Montreal Protocol - Knowledge (XXG)

908:

released, but their rate of increase has slowed and their abundances are expected to begin to decline by about 2020. Also, the concentration of the HCFCs increased drastically at least partly because of many uses (e.g. used as solvents or refrigerating agents) CFCs were substituted with HCFCs. While there have been reports of attempts by individuals to circumvent the ban, e.g. by smuggling CFCs from undeveloped to developed nations, the overall level of compliance has been high. Statistical analysis from 2010 show a clear positive signal from the Montreal Protocol to the stratospheric ozone. In consequence, the Montreal Protocol has often been called the most successful international environmental agreement to date. In a 2001 report, NASA found the ozone thinning over Antarctica had remained the same thickness for the previous three years, however in 2003 the ozone hole grew to its second largest size. The most recent (2006) scientific evaluation of the effects of the Montreal Protocol states, "The Montreal Protocol is working: There is clear evidence of a decrease in the atmospheric burden of ozone-depleting substances and some early signs of stratospheric ozone recovery." However, a more recent study seems to point to a relative increase in CFCs due to an unknown source.

536:, the Parties to the Montreal Protocol adopted the Kigali Amendment whereby the Parties agreed to phase down HFCs under the Montreal Protocol. The amendment to the Montreal Protocol commits the signatory parties to reduce their HFC production and consumption by at least 85 per cent from the annual average value in the period from 2011 to 2013. A group of developing countries including China, Brazil and South Africa are mandated to reduce their HFC use by 85 per cent of their average value in 2020-22 by the year 2045. India and some other developing countries – Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and some oil economies like Saudi Arabia and Kuwait – will cut down their HFCs by 85 per cent of their values in 2024-26 by the year 2047. 797:) was still arguing that the science was too uncertain to justify any action. In 1987, DuPont testified before the US Congress that "We believe there is no imminent crisis that demands unilateral regulation." And even in March 1988, Du Pont Chair Richard E. Heckert would write in a letter to the United States Senate, "we will not produce a product unless it can be made, used, handled and disposed of safely and consistent with appropriate safety, health and environmental quality criteria. At the moment, scientific evidence does not point to the need for dramatic CFC emission reductions. There is no available measure of the contribution of CFCs to any observed ozone change..." 169: 760: 748:. They speculated that this was connected to increased levels of CFCs in the atmosphere. It took several other attempts to establish the Antarctic losses as real and significant, especially after NASA had retrieved matching data from its satellite recordings. This unforeseen phenomenon in the Antarctic, as well as NASA's scientific images of the ozone hole played an important role in the Montreal Protocol negotiations. The impact of these studies, the metaphor 'ozone hole', and the colorful visual representation in a time lapse animation proved shocking enough for negotiators in Montreal, Canada to take the issue seriously. 923:. On a molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide. The Montreal Protocol currently calls for a complete phase-out of HCFCs by 2030, but does not place any restriction on HFCs. Since the CFCs themselves are equally powerful greenhouse gases, the mere substitution of HFCs for CFCs does not significantly increase the rate of anthropogenic climate change, but over time a steady increase in their use could increase the danger that human activity will change the climate. 752: 460:

technologies that have been investigated and employed to make it possible to virtually eliminate use of Ozone Depleting Substances (such as CFCs and Halons), that harm the ozone layer. The TEAP is also tasked by the Parties every year to assess and evaluate various technical issues including evaluating nominations for essential use exemptions for CFCs and halons, and nominations for critical use exemptions for methyl bromide. TEAP's annual reports are a basis for the Parties' informed decision-making.

1012: 1040: 36: 5556: 984: 1026: 5518: 238:). As a result of the international agreement, the ozone hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering. Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2040 (across much of the world) and 2066 (over Antarctica). Due to its widespread adoption and implementation, it has been hailed as an example of successful international co-operation. Former UN Secretary-General 554: 900: 5566: 998: 516:(HFCs) replaced CFCs and HCFCs. HFCs pose no harm to the ozone layer because, unlike CFCs and HCFCs, they do not contain chlorine. They are, however, greenhouse gases, with a high global warming potential (GWP), comparable to that of CFCs and HCFCs. In 2009, a study calculated that a fast phasedown of high-GWP HFCs could potentially prevent the equivalent of up to 8.8 Gt CO 5547: 5539: 5531: 2816: 177: 972:

achieved the status of the first global regime with universal ratification; even the newest member state, South Sudan, ratified in 2013. UNEP received accolades for achieving global consensus that "demonstrates the world’s commitment to ozone protection, and more broadly, to global environmental protection".

477:

destroying the ozone layer. Like CFCs, HCFCs are used for refrigeration, aerosol propellants, foam manufacture and air conditioning. Unlike the CFCs, however, most HCFCs are broken down in the lowest part of the atmosphere and pose a much smaller risk to the ozone layer. Nevertheless, HCFCs are very potent

911:

Reported in 1997, significant production of CFCs occurred in Russia for sale on the black market to the EU throughout the 90s. Related US production and consumption was enabled by fraudulent reporting due to poor enforcement mechanisms. Similar illegal markets for CFCs were detected in Taiwan, Korea,

242:

stated that "perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol". In comparison, effective burden-sharing and solution proposals mitigating regional conflicts of interest have been among the success factors for the ozone depletion challenge, where global

861:

The fund is replenished on a three-year basis by the donors. Pledges amount to US$ 3.1 billion over the period 1991 to 2005. Funds are used, for example, to finance the conversion of existing manufacturing processes, train personnel, pay royalties and patent rights on new technologies, and establish

697:

The environmental consequence of this discovery was that, since stratospheric ozone absorbs most of the ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation reaching the surface of the planet, depletion of the ozone layer by CFCs would lead to an increase in UV-B radiation at the surface, resulting in an increase in skin

476:

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons, commonly known as HCFCs, are a group of human-made compounds containing hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine and carbon. They are not found anywhere in nature. HCFC production began to take off after countries agreed to phase out the use of CFCs in the 1980s, which were found to be

907:

Since the Montreal Protocol came into effect, the atmospheric concentrations of the most important chlorofluorocarbons and related chlorinated hydrocarbons have either leveled off or decreased. Halon concentrations have continued to increase, as the halons presently stored in fire extinguishers are

824:

The Fund is managed by an executive committee with an equal representation of seven industrialized and seven Article 5 countries, which are elected annually by a Meeting of the Parties. The Committee reports annually to the Meeting of the Parties on its operations. The work of the Multilateral Fund

813:

is to assist developing country parties to the Montreal Protocol whose annual per capita consumption and production of ozone depleting substances (ODS) is less than 0.3 kg to comply with the control measures of the Protocol. Currently, 147 of the 196 Parties to the Montreal Protocol meet these

524:

in emissions by 2050. A proposed phasedown of HFCs was hence projected to avoid up to 0.5C of warming by 2100 under the high-HFC growth scenario, and up to 0.35C under the low-HFC growth scenario. Recognizing the opportunity presented for fast and effective phasing down of HFCs through the Montreal

451:

The provisions of the Protocol include the requirement that the Parties to the Protocol base their future decisions on the current scientific, environmental, technical, and economic information that is assessed through panels drawn from the worldwide expert communities. To provide that input to the

712:

After publishing their pivotal paper in June 1974, Rowland and Molina testified at a hearing before the U.S. House of Representatives in December 1974. As a result, significant funding was made available to study various aspects of the problem and to confirm the initial findings. In 1976, the U.S.

948:

The year 2012 marked the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Montreal Protocol. Accordingly, the Montreal Protocol community organized a range of celebrations at the national, regional and international levels to publicize its considerable success to date and to consider the work ahead for the

890:

have ratified the original Montreal Protocol (see external link below), with the State of Palestine being the last party to ratify the agreement, bringing the total to 198. 197 of those parties (with the exception of the State of Palestine) have also ratified the London, Copenhagen, Montreal, and

720:

In 1982, representatives from 24 countries met in Stockholm, Sweden to decide on a "Global Framework Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer." The following year, a group of countries, including the United States, Canada, the Nordic Countries, and Switzerland, proposed a worldwide ban on

311:

Recognizing that worldwide emissions of certain substances can significantly deplete and otherwise modify the ozone layer in a manner that is likely to result in adverse effects on human health and the environment. Determined to protect the ozone layer by taking precautionary measures to control

800:

In an unexpected policy change, however, the Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy issued a statement in 1986 declaring that "large future increases...in CFCs...would be unacceptable to future generations," and that it would be "inconsistent with goals...to ignore the potential for risk to future

472:

Under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, especially Executive Committee (ExCom) 53/37 and ExCom 54/39, Parties to this Protocol agreed to set year 2013 as the time to freeze the consumption and production of HCFCs for developing countries. For developed countries,

915:

The Montreal Protocol is also expected to have effects on human health. A 2015 report by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that the protection of the ozone layer under the treaty will prevent over 280 million cases of skin cancer, 1.5 million skin cancer deaths, and 45 million

463:

Numerous reports have been published by various inter-governmental, governmental and non-governmental organizations to catalogue and assess alternatives to the ozone depleting substances, since the substances have been used in various technical sectors, like in refrigeration, air conditioning,

971:

Within 25 years of signing, parties to the MP celebrate significant milestones. Significantly, the world has phased-out 98% of the Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS) contained in nearly 100 hazardous chemicals worldwide; every country is in compliance with stringent obligations; and, the MP has

963:

the first to provide for national differences in responsibility and financial capacity to respond by establishing a multilateral fund for technology transfer; the first MEA with stringent reporting, trade, and binding chemical phase-out obligations for both developed and developing countries;

935:

In 2018, scientists monitoring the atmosphere following the 2010 phaseout date have reported evidence of continuing industrial production of CFC-11, likely in eastern Asia, with detrimental global effects on the ozone layer. A monitoring study detected fresh atmospheric releases of carbon

459:

In 1990 a Technology and Economic Assessment Panel was also established as the technology and economics advisory body to the Montreal Protocol Parties. The Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) provides, at the request of Parties, technical information related to the alternative

539:

On 17 November 2017, ahead of the 29th Meeting of the Parties of the Montreal Protocol, Sweden became the 20th Party to ratify the Kigali Amendment, pushing the Amendment over its ratification threshold ensuring that the Amendment would enter into force 1 January 2019.

