1984:: The final report determining quotas for backward classes in urban local body polls is expected to be available by June 2023. The Backward Classes Commission, established on December 28, plans to submit a preliminary report within three months. The commission aims to collect empirical data on backward classes, following Supreme Court and high court guidelines for OBC reservation in civic body elections. The commission's work involves data collection from district officials, studying processes in other states, and addressing objections from political parties.
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Karnataka, Jharkhand, Bihar, Jammu and
Kashmir region and Haryana, and the union territory of Puducherry. The term of the commission has been extended to 31 May 2019. Its report stated that prime beneficiaries of 97% OBC reservation include Yadav, Kurmi, Jat (Jats of Rajasthan except those of Bharatpur and Dholpur district are in Central OBC list), Saini, Thevar, Ezhava and Vokkaliga castes. After 13 extensions to its tenure, Rohini Commission submitted its report to President
1336:
Notification is open to challenge on the grounds of wrongful exclusion or inclusion. Norms must be fixed keeping in view the peculiar features in different States and Union
Territories. There has to be proper identification of Other Backward Classes (OBCs). For identifying backward classes, the Commission set up under the directions of this Court in Indra Sawhney 1 has to work more effectively and not merely decide applications for inclusion or exclusion of castes.
117:
should be taken by the union or any state to remove such difficulties and as to improve their condition and as to the grants that should be made, and the order appointing such commission shall define the procedure to be followed by the commission. ... A commission so appointed shall investigate the matters referred to them and present to the president a report setting out the facts as found by them and making such recommendation as they think proper.
96:. A separate Ministry of Welfare was established in 1985 (renamed in 1998 the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment) to attend to matters relating to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and OBCs. The Backward Classes Division of the Ministry looks after the policy, planning, and implementation of programmes relating to social and economic empowerment of OBCs, and matters relating to two institutions set up for the welfare of OBCs, the
221:. Since the Yadavs were associated with cattle herding in contrast to other upper-OBCs, who were owner cultivators, trespassing into field of landlords and regular struggle with the latter was a challenge for their survival. The mobilisation of Other Backward Class for social-economic ascendancy was not observed at the same pace and in the same manner in different north Indian states. In north India, states like
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373:
obliged to recruit personnel on the aforesaid basis. All universities and affiliated colleges should also be covered by the above scheme of reservation. Although education is considered an important factor in bringing a desired social change, "educational reform" was not within the terms of reference of this commission. To promote literacy the following measures were suggested:
1946:
Caste Quota excluding 10% EWS Quota, in government jobs and educational institutions. The new reservation quota percentages include 20% for
Scheduled Castes, 2% for Scheduled Tribes, 18% for Backward Classes, 25% for Extremely Backward Classes, and 10% for the economically weaker section among the Upper Castes.
1832:(for example, Ambalavasis and Tamil Brahmins were grouped along with Malayali Brahmins). The survey found that individuals belonging to higher castes possessed more land and had relatively higher per capita income as compared to the general population. The survey found that 33% of the state's population was
1831:
ordered a socio-economic survey of each resident in the state of Kerala, to assess caste inequalities. Until the census of 2011, this survey was the only caste-based count conducted in post-independence India. The survey was not very conclusive, since it merged several unrelated castes into one group
1335:
So far as the determination of backward classes is concerned, a notification should be issued by the Union of India. This can be done only after the exclusion of the creamy layer for which necessary data must be obtained by the
Central Government from the State Governments and Union Territories. Such
1331:
The
Central Government shall examine the desirability of fixing cut-off marks in respect of the candidates belonging to the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) to balance reservation with other societal interests and to maintain standards of excellence. This would ensure quality and merit would not suffer.
