering squarely in southern Appalachia: namely, the cities of

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Shelby Lee Adams, "Of Kentucky", New York Times (Sunday Review), November 13, 2011, p. 9.

1655:— queer, strange, odd; completely unrelated to sexuality; e.g., "He's shore a quare 'un." 3358: 3252: 1035:-prefix may not be attached to a verb which begins with an unstressed syllable, such as 1007:-prefixing; for example, it can only occur with verbs accented on the initial syllable: 704:

at the beginning of a sentence and also when emphasized. The word "ain't" is pronounced

437:, as well as several unique grammatical, lexical, and phonological features of its own. 6531: 6458: 6158: 5901: 5769: 5684: 5644: 5544: 5368: 5121: 5026: 5016: 4932: 4734: 1837: 1805: 1726: 1695:— full, complete; e.g., "A fall in the river, which went slap-right and straight down." 793: 763: 647: 486: 247: 228: 64: 1804:), these occurrences are rare. David Hackett Fischer (1989) linked the dialect to the 1351:, but applied to all flavored, carbonated sodas, regardless of brand, flavor or type. 295: 6579: 6468: 6432: 6356: 5910: 5819: 5734: 5390: 5307: 5248: 5160: 5111: 4989: 4971: 4403: 4344: 4149: 2464: 2352: 1868:

language, having taken root in Britain with Scandinavian settlement there during the

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in American linguistics. This variety is both influential upon and influenced by the

6546: 6463: 6427: 6351: 6326: 5322: 5170: 5049: 4513:, vol. 3, West Virginia Archives and History, pp. 463–471, archived from 4089: 2897: 2548:"Grammar and Syntax of Smoky Mountain English (SME) | Southern Appalachian English" 2520:"Grammar and Syntax of Smoky Mountain English (SME) | Southern Appalachian English" 1993:, before infinitives in some constructions; and a number of lexical peculiarities. 1930:, they typically applied existing words from their own languages to those customs. 1111:

is the subject of the verb. It comes from a compression of the phrase "likely to".

1073: 256: 4436: 3292:

In The Melungeons: Resurrection of a Proud People (Mercer University Press, 1997).

1072:-prefixing frequency according to age (the frequency varied between 10% and 50%), 1027:

are ungrammatical. 'A' can only be a prefix of verbs or complements of verbs with

4573: 4375: 4374:

Montgomery, Michael (2006), "Language", in Rudy, Abramson; Haskell, Jean (eds.),

355:, which has become predominant in central and southern Appalachia today, while a 6565: 6515: 6488: 6341: 6308: 6094: 2007: 490: 374: 366: 223: 59:

The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of

2456: 6536: 6422: 6361: 6257: 6069: 5233: 4132: 4115: 3572: 3457:"The Quare Gene: What Will Happen to the Secret Language of the Appalachians?" 3099: 2831: 1869: 1857: 1662: 1534:— kind of, sort of; e.g., "Just kindly give it a little twist when you throw." 1473:— mess; used as a noun and a transitive verb; e.g., 'to gaum up' (to mess up). 664: 332: 112: 4415: 4180: 4141: 3973:

Belfast English and Standard English: Dialect Variation and Parameter Setting

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An "-er" sound is often used for long "o" at the end of a word. For example,

17: 6521: 6114: 5835: 4790: 4258: 3812: 2832:"A-prefixing | Yale Grammatical Diversity Project: English in North America" 1865: 1766: 1348: 632: 398: 378: 288: 276: 1094:

in his forrest at Windsore" (Thomas Nashe, "Unfortunate Traveller", 1594).

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Montgomery, Michael (2004), Bernd, Kortmann; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.),

4238: 1982: 1923: 1626: 1545: 886: 771: 459: 4188: 4164: 3725: 3709: 3694: 3670: 3289: 1528:— carrion; dead flesh, such as roadkill; e.g., "That smells like kyarn." 343:

refers to a local English variety of southern Appalachia, also known as

309:

Appalachia (in white) overlaid with dialect regions defined by the 2006

6541: 6133: 6129: 5754: 5749: 5559: 4905: 4832: 4827: 1927: 1853: 1465: 522:), and it is thus pronounced similar to . (Thus, for example, the word 4075: 3573:"American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth edition" 1355:

is used primarily in the southern half of the dialect region, whereas

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Elgin, Suzette H. (1983), "On Cows and the Ozark English Auxiliary",

3710:"The Roots of Appalachian English: Scotch-Irish or British Southern?" 1514: 1450:

a serving or helping of food; e.g., "Can I get a fixin' of fritters?"

406: 359:

has become predominant in northern Appalachia, according to the 2006

27:

Variant of American English native to the Appalachian mountain region

4291:"The "H" word: fighting negative language stereotypes in Appalachia" 3951:

Suzette H. Elgin (1983). "On Cows and the Ozark English Auxiliary".

2481:(Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), pp. 1006–1007. 1479:— used in the context of 'ghost, spirit', and not the derivation of 792:

People who live in the Appalachian dialect area or elsewhere in the

518:, the second half of the diphthong is often omitted (referred to as 4380:, Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, pp. 999–1005, 4067: 3530:

A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett of the State of Tennessee

505:

and here in Appalachian English (located in a dialect region which

6137: 4116:"Appalachian English stereotypes: Language attitudes in Kentucky*" 3671:"On the Use of Dialect as Evidence: "Albion's Seed" in Appalachia" 3212:. February 2, 2008. Archived from the original on February 2, 2008 1879:

Some speech habits which can be traced back to the rural areas of

1745: 1708: 1553:— to be truant; e.g., 'to lay out of school', 'to lay out of work' 4654: 4453:, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 36–63 4365:

Montgomery, Michael (1995), "How Scotch-Irish is Your English?",

3271: 3269: 2854: 2852: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2492:"How do you pronounce Appalachia? – Southern Appalachian English" 2154: 2152: 2150: 2129:

Cooper, Horton. "History of Avery County", Biltmore Press, (1964)

541:

begins further back and open in the mouth, so that, for example,

4595:

Annotated Bibliography: Southern and Central Appalachian English

3172:. August 19, 2008. Archived from the original on August 19, 2008 3102:. North Carolina Language and Life Project. September 12, 2008. 2253: 2251: 1856:

sometime in the early 1800s; however, it remained in use in the

6042: 5839: 4699: 1973:), the use of the "a-" prefix ("a-goin'" for "going"), and the 1381:— colloquial term for Coca-Cola, but used in the same sense as 4673:"Hall Speakers and Transcripts – Southern Appalachian English" 4614:

O'Grady, William; Dobrovolsky, Michael; Aronoff, Mark (1993),

4240:

American voices : how dialects differ from coast to coast

3473:

Example quoted from Robert Parke, "Our Southern Highlanders",

3314:(Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), p. 1007. 3047:(Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), p. 1021. 3003: 3001: 2380:(Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), p. 1011. 2245:(Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), p. 1006. 549:

in this dialect may sound to other English speakers more like

36: 6038: 3432:(Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), p. 935. 3382: 3380: 3155:(Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), p. 917. 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 1080:-prefixing is a phenomenon that is dying out in Appalachia". 4688:– sound files of interviews with long-time residents of the 4598:, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, archived from 4491:

The Workings of Language: From Prescriptions to Perspectives

4310:

The Workings of Language: From Prescriptions to Perspectives

3532:(Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1973), p. 18. 2376:

Bridget Anderson, "Appalachian English in the Urban North",

648:

have the same pronunciation when appearing before "n" or "m"

580:

is pronounced higher in the mouth and with a drawl, so that

4243:. Walt Wolfram, Ben Ward. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. 2006. 3620: 3618: 3605: 3603: 2793:

Frazer, Timothy C. "More on the Semantics of A-Prefixing."

2137: 2135: 1961:

and similar speech patterns also exist, such as epenthetic

4054:

Johnson, Ellen (1994). "Yet Again: The Midland Dialect".

3647: 3645: 2514: 2512: 1720:

used for refrigeration before the advent of refrigerators

848:. The possessive absolute form of "yinz/yunz/you'uns" is 685:— "a small, sheltered valley"— is pronounced 3310:

Michael Ellis, "Appalachian English and Ozark English".

1910:

Some pronunciation features reminiscent of those in the

1903:(e.g., "right cold"), and the presence of words such as 1671:— good deal of; e.g., "a right smart piece" (a long way) 4330:, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 652–655, 3865:

Speech Disorders: Resource Guide for Preschool Children

2331:. Center for the Study of Language (CSLI). p. 27. 1824:, the use of "'un" with pronouns and adjectives (e.g., 604:. Stage 3 is most common in heavily stressed syllables. 573:. Stage 2 is most common in heavily stressed syllables. 4692:

conducted in 1939 by the University of South Carolina.

4398:, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 245–280 2065: 2063: 696:

H-retention occurs at the beginning of certain words.

4656:

D.A.R.E.: The Dictionary of American Regional English

4444:, Arlington, Virginia: Center for Applied Linguistics 3742:. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2004. 2399:

West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History

968:-prefix which occurs with participle forms ending in 2241:

Kirk Hazen, "African-American Appalachian English".

458:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 6497: 6451: 6370: 6317: 6291: 6250: 6146: 6087: 6000: 5927: 5883: 5722: 5675: 5630: 5610: 5522: 5438: 5431: 5349: 5281: 5135: 5080: 5069: 5062: 5007: 4970: 4947: 4886: 4848: 4771: 4762: 4751: 4742: 4471:, Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky 4469:

Talking Appalachian: Voice, Identity, and Community

2921:Edward Everett Dale, "The Speech of the Pioneers", 286: 274: 269: 244: 216: 128: 118: 104: 99: 4493:, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, pp. 67–79, 4312:, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, pp. 67–79, 3488:"Appalachians Are Finding Pride in Mountain Twang" 3135:"On and On: Appalachian Accent and Academic Power" 1938:The traditional Appalachian dialect spread to the 497:, which largely defines the speech of most of the 2325:Withgott, M. Margaret; Chen, Francine R. (1993). 1945:Appalachian terms found in Ozark English include 1223:(shutters). Certain German-derived words such as 933:"...no matter what their parents has taught 'em." 526:in this dialect may sound to outsiders more like 6263:Social and economic stratification in Appalachia 4578:, Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 3400:"Results – word use: paper container from store" 3275: 2960: 2858: 2806: 2781: 2769: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2640: 2430: 2418: 2388: 2386: 2353:"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: holler" 2293: 1456:about to; e.g., "They're fixin' to get hitched." 1050:-prefix can also occur on participles ending in 964:A notable feature of Appalachian English is the 901: 472:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 4618:(Second ed.), New York: St. Martin's Press 4467:Clark, Amy D.; Hayward, Nancy M., eds. (2013), 4328:Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America 3151:Susan Brown, "Biscuits and Salt-Rising Bread." 911:"Me and my sister gets into a fight sometimes." 4090:"Hans Kurath | American linguist | Britannica" 3791:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 513. 3528:Davy Crockett, James Shackford, et al. (ed.), 2269: 2257: 2229: 2185:American English : dialects and variation 2105: 2093: 2081: 1828:), the use of "done" as a helping verb (e.g., 1683:— not built correctly, crooked, out of balance 1559:— a gathering of people for religious purposes 6054: 5851: 4711: 4369:(67), East Tennessee Historical Society: 1–33 3889:Dillard, Joey Lee; Blanton, Linda L. (1985). 2542: 2540: 1997:Controversies surrounding Appalachian English 1661:— to suppose; e.g., "I reckon you don't like 1597:— completely; e.g., "Son, you're plum crazy." 1003:Phonological rules and restrictions apply to 972:. This prefix is pronounced as a schwa . The 8: 4572:Rudy, Abramson; Haskell, Jean, eds. (2006), 3475:Smoky Mountain Historical Society Newsletter 3463:. Vol. 74, no. 28. pp. 80–85. 2756:Wolfram, Walt, and Natalie Schilling-Estes. 2752: 2750: 2748: 2609:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2584:Todd, Jessica Lilly , Roxy (June 13, 2015). 2002:Linguistic boundaries of Appalachian English 1305:- pants; a derivation of the word "breeches" 1046:While much less frequent or productive, the 988:) and with verbs of continuing or starting ( 424:Appalachian English has long been a popular 3892:Toward a Social History of American English 2925:, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Summer, 1947), pp. 117-131 2215:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1076:(1976) supports the "(...) contention that 6061: 6047: 6039: 5858: 5844: 5836: 5745:Comparison of American and British English 5614: 5435: 5143: 5077: 5066: 4768: 4759: 4748: 4718: 4704: 4696: 3846: 3763: 3751: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3636: 3624: 3609: 3386: 3359:"Dictionary: Southern Appalachian English" 3329:"Dictionary: Southern Appalachian English" 3253:"Dictionary: Southern Appalachian English" 3073: 3007: 2972: 2898:"Wir Ain Leed – Auxiliary and Modal Verbs" 2703: 2623: 2571: 2312: 2281: 2170: 2158: 2141: 2117: 2025:Stereotypical views of Appalachian English 1277:— window shades or window shutters. While 922:"Some people makes it from fat off a pig." 832:The possessive absolutive forms, Standard 303: 96: 4616:Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction 4131: 3788:Appalachia Inside Out: Culture and custom 3738:Montgomery, Michael, and Joseph S. Hall. 2183:Wolfram, Walt 1941– (December 21, 2015). 592:lowers and then glides up again, so that 83:Learn how and when to remove this message 4653:University of Wisconsin–Madison (2002), 4632:Atlas of North American English (online) 4435:Wolfram, Walt; Christian, Donna (1976), 3857: 3855: 3549:. The Dialect Dictionary. Archived from 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3029:. Vol. 2. Lippincott. p. 601. 2758:American English: Dialects and Variation 1748:; rarely used to describe a type of sled 1716:— a building; usually positioned over a 4347:; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), 4284: 4282: 4233: 4231: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4030:. American Dialect Society. p. 472 3976:. Oxford University Press. p. 81. 3651: 3516: 3365:from the original on September 24, 2008 3335:from the original on September 24, 2008 3124:"Oxford Dictionary" (U.S. Edition 2018) 3043:Harold Farwell, "Logging Terminology." 2395:"The Dialect of the Appalachian People" 2328:Computational Models of American Speech 2059: 670:sometimes occurs in some words such as 6217:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912 4264: 3223: 3183: 3106:from the original on December 13, 2021 3018: 3016: 2818: 2602: 2208: 674:, leading to the pronunciation "worsh" 317:is the dominant dialect in the region. 4551:Haden, Rebecca (1993), "Notes on the 4510:The Dialect of the Appalachian People 4451:English in the Southern United States 4367:The Journal of East Tennessee History 3290:http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gaum 2760:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2008. 2069: 1391:— skillet cornbread made without eggs 1122:"And I knew what I'd done and boy it 357:Western Pennsylvania regional dialect 7: 5815:Non-native pronunciations of English 4169:The North Carolina Historical Review 3997:Rebecca Haden (1993). "Notes on the 3740:Dictionary of Smoky Mountain English 2872:"set | Southern Appalachian English" 914:"A boy and his daddy was a-huntin'." 462:. For the distinction between , 4634:, Walter de Gruyter, archived from 4349:The Atlas of North American English 2017:The Linguistic Atlas of New England 1836:("airy") as being derived from the 708:, homophonic with a local word for 508:The Atlas of North American English 433:components similar to those of the 4396:A Handbook of Varieties of English 4289:Shaffer, Aishina (June 12, 2017). 3023:Thornton, Richard Hopwood (1912). 1259:— a treeless mountain summit (see 944:"There's different breeds of 'em." 895:Conjugation among other verb types 25: 4024:American Dialect Society (1918). 3895:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 83. 3494:. August 11, 2007. Archived from 2923:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 1738:— to swear, to declare to be true 1438:— used in replacement of 'fought' 716:(itself a corruption of the word 6104:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians 6021: 6020: 4525:(1981), "The Ozark WHICH/THAT", 3932:(1981). "The Ozark WHICH/THAT". 3868:. Cengage Learning. p. 43. 3477:3, no. 4 (September 1977), p. 8. 1495:— to shell, as in to shell beans 1119:never went to sleep last night." 723:Participles and gerunds such as 501:, is the most developed both in 41: 4114:Luhman, Reid (September 1990). 3406:. April 3, 2007. Archived from 3357:, College of Arts and Science. 3327:, College of Arts and Science. 3251:, College of Arts and Science. 3206:"Benjamin J. Cramer Collection" 2013:Linguistic Atlas of New England 1979:older Southern American English 1887:include the h-retention (e.g., 1019:. Moreover, it cannot occur on 873:Conjugation of the verb "to be" 700:, in particular, is pronounced 565:may be said to sound more like 454:International Phonetic Alphabet 362:Atlas of North American English 185:Older Southern American English 6273:Childbirth in rural Appalachia 5765:English-based creole languages 4625:"Rural White Southern Accents" 4559:Complement in Ozark English", 4005:Complement in Ozark English". 3445:(Boston: Little, Brown, 1963). 3443:Night Comes to the Cumberlands 3430:The Encyclopedia of Appalachia 3312:The Encyclopedia of Appalachia 3276:Wolfram & Christian (1976) 3153:The Encyclopedia of Appalachia 3045:The Encyclopedia of Appalachia 2961:Wolfram & Christian (1976) 2859:Wolfram & Christian (1976) 2807:Wolfram & Christian (1976) 2782:Wolfram & Christian (1976) 2770:Wolfram & Christian (1976) 2740:Wolfram & Christian (1976) 2728:Wolfram & Christian (1976) 2716:Wolfram & Christian (1976) 2677:Wolfram & Christian (1976) 2665:Wolfram & Christian (1976) 2653:Wolfram & Christian (1976) 2641:Wolfram & Christian (1976) 2479:The Encyclopedia of Appalachia 2445:Journal of English Linguistics 2431:Wolfram & Christian (1976) 2419:Wolfram & Christian (1976) 2378:The Encyclopedia of Appalachia 2294:Wolfram & Christian (1976) 2270:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 2258:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 2243:The Encyclopedia of Appalachia 2230:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 2106:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 2094:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 2082:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 397:and characterized by distinct 353:Southern U.S. regional dialect 1: 6596:Scotch-Irish American history 6474:John Gordon (militia captain) 6178:Battle of the Grapevine Creek 5805:List of English-based pidgins 4351:, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, 3708:Montgommery, Michael (1991). 1405:— a valley between two ridges 902:Wolfram & Christian (1976 393:. All Appalachian English is 6553:The Hatfields and the McCoys 6527:Moonshine in popular culture 6082:in the Eastern United States 5800:Linguistic purism in English 4592:Montgomery, Michael (2006), 3547:Southern US Dialect/Glossary 3355:University of South Carolina 3325:University of South Carolina 3249:University of South Carolina 2496:College of Arts and Sciences 2357:American Heritage Dictionary 947:"There was 5 in our family." 4901:London & Thames Estuary 3492:news.nationalgeographic.com 3428:Kenneth Gilbert, "Greens". 3166:"308 – The Pop Vs Soda Map" 3100:"NCLLP Appalachian English" 2477:David Walls, "Appalachia". 936:"The cars was all tore up." 929:Other plural noun phrases: 818:Pronouns and demonstratives 609:Lax and tense vowels often 333:Appalachian mountain region 6617: 6413:Cumberland Gap (folk song) 5965:Pennsylvania Dutch English 5878:indicate extinct languages 5760:English as a lingua franca 4659:, Harvard University Press 4575:Encyclopedia of Appalachia 4377:Encyclopedia of Appalachia 3917:Encyclopedia of Appalachia 3862:Williams, A. Lynn (2003). 3595:Encyclopedia of Appalachia 2524:www.artsandsciences.sc.edu 2457:10.1177/007542429602400405 1621:a type of salad made from 1335:— a wad of chewing tobacco 1207:Being part of the greater 584:may be said to sound like 514:Stage 1: In the diphthong 426:stereotype of Appalachians 417:features, with particular 387:Greenville, South Carolina 29: 6601:Languages of Pennsylvania 6562: 6408:Cripple Creek (folk song) 6388:Blackberry Blossom (tune) 6207:Kentucky County, Virginia 6076: 6016: 5873: 5867:Languages of Pennsylvania 5740:Broad and general accents 5650:regional and occupational 5617: 5483: 5409: 5146: 5035: 4163:Williams, Cratis (1978). 4133:10.1017/S0047404500014548 3785:Higgs, Robert J. (1995). 3230:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3190:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3170:strangemaps.wordpress.com 2187:. John Wiley & Sons. 2049:Southern American English 925:"People's not concerned." 918:Collective noun phrases: 842:yourn, hisn, hern, theirn 762:--> "opry" as in the " 391:Asheville, North Carolina 349:Southern Mountain English 339:. Historically, the term 315:Southern American English 302: 6242:1920 Alabama coal strike 6154:Battle of Blair Mountain 5955:Inland Northern American 4623:Thomas, Erik R. (2006), 4507:Dial, Wylene P. (1969), 4416:10.1017/CBO9780511611766 4209:Walker, Matthew (2012). 2108:, p. 129, 146, 256. 1832:), and 22 words such as 1142:She had went to Ashland. 907:Conjoined noun phrases: 834:yours, his, hers, theirs 746:is sometimes pronounced 646:Short "i" and short "e" 588:. Conversely, the vowel 435:Midland regional dialect 30:Not to be confused with 6505:Appalachian stereotypes 6237:West Virginia coal wars 4561:Ozark English Quarterly 4007:Ozark English Quarterly 3813:"Definition of afeared" 3669:ELLIS, MICHAEL (1992). 1895:), the use of the word 1359:receives more usage in 1025:the movie was a-charmin 891:mid-twentieth century. 770:--> "Dooley" as in " 537:Stage 2: The diphthong 485:The Southern Shift and 450:phonetic transcriptions 6452:Historical individuals 6008:American Sign Language 5960:Northeast Pennsylvania 4918:Received Pronunciation 4271:: CS1 maint: others ( 3970:Henry, Alison (1995). 3404:Harvard Dialect Survey 2937:"Wir Ain Leed – Nouns" 2876:artsandsciences.sc.edu 2552:artsandsciences.sc.edu 1934:Relation to the Ozarks 1792:rather than isolated. 1293:— a small red squirrel 1209:Southern United States 1054:, such as "a-haunted" 499:Southern United States 447:This section contains 421:immigrant influences. 345:Smoky Mountain English 175:North American English 109:Southern United States 6268:Appalachian Americans 6126:Kanawha Valley people 6110:Chestnut Ridge people 6080:Appalachian Mountains 5112:Multicultural Toronto 4690:Great Smoky Mountains 3455:Earley, Tony (1998). 3139:southerncultures.org/ 2975:, pp. 1001–1003. 2797:, 65.1 (1990): 89–93. 2574:, pp. 1002–1003. 2161:, pp. 1000–1001. 2032:accent discrimination 1677:— poor land, bad land 1097: 1064:Studies suggest that 337:Eastern United States 6564:Part of a series on 6418:East Tennessee Blues 6383:Appalachian dulcimer 6304:Appalachian folk art 6169:French–Eversole feud 5950:Central Pennsylvania 5273:Western Pennsylvania 4641:on December 22, 2014 4517:on February 24, 2013 4165:"Appalachian Speech" 2232:, pp. 129, 131. 2173:, pp. 999–1001. 2084:, pp. 148, 150. 2044:Appalachian American 1810:Northumbrian English 1126:scared me to death." 884:The use of the word 616:, making pairs like 596:may sound more like 234:Early Modern English 6591:Appalachian culture 6510:Appalachian studies 6479:Devil Anse Hatfield 6332:chicken fried steak 6299:Appalachian English 6222:Southwest Territory 6184:Lincoln County feud 6174:Hatfield–McCoy feud 6164:Coal strike of 1902 5928:Immigrant languages 5884:Indigenous language 5810:Mid-Atlantic accent 5401:Trinidad and Tobago 4602:on December 6, 2008 4120:Language in Society 3714:Appalachian Journal 3675:Appalachian Journal 2963:, pp. 101–102. 1830:we done finished it 1689:— a dusting of snow 1603:— a brown paper bag 1581:— a disliked person 940:Expletive 'there': 689:, homophonous with 576:Stage 3: The vowel 383:Birmingham, Alabama 341:Appalachian dialect 325:Appalachian English 190:Appalachian English 100:Appalachian English 6498:In popular culture 6438:Shady Grove (song) 6283:Urban Appalachians 5982:Pennsylvania Dutch 5333:Pennsylvania Dutch 4478:Mid–South Folklore 4438:Appalachian Speech 4408:Accents of English 4094:www.britannica.com 3498:on August 11, 2007 1411:— to inconvenience 1373:Southwest Virginia 655:Phonemic incidence 611:neutralize before 520:monophthongization 32:Apalachee language 6573: 6572: 6443:Tom Dooley (song) 6378:Appalachian music 6371:Traditional music 6278:Settlement school 6189:Hillbilly Highway 6036: 6035: 5833: 5832: 5718: 5717: 5518: 5517: 5427: 5426: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5266:Pacific Northwest 5127:Standard Canadian 5058: 5057: 5003: 5002: 4943: 4942: 4540:The Lonesome Node 4527:The Lonesome Node 4523:Elgin, Suzette H. 4337:978-0-19-506905-1 3983:978-0-19-508292-0 3953:The Lonesome Node 3934:The Lonesome Node 3902:978-3-11-010584-1 3847:Montgomery (1995) 3798:978-0-87049-876-3 3766:, pp. 28–29. 3764:Montgomery (1995) 3754:, pp. 22–27. 3752:Montgomery (1995) 3637:Montgomery (1995) 3625:Montgomery (1995) 3610:Montgomery (1995) 3553:on April 26, 2012 3387:Montgomery (2006) 3074:Montgomery (2006) 3008:Montgomery (2006) 2973:Montgomery (2006) 2704:Montgomery (2006) 2624:Montgomery (2006) 2572:Montgomery (2006) 2421:, pp. 58–59. 2338:978-0-937073-98-8 2313:Montgomery (2006) 2284:, pp. 20–21. 2282:Montgomery (1995) 2272:, pp. 69–73. 2171:Montgomery (2006) 2159:Montgomery (2006) 2142:Montgomery (2004) 2120:, pp. 17–18. 2118:Montgomery (1995) 1912:Scottish Lowlands 1323:— a large biscuit 1262:Appalachian balds 1182:Measurement nouns 643:, and vice versa. 322: 321: 93: 92: 85: 16:(Redirected from 6608: 6586:American English 6568:around the world 6393:Bluegrass fiddle 6347:Goo Goo Clusters 6227:Trans-Appalachia 6212:Overmountain Men 6063: 6056: 6049: 6040: 6024: 6023: 5940:African American 5860: 5853: 5846: 5837: 5730:English language 5615: 5436: 5419:Falkland Islands 5318:General American 5291:African-American 5144: 5078: 5067: 4769: 4760: 4749: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4660: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4640: 4629: 4619: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4588: 4568: 4547: 4534: 4518: 4503: 4485: 4472: 4454: 4445: 4443: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4399: 4390: 4370: 4361: 4340: 4322: 4295: 4294: 4286: 4277: 4276: 4270: 4262: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4206: 4193: 4192: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4135: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4051: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4021: 4015: 4014: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3930:Suzette H. Elgin 3926: 3920: 3919:, pp. 1007–1008. 3913: 3907: 3906: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3859: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3666: 3655: 3649: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3613: 3607: 3598: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3539: 3533: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3484: 3478: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3452: 3446: 3439: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3410:on April 3, 2007 3396: 3390: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3245: 3236: 3235: 3229: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3189: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3162: 3156: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3141:. June 23, 2020. 3131: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3096: 3077: 3071: 3048: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3020: 3011: 3005: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2941:scots-online.org 2932: 2926: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2902:scots-online.org 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2754: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2608: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2544: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2516: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2488: 2482: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2390: 2381: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2246: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2214: 2206: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2145: 2139: 2130: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 1899:in the place of 1881:northern England 1822:might be able to 1744:— a knit hat or 1727:sugar maple tree 1445: 1365:Eastern Kentucky 1219:(to shell), and 1134:Other verb forms 858:Northern England 807: 803: 799: 788: 757: 749: 738: 734: 688: 677: 669: 614: 591: 579: 560: 540: 517: 469: 465: 329:American English 307: 298: 279: 261:English alphabet 250: 180:American English 134: 97: 88: 81: 77: 74: 68: 45: 44: 37: 21: 6616: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6558: 6493: 6484:Abraham Lincoln 6447: 6398:Bluegrass music 6366: 6313: 6287: 6246: 6232:Wilderness Road 6142: 6083: 6072: 6067: 6037: 6032: 6012: 5996: 5923: 5879: 5869: 5864: 5834: 5829: 5714: 5671: 5626: 5606: 5514: 5510:Solomon Islands 5479: 5423: 5405: 5337: 5328:New York Latino 5303:American Indian 5283: 5277: 5138: 5131: 5072: 5054: 5040:Channel Islands 5031: 4999: 4966: 4939: 4882: 4844: 4754: 4738: 4724: 4681: 4679: 4671: 4668: 4663: 4652: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4627: 4622: 4613: 4605: 4603: 4591: 4586: 4571: 4550: 4537: 4521: 4506: 4501: 4488: 4475: 4466: 4462: 4460:Further reading 4457: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4402: 4393: 4388: 4373: 4364: 4359: 4343: 4338: 4325: 4320: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4288: 4287: 4280: 4263: 4251: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4208: 4207: 4196: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4056:American Speech 4053: 4052: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4023: 4022: 4018: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3915:Michael Ellis, 3914: 3910: 3903: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3861: 3860: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3819:. July 10, 2019 3811: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3737: 3733: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3668: 3667: 3658: 3650: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3616: 3608: 3601: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3527: 3523: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3472: 3468: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3441:Harry Caudill, 3440: 3436: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3389:, p. 1000. 3385: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3247: 3246: 3239: 3222: 3215: 3213: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3182: 3175: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3150: 3146: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3098: 3097: 3080: 3076:, p. 1001. 3072: 3051: 3042: 3038: 3022: 3021: 3014: 3010:, p. 1002. 3006: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2795:American Speech 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2706:, p. 1003. 2702: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2601: 2594: 2592: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2546: 2545: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2518: 2517: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2472: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2392: 2391: 2384: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2315:, p. 1004. 2311: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2249: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2207: 2195: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2148: 2140: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2061: 2057: 2040: 2027: 2004: 1999: 1940:Ozark Mountains 1936: 1919:Native American 1785: 1443: 1311:— shopping cart 1205: 1193: 1184: 1176: 1171: 1153:double negative 1136: 1100: 1031:. However, the 962: 897: 875: 870: 820: 815: 657: 639:may sound like 482: 477: 476: 475: 443: 415:older and newer 318: 294: 275: 251: 246: 240: 219: 212: 135: 132:Language family 130: 89: 78: 72: 69: 58: 52:has an unclear 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6614: 6612: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6578: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6532:Mountain white 6529: 6524: 6519: 6512: 6507: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6459:Francis Asbury 6455: 6453: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6323: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6186: 6181: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6159:Coal Creek War 6156: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6097: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6078:People of the 6077: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6043: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6004: 6002: 6001:Sign languages 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5898: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5840: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5772: 5770:Englishisation 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5679: 5677:Southeast Asia 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5642: 5636: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5592:South Atlantic 5589: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5444: 5442: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5374:Cayman Islands 5371: 5366: 5361: 5355: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5287: 5285: 5284:ethno-cultural 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5092: 5086: 5084: 5075: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4976: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4953: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4920: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4876:Stoke-on-Trent 4873: 4868: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4735:Modern English 4725: 4723: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4667: 4666:External links 4664: 4662: 4661: 4650: 4620: 4611: 4589: 4584: 4569: 4548: 4535: 4519: 4504: 4499: 4486: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4446: 4432: 4404:Wells, John C. 4400: 4391: 4386: 4371: 4362: 4357: 4345:Labov, William 4341: 4336: 4323: 4318: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4278: 4249: 4227: 4194: 4175:(2): 174–179. 4155: 4126:(3): 331–348. 4106: 4081: 4068:10.2307/455860 4062:(4): 419–430. 4041: 4016: 3989: 3982: 3962: 3943: 3921: 3908: 3901: 3881: 3874: 3851: 3839: 3830: 3817:dictionary.com 3804: 3797: 3777: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3731: 3720:(3): 177–191. 3700: 3681:(3): 278–297. 3656: 3654:, p. 654. 3652:Fischer (1989) 3641: 3629: 3614: 3599: 3586: 3564: 3534: 3521: 3519:, p. 653. 3517:Fischer (1989) 3509: 3479: 3466: 3461:The New Yorker 3447: 3434: 3421: 3391: 3376: 3346: 3316: 3303: 3294: 3280: 3265: 3237: 3197: 3157: 3144: 3126: 3117: 3078: 3049: 3036: 3012: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2927: 2914: 2888: 2863: 2848: 2823: 2811: 2799: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2681: 2669: 2657: 2655:, p. 116. 2645: 2628: 2626:, p. 103. 2616: 2576: 2564: 2536: 2508: 2483: 2470: 2451:(4): 295–307. 2435: 2423: 2411: 2382: 2369: 2344: 2337: 2317: 2298: 2286: 2274: 2262: 2260:, p. 248. 2247: 2234: 2222: 2193: 2175: 2163: 2146: 2144:, p. 246. 2131: 2122: 2110: 2098: 2096:, p. 254. 2086: 2074: 2072:, p. 527. 2058: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2039: 2036: 2026: 2023: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1989:, rather than 1935: 1932: 1806:Southern Scots 1784: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1769: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1739: 1729: 1721: 1711: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1656: 1650: 1640: 1630: 1604: 1598: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1508: 1502: 1501:— bad-tempered 1496: 1490: 1484: 1474: 1468: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1439: 1433: 1424: 1418: 1412: 1406: 1398: 1392: 1386: 1376: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1288: 1287:— sour, rotten 1282: 1272: 1266: 1254: 1244: 1243:— cool, chilly 1238: 1204: 1201: 1192: 1189: 1183: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1149: 1146: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1120: 1107:would", where 1099: 1096: 961: 950: 949: 948: 945: 938: 937: 934: 927: 926: 923: 916: 915: 912: 896: 893: 874: 871: 869: 866: 819: 816: 814: 811: 810: 809: 790: 785:is pronounced 775: 764:Gran' Ol' Opry 740: 721: 694: 679: 656: 653: 652: 651: 644: 607: 606: 605: 574: 535: 495:Southern Shift 487:Southern Drawl 481: 478: 470:⟩, see 446: 445: 444: 442: 439: 331:native to the 320: 319: 308: 300: 299: 292: 284: 283: 280: 272: 271: 270:Language codes 267: 266: 265: 264: 252: 248:Writing system 245: 242: 241: 239: 238: 237: 236: 229:Middle English 222: 220: 217: 214: 213: 211: 210: 209: 208: 207: 206: 205: 204: 203: 202: 201: 200: 199: 198: 197: 196: 195: 194: 193: 192: 138: 136: 129: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 106: 102: 101: 91: 90: 54:citation style 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6613: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6469:Davy Crockett 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6433:Nottamun Town 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6357:sorghum syrup 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088:Ethnic groups 6086: 6081: 6075: 6071: 6064: 6059: 6057: 6052: 6050: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6029: 6028: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5918:Susquehannock 5915: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5856: 5854: 5849: 5847: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5790:International 5788: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5470:Torres Strait 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5205:North-Central 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5183:New York City 5181: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5117:Ottawa Valley 5115: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4911:Multicultural 4909: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4871:Black Country 4869: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4861:West Midlands 4859: 4857: 4856:East Midlands 4854: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4709: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4691: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4657: 4651: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4601: 4597: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4585:9781572334564 4581: 4577: 4576: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4500:0-275-96246-6 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4440: 4439: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4389: 4387:9781572334564 4383: 4379: 4378: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4360: 4358:3-11-016746-8 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4321: 4319:0-275-96246-6 4315: 4311: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4292: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4250:1-4051-2108-4 4246: 4242: 4241: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4107: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4029: 4028: 4027:Dialect Notes 4020: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3990: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3966: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3885: 3882: 3877: 3875:0-7693-0080-4 3871: 3867: 3866: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3849:, p. 21. 3848: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3800: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3639:, p. 18. 3638: 3633: 3630: 3627:, p. 17. 3626: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3612:, p. 30. 3611: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3510: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3281: 3278:, p. 97. 3277: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3227: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3193: 3187: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2954: 2942: 2938: 2935:Eagle, Andy. 2931: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2903: 2899: 2896:Eagle, Andy. 2892: 2889: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2861:, p. 91. 2860: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2837: 2836:ygdp.yale.edu 2833: 2827: 2824: 2821:, p. 59. 2820: 2819:Wright (2003) 2815: 2812: 2809:, p. 76. 2808: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2784:, p. 73. 2783: 2778: 2775: 2772:, p. 74. 2771: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2742:, p. 72. 2741: 2736: 2733: 2730:, p. 71. 2729: 2724: 2721: 2718:, p. 70. 2717: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2679:, p. 69. 2678: 2673: 2670: 2667:, p. 78. 2666: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2643:, p. 77. 2642: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2606: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2565: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2436: 2433:, p. 62. 2432: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2412: 2400: 2396: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2223: 2218: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2194:9781118390221 2190: 2186: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862:North America 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798:Berea College 1793: 1791: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1764:whistle pig — 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1623:boiled greens 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1575:— fence posts 1574: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1369:West Virginia 1366: 1362: 1361:southern Ohio 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1215:(paper bag), 1214: 1210: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1190: 1188: 1181: 1179: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 959: 955: 951: 946: 943: 942: 941: 935: 932: 931: 930: 924: 921: 920: 919: 913: 910: 909: 908: 905: 903: 894: 892: 889: 888: 882: 878: 872: 867: 865: 861: 859: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 830: 828: 823: 817: 812: 802:/ˌæpəˈlætʃiə/ 795: 791: 784: 780: 777:Intervocalic 776: 773: 769: 765: 761: 753: 745: 741: 730: 726: 722: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 692: 684: 680: 673: 666: 662: 661: 660: 654: 649: 645: 642: 638: 634: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 608: 603: 599: 595: 587: 583: 575: 572: 568: 564: 556: 552: 548: 544: 536: 533: 529: 525: 521: 513: 512: 510: 509: 504: 503:Texas English 500: 496: 493:known as the 492: 488: 484: 483: 479: 473: 461: 457: 455: 451: 440: 438: 436: 430: 427: 422: 420: 416: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 363: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 316: 312: 306: 301: 297: 293: 291: 290: 285: 281: 278: 273: 268: 262: 258: 255: 254: 253: 249: 243: 235: 232: 231: 230: 227: 226: 225: 221: 215: 191: 188: 187: 186: 183: 182: 181: 178: 177: 176: 173: 172: 171: 168: 167: 166: 163: 162: 161: 160:Anglo–Frisian 158: 157: 156: 153: 152: 151: 150:West Germanic 148: 147: 146: 143: 142: 141: 140:Indo-European 137: 133: 127: 124: 121: 117: 114: 110: 107: 103: 98: 95: 87: 84: 76: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 18:Ozark English 6551: 6547:Redneck joke 6514: 6464:Daniel Boone 6428:In the Pines 6352:Shucky beans 6327:apple butter 6298: 6120:Scotch-Irish 6025: 5970:Philadelphia 5944: 5916: 5909: 5900: 5875: 5575:South Africa 5570:Sierra Leone 5323:Miami Latino 5228: 5212:Philadelphia 5200:Inland North 5105:Newfoundland 4923:West Country 4737:by continent 4680:. Retrieved 4676: 4655: 4643:, retrieved 4636:the original 4631: 4615: 4604:, retrieved 4600:the original 4594: 4574: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4543: 4539: 4530: 4526: 4515:the original 4509: 4490: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4450: 4437: 4424:0-52128541-0 4407: 4395: 4376: 4366: 4348: 4327: 4309: 4239: 4218:. Retrieved 4214: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4123: 4119: 4109: 4097:. Retrieved 4093: 4084: 4059: 4055: 4032:. Retrieved 4026: 4019: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3972: 3965: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3937: 3933: 3924: 3916: 3911: 3891: 3884: 3864: 3842: 3833: 3821:. Retrieved 3816: 3807: 3787: 3780: 3771: 3759: 3747: 3739: 3734: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3678: 3674: 3632: 3594: 3589: 3577:. Retrieved 3567: 3555:. Retrieved 3551:the original 3546: 3537: 3529: 3524: 3512: 3500:. Retrieved 3496:the original 3491: 3482: 3474: 3469: 3460: 3450: 3442: 3437: 3429: 3424: 3412:. Retrieved 3408:the original 3403: 3394: 3367:. Retrieved 3349: 3337:. Retrieved 3319: 3311: 3306: 3297: 3283: 3256:. Retrieved 3214:. Retrieved 3209: 3200: 3174:. Retrieved 3169: 3160: 3152: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3120: 3110:November 13, 3108:. Retrieved 3044: 3039: 3030: 3025: 2968: 2956: 2944:. Retrieved 2940: 2930: 2922: 2917: 2905:. Retrieved 2901: 2891: 2879:. Retrieved 2875: 2866: 2839:. Retrieved 2835: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2794: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2757: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2672: 2660: 2648: 2619: 2593:. Retrieved 2590:wvpublic.org 2589: 2579: 2567: 2555:. Retrieved 2551: 2527:. Retrieved 2523: 2499:. Retrieved 2495: 2486: 2478: 2473: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2402:. Retrieved 2398: 2393:P., Wylene. 2377: 2372: 2360:. Retrieved 2356: 2347: 2327: 2320: 2296:, p. 1. 2289: 2277: 2265: 2242: 2237: 2225: 2184: 2178: 2166: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2077: 2070:Wells (1982) 2028: 2011: 2005: 1990: 1986: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1937: 1917: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1885:the Midlands 1878: 1876:("that")). 1873: 1849: 1838:Scotch-Irish 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1801: 1794: 1790:conservative 1789: 1786: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1741: 1735: 1731: 1724:sugar tree — 1723: 1714:springhouse 1713: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1642: 1636: 1632: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1541: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1519: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1462:flannel cake 1461: 1441: 1435: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1400: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1378: 1371:and most of 1356: 1352: 1347:— short for 1344: 1338: 1332: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1246: 1240: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1206: 1196: 1194: 1185: 1177: 1174:Double nouns 1141: 1129: 1123: 1116: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1074:Walt Wolfram 1069: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1013:a-discóverin 1012: 1008: 1004: 1002: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 963: 957: 953: 939: 928: 917: 906: 898: 885: 883: 879: 876: 862: 854: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 831: 826: 824: 821: 806:/ˌæpəˈleɪʃə/ 798:/ˌæpəˈlætʃə/ 782: 778: 767: 759: 758:). Also see 751: 743: 728: 724: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 690: 682: 671: 658: 640: 636: 629: 625: 621: 617: 601: 597: 593: 585: 581: 570: 566: 562: 557:. The vowel 554: 550: 546: 542: 531: 527: 523: 506: 466:and ⟨ 448: 431: 423: 419:Ulster Scots 411: 360: 348: 344: 340: 324: 323: 287: 189: 123:Appalachians 94: 79: 70: 51: 6566:hill people 6516:Deliverance 6489:Belle Starr 6342:country ham 6309:Affrilachia 6095:Black-Dutch 5945:Appalachian 5700:Philippines 5493:New Zealand 5379:Bay Islands 5359:The Bahamas 5282:Social and 5239:New Orleans 5156:New England 5050:Isle of Man 4995:Port Talbot 4896:East Anglia 4813:Northumbria 4645:February 4, 3557:December 4, 3369:October 23, 3339:October 23, 2008:Hans Kurath 1969:instead of 1818:might could 1760:burlap sack 1669:right smart 1607:poke sallet 1397:— bedspread 1395:counterpane 960:-prefixing) 900:taken from 774:" (Dooley). 742:Word final 735:instead of 491:vowel shift 375:Chattanooga 367:vowel shift 224:Old English 218:Early forms 6580:Categories 6537:Poor White 6423:Hootenanny 6362:soup beans 6258:Appalachia 6070:Appalachia 5975:Pittsburgh 5640:Bangladesh 5632:South Asia 5585:Cape Flats 5535:The Gambia 5460:Aboriginal 5296:vernacular 5261:California 5234:High Tider 5229:Appalachia 5090:Aboriginal 5022:South-West 4866:Birmingham 4823:Sunderland 4808:Manchester 4798:Lancashire 4682:August 13, 4606:January 8, 4301:References 4215:HeinOnline 4034:August 13, 3959:(2): 9–16. 3823:August 13, 3597:, p. 1007. 3502:August 13, 3414:August 13, 3216:August 13, 3176:August 13, 2501:August 13, 2404:August 13, 2362:August 13, 1870:Viking Age 1860:region of 1858:Appalachia 1758:tow sack — 1754:— to carry 1663:soup beans 1579:peckerwood 1522:— Stranger 1329:— doubtful 1269:ball-hoot 1203:Vocabulary 1092:on hunting 1009:a-fóllowin 840:appear as 827:moi et toi 665:epenthetic 633:homophones 403:morphology 155:Ingvaeonic 113:Appalachia 73:April 2018 65:footnoting 6522:Hillbilly 6337:chow-chow 6193:Baltimore 6124:formerly 6115:Melungeon 5705:Singapore 5667:Sri Lanka 5622:Hong Kong 5448:variation 5440:Australia 5351:Caribbean 5217:Baltimore 5100:Lunenburg 5045:Gibraltar 4962:Highlands 4840:Yorkshire 4803:Liverpool 4546:(2): 9–16 4484:: 115–125 4267:cite book 4220:March 22, 4181:0029-2494 4150:144649957 4142:1469-8013 4099:April 28, 3940:(2): 2–7. 3687:0090-3779 3579:March 31, 3258:March 20, 2841:March 14, 2595:March 14, 2465:143998129 2211:cite book 2203:919068264 1947:fireboard 1866:Old Norse 1767:groundhog 1681:sigogglin 1637:polkstalk 1633:pokestock 1625:(usually 1427:fireboard 1409:discomfit 1349:Coca-Cola 1317:— popcorn 1299:— brittle 1225:smearcase 1195:The word 1017:a-retírin 551:fish bite 543:fish bait 480:Phonetics 441:Phonology 399:phonology 379:Tennessee 371:Knoxville 289:Glottolog 277:ISO 639-3 119:Ethnicity 6403:Clogging 6100:Cherokee 6027:Category 5891:Delaware 5825:Standard 5795:Learning 5783:Nerrière 5774:Globish 5690:Malaysia 5662:Pakistan 5602:Zimbabwe 5530:Cameroon 5364:Barbados 5095:Atlantic 5063:Americas 4980:Abercraf 4949:Scotland 4928:Cornwall 4849:Midlands 4833:Teesside 4828:Tyneside 4818:Pitmatic 4781:Cheshire 4727:Dialects 4533:(2): 2–7 4406:(1982), 4259:60766979 4189:23534761 3726:41445611 3695:40933361 3363:Archived 3333:Archived 3226:cite web 3210:etsu.edu 3186:cite web 3104:Archived 2605:cite web 2038:See also 1983:Arkansas 1951:tow sack 1924:Cherokee 1846:Cumbrian 1842:Scottish 1826:young'un 1742:toboggan 1627:pokeweed 1546:kerosene 1542:coal oil 1538:lamp oil 1507:— a vest 1415:directly 1389:cornpone 1379:Co'-cola 1321:cat-head 1303:britches 1237:— afraid 1098:'Liketa' 1037:discover 1011:but not 986:take off 850:yournses 772:Tom Dula 750:, as in 687:/ˈhɑlər/ 555:old lice 547:old lace 530:or even 464:/ / 460:Help:IPA 296:appa1236 145:Germanic 61:citation 6542:Redneck 6319:Cuisine 6292:Culture 6251:Society 6201:Detroit 6197:Chicago 6147:History 6134:Shawnee 6130:Koasati 5992:Italian 5987:Spanish 5935:English 5876:Italics 5755:Engrish 5750:E-Prime 5723:Related 5710:Vietnam 5695:Myanmar 5565:Nigeria 5560:Namibia 5550:Liberia 5432:Oceania 5414:Bermuda 5386:Jamaica 5313:Chicano 5151:Midland 5137:United 5073:America 5009:Ireland 4985:Cardiff 4957:Glasgow 4906:Cockney 4786:Cumbria 4764:England 4755:Britain 4731:accents 3593:Ellis, 3543:"Smart" 1959:brickle 1928:Shawnee 1854:England 1802:afeared 1783:Origins 1617:(etc.) 1573:palings 1567:nary'ne 1557:meeting 1551:lay out 1466:pancake 1297:brickle 1285:blinked 1235:afeared 1191:Adverbs 1145:store". 813:Grammar 756:/ˈokri/ 731:end in 676:/wɔːrʃ/ 602:fuh-eet 598:fih-eet 571:rih-yud 452:in the 335:of the 170:English 6136:, and 5896:Munsee 5778:Gogate 5685:Brunei 5597:Uganda 5580:accent 5555:Malawi 5523:Africa 5498:accent 5453:accent 5396:Samaná 5369:Bequia 5188:accent 5161:Boston 5139:States 5122:Quebec 5082:Canada 5071:North 5027:Ulster 5017:Dublin 4933:Dorset 4791:Barrow 4753:Great 4744:Europe 4582: 4567:: 7–18 4497: 4428: 4422: 4384: 4355: 4334: 4316: 4257: 4247: 4187: 4179: 4148: 4140: 4076:455860 4074: 4013:: 7–8. 3980: 3899: 3872: 3795: 3724: 3693: 3685: 3575:. 2000 2946:May 7, 2907:May 7, 2881:May 7, 2557:May 7, 2529:May 7, 2463: 2335: 2201: 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