262:

This truly universal treaty has also been remarkable in the expedience of the policy-making process at the global scale, where only 14 years lapsed between a basic scientific research discovery (1973) and the international agreement signed (1985 and 1987).

473:

reduction of HCFC consumption and production began in 2004 and 2010, respectively, with 100% reduction set for 2020. Developing countries agreed to start reducing its consumption and production of HCFCs by 2015, with 100% reduction set for 2030.

959:

the first treaty where independent experts on atmospheric science, environmental impacts, chemical technology, and economics, reported directly to parties, without edit or censorship, functioning under norms of professionalism, peer review, and

182: 178: 298:

For each group of ODSs, the treaty provides a timetable on which the production of those substances must be reduced and eventually eliminated. This includes a 10-year phase-out for developing countries identified in Article 5 of the treaty.

179: 508:

to the Montreal Protocol came into force. Under the Kigali Amendment countries promised to reduce the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by more than 80% over the next 30 years. By 27 December 2018, 65 countries had ratified the Amendment.

359:

There were a few exceptions for "essential uses" where no acceptable substitutes were initially found (for example, in the past metered dose inhalers commonly used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were exempt) or

247:

has failed to do so. In this case of the ozone depletion challenge, there was global regulation already being installed before a scientific consensus was established. Also, overall public opinion was convinced of possible imminent risks.

690:, Michael McElroy, and Steven Wofsy had independently proposed that chlorine could catalyze ozone loss, but none had realized that CFCs were a potentially large source of chlorine.) Crutzen, Molina and Rowland were awarded the 1995 2569:

Mario Molina, Durwood Zaelke, K. Madhava Sarma, Stephen O. Andersen, Veerabhadran Ramanathan, and Donald Kaniaru. "Reducing abrupt climate change risk using the Montreal Protocol and other regulatory actions to complement cuts in

6714: 6709: 771:, which established a framework for negotiating international regulations on ozone-depleting substances. After the discovery of the ozone hole by SAGE 2 it only took 18 months to reach a binding agreement in Montreal, Canada. 1449: 343:

There was a faster phase-out of halon-1211, -2402, -1301, There was a slower phase-out (to zero by 2010) of other substances (halon 1211, 1301, 2402; CFCs 13, 111, 112, etc.) and some chemicals were given individual attention

926:

Policy experts have advocated for increased efforts to link ozone protection efforts to climate protection efforts. Policy decisions in one arena affect the costs and effectiveness of environmental improvements in the other.

181: 332:

from 1994 its calculated level of consumption and production of the controlled substances in Group I of Annex A does not exceed, annually, twenty-five percent of its calculated level of consumption and production in

328:

from 1991 to 1992 its levels of consumption and production of the controlled substances in Group I of Annex A do not exceed 150 percent of its calculated levels of production and consumption of those substances in

6414: 3872: 786:, and various other organizations concluded that continued CFC emissions at the 1980 rate would "reduce global average ozone by about 9 percent by the latter half of the century." Based on these figures, the U.S. 709:, the president of Precision Valve Corporation (and inventor of the first practical aerosol spray can valve), wrote to the Chancellor of UC Irvine to complain about Rowland's public statements (Roan, p. 56.) 5267: 2798:

Canan, Penelope and Nancy Reichman (2013), "The Montreal Protocol" in J. Britt Holbrook (Chief Editor) Ethics, Science, Technology, and Engineering: An International Resource, 2nd Edition, Thompson Learning.

5492: 3415: 6674: 5487: 5699: 6454: 2590:

CS Norman, SJ DeCanio and L Fan. "The Montreal Protocol at 20: Ongoing opportunities for integration with climate protection." Global Environmental Change Volume 18, Issue 2, May 2008, Pages 330–340;

3607: 6669: 2527:

Rishav Goyal, Matthew H England, Alex Sen Gupta, and Martin Jucker. "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol" Environmental Research Letters 2019 14 (12) 124041;

6544: 5919: 4224: 3840: 790:

estimated that in the United States alone there could be "over 150 million new cases of skin cancer among people currently alive and born by the year 2075, resulting in over 3 million deaths."

5624: 1319: 6719: 1073: 662:, began studying the impacts of CFCs in the Earth's atmosphere. They discovered that CFC molecules were stable enough to remain in the atmosphere until they got up into the middle of the 2610: 6679: 3972: 3219: 3151: 6189: 1446: 768: 6639: 5799: 4057: 1445:

in Gesellschaftliche Komplexität und kollektive Handlungsfähigkeit (Societys complexity and collective ability to act), ed. Schimank, U. (2000). Frankfurt/Main: Campus, p.154-182

6449: 3246: 793:

The CFC industry continued pushing back against regulation as late as 1986, when the Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy (an association representing the CFC industry founded by

717:(NAS) released a report that confirmed the scientific credibility of the ozone depletion hypothesis. NAS continued to publish assessments of related science for the next decade. 6619: 2626: 1494: 3965: 3782: 3736: 3377: 3356: 287:

do not harm the ozone layer, although they can be strong greenhouse gases). Some ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) are not yet controlled by the Montreal Protocol, including

6364: 180: 6704: 6689: 4136: 3849: 3480: 845: 5784: 3312: 4108: 3129: 3049: 6684: 4173: 4115: 3326: 1991: 1832: 1241: 858:

Up to 20 percent of the contributions of contributing parties can also be delivered through their bilateral agencies in the form of eligible projects and activities.

312:

equitably total global emissions of substances that deplete it with the ultimate objective of their elimination on the basis of developments in scientific knowledge

6734: 6629: 6119: 4231: 3949: 3519: 6739: 5814: 5505: 2078: 3709: 3702: 2925:

Downie, David (1999). "The Power to Destroy: Understanding Stratospheric Ozone Politics as a Common Pool Resource Problem", in J. Barkin and G. Shambaugh (eds.)

2473: 1607: 6654: 6549: 3623: 787: 2023: 1416: 1136: 5614: 3342: 3335: 1200: 2512: 5884: 5729: 5200: 3979: 3370: 1698: 6439: 6379: 3914: 3658: 3363: 2048: 967:

the first treaty with a financial mechanism managed democratically by an executive board with equal representation by developed and developing countries.

714: 1436:

Technische Problemlösung, Verhandeln und umfassende Problemlösung, (eng. technical trouble shooting, negotiating and generic problem solving capability)

275:

that lead to the catalytic destruction of stratospheric ozone. All of the ozone depleting substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol contain either

1666: 6169: 4210: 4145: 4129: 4041: 3239: 6699: 6514: 6409: 5649: 4152: 3921: 3547: 3298: 3273: 3264: 1577: 825:

on the ground in developing countries is carried out by four Implementing Agencies, which have contractual agreements with the executive committee:

453: 452:

decision-making process, advances in understanding on these topics were assessed in 1989, 1991, 1994, 1998 and 2002 in a series of reports entitled

6694: 6634: 6554: 5849: 5439: 4050: 4000: 3993: 3803: 2267: 152: 1780: 1754: 1640: 3090:

Velders, G. J. M., A. R. Ravishankara, M. K. Miller, M. J. Molina, J. Alcamo, J. S. Daniel, D. W. Fahey, S. A. Montzka, and S. Reimann. (2012).

2918:

Downie, David (1995). "Road Map or False Trail: Evaluating the Precedence of the Ozone Regime as Model and Strategy for Global Climate Change,"

2309: 1560: 6724: 6659: 6564: 5949: 5904: 3775: 3766: 3319: 2607: 1164: 801:

generations." Three months before the protocol negotiations began, U.S. industry announced its support for new international controls on CFCs.

940:

province, beginning sometime after 2012, and accounting for a large part of emissions exceeding global estimates under the Montreal Protocol.

6729: 6664: 6344: 6294: 5819: 5482: 4217: 3956: 3893: 3833: 3718: 3390: 3019:

Molina, Mario and F. Sherwood Rowland (1974). "Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atomic Catalyzed Destruction of Ozone."

256: 186:

Retrospective video on the Montreal Protocol and the collaboration between policy-makers, scientists, and industry leaders to regulate CFCs.

6649: 6494: 6309: 6239: 4770: 4582: 4078: 3789: 3291: 3232: 3214: 839: 829: 776: 701:

The Rowland-Molina hypothesis was strongly disputed by representatives of the aerosol and halocarbon industries. The chair of the board of

5542: 1655:

The Technical and Economic Feasibility of Replacing Methyl Bromide in Developing Countries. Friends of the Earth, Washington, 173 pp, 1996

682:

and Harold Johnston, which had shown that nitric oxide (NO) could catalyze the destruction of ozone. (Several other scientists, including

168: 1805: 1549: 6644: 5854: 5609: 4735: 4628: 4298: 3824: 3593: 3280: 2457: 2406: 1397: 6124: 5989: 5500: 5477: 4656: 4316: 2986: 674:

atom. Rowland and Molina then proposed that these chlorine atoms might be expected to cause the breakdown of large amounts of ozone (O

571: 206:. It was agreed on 16 September 1987, and entered into force on 1 January 1989. Since then, it has undergone nine revisions, in 1990 ( 3124: 3119: 2773: 2544: 1498: 336:

from 1996 its calculated level of consumption and production of the controlled substances in Group I of Annex A does not exceed zero.

6744: 6614: 6529: 6419: 6389: 6369: 6154: 5959: 5954: 5754: 5289: 5175: 4669: 4664: 4166: 3579: 3142: 3014: 3000: 2880: 2181: 2062: 1103: 783: 733: 637: 2331: 779:

at the time, was considered the "father of the Montreal Protocol" for his role in bringing the nations together for an agreement.

759: 6624: 6474: 6444: 6424: 6329: 6244: 5899: 5859: 5829: 5809: 5679: 5619: 5469: 4071: 4020: 3865: 3630: 3615: 3349: 659: 5550: 2935:(2012). "The Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol and Global Policy to Protect Stratospheric Ozone", in P. Wexler et al. (eds.) 2024:"Montreal Protocol celebrates another milestone as agreement to reduce climate-warming gases is set to enter into force in 2019" 618: 529:

proposed an amendment to phase down high-GWP HFCs, with the U.S., Canada, and Mexico following with a similar proposal in 2010.