1888:
is yet to be published as of 2023. Initiated by the
Karnataka State Commission for Backward Classes, the survey involved 1.6 lakh government employees canvassing around 1.3 crore households, costing the state Rs 169 crore. However, the report remains unpublished despite eight years passing, multiple
1871:
population of around 36.9 million is distributed among various caste groups. Scheduled Castes (SCs) and
Scheduled Tribes (STs) represent approximately 18.48% and 11.74% of the population, respectively. Most of the population belongs to Backward Castes (BCs), making up 51% of the population, although
343:
The
National Sample Survey puts the figure at 41%. There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India, with census data compromised by partisan politics. It is generally estimated to be sizable, but higher than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or and National Sample
88:
informed that as of
January 2016, the percentage of OBCs in central government services is 21.57% and has shown an increasing trend since September 1993. Likewise, in 2015, at educational institutions, funds meant for OBC students under the reservation policy were not used properly or were underused
1959:
Commission for
Backward Classes (OSCBC) using both online and offline methods. The survey aims to evaluate social and educational conditions of backwardness, factoring in various indicators such as occupation and educational qualifications. Initially, centers for data submission were established in
1918:
has experienced significant delays and issues with accuracy, leading to intervention by the single-member dedicated commission. Various districts have reported non-compliance with survey guidelines, including instances of reliance on outdated data rather than conducting new door-to-door surveys, as
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If material is shown to the Central Government that the Institution deserves to be included in the Schedule (institutes which are excluded from reservations) of The Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006 (No. 5 of 2007), the Central Government must take an appropriate
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proposed that a person belonging to OBC with an annual family income of up to Rs 1.5 million should be considered as minimum ceiling for OBC. NCBC also recommended sub-division of OBCs into 'backward', 'more backward' and 'extremely backward' blocs and divide 27% quota amongst them in proportion to
1171:"creamy layer". The creamy layer is only applicable in the case of Other Backward Castes and not applicable on other groups like SC or ST. The creamy layer criteria were introduced at Rs 100,000 in 1993, and revised to Rs 250,000 in 2004, Rs 450,000 in 2008, and Rs 600,000 in 2013. In October 2015,
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judgment laid down the limits of the state's powers: it upheld the ceiling of 50 percent quotas, emphasized the concept of "social backwardness", and prescribed 11 indicators to ascertain backwardness. The nine-judge Bench judgement also established the concept of qualitative exclusion, such as the
143:
There existed a huge disparity among various castes and communities classified as Other Backward Class, even before the implementation of the reservation policy in government jobs and educational institutions, as per the recommendation of the Mandal Commission report. While a major section of Other
116:
The president may by order appoint a commission consisting of such persons as he thinks fit to investigate the conditions of socially and educationally backward classes (SEBC) within the territory of India and the difficulties under which they labour and to make recommendations as to the steps that
2315:
Therefore, as Witsoe (2013, 41) and Robin (2009, 70) elaborate, after the abolition of the Zamindari system in Bihar, new landlords came from peasant caste backgrounds such as Koeri, Yadav, and Kurmi caste groups. These recently politically ascendant castes could be considered as the new political
1967:
outlets, but later in the special survey drive the door-to-door data collection method was also adopted. The compiled data is expected to be published after five months of survey completion. It's noteworthy that the survey is being conducted under the OSCBC Act, 1993 and the OSCBC (Amendment) Act,
229:
also have substantial populations of Backward Castes, yet, no movement as seen in states like Bihar took place in these states. Many observers have mentioned that in Bihar, the upper OBCs viz. Koeri, Kurmi, and Yadav's political ascendancy went hand in hand with land reforms and peasant movements,
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was first coined by Justice Krishna Iyer in 1975 in the State of Kerala vs NM Thomas case, wherein he observed that "the danger of 'reservation', it seems to me, is three-fold. Its benefits, by and large, are snatched away by the top creamy layer of the 'backward' caste or class, thus keeping the
293:
The commission in its final report recommended "caste as the criteria" to determine backwardness. However, the report was not accepted by the government, which feared that the backward classes excluded from the caste and communities selected by the commission might not be considered, and those in
272:
was established by a presidential order on 29 January 1953 under the chairmanship of Kaka Kalelkar and submitted its report on 30 March 1955. It had prepared a list of 2,399 backward castes or communities for the entire country, of which 837 had been classified as the "most backward". Some of the
1945:
first report was released on 2 October 2023. The report showed that extremely backward classes (EBCs) account for 36.01 percent of the 13.07 crore population of the state. OBCs, EBCs together account for 63% of the total population of Bihar. On 9 November 2023, Bihar Assembly Passed Bill For 65%
1905:
communities, as reasons for the report's non-disclosure. In June 2023, Siddaramaiah-led Congress government in Karnataka has decided to accept the 2015 socio-economic caste survey report, potentially stirring controversy as it reveals that the population of Vokkaligas and Lingayats is lower than