6599: 6574: 6499: 6484: 6384: 6359: 6214: 6204: 6174: 6139: 6134: 6089: 6069: 5944: 5824: 5779: 5689: 5674: 5589: 5215: 4952: 4342: 4263: 4027: 3465: 3458: 3451: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3423: 1438: 590: 6584: 6434: 6394: 6249: 6179: 6129: 6024: 5979: 5664: 5654: 4099: 3173: 2407:"Top Story – 2001 Antarctic Ozone Hole Similar in Size to Holes of Past Three Years, NOAA and NASA Report – October 16, 2001" 1053: 575: 526: 2649: 1998: 1245: 6609: 6559: 6489: 6464: 6459: 6404: 6399: 6319: 6299: 6279: 6199: 6149: 6079: 6004: 5879: 5874: 5804: 5769: 5764: 5749: 5734: 5694: 5525: 4830: 4194: 4180: 4064: 4034: 3886: 3796: 1413: 597: 6589: 6579: 6569: 6519: 6374: 6339: 6334: 6259: 6224: 6219: 6209: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6054: 6039: 6014: 6009: 5974: 5929: 5914: 5909: 5889: 5869: 5834: 5759: 5724: 5704: 5684: 5669: 5659: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5604: 5001: 4750: 4730: 4482: 4238: 4092: 3695: 3600: 2130:"Satellite images as tools of visual diplomacy: NASA's ozone hole visualizations and the Montreal Protocol negotiations" 1992:"Report of the Twenty-Eighth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer" 1468: 920: 2488: 6604: 6539: 6534: 6524: 6469: 6349: 6314: 6289: 6269: 6194: 6184: 6144: 6099: 6084: 6064: 6044: 5994: 5984: 5969: 5934: 5844: 5774: 5744: 5739: 5719: 5709: 5644: 5106: 4760: 3907: 3759: 3752: 3305: 3255: 1615: 3075: 1133: 6594: 6509: 6479: 6429: 6354: 6324: 6284: 6254: 6234: 6229: 6164: 6074: 6059: 6049: 6019: 5999: 5964: 5939: 5894: 5864: 5794: 5714: 5434: 5357: 4765: 4595: 4425: 4254: 3900: 2837: 705:

was quoted as saying that ozone depletion theory is "a science fiction tale...a load of rubbish...utter nonsense".

604: 3725: 3637: 2949:

Farman, J.C., B.G. Gardiner, and J.D. Shanklin (1985). "Large Losses of Total Ozone in Antarctica Reveal Seasonal

1204: 1165:"Kigali Amendment Enters into Force, Bringing Promise of Reduced Global Warming | News | SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD" 564: 532:

After seven years of negotiations, in October 2016 at the 28th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol in

6504: 6304: 6274: 6264: 6159: 6094: 6034: 6029: 5924: 5839: 5789: 5237: 5195: 5157: 4722: 4516: 4085: 3810: 3165: 2509: 2508:

Updating Ozone Calculations and Emissions Profiles for Use in the Atmospheric and Health Effects Framework Model

821:

in 1992 that countries have a common but differentiated responsibility to protect and manage the global commons.

691: 489: 3510: 3503: 2489:"The Black Market Trade in Chlorofluorocarbons: The Montreal Protocol Makes Banned Refrigerants a Hot Commodity" 2293: 2218: 1706: 1495:"UNEP press release: "South Sudan Joins Montreal Protocol and Commits to Phasing Out Ozone-Damaging Substances"" 1344: 953:

The Montreal Protocol was the first international treaty to address a global environmental regulatory challenge;

5594: 5232: 4755: 4696: 4607: 3928: 3856: 3540: 1520: 1108: 1093: 725: 513: 493: 586: 5599: 5444: 5210: 4740: 4291: 3935: 3688: 3572: 3563: 2608:

http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=593&ArticleID=6250&l=en&t=long

1673: 751: 464:

flexible and rigid foam, fire protection, aerospace, electronics, agriculture, and laboratory measurements.

391: 272: 3586: 2820: 5403: 4793: 4187: 3745: 782:

In 1986, an assessment spearheaded by NASA and sponsored by the United Nationals Environment Program, the

651: 376: 1585: 481:, despite their very low atmospheric concentrations, measured in parts per trillion (million million). - 5373: 5205: 5081: 4989: 4679: 4572: 4372: 4122: 3817: 3651: 2905: 1098: 1017: 667: 492:(ODP), in comparison to CFCs that have ODP 0.6–1.0, these HCFCs have lower ODPs (0.01–0.5). In terms of 349: 5534: 2979:

From Precaution to Profit: Contemporary Challenges to Environmental Protection in the Montreal Protocol

2271: 2356: 2355:

Mäder, J. A.; Staehelin, J.; Peter, T.; Brunner, D.; Rieder, H. E.; Stahel, W. A. (22 December 2010).

2241: 1637: 5180: 4835: 4531: 3556: 3526: 3407: 2727: 2684: 2664: 2368: 1933: 1870: 1557: 1280: 755:

TOMS satellite map showing the total ozone above the Antarctic region. Taken on 1 October 1983 (NASA)

345: 5247: 5185: 5152: 5091: 5023: 4888: 4883: 4861: 4435: 3533: 3284: 3156: 2861: 2851: 1068: 772: 2883:(Ambassador Benedick was the Chief U.S. Negotiator at the meetings that resulted in the Protocol.) 1962: 666:

where they would finally (after an average of 50–100 years for two common CFCs) be broken down by

5560: 5521: 5454: 5429: 5424: 5242: 5119: 4913: 4785: 4549: 4420: 4347: 4284: 3399: 2696: 2159: 2072: 989: 883: 319: 137: 2332:"Has the Montreal Protocol been successful in reducing ozone-depleting gases in the atmosphere?" 2176:

Grundmann, Reiner, Transnational Environmental Policy: Reconstructing Ozone, London: Routledge,

1039: 1011: 956:

the first to embrace the "precautionary principle" in its design for science-based policymaking;

919:

However, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, contribute to

3178: 3157:

Has the Montreal Protocol been successful in reducing ozone-depleting gases in the atmosphere?

3026:

Morissette, P.M. (1989). "The evolution of policy responses to stratospheric ozone depletion."

2310:"2. a Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Montreal, 16 September 1987" 1521:"Class I Ozone-depleting Substances | Science | Ozone Layer Protection | US EPA" 611: 5449: 5309: 5129: 5038: 5006: 4923: 4876: 4803: 4775: 4544: 4539: 4337: 3010: 2996: 2982: 2876: 2755: 2688: 2177: 2151: 2110: 2058: 1898: 1809: 1063: 687: 2716:"Continued Emissions of the Ozone-Depleting Substance Carbon Tetrachloride From Eastern Asia" 2298:. Secretariat of the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol. 2007. 1546: 488:, solvents, blowing agents for plastic foam manufacture, and fire extinguishers. In terms of 5555: 5393: 5294: 5252: 5220: 5114: 5068: 5028: 4935: 4903: 4871: 4856: 4840: 4815: 4600: 4554: 3879: 3097: 3080: 3063: 2745: 2735: 2680: 2672: 2591: 2575: 2528: 2454: 2410: 2386: 2376: 2141: 1888: 1878: 1423: 1394: 1298: 1288: 1058: 983: 706: 496:(GWP), in comparison to CFCs that have GWP 4,680–10,720, HCFCs have lower GWPs (76–2,270). 315:

Acknowledging that special provision is required to meet the needs of developing countries

5257: 5167: 5133: 5018: 4972: 4898: 4825: 4745: 4648: 4590: 4445: 4159: 3986: 3489: 3224: 3169: 3146: 2932: 2777: 2614: 2548: 2516: 2461: 1644: 1564: 1553: 1453: 1442: 1420: 1401: 1140: 1078: 1031: 833: 679: 203: 3139: 2338: 1371:"Background for International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer - 16 September" 1370: 3185:

Introductory note by Edith Brown Weiss, procedural history note and audiovisual material

3056:

Velders, G. J. M., S. O. Andersen, J. S. Daniel, D. W. Fahey, and M. McFarland. (2007).

2731: 2668: 2372: 1874: 1284: 1186: 678:) in the stratosphere. Their argument was based upon an analogy to contemporary work by 364:

fire suppression systems used in submarines and aircraft (but not in general industry).

49:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

5570: 5304: 5190: 5147: 5141: 5137: 4982: 4967: 4918: 4908: 4820: 4674: 4430: 4401: 3073:

Velders, G. J. M., D. W. Fahey, J. S Daniel, M. McFarland, and S. O. Andersen. (2009).

2750: 2715: 1893: 1858: 1003: 887: 683: 478: 295:

O). For a table of ozone-depleting substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol see:

252: 244: 141: 3092: 2474:"A Mystery Source is Producing Banned Ozone-Destroying Chemicals, Shocking Scientists" 2194:"The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer | Ozone Secretariat" 1025: 17: 5583: 5324: 5225: 5011: 4940: 4712: 4460: 4324: 3209: 2650:"An unexpected and persistent increase in global emissions of ozone-depleting CFC-11" 2163: 1917: 1227: 505: 288: 2700: 2595: 2357:"Evidence for the effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol to protect the ozone layer" 2193: 1435: 1242:"Ozone Layer on Track to Recovery: Success Story Should Encourage Action on Climate" 356:

only began in 1996 and will go on until a complete phasing-out is achieved by 2030.

5345: 5319: 5299: 5123: 5086: 5050: 4686: 4633: 4509: 4465: 4450: 4379: 2627:"Banned Ozone-Depleting Chemical Is Still Being Produced Somewhere, Scientists Say" 1113: 1045: 871: 818: 737: 663: 655: 125: 3203:

Green Cooling Initiative on alternative natural refrigerants cooling technologies

2927:

Anarchy and the Environment: The International Relations of Common Pool Resources

2432: 1916:

Xu, Yangyang; Zaelke, Durwood; Velders, Guus J. M.; Ramanathan, V (1 June 2013).

1345:"The Ozone Hole-The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer" 5282: 5277: 4962: 4957: 4928: 4893: 4866: 4396: 4011: 3193:

Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

3192: 1088: 767:

Also in 1985, 20 nations, including most of the major CFC producers, signed the

553: 485: 361: 199: 3058: 2532: 2242:"DuPont's Disgraceful Deeds: The Environmental Record of E.I. DuPont de Nemour" 2052: 1863:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

899: 5459: 5076: 4391: 4384: 4367: 4352: 3184: 2676: 2510:

http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/effects/AHEF_2015_Update_Report-FINAL_508.pdf

2391: 2381: 2146: 2129: 979: 851: 745: 741: 729: 698:

cancer and other impacts such as damage to crops and to marine phytoplankton.

239: 215: 202:

by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for

2911:

Downie, David (1993). "Comparative Public Policy of Ozone Layer Protection."

2114: 1859:"The large contribution of projected HFC emissions to future climate forcing" 1472: 5388: 5340: 5314: 5262: 5096: 5058: 4808: 4798: 4470: 4332: 4307: 3942: 3679: 3672: 3101: 3084: 3067: 2579: 1883: 3202: 3197: 3076:

The Large Contribution of Projected HFC Emissions to Future Climate Forcing

2759: 2692: 2155: 1902: 1664:

Guidance on the DOE Facility Phaseout of Ozone-Depleting Substances. 1995.

1348: 3162: 3134: 2825: 5033: 4977: 4638: 4487: 4455: 3665: 3496: 2740: 937: 879: 671: 284: 276: 227: 133: 90: 2098: 1728: 1303: 1203:. United Nations Environment Programme Ozone Secretariat. Archived from 4994: 4497: 4475: 4362: 4357: 3130:

Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS) Controlled Under the Montreal Protocol

2856:

Protecting the Ozone Layer: the United Nations History, Earthscan Press

1857:

Velders GJ, Fahey DW, Daniel JS, McFarland M, Andersen SO (July 2009).

578: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 444: 429: 410: 280: 231: 219: 211: 1636:

Use of ozone depleting substances in laboratories. TemaNord 2003:516.

1293: 1268: 251:

The ozone treaty has been ratified by 198 parties (197 states and the

5398: 5378: 5272: 4947: 4440: 1667:"Guidance on the DOE Facility Phaseout of Ozone-Depleting Substances" 1083: 794: 702: 533: 235: 223: 207: 195: 3873:

Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988

1524: 3114: 2886:

Brodeur, Paul (1986). "Annals of Chemistry: In the Face of Doubt."

2866:

Technology Transfer for the Ozone Layer: Lessons for Climate Change

2545:"EIA – Emissions of the Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2005" 2219:"Dr. Mostafa Tolba, Father of Montreal Protocol, Dies at 93 - IGSD" 1638:

http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:796602/FULLTEXT01.pdf

5408: 5350: 4691: 4623: 4521: 4413: 4201: 1699:"The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer" 758: 750: 167: 6715:

Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

6710:

Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

3115:

Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol

3059:

The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in Protecting the Climate

870:

As of October 2022, all Member States of the United Nations, the

811:

Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol

468:

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP)

5383: 4504: 4492: 4408: 3042:

Ozone Crisis: The 15-Year Evolution of a Sudden Global Emergency

875: 763:

Parties subscribed to the Montreal Protocol by region, 1987-2013

353: 129: 74:

The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer

4280: 3228: 2937:

Chemicals, Environment, Health: A Global Management Perspective

1132:

The full terms of the Montreal Protocol are available from the

740:

published results of abnormally low ozone concentrations above

3163:

Doomsday Déjà vu: Ozone Depletion's Lessons for Global Warming

3093:

Preserving Montreal Protocol Climate Benefits by Limiting HFCs

2831: 1608:"Technology and Economic Assessment Panel | OZONE SECRETARIAT" 547: 307:

The stated purpose of the treaty is that the signatory states

172:

The largest Antarctic ozone hole recorded as of September 2006

29: 1781:"Kigali Amendment heralds new dawn for climate change action" 1755:"Kigali Amendment heralds new dawn for climate change action" 1267:

Susan Solomon; Anne R. Douglass; Paul A. Newman (July 2014).

1134:

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Ozone Secretariat

4276: 4225:

Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act

3841:

Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program

3189:

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

1414:

Environmental Politics Climate Change and Knowledge Politics

192:

Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer

6415:

Treaties of the Transitional National Government of Somalia

1318:

Canada, Environment and Climate Change (20 February 2015).

1919:

The role of HFCs in mitigating 21st century climate change

1831:

Canada, Environment and Climate Change (2 December 2008).

2455:

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/2006/report.html

1074:

International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer

3973:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

3062:. Proc. of the Natl. Acad. Of Sci., 104(12), 4814–4819, 2993:

Transnational Environmental Policy: Reconstructing Ozone

819:

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

814:

criteria (they are referred to as Article 5 countries).

6675:

Treaties extended to the British Indian Ocean Territory

2944:

The Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics

1545:

An Interview with Lee Thomas, EPA’s 6th Administrator.

162:

Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.

5700:

Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic

4058:

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985

2942:

Downie, David (2013) "Stratospheric Ozone Depletion."

2092: 2090: 2088: 484:

The HCFCs are transitional CFCs replacements, used as

3135:

U.S. EPA Ozone Layer Protection Information Home Page

1347:. Theozonehole.com. 16 September 1987. Archived from 6670:

Treaties extended to the British Antarctic Territory

3943:

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986

2268:"Du Pont: A Case Study in the 3D Corporate Strategy" 303:

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Phase-out Management Plan

6545:

Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

5920:

Treaties of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia

5468: 5417: 5366: 5333: 5166: 5105: 5067: 5049: 4849: 4784: 4721: 4647: 4616: 4581: 4565: 4530: 4323: 4010: 3966:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

3735: 3479: 3389: 3263: 2893:

Chasek, Pam, David Downie, and J.W. Brown (2013). G

158: 148: 120: 112: 104: 96: 86: 78: 73: 5625:Treaties of the Afghan Transitional Administration 4137:Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers 3850:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 1808:. Down To Earth. 18 September 2012. Archived from 846:United Nations Industrial Development Organization 271:The treaty is structured around several groups of 100:1 January 1989 if 11 states have ratified by then. 6720:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands 6455:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011) 2981:. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. 1578:"Scientific Assessment Panel | OZONE SECRETARIAT" 1463: 1461: 4174:Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 4116:Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983 3047:United Nations Environmental Programme. (2012). 3035:Protecting the Ozone Layer: Science and Strategy 2453:Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006, 1469:"Status of Ratification – The Ozone Secretariat" 124:198 (all United Nations members, as well as the 6680:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands 4232:Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 3950:Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 2648:Stephen A. Montzka; et al. (17 May 2018). 2128:Grevsmühl, Sebastian V.; Briday, Régis (2023). 1244:. UNEP. UNEP. 10 September 2014. Archived from 309: 6190:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia 2929:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 2134:The British Journal for the History of Science 1395:Of Montreal and Kyoto: A Tale of Two Protocols 6640:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles 4292: 3624:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 3240: 3079:. Proc. of the Natl. Acad. Of Sci., 106(27), 2774:"Ozone Secretariat 25th Anniversary web page" 2714:M. F. Lunt; et al. (28 September 2018). 1963:"Proposed amendment to the Montreal Protocol" 1934:"Proposed amendment to the Montreal Protocol" 8: 6450:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4109:Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act 456:, by the Scientific Assessment Panel (SAP). 68: 6620:Treaties entered into by the European Union 3050:The Montreal Protocol and The Green Economy 2864:., K. M. Sarma and K. N. Taddonio. (2007). 2574:emissions" PNAS 2009 106 (49) 20616-20621; 2054:Halocarbons, effects on stratospheric ozone 1523:. Epa.gov. 15 February 2013. Archived from 1447:book summary at the Max Planck Gesellschaft 721:"nonessential" uses of CFCs in spray cans. 318:shall accept a series of stepped limits on 5800:Treaties of the People's Republic of China 4299: 4285: 4277: 3936:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 3915:National Appliance Energy Conservation Act 3659:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 3386: 3247: 3233: 3225: 2295:Creating a real change for the environment 2077:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1320:"Ozone layer depletion: Montreal Protocol" 367:The substances in Group I of Annex A are: 67: 6705:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands 6690:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands 4211:Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act 4146:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 4130:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 4042:Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation 3710:Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement 3703:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement 3181:: Reports on illegal trade and solutions. 2749: 2739: 2685:1983/fd5eaf00-34b1-4689-9f23-410a54182b61 2390: 2380: 2145: 1892: 1882: 1729:"Ozone Timeline | Ozone Secretariat" 1302: 1292: 638:Learn how and when to remove this message 5785:Treaties of the Central African Republic 4153:Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983 3922:National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984 3218:) is being considered for deletion. See 3153:by F.Sherwood Rowland and Mario J.Molina 2964: 949:future. Among its accomplishments are: 898: 817:It embodies the principle agreed at the 512:Produced mostly in developed countries, 454:Scientific assessment of ozone depletion 352:). The phasing-out of the less damaging 175: 6685:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands 5440:Pollutant release and transfer register 4051:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 4001:Water Resources Development Act of 1988 3994:Water Resources Development Act of 1986 3804:Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 2900:Dotto, Lydia and Harold Schiff (1978). 2841:(referred to as Ozone Layer Protection) 1404:by Cass R. Sunstein 38 ELR 10566 8/2008 1155: 1125: 153:Secretary-General of the United Nations 6735:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong 6630:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands 6120:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 3776:Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act 3767:Office of National Drug Control Policy 2070: 1225:Ewenfeldt B, "Ozonlagret mår bättre", 1201:"Adjustments to the Montreal Protocol" 1187:"Deal reached on HFC greenhouse gases" 27:1987 treaty to protect the ozone layer 6740:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau 5815:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo 4218:Surface Transportation Assistance Act 3957:The Emergency Food Assistance Program 3834:Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 3719:Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act 1269:"The Antarctic ozone hole: An update" 931:Regional detections of non-compliance 7: 6655:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man 6550:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates 5530: 4771:Electromagnetic radiation and health 4079:Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983 3790:Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 2897:, 6th ed., Boulder: Westview Press. 1970:United Nations Environment Programme 1941:United Nations Environment Programme 1703:United Nations Environment Programme 1426:, Vol. 16, No. 3, 414–432, June 2007 840:United Nations Development Programme 830:United Nations Environment Programme 576:adding citations to reliable sources 5615:Treaties entered into force in 1989 5546: 5538: 4629:Radium and radon in the environment 3825:United States Sentencing Commission 3037:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2920:International Environmental Affairs 5885:Treaties of the Dominican Republic 5730:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2270:. Greenpeace. 1997. Archived from 25: 6440:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis 6380:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro 6365:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe 4167:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 3222:to help reach a consensus. › 2361:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2097:Benedick, Richard Elliot (1989). 1185:McGrath, Matt (15 October 2016). 1104:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles 784:World Meteorological Organization 257:first universally ratified treaty 6170:Treaties of the Marshall Islands 5564: 5554: 5545: 5537: 5529: 5517: 5516: 4072:Expedited Funds Availability Act 4021:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 3866:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act 3631:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act 3616:We begin bombing in five minutes 3044:. New York, John Wiley and Sons 2939:. Oxford: Taylor & Francis. 2915:(NZ) 45(2): (December): 186–197. 2819: This article incorporates 2814: 2776:. Ozone.unep.org. Archived from 2487:Landers, Fredrick Poole (1997). 2103:Issues in Science and Technology 1471:. Ozone.unep.org. Archived from 1038: 1024: 1010: 996: 982: 916:cataracts in the United States. 694:for their work on this problem. 660:University of California, Irvine 552: 34: 6700:Treaties extended to Montserrat 6515:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago 6410:Treaties of the Solomon Islands 5650:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda 4343:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 4028:Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 3140:The Montreal Protocol Who's Who 3096:. Science, 335(6071), 922–923, 2596:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.03.003 2433:"NOAA News Online (Story 2099)" 2409:. gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from 1779:Msuya, Joyce (2 January 2019). 788:Environmental Protection Agency 563:needs additional citations for 525:Protocol, starting in 2009 the 322:use and production, including: 6695:Treaties extended to Gibraltar 6635:Treaties extended to Greenland 6555:Treaties of the United Kingdom 5850:Treaties of the Czech Republic 4100:Dairy Export Incentive Program 2890:, 9 June 1986, pp. 70–87. 1997:. October 2016. Archived from 1054:Action for Climate Empowerment 527:Federated States of Micronesia 1: 6725:Treaties extended to Guernsey 6660:Treaties extended to Anguilla 6565:Treaties of the United States 5950:Treaties of Georgia (country) 5905:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea 4831:Electrical resistance heating 4195:Low-Income Housing Tax Credit 4181:Katie Beckett Medicaid waiver 4123:Internal Revenue Code of 1986 4065:Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 4035:Agriculture Mediation Program 3887:Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 3797:Coastal Barrier Resources Act 3009:. Columbia University Press. 2871:Benedick, Richard E. (1991). 2547:. eia.doe.gov. Archived from 944:25th anniversary celebrations 6730:Treaties extended to Tokelau 6665:Treaties extended to Bermuda 6345:Treaties of the Soviet Union 6295:Treaties of Papua New Guinea 5820:Treaties of the Cook Islands 4483:Persistent organic pollutant 4239:Video Privacy Protection Act 4093:Conservation Reserve Program 3696:Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 3601:Strategic Defense Initiative 2895:lobal Environmental Politics 2875:. Harvard University Press. 2720:Geophysical Research Letters 2240:Doyle, Jack (October 1991). 2049:National Academy of Sciences 1833:"Ozone-depleting substances" 921:anthropogenic global warming 715:National Academy of Sciences 283:(substances containing only 6650:Treaties extended to Jersey 6495:Treaties of North Macedonia 6310:Treaties of the Philippines 6240:Treaties of the Netherlands 5493:Least polluted cities by PM 3908:Minerals Management Service 3760:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 3753:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 3256:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 3215:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 3023:249: 810–812, 28 June 1974. 2991:Grundmann, Reiner. (2001). 2922:, 7(4):321–345 (Fall 1995). 2868:. Earthscan Press, London. 2854:. and K. M. Sarma. (2002). 2248:. Vol. 12, no. 10 1163:Hub, IISD's SDG Knowledge. 936:tetrachloride from China's 650:In the 1970s, the chemists 259:in United Nations history. 6761: 6645:Treaties extended to Aruba 5855:Treaties of Czechoslovakia 5610:Treaties concluded in 1987 5435:Pollution haven hypothesis 5358:Brain health and pollution 4596:Ecological light pollution 4426:Internal combustion engine 3901:Medical Waste Tracking Act 3894:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 3378:Presidential proclamations 2974:315: 207–210, 16 May 1985. 1806:"Climate of irrationality" 1497:. Unep.org. Archived from 903:Ozone-depleting gas trends 809:The main objective of the 6125:Treaties of Liechtenstein 5990:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau 5514: 5238:Nonpoint source pollution 5158:War and environmental law 4517:Volatile organic compound 4314: 4248: 4086:Food Security Act of 1985 3987:Water Quality Act of 1987 3811:Armed Career Criminal Act 3416:Joint session of Congress 3168:10 September 2009 at the 3028:Natural Resources Journal 3005:Litfin, Karen T. (1994). 2977:Gareau, Brian J. (2013). 2677:10.1038/s41586-018-0106-2 2606:UNEP press release, 2008 2382:10.5194/acp-10-12161-2010 2246:The Multinational Monitor 2147:10.1017/S000708742300002X 1567:(see p15). 19 April 2012. 1552:22 September 2020 at the 692:Nobel Prize for Chemistry 500:Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 490:ozone depletion potential 108:Ratification by 20 states 43:This article needs to be 6745:Technological phase-outs 6615:Treaties of the Holy See 6530:Treaties of Turkmenistan 6420:Treaties of South Africa 6390:Treaties of Sierra Leone 6370:Treaties of Saudi Arabia 6155:Treaties of the Maldives 5960:Treaties of East Germany 5955:Treaties of West Germany 5755:Treaties of Burkina Faso 4697:Marine mammals and sonar 4608:Radio spectrum pollution 3929:Nuclear Waste Policy Act 3857:Toxics Release Inventory 3220:templates for discussion 3198:Green Cooling Initiative 2838:(Archived 2003 edition.) 2613:16 November 2010 at the 2533:10.1088/1748-9326/ab4874 1643:21 November 2015 at the 1109:Phase-out of gas boilers 1094:Vienna Conference (1985) 862:national ozone offices. 726:British Antarctic Survey 494:global warming potential 273:halogenated hydrocarbons 243:regulation based on the 198:designed to protect the 6625:United Nations treaties 6475:Treaties of Switzerland 6445:Treaties of Saint Lucia 6425:Treaties of South Sudan 6330:Treaties of South Korea 6245:Treaties of New Zealand 5900:Treaties of El Salvador 5860:Treaties of North Korea 5830:Treaties of Ivory Coast 5810:Treaties of the Comoros 5680:Treaties of the Bahamas 5620:1989 in the environment 5543:WikiProject Environment 5501:Most polluted countries 5445:Polluter pays principle 5176:Agricultural wastewater 4255:← Carter administration 3689:American Homecoming Act 3573:Constructive engagement 3336:Administration scandals 3102:10.1126/science.1216414 3085:10.1073/pnas.0902817106 3068:10.1073/pnas.0610328104 3033:Parson, Edward (2003). 2946:. New York: Routledge. 2726:(20): 11, 423–11, 430. 2580:10.1073/pnas.0902568106 1884:10.1073/pnas.0902817106 1452:12 October 2014 at the 658:, who were then at the 6600:Treaties of Yugoslavia 6575:Treaties of Uzbekistan 6500:Treaties of East Timor 6485:Treaties of Tajikistan 6385:Treaties of Seychelles 6360:Treaties of San Marino 6215:Treaties of Mozambique 6205:Treaties of Montenegro 6175:Treaties of Mauritania 6140:Treaties of Madagascar 6135:Treaties of Luxembourg 6090:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan 6070:Treaties of Kazakhstan 5945:Treaties of the Gambia 5825:Treaties of Costa Rica 5780:Treaties of Cape Verde 5690:Treaties of Bangladesh 5675:Treaties of Azerbaijan 5590:Environmental treaties 5561:Environment portal 4794:Agricultural pollution 4188:Tax Reform Act of 1986 3408:"Tear down this wall!" 2821:public domain material 1419:26 August 2014 at the 1400:26 August 2014 at the 904: 764: 756: 652:Frank Sherwood Rowland 504:On 1 January 2019 the 341: 187: 173: 18:Ozone Layer Protection 6585:Treaties of Venezuela 6435:Treaties of Sri Lanka 6395:Treaties of Singapore 6250:Treaties of Nicaragua 6180:Treaties of Mauritius 6130:Treaties of Lithuania 6025:Treaties of Indonesia 5980:Treaties of Guatemala 5665:Treaties of Australia 5655:Treaties of Argentina 5216:Industrial wastewater 5082:Clutter (advertising) 4990:Municipal solid waste 4836:Soil guideline values 4680:Sustainable transport 4573:Information pollution 4373:Open burning of waste 4264:Bush administration → 3818:Sentencing Reform Act 3726:Exon–Florio Amendment 3652:Executive Order 12333 3638:Goldwater–Nichols Act 3313:Judicial appointments 3299:Assassination attempt 3125:The Vienna Convention 3120:The Montreal Protocol 3040:Roan, Sharon (1989). 2995:, London: Routledge. 2906:Doubleday (publisher) 2515:17 April 2015 at the 2460:29 March 2010 at the 1563:12 April 2019 at the 1099:Fossil fuel phase-out 1018:Global warming portal 902: 762: 754: 668:ultraviolet radiation 350:1,1,1-trichloroethane 185: 171: 6610:Treaties of Zimbabwe 6560:Treaties of Tanzania 6490:Treaties of Thailand 6465:Treaties of Eswatini 6460:Treaties of Suriname 6405:Treaties of Slovenia 6400:Treaties of Slovakia 6320:Treaties of Portugal 6300:Treaties of Paraguay 6280:Treaties of Pakistan 6200:Treaties of Mongolia 6150:Treaties of Malaysia 6080:Treaties of Kiribati 6005:Treaties of Honduras 5880:Treaties of Dominica 5875:Treaties of Djibouti 5805:Treaties of Colombia 5770:Treaties of Cameroon 5765:Treaties of Cambodia 5750:Treaties of Bulgaria 5735:Treaties of Botswana 5695:Treaties of Barbados 5488:Most polluted cities 5181:Biological pollution 5092:Overhead power lines 3746:AIDS crisis response 3520:Soviet Union summits 2741:10.1029/2018GL079500 1441:3 March 2016 at the 1351:on 12 September 2012 1248:on 13 September 2014 891:Beijing amendments. 834:OzonAction Programme 832:(UNEP), through its 572:improve this article 346:Carbon tetrachloride 194:is an international 6590:Treaties of Vietnam 6580:Treaties of Vanuatu 6570:Treaties of Uruguay 6520:Treaties of Tunisia 6375:Treaties of Senegal 6340:Treaties of Romania 6335:Treaties of Moldova 6260:Treaties of Nigeria 6225:Treaties of Namibia 6220:Treaties of Myanmar 6210:Treaties of Morocco 6115:Treaties of Liberia 6110:Treaties of Lesotho 6105:Treaties of Lebanon 6055:Treaties of Jamaica 6040:Treaties of Ireland 6015:Treaties of Iceland 6010:Treaties of Hungary 5975:Treaties of Grenada 5930:Treaties of Finland 5915:Treaties of Estonia 5910:Treaties of Eritrea 5890:Treaties of Ecuador 5870:Treaties of Denmark 5835:Treaties of Croatia 5760:Treaties of Burundi 5725:Treaties of Bolivia 5705:Treaties of Belgium 5685:Treaties of Bahrain 5670:Treaties of Austria 5660:Treaties of Armenia 5640:Treaties of Andorra 5635:Treaties of Algeria 5630:Treaties of Albania 5605:History of Montreal 5551:WikiProject Ecology 5248:Ocean acidification 5153:Unexploded ordnance 5024:Post-consumer waste 4884:Foam food container 4862:Biodegradable waste 4436:Global distillation 3980:1982 VRA Amendments 3608:International trips 3580:Invasion of Grenada 3350:Impeachment efforts 3292:Second inauguration 3285:Release of hostages 3159:(NOAA Aeronomy Lab) 3145:31 May 2010 at the 2732:2018GeoRL..4511423L 2669:2018Natur.557..413M 2435:. noaanews.noaa.gov 2413:on 31 December 2009 2373:2010ACP....1012161M 2367:(24): 12161–12171. 1875:2009PNAS..10610949V 1679:on 27 February 2008 1285:2014PhT....67g..42D 1139:3 July 2008 at the 1069:Net capacity factor 773:Mostafa Kamal Tolba 587:"Montreal Protocol" 70: 6605:Treaties of Zambia 6540:Treaties of Uganda 6535:Treaties of Tuvalu 6525:Treaties of Turkey 6470:Treaties of Sweden 6350:Treaties of Rwanda 6315:Treaties of Poland 6290:Treaties of Panama 6270:Treaties of Norway 6195:Treaties of Monaco 6185:Treaties of Mexico 6145:Treaties of Malawi 6100:Treaties of Latvia 6085:Treaties of Kuwait 6065:Treaties of Jordan 6045:Treaties of Israel 5995:Treaties of Guyana 5985:Treaties of Guinea 5970:Treaties of Greece 5935:Treaties of France 5845:Treaties of Cyprus 5775:Treaties of Canada 5745:Treaties of Brunei 5740:Treaties of Brazil 5720:Treaties of Bhutan 5710:Treaties of Belize 5645:Treaties of Angola 5571:Ecology portal 5455:Waste minimisation 5430:Industrial ecology 5425:Cleaner production 5243:Nutrient pollution 5120:Herbicidal warfare 4914:Construction waste 4550:Introduced species 4421:Indoor air quality 4348:Chlorofluorocarbon 3587:Iran–Contra affair 3281:First inauguration 2827:The World Factbook 2629:. NPR. 17 May 2018 2392:20.500.11850/27649 2057:. Washington, DC. 2004:on 26 January 2018 1709:on 14 October 2018 1618:on 26 January 2018 990:Environment portal 905: 884:State of Palestine 775:, the head of the 765: 757: 514:hydrofluorocarbons 267:Terms and purposes 188: 174: 6595:Treaties of Yemen 6510:Treaties of Tonga 6480:Treaties of Syria 6430:Treaties of Spain 6355:Treaties of Samoa 6325:Treaties of Qatar 6285:Treaties of Palau 6255:Treaties of Niger 6235:Treaties of Nepal 6230:Treaties of Nauru 6165:Treaties of Malta 6075:Treaties of Kenya 6060:Treaties of Japan 6050:Treaties of Italy 6020:Treaties of India 6000:Treaties of Haiti 5965:Treaties of Ghana 5940:Treaties of Gabon 5895:Treaties of Egypt 5865:Treaties of Zaire 5795:Treaties of Chile 5715:Treaties of Benin 5577: 5576: 5450:Pollution control 5130:Nuclear holocaust 5039:Thermal treatment 5007:Plastic pollution 4924:Mercury poisoning 4877:Battery recycling 4776:Radioactive waste 4545:Genetic pollution 4540:Biological hazard 4338:Air quality index 4274: 4273: 3645:Montreal Protocol 3475: 3474: 3466:1988 SOTU Address 3459:1987 SOTU Address 3452:1986 SOTU Address 3445:1985 SOTU Address 3438:1984 SOTU Address 3431:1983 SOTU Address 3424:1982 SOTU Address 3364:Executive actions 2913:Political Science 2842: 2830:(2024 ed.). 2663:(7705): 413–417. 2099:"Ozone Diplomacy" 1812:on 1 October 2012 1475:on 8 October 2014 1294:10.1063/PT.3.2449 1230:12-9-2014, p. 10. 1207:on 23 August 2014 1064:Copenhagen Accord 805:Multilateral Fund 769:Vienna Convention 688:Richard Stolarski 648: 647: 640: 622: 255:), making it the 183: 166: 165: 82:16 September 1987 69:Montreal Protocol 64: 63: 16:(Redirected from 6752: 6505:Treaties of Togo 6305:Treaties of Peru 6275:Treaties of Oman 6265:Treaties of Niue 6160:Treaties of Mali 6095:Treaties of Laos 6035:Treaties of Iraq 6030:Treaties of Iran 5925:Treaties of Fiji 5840:Treaties of Cuba 5790:Treaties of Chad 5569: 5568: 5567: 5559: 5558: 5549: 5548: 5541: 5540: 5533: 5532: 5520: 5519: 5394:Legacy pollution 5253:Oil exploitation 5115:Chemical warfare 5029:Waste management 4936:Industrial waste 4904:Biomedical waste 4872:Electronic waste 4857:Advertising mail 4841:Phytoremediation 4816:Land degradation 4601:Overillumination 4555:Invasive species 4301: 4294: 4287: 4278: 4267: 4258: 4241: 4234: 4227: 4220: 4213: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4155: 4148: 4139: 4132: 4125: 4118: 4111: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4003: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3968: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3882: 3880:Grace Commission 3875: 3868: 3859: 3852: 3843: 3836: 3827: 3820: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3792: 3785: 3778: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3728: 3721: 3712: 3705: 3698: 3691: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3582: 3575: 3566: 3564:Governors Island 3559: 3550: 3543: 3536: 3529: 3522: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3492: 3468: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3411: 3403: 3387: 3380: 3373: 3371:Executive orders 3366: 3359: 3352: 3345: 3338: 3329: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3276: 3249: 3242: 3235: 3226: 3007:Ozone Discourses 2969: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2840: 2835: 2818: 2817: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2753: 2743: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2654: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2623: 2617: 2604: 2598: 2588: 2582: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2551:on 21 April 2011 2541: 2535: 2525: 2519: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2470: 2464: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2384: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2344:on 14 June 2006. 2343: 2337:. Archived from 2336: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2312:. United Nations 2306: 2300: 2299: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2190: 2184: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2149: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2094: 2083: 2082: 2076: 2068: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2003: 1996: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1967: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1938: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1896: 1886: 1869:(27): 10949–54. 1854: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1705:. Archived from 1695: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1678: 1672:. Archived from 1671: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1647: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1614:. Archived from 1604: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1588:on 24 April 2018 1584:. Archived from 1574: 1568: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1465: 1456: 1433: 1427: 1424:Reiner Grundmann 1411: 1405: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1306: 1296: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1238: 1232: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1160: 1143: 1130: 1059:Carbon footprint 1048: 1043: 1042: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1020: 1015: 1014: 1006: 1001: 1000: 999: 992: 987: 986: 707:Robert Abplanalp 643: 636: 632: 629: 623: 621: 580: 556: 548: 506:Kigali Amendment 479:greenhouse gases 184: 71: 59: 56: 50: 38: 37: 30: 21: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6749: 5595:Ozone depletion 5580: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5565: 5563: 5553: 5510: 5496: 5464: 5413: 5362: 5329: 5268:Pharmaceuticals 5258:Oil exploration 5162: 5134:Nuclear fallout 5101: 5063: 5045: 5019:Packaging waste 4973:Deep sea mining 4899:Hazardous waste 4845: 4826:Open defecation 4780: 4746:Nuclear fallout 4741:Nuclear fission 4717: 4643: 4612: 4583:Electromagnetic 4577: 4561: 4526: 4446:Ozone depletion 4319: 4310: 4305: 4275: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4160:Reagan tax cuts 4158: 4151: 4144: 4135: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4107: 4098: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4012:Economic policy 4006: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3964: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3913: 3906: 3899: 3892: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3864: 3855: 3848: 3839: 3832: 3823: 3816: 3809: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3783:Cannabis policy 3781: 3774: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3737:Domestic policy 3731: 3724: 3717: 3708: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3578: 3571: 3562: 3555: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3509: 3502: 3495: 3490:Reagan Doctrine 3488: 3471: 3464: 3457: 3450: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3422: 3414: 3406: 3398: 3385: 3376: 3369: 3362: 3357:Opinion polling 3355: 3348: 3343:Bush transition 3341: 3334: 3325: 3318: 3311: 3304: 3297: 3290: 3279: 3272: 3259: 3253: 3223: 3170:Wayback Machine 3147:Wayback Machine 3111: 2968: 2962: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2933:David L. Downie 2873:Ozone Diplomacy 2848: 2846:Further reading 2824: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2780:on 25 June 2012 2772: 2771: 2767: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2652: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2615:Wayback Machine 2605: 2601: 2589: 2585: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2526: 2522: 2517:Wayback Machine 2507: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2462:Wayback Machine 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2274:on 6 April 2012 2266: 2265: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2221:. 29 March 2016 2217: 2216: 2212: 2202: 2200: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2175: 2171: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2096: 2095: 2086: 2069: 2065: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1975: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1922:. Vol. 13. 1915: 1914: 1910: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1789: 1787: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1712: 1710: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1645:Wayback Machine 1635: 1631: 1621: 1619: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1591: 1589: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1565:Wayback Machine 1554:Wayback Machine 1544: 1540: 1530: 1528: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1504: 1502: 1501:on 4 March 2016 1493: 1492: 1488: 1478: 1476: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1454:Wayback Machine 1443:Wayback Machine 1434: 1430: 1421:Wayback Machine 1412: 1408: 1402:Wayback Machine 1393: 1389: 1379: 1377: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1354: 1352: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1328: 1326: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1224: 1220: 1210: 1208: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1141:Wayback Machine 1131: 1127: 1122: 1079:Paris Agreement 1044: 1037: 1032:Politics portal 1030: 1023: 1016: 1009: 1002: 997: 995: 988: 981: 978: 946: 933: 912:and Hong Kong. 897: 886:as well as the 868: 807: 724:Then, in 1985, 680:Paul J. Crutzen 677: 644: 633: 627: 624: 581: 579: 569: 557: 546: 519: 502: 470: 442: 438: 427: 423: 419: 408: 404: 400: 389: 385: 374: 340: 339: 305: 294: 269: 204:ozone depletion 176: 60: 54: 51: 48: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6758: 6756: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5600:1987 in Canada 5597: 5592: 5582: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5485: 5483:Law by country 5480: 5474: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5305:Surface runoff 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5191:Eutrophication 5188: 5183: 5178: 5172: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5148:Scorched earth 5145: 5142:nuclear winter 5138:nuclear famine 5127: 5117: 5111: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5055: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5004: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4983:Uranium mining 4980: 4975: 4970: 4968:Surface mining 4965: 4960: 4950: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4919:Lead poisoning 4916: 4911: 4909:Chemical waste 4906: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4821:Bioremediation 4818: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4790: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4736:Bioremediation 4733: 4727: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4689: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657:Transportation 4653: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4587: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4431:Global dimming 4428: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4402:Diesel exhaust 4394: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4259: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4198: 4191: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4096: 4082: 4075: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4038: 4024: 4016: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3883: 3876: 3869: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3756: 3749: 3741: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3692: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3676: 3669: 3655: 3648: 3641: 3634: 3627: 3620: 3611: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3560: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3537: 3530: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3507: 3493: 3485: 3483: 3481:Foreign policy 3477: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3462: 3455: 3448: 3441: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3412: 3404: 3395: 3393: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3374: 3360: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3331: 3330: 3323: 3309: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3277: 3269: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3229: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3182: 3176: 3160: 3154: 3149: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3110: 3109:External links 3107: 3106: 3105: 3088: 3071: 3054: 3045: 3038: 3031: 3024: 3017: 3003: 2989: 2987:978-0300175264 2975: 2970:Interaction." 2955: 2947: 2940: 2930: 2923: 2916: 2909: 2898: 2891: 2888:The New Yorker 2884: 2869: 2862:Andersen, S. O 2859: 2852:Andersen, S. O 2847: 2844: 2810: 2809: 2807:ozone.unep.org 2800: 2791: 2765: 2706: 2640: 2618: 2599: 2583: 2571: 2562: 2536: 2520: 2501: 2479: 2476:. 16 May 2018. 2465: 2446: 2424: 2398: 2347: 2323: 2301: 2285: 2259: 2232: 2210: 2198:ozone.unep.org 2185: 2169: 2140:(2): 247–267. 2120: 2084: 2063: 2040: 2028:UN Environment 2015: 1983: 1972:. 30 July 2010 1954: 1925: 1908: 1849: 1823: 1797: 1771: 1753:Msuya, Joyce. 1745: 1733:ozone.unep.org 1720: 1690: 1657: 1648: 1629: 1612:ozone.unep.org 1599: 1582:ozone.unep.org 1569: 1538: 1527:on 11 May 2008 1512: 1486: 1457: 1428: 1406: 1387: 1362: 1336: 1310: 1259: 1233: 1218: 1192: 1177: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1035: 1021: 1007: 1004:Ecology portal 993: 977: 974: 969: 968: 965: 961: 957: 954: 945: 942: 932: 929: 896: 893: 888:European Union 867: 864: 856: 855: 849: 843: 837: 806: 803: 734:Brian Gardiner 684:Ralph Cicerone 675: 646: 645: 628:September 2019 560: 558: 551: 545: 542: 517: 501: 498: 469: 466: 449: 448: 440: 436: 433: 425: 421: 417: 414: 406: 402: 398: 395: 387: 383: 380: 372: 338: 337: 334: 330: 325: 324: 304: 301: 292: 268: 265: 253:European Union 245:Kyoto Protocol 164: 163: 160: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 142:European Union 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 80: 76: 75: 62: 61: 55:September 2022 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6757: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5572: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5544: 5536: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5325:Water quality 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5087:Traffic signs 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5012:Microplastics 5010: 5009: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5002:Nanomaterials 5000: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4941:Lead smelting 4939: 4938: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4761:Radioactivity 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4713:Noise control 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4461:Metal working 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4290: 4288: 4283: 4282: 4279: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4240: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3594:Libya bombing 3591: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3400:"Evil empire" 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3327:controversies 3324: 3321: 3320:Supreme Court 3317: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3174:Ben Lieberman 3171: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3016: 3015:0-231-08137-5 3012: 3008: 3004: 3002: 3001:0-415-22423-3 2998: 2994: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2967: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2902:The Ozone War 2899: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2881:0-674-65001-8 2878: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2828: 2822: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2644: 2641: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2566: 2563: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2490: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2351: 2348: 2340: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2311: 2305: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2289: 2286: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2247: 2243: 2236: 2233: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2182:0-415-22423-3 2179: 2173: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2074: 2066: 2064:0-309-02532-X 2060: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2000: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1971: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1942: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1912: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1850: 1838: 1834: 1827: 1824: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1772: 1760: 1756: 1749: 1746: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1675: 1668: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1630: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1513: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1391: 1388: 1376: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1325: 1321: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273:Physics Today 1270: 1263: 1260: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1228:Arbetarbladet 1222: 1219: 1206: 1202: 1196: 1193: 1188: 1181: 1178: 1166: 1159: 1156: 1149: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1129: 1126: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1041: 1036: 1033: 1027: 1022: 1019: 1013: 1008: 1005: 994: 991: 985: 980: 975: 973: 966: 962: 958: 955: 952: 951: 950: 943: 941: 939: 930: 928: 924: 922: 917: 913: 909: 901: 894: 892: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 865: 863: 859: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 831: 828: 827: 826: 822: 820: 815: 812: 804: 802: 798: 796: 791: 789: 785: 780: 778: 774: 770: 761: 753: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 718: 716: 710: 708: 704: 699: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 642: 639: 631: 620: 617: 613: 610: 606: 603: 599: 596: 592: 589: – 588: 584: 583:Find sources: 577: 573: 567: 566: 561:This section 559: 555: 550: 549: 543: 541: 537: 535: 530: 528: 523: 515: 510: 507: 499: 497: 495: 491: 487: 482: 480: 474: 467: 465: 461: 457: 455: 446: 434: 431: 415: 412: 396: 393: 381: 378: 370: 369: 368: 365: 363: 357: 355: 351: 347: 335: 331: 327: 326: 323: 321: 316: 313: 308: 302: 300: 296: 290: 289:nitrous oxide 286: 282: 278: 274: 266: 264: 260: 258: 254: 249: 246: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 170: 161: 157: 154: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 92: 89: 85: 81: 77: 72: 66: 58: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 5404:Point source 5346:Heavy metals 5320:Urban runoff 5300:Sulfur water 5278:Septic tanks 5124:Agent Orange 4978:Mining waste 4804:Manure waste 4634:Volcanic ash 4510:Black carbon 4466:Oil refining 4451:Particulates 4380:Construction 4262: 4253: 3644: 3213: 3188: 3091: 3074: 3057: 3048: 3041: 3034: 3030:29: 793–820. 3027: 3020: 3006: 2992: 2978: 2971: 2965: 2943: 2936: 2926: 2919: 2912: 2904:. New York: 2901: 2894: 2887: 2872: 2865: 2855: 2826: 2813: 2803: 2794: 2782:. Retrieved 2778:the original 2768: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2660: 2656: 2643: 2631:. Retrieved 2621: 2602: 2586: 2565: 2555:16 September 2553:. Retrieved 2549:the original 2539: 2523: 2504: 2492:. Retrieved 2482: 2468: 2449: 2439:16 September 2437:. Retrieved 2427: 2417:16 September 2415:. Retrieved 2411:the original 2401: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2339:the original 2326: 2314:. Retrieved 2304: 2294: 2288: 2276:. Retrieved 2272:the original 2262: 2250:. Retrieved 2245: 2235: 2225:28 September 2223:. Retrieved 2213: 2201:. Retrieved 2197: 2188: 2172: 2137: 2133: 2123: 2109:(1): 43–50. 2106: 2102: 2053: 2043: 2031:. Retrieved 2027: 2018: 2006:. Retrieved 1999:the original 1986: 1974:. Retrieved 1969: 1957: 1945:. Retrieved 1943:. 4 May 2009 1940: 1928: 1918: 1911: 1866: 1862: 1852: 1840:. Retrieved 1836: 1826: 1816:28 September 1814:. Retrieved 1810:the original 1800: 1788:. Retrieved 1785:The Standard 1784: 1774: 1762:. Retrieved 1759:The Standard 1758: 1748: 1736:. Retrieved 1732: 1723: 1711:. Retrieved 1707:the original 1702: 1693: 1681:. Retrieved 1674:the original 1660: 1651: 1632: 1620:. Retrieved 1616:the original 1611: 1602: 1590:. Retrieved 1586:the original 1581: 1572: 1541: 1529:. Retrieved 1525:the original 1515: 1503:. Retrieved 1499:the original 1489: 1477:. Retrieved 1473:the original 1431: 1409: 1390: 1378:. Retrieved 1374: 1365: 1353:. Retrieved 1349:the original 1339: 1327:. Retrieved 1323: 1313: 1304:1721.1/99159 1279:(7): 42–48. 1276: 1272: 1262: 1252:18 September 1250:. Retrieved 1246:the original 1236: 1226: 1221: 1209:. Retrieved 1205:the original 1195: 1180: 1168:. Retrieved 1158: 1128: 1114:Plastic bans 1046:World portal 970: 947: 934: 925: 918: 914: 910: 906: 872:Cook Islands 869: 860: 857: 823: 816: 810: 808: 799: 792: 781: 766: 738:Jon Shanklin 723: 719: 711: 700: 696: 670:releasing a 664:stratosphere 656:Mario Molina 649: 634: 625: 615: 608: 601: 594: 582: 570:Please help 565:verification 562: 538: 531: 521: 511: 503: 486:refrigerants 483: 475: 471: 462: 458: 450: 366: 358: 342: 317: 314: 310: 306: 297: 270: 261: 250: 234:) and 2016 ( 191: 189: 126:Cook Islands 65: 52: 44: 5374:Area source 5283:Pit latrine 5206:Groundwater 4963:Gold mining 4958:Coal mining 4929:Toxic waste 4894:Green waste 4867:Brown waste 4850:Solid waste 4397:Exhaust gas 3258:(1981–1989) 3208:‹ The 3179:EIA reports 2494:4 September 2278:8 September 2252:8 September 1713:16 November 1089:Section 608 728:scientists 200:ozone layer 113:Signatories 5584:Categories 5526:by country 5522:Categories 5460:Zero waste 5341:Pollutants 5295:Stagnation 5233:Monitoring 5201:Freshwater 5077:Air travel 4889:Food waste 4809:Pesticides 4799:Herbicides 4703:Industrial 4532:Biological 4392:Demolition 4385:Renovation 4368:Joss paper 4353:Combustion 3548:INF Treaty 3541:Washington 3274:Transition 2858:. London. 2033:25 January 2008:25 January 1683:3 December 1558:Transcript 1531:28 October 1150:References 852:World Bank 746:South Pole 742:Halley Bay 730:Joe Farman 598:newspapers 240:Kofi Annan 216:Copenhagen 149:Depositary 140:, and the 5418:Responses 5389:Garbology 5315:Turbidity 5263:Oil spill 5196:Firewater 5097:Vandalism 5059:Satellite 4756:Poisoning 4751:Plutonium 4731:Actinides 4723:Radiation 4471:Wood dust 4333:Acid rain 4308:Pollution 3680:H-2B visa 3673:H-2A visa 3534:Reykjavík 2316:2 October 2164:256825183 2115:0748-5492 2073:cite book 1790:2 January 1355:17 August 1211:24 August 744:near the 230:), 1999 ( 226:), 1997 ( 222:), 1995 ( 218:), 1993 ( 214:), 1992 ( 210:), 1991 ( 159:Languages 138:Palestine 121:Ratifiers 105:Condition 97:Effective 5506:Treaties 5478:Diseases 5290:Shipping 5186:Diseases 5034:Landfill 4709:Abstract 4706:Military 4639:Wildfire 4488:Smelting 4456:Asbestos 3666:Form I-9 3511:2nd term 3504:1st term 3497:Cold War 3391:Speeches 3265:Timeline 3210:template 3166:Archived 3143:Archived 2760:33005064 2701:21705434 2693:29769666 2611:Archived 2513:Archived 2458:Archived 2203:22 April 2156:36776108 2051:(1976). 1903:19549868 1842:22 April 1764:22 April 1738:22 April 1641:Archived 1622:23 April 1592:23 April 1561:Archived 1550:Archived 1479:10 March 1450:Archived 1439:Archived 1417:Archived 1398:Archived 1329:22 April 1137:Archived 976:See also 960:respect; 938:Shandong 880:Holy See 848:(UNIDO). 672:chlorine 522:per year 285:fluorine 277:chlorine 228:Montreal 134:Holy See 91:Montreal 87:Location 5535:Commons 5310:Thermal 5211:Hypoxia 4995:Garbage 4766:Uranium 4617:Natural 4566:Digital 4498:Aerosol 4476:Welding 4363:Biomass 4358:Biofuel 4317:History 3306:Cabinet 3212:below ( 3191:in the 3187:on the 2784:11 July 2751:7526663 2728:Bibcode 2665:Bibcode 2369:Bibcode 1894:2700150 1871:Bibcode 1505:11 July 1281:Bibcode 1170:7 March 866:Parties 842:(UNDP). 612:scholar 544:History 445:CFC-115 430:CFC-114 411:CFC-113 281:bromine 232:Beijing 220:Bangkok 212:Nairobi 45:updated 5399:Midden 5379:Debris 5334:Topics 5273:Sewage 5226:debris 5221:Marine 5069:Visual 4953:Mining 4948:Litter 4441:Mining 3557:Moscow 3527:Geneva 3418:(1981) 3410:(1987) 3402:(1983) 3021:Nature 3013: 2999: 2985: 2972:Nature 2879: 2836: 2758: 2748: 2699: 2691: 2657:Nature 2633:17 May 2180: 2162: 2154: 2113: 2061: 1976:17 May 1947:17 May 1901: 1891: 1380:28 May 1375:un.org 1189:. BBC. 1084:R-134a 895:Effect 882:, the 878:, the 795:DuPont 703:DuPont 614: 607: 600: 593: 585: 534:Kigali 392:CFC-12 377:CFC-11 236:Kigali 224:Vienna 208:London 196:treaty 132:, the 79:Signed 5470:Lists 5409:Waste 5351:Paint 5168:Water 5051:Space 4692:Sonar 4687:Urban 4665:Water 4649:Noise 4624:Ozone 4591:Light 4522:Waste 4414:Smoke 4202:MACRS 2823:from 2697:S2CID 2653:(PDF) 2342:(PDF) 2335:(PDF) 2160:S2CID 2002:(PDF) 1995:(PDF) 1966:(PDF) 1937:(PDF) 1677:(PDF) 1670:(PDF) 1547:Video 1120:Notes 619:JSTOR 605:books 362:Halon 354:HCFCs 333:1986. 329:1986; 5384:Dust 5367:Misc 4786:Soil 4675:Rail 4661:Land 4505:Soot 4493:Smog 4409:Haze 3283:and 3011:ISBN 2997:ISBN 2983:ISBN 2877:ISBN 2786:2012 2756:PMID 2689:PMID 2635:2018 2557:2010 2496:2019 2441:2010 2419:2010 2318:2022 2280:2014 2254:2014 2227:2023 2205:2020 2178:ISBN 2152:PMID 2111:ISSN 2079:link 2059:ISBN 2035:2018 2010:2018 1978:2018 1949:2018 1899:PMID 1844:2020 1818:2012 1792:2019 1766:2020 1740:2020 1715:2018 1685:2007 1624:2018 1594:2018 1533:2006 1507:2012 1481:2008 1382:2017 1357:2007 1331:2020 1254:2014 1213:2014 1172:2019 964:and, 876:Niue 777:UNEP 736:and 654:and 591:news 520:-eq 443:Cl ( 371:CFCl 190:The 130:Niue 5495:2.5 5107:War 4670:Air 4325:Air 3172:by 3098:doi 3081:doi 3064:doi 2951:ClO 2832:CIA 2746:PMC 2736:doi 2681:hdl 2673:doi 2661:557 2592:doi 2576:doi 2529:doi 2387:hdl 2377:doi 2142:doi 1889:PMC 1879:doi 1867:106 1837:aem 1324:aem 1299:hdl 1289:doi 574:by 320:CFC 279:or 5586:: 5528:) 5140:- 5136:- 2963:NO 2908:. 2754:. 2744:. 2734:. 2724:45 2722:. 2718:. 2695:. 2687:. 2679:. 2671:. 2659:. 2655:. 2570:CO 2385:. 2375:. 2365:10 2363:. 2359:. 2244:. 2196:. 2158:. 2150:. 2138:56 2136:. 2132:. 2105:. 2101:. 2087:^ 2075:}} 2071:{{ 2026:. 1968:. 1939:. 1897:. 1887:. 1877:. 1865:. 1861:. 1835:. 1783:. 1757:. 1731:. 1701:. 1610:. 1580:. 1556:, 1460:^ 1373:. 1322:. 1297:. 1287:. 1277:67 1275:. 1271:. 874:, 732:, 686:, 424:Cl 405:Cl 386:Cl 382:CF 348:; 291:(N 136:, 128:, 116:46 5524:( 5144:) 5132:( 5126:) 5122:( 4300:e 4293:t 4286:v 3618:" 3614:" 3248:e 3241:t 3234:v 3104:. 3100:: 3087:. 3083:: 3070:. 3066:: 3053:. 2966:x 2961:/ 2956:x 2834:. 2788:. 2762:. 2738:: 2730:: 2703:. 2683:: 2675:: 2667:: 2637:. 2594:: 2578:: 2572:2 2559:. 2531:: 2498:. 2443:. 2421:. 2395:. 2389:: 2379:: 2371:: 2320:. 2282:. 2256:. 2229:. 2207:. 2166:. 2144:: 2117:. 2107:6 2081:) 2067:. 2037:. 2012:. 1980:. 1951:. 1905:. 1881:: 1873:: 1846:. 1820:. 1794:. 1768:. 1742:. 1717:. 1687:. 1626:. 1596:. 1535:. 1509:. 1483:. 1384:. 1359:. 1333:. 1307:. 1301:: 1291:: 1283:: 1256:. 1215:. 1174:. 854:. 836:. 676:3 641:) 635:( 630:) 626:( 616:· 609:· 602:· 595:· 568:. 518:2 447:) 441:5 439:F 437:2 435:C 432:) 428:( 426:2 422:4 420:F 418:2 416:C 413:) 409:( 407:3 403:3 401:F 399:2 397:C 394:) 390:( 388:2 384:2 379:) 375:( 373:3 344:( 293:2 144:) 57:) 53:( 47:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index