1339:
The Parliament should fix a deadline by which time free and compulsory education will have reached every child. This must be done within six months, as the right to free and compulsory education is perhaps the most important of all the fundamental rights (Art.21 A). Without education, it becomes
208:
Within this section of OBCs called upper-OBC, there also exists disparity in educational attainment and political mobilisation. While the Yadavs were the biggest beneficiary in political achievements, their political progress didn't improve their position in the caste hierarchy and the spread of
1958:
government initiated a comprehensive survey targeting state notified 211 Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC), which is expected to conclude by June 29, 2023. Administered across all 314 blocks and 114 urban local bodies of Odisha, the survey is being conducted by the Odisha State
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The committee will have to deliver the report within 12 weeks of its constitution. The lower OBCs form around 35% of the population in Uttar Pradesh. OBC sub-categorisation has already been implemented at state level by 11 states: West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana,
372:
These recommendations in total apply to all recruitment to public sector undertakings, both under the central and state governments as well as to nationalised banks. All private sector undertakings that have received financial assistance from the government in one form or another should also be
1665:
in the state list of Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and Chhattisgarh. However only the Jats of Rajasthan – excluding those of Bharatpur district and Dholpur district – are entitled to reservation of central government jobs under the OBC
347:
Twenty-seven percent of reservations were recommended owing to the legal constraint that the total quantum of reservations should not exceed 50 percent. States that have already introduced reservations for OBC exceeding 27 percent will not be affected by this recommendation. With this general
179:
subsided in North India, OBC leaders gained political power to outnumber the upper caste legislators in most of the north Indian states. This led to the formation of the OBC-led government in many states of North India. They also ended up claiming the high ritual status, which is defined as
1382:
and the individual states. The central list does not always reflect the state lists, which can differ significantly. A community identified as a nationally recognized OBC in the NCBC central list may be so recognized only in specific states or only in limited areas within specific states.
1307:
The Constitution (Ninety-Third Amendment) Act, 2006 does not violate the "basic structure" of the Constitution so far as it relates to the state-maintained institutions and aided educational institutions. The question of whether the Constitution (Ninety-Third Amendment) Act, 2006 would be
1227:
Children of doctors, engineers, chartered accountants, actors, consultants, media professionals, writers, bureaucrats, defence officers of colonel and equivalent rank or higher, high court and Supreme Court judges, and all central and state government Class A and B officials should be
1364:' (NCBC) opinion. Supreme Court judgement quashed the proposed inclusion of Jats in Central list of OBCs on the basis that Jats are already given OBC status in 9 States. On 21 July 2015, Supreme Court rejected Centre's review plea for its verdict of quashing Jat reservation in OBCs.
380:
Residential schools should be set up in these areas for backward-class students to provide a climate especially conducive to serious studies. All facilities in these schools including board and lodging should be provided free of cost to attract students from poor and backward class
1897:, blaming delays on incomplete tabulation and non-submission by the state BC Commission headed by MP Jayaprakash Hegde. Some sources suggest political pressure and potential upheaval in the state's power dynamics, particularly concerning the traditionally dominant
390:
It was recommended that seats should be reserved for OBC students in all scientific, technical and professional institutions run by the central as well as state governments. The quantum of reservation should be the same as in the government services, i.e. 27
309:
1176:
their population, to ensure that stronger OBCs don't corner the quota benefits. In August 2017, NDA government announced the creamy layer ceiling in the OBC category from getting reservation in jobs, has been raised from Rs 6 lakh a year to Rs 8 lakh.
1127:
under Article 340 of Indian Constitution, to explore the idea of OBC sub-categorisation. The National Commission for Backward Classes had recommended it in 2011 and a standing committee too had repeated this. The committee has a three-point mandate:
5193:
1383:
Occasionally, it is not an entire community that is thus classified but rather some parts within it. As of 2023, Maharashtra has the highest number of OBC castes listed under Central List of OBCs, followed by Odisha, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
64:
took place. There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India; it is generally estimated to be sizable, but many believe that it is higher than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or the National Sample Survey.
72:, OBCs are described as socially and educationally backward classes (SEBC), and the Government of India is enjoined to ensure their social and educational development — for example, the OBCs are entitled to 27% reservations in
2437:
148:(SC) as agricultural labourers. In the agitation for implementation of the report of Mandal Commission, Scheduled Castes supported the Other Backward Castes, but after the implementation of these recommendations on the direction of
1147:
on 31 July 2023. The report is more than 1,000-pages long and is divided in two parts- the first part deals with how the OBC quota should be allocated; and the second part is an updated list of all 2,633 OBC castes across India.
5538:
4795:
4993:
1200:
On 10 April 2008, the Supreme Court of India upheld the government's initiative of 27% OBC quotas in government-funded institutions. The Court has categorically reiterated its prior stand that those considered part of the
1192:. The Court held that the 1931 census could not be a determinative factor for identifying the OBCs to provide reservation. The court also observed, "Reservation cannot be permanent and appear to perpetuate backwardness".
1188:, as an interim measure, stayed the law providing for 27 percent reservation for Other Backward Classes in educational institutions like IITs and IIMs. This was done in response to a public interest litigation —
5122:
1721:, Giri Brahmin in some states (Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Haryana, Punjab, Bihar central list in notified general categories) Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Gujarat in OBC.
5054:
2895:
230:
benefitting these three castes. These movements changed not only their political position but also their socio-economic profile. However, in the case of Madhya Pradesh, the national political parties like
1315:" principle is one of the parameters to identify backward classes. Therefore, principally, the "creamy layer" principle cannot be applied to STs and SCs, as SCs and STs are separate classes by themselves.
5177:
1135:
To work out the mechanism, criteria, and parameters for the actual sub-categorisation. The actual OBC reservation will continue to be 27% and within this, the committee will have to do the re-arranging.
1205:" should be excluded by government-funded institutions and by private institutions from the scope of the reservation policy. The verdict produced mixed reactions from supporting and opposing quarters.
4676:
2185:
5084:
4724:
97:
4746:
316:
The decision to set up a second backward classes commission was made official by the president on 1 January 1979. The commission is popularly known as the Mandal Commission, its chairman being
1344:
decision based on materials placed and on examining the concerned issues as to whether Institution deserves to be included in the Schedule of the said act as provided in Sec 4 of the said act.
1189:
2025:
1373:
2909:
368:
A roster system for each category of posts should be adopted by the concerned authorities in the same manner as presently done in respect to scheduled caste and scheduled tribe candidates.
3158:
4902:
1923:. In response, the commission has cancelled the flawed survey, ordering a redo within 15 days, and transferred the officer in charge. Similar corrective measures have been taken in
4779:
4977:
4591:
5322:
5144:
3405:
2984:
2102:
4957:
3086:
2862:
2927:
5106:
4037:
2629:
1889:
government tenures, and repeated calls for its release from various political leaders. Controversy surrounds the issue with successive social welfare ministers, including
336:
set up in 1979–80. The number of backward castes in Central list of OBCs has now increased to 5,013 (without the figures for most of the Union Territories) in 2006 as per
5610:
4698:
3267:
1872:
the findings were never made public due to various court cases against it. Other castes comprise 16.03%, while religious minorities account for 10.65% of the population.
127:
A 1992 decision of the Supreme Court of India resulted in a requirement that 27% of civil service positions be reserved for members of OBCs. In a reply to a question in
5023:
4849:
3905:
3112:
2840:
257:
Adjacent is the distribution of population of each religion by caste categories, obtained from merged sample of Schedule 1 and Schedule 10 of available data from the
3669:
4863:
4012:
3851:
3753:
3702:
3241:
5046:
4612:
4512:
4487:
4462:
4437:
4412:
4384:
4356:
4328:
4300:
4272:
4244:
4216:
4191:
4166:
4138:
4113:
3973:
3728:
3644:
3619:
3555:
3034:
1347:
Held that the determination of SEBCs is done not solely based on caste and hence, the identification of SEBCs does not violate Article 15(1) of the Constitution.
175:, their landholdings and economic prosperity increased further; they acquired education and became an active participant in government jobs. Further, after the
4660:
2693:
1598:
in states of Assam, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Telangana only and except these states they are notified as
193:, left many other OBC communities away from the development process. The political and economic prosperity was cornered by the dominant Backward Castes like
238:
accommodated the Backward Class in the political structure of the state in a way that socio-political movement of any kind was prevented from taking place.
5317:
5076:
3293:
2438:"BC, DC or EC? What lies ahead of the census - Haphazard lists and multiple definitions could pose hurdles in establishing identity during the caste count"
1167:
312:**NFHS Survey estimated only Hindu OBC population. Total OBC population derived by assuming Muslim ABCation in the same proportion as Hindu OBC population.
4716:
2719:
48:
that are "educationally or socially backward" (i.e., disadvantaged). It is one of several official classifications of the population of India, along with
2484:
1132:
To examine the "extent of inequitable distribution of benefits of reservation" among various castes and communities that come under the Central OBC list.
77:
3448:
3378:
2668:
2462:
4922:
3462:
2816:
3530:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5254:
4817:
3601:
1379:
1361:
1308:
constitutionally valid or not so far as "private unaided" educational institutions are concerned, is left open to be decided in an appropriate case.
1172:
337:
101:
3210:
80:
is dynamic, with castes and communities being added or removed depending on social, educational, and economic factors. In a reply to a question in
5669:
3318:
3060:
2653:
3138:
352:
Candidates belonging to OBC recruited based on merit in an open competition should not be adjusted against their reservation quota of 27 percent.
4883:
4638:
361:
Relaxation in the upper age limit for direct recruitment should be extended to the candidates of OBC in the same manner as done in the case of
132:
85:
4942:
2563:
5449:
5383:
3955:
2789:
1267:
377:
An intensive time-bound programme for adult education should be launched in selected pockets with a high concentration of the OBC population.
362:
205:; this was witnessed in the formation of political blocs in the state after 1995, in which, either side was dominated by these three castes.
53:
5628:
2045:
1208:
Several criteria to identify the portion of the population comprising the "creamy layer" have been recommended, including the following:
674:
262:
258:
61:
5423:
5418:
5393:
5373:
2076:
1964:
176:
2976:
2112:
89:
in cases of upgrading infrastructure as well as in violation of faculty recruitment of OBCs according to the 49% reservation policy.
5600:
4548:
3505:
2945:
2339:
2308:
2281:
2035:
1293:
5327:
2171:
93:
3333:
2636:
5654:
5292:
5664:
5605:
5398:
5015:
1271:
286:
Reservation of 70 percent of seats in all technical and professional institutions for qualified students of backward classes.
2763:
2611:
2510:
2150:
5659:
5633:
5403:
5302:
3795:
2384:
2040:
2010:
1942:
4835:
5247:
921:
5297:
3480:
2005:
422:
2536:
280:
Relating the social backwardness of a class to its low position in the traditional caste hierarchy of Indian society;
171:
in post-independence India raised many of the members of these communities to the status of landlords. Following the
2635:(Report). New Delhi: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India. September 2018. Archived from
5388:
1532:
1524:
1332:
If any seats remain vacant after adopting such norms they shall be filled up by candidates from general categories.
332:
according to the Mandal Commission. The number of backward castes and communities was 3,743 in the initial list of
5574:
5408:
2020:
1845:
1682:
1543:
172:
3580:
2745:
167:, which were called "upper-OBC", were well off, due to ownership of a sizeable amount of land. The abolition of
5595:
2030:
1256:
235:
5337:
5287:
5240:
3020:
1837:
1275:
1260:
1841:
1828:
1575:
1489:
1185:
560:
231:
149:
144:
Backward Castes was extremely backward, there existed a section that owned considerable land and employed
3838:
3268:"Why is the media outraging against OBC reservations when it's the higher castes who have cornered jobs?"
5564:
5413:
5332:
5282:
5263:
3218:
2998:
2300:
Governance and Development in India A Comparative Study on Andhra Pradesh and Bihar After Liberalization
2050:
2000:
1894:
1536:
358:
Reserved quota remaining unfilled should be carried forward for three years and de-reserved thereafter.
340:. Mandal Commission developed 11 indicators or criteria to identify OBCs, of which four were economic.
92:
Until 1985, the affairs of the Backward Classes were looked after by the Backward Classes Cell in the
5312:
1166:
weakest among the weak always weak and leaving the fortunate layers to consume the whole cake". 1992
4630:
3875:
2463:"OBCs: Who are they?-Reservation policy for OBCs: Who would benefit and what are the costs involved"
209:
education among them also remained less as compared to more educationally advanced communities like
5554:
5502:
3242:"The one paragraph from the Supreme Court's Jat quota judgment that slams competitive backwardness"
1969:
1856:, 1.9% of the Muslims, and 0.1% of the Scheduled Castes who had that much land in their possession.
1547:
269:
252:
112:
Under Article 340 of the Indian Constitution, the government must promote the welfare of the OBCs.
69:
41:
3423:
1321:
A graduation (not technical graduation) or professional course deemed to be educationally forward.
5466:
4927:
4868:
4596:
4573:
3352:
3143:
2393:
2364:
2107:
1704:
4564:
Sivanandan, P (1979). "Caste, Class and Economic Opportunity in Kerala: An Empirical Analysis".
1318:
Preferably there should be a review after ten years to take note of the change of circumstances.
289:
Reservation of vacancies in all government services and local bodies for other backward classes.
3864:
3481:"List of SCs - STs - OBCs | Kerala Public Service Commission, Government of Kerala, India"
135:
informed that as of January 2016, the percentage of OBCs in central government jobs is 21.57%.
5507:
5185:
5152:
5114:
4985:
4787:
4754:
4668:
4544:
3677:
3294:"The Daily Fix: Supreme Court reminds India that the third word in OBC is 'class' not 'caste'"
2870:
2335:
2304:
2298:
2277:
465:
333:
303:
57:
5178:"Reservation to Backward classes in Municipal Corporation: HBCC submits report to Haryana CM"
4538:
3933:. Department of Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare, Tamil Nadu
3449:"BJP's caste conundrum ahead of 2024: Maratha quota to jati census to OBC sub-categorisation"
2329:
2271:
1931:. Despite these efforts, the commission has yet to receive any completed data, not even from
348:
recommendation, the commission proposed the following overall scheme of reservation for OBC:
5378:
3998:
2055:
1779:
1741:
1120:
655:
168:
145:
1224:
800,000 a year, should be considered creamy layer, and excluded from the reservation quota.
5307:
3825:
3364:
2412:
1759:
1698:
1635:
1116:
355:
The above reservation should also be made applicable to the promotion quota at all levels.
182:
2953:
2669:"Justice G. Rohini, chief of OBC sub-categorization panel, is no stranger to quota issue"
3778:
2841:"Jobs, admissions: 97% of Central OBC quota benefits go to just under 25% of its castes"
5476:
5363:
5342:
4613:"Telangana's new Municipal Act: Will BC reservation get diluted in upcoming elections?"
4099:
2015:
1787:
1144:
769:
441:
226:
4864:"Bihar caste survey released: OBCs, EBCs together account for 63% of total population"
4063:
3887:
2588:
308:
56:(SCs and STs). The OBCs were found to comprise 52% of the country's population by the
5648:
5559:
5461:
4717:"Rahul corners BJP over caste census. But where is Cong govt's Karnataka caste data?"
4087:
1833:
1799:
1749:
1631:
1599:
1595:
1571:
1460:
1035:
579:
384:
Separate hostels for OBC students with the above facilities will have to be provided.
294:
most need would be swamped by the multitudes, thus receiving insufficient attention.
218:
73:
49:
2694:"President Kovind appoints five-member commission to examine OBC sub-categorization"
1968:
2020, allowing family heads or senior individuals to provide family data, including
5471:
2928:"How Rohini panel report on backward classes could shake up Parliament, 2024 polls"
2863:"Justice Rohini panel on OBC sub-categorisation submits report after 14 extensions"
2126:
1881:
1767:
1714:
1641:
1528:
1325:
1312:
1231:
The Court has requested Parliament to exclude the children of MPs and MLAs as well.
1202:
1162:
541:
317:
5227:
3184:
5569:
2910:"40 percent OBCs got no quota benefits in past three-five years, reveals report"
2615:
1915:
1898:
1890:
1803:
1753:
1583:
1559:
1505:
1450:
1400:
1245:
1073:
1054:
788:
750:
4540:
Contested Capital: Rural Middle Classes in India: Rural Middle Classes in India
3803:
3087:"OBC panel backs off, won't make 'creamy layer' reservation criteria stringent"
2236:
1695:
Brahmins in the states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, and Delhi
5579:
5368:
4884:"Bihar publishes caste survey report, OBCs, EBCs constitute 63% of population"
1763:
1729:
1622:/Soni/Sunar/Swarankar in Central as well as the State OBC list in Rajasthan.
1501:
1488:
State Government has issued notification granting OBC reservation benefits to
1430:
1357:
997:
522:
329:
321:
5189:
5156:
5118:
4989:
4850:"With Bihar caste survey, how Nitish Kumar hit two targets in one fell swoop"
4791:
4758:
4672:
3681:
2874:
2564:"Redesigning reservations: Why removing caste-based quotas is not the answer"
5047:"After Bihar, now Odisha begins OBC survey; process to continue till May 27"
4962:
4907:
4747:"Karnataka government to accept 2015 'caste survey' report: CM Siddaramaiah"
1960:
1928:
1924:
1902:
1885:
1868:
1783:
1579:
1485:
1420:
1356:
In March 2015, Supreme Court of India scrapped Jat Reservations saying that
1124:
959:
826:
712:
693:
445:
222:
128:
81:
3021:"For an equitable society, reservations must be extended to private sector"
277:
Undertaking caste-wise enumeration of the population in the census of 1961;
76:
employment and higher education. The list of OBCs maintained by the Indian
5077:"Court Green Signal To Reservation For Backward Classes In UP Civic Polls"
4780:"Uttarakhand: Inadequacies found with OBC survey, commission takes action"
3930:
5486:
3159:"'Creamy layer' income bar for OBCs raised, new panel for sub-categories"
2316:
allies in a power struggle among the upper caste leaders in the Congress.
1932:
1688:
864:
189:
However, the OBC consolidation in some of the states of north India like
27:
Term for socially or educationally disadvantaged group of people in India
17:
5145:"UP: Final report on OBC quota in urban local body polls likely by June"
4943:"Bihar Assembly Passes Bill For 65% Caste Quota, Past Supreme Court Cap"
4699:"Karnataka yet to make 2015 data public as debate on caste census rages"
4064:"List of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes of Rajasthan State"
3796:"CASTE LIST Government Order No.SWD 225 BCA 2000, Dated:30th March 2002"
2211:
5481:
5439:
5347:
4818:"Can't stop Bihar from releasing more caste-census data: Supreme Court"
4577:
2537:"SECC 2011: Why we are headed for Mandal 2 and more quotas before 2019"
2397:
2368:
1973:
1920:
1853:
1775:
1737:
1710:
1609:
1605:
1567:
1513:
1509:
1504:
Christian, Sudri Christian, Scheduled Caste converted to Christianity,
1138:
Bringing order to the Central list of OBCs by removing any repetitions.
1016:
845:
807:
636:
617:
4592:"T'gana led caste census chorus with Samagra Kutumba Survey 9 yrs ago"
3839:
https://sec.rajasthan.gov.in/cm/upload/List%20of%20OBC.pdf%7Ctitle=OBC
2186:"Funds not used fully in educational institutions for OBC reservation"
4836:"Bihar puts number to its castes: EBCs at 36%, push OBC count to 63%"
1955:
1795:
1791:
1745:
1725:
1651:
1647:
1625:
1589:
1520:
1497:
1493:
1410:
1236:
Supreme Court conclusions from Ashoka Kumar Thakur vs. Union of India
978:
940:
902:
731:
325:
4978:"Odisha cabinet clears ordinance to add 22 communities in SEBC list"
3531:"Koli community leaders meet, seek their due from political parties"
3113:"OBC sub-division, relaxing creamy layer is a must: NCBC tells govt"
2720:"Why OBC Sub-Categorisation Will Be Modi's Ultimate Surgical Strike"
2382:
Verma, A. K. (2005). ""Backward Caste Politics in Uttar Pradesh."".
1906:
commonly believed, with Dalits being the largest demographic group.
1880:: The Social and Educational Survey ordered by then Chief Minister
5444:
5277:
4958:"Bihar Governor approves Bill raising reservation from 50% to 65%"
4038:"Rajasthan was first state to extend OBC benefits to jats in 1999"
2355:
Gupta., Tilak D. (1992). ""Yadav Ascendancy in Bihar Politics."".
1849:
1809:
1771:
1733:
1692:
1669:
1656:
1619:
1615:
1440:
883:
503:
484:
307:
214:
210:
202:
198:
194:
190:
164:
160:
156:
45:
5232:
5219:
Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment, Government of India
5107:"HC asks UP govt to put up OBC quota report for ULB polls online"
3876:
http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/note17635288548297625558.pdf
2896:"Rohini Commission may recommend key changes to OBC quota policy"
5223:
3334:"Centre moves Supreme Court seeking review of Jat quota verdict"
1852:
owned more than 5 acres of land. This compared with 1.4% of the
1718:
5236:
5218:
4903:"Bihar Assembly passes Bills to increase quota from 50% to 65%"
3931:"List of Backward Classes approved by Government of Tamil Nadu"
3670:"Koli leaders demand inclusionof all sub-groups in list of STs"
1884:
in 2014 to inform Other Backward Classes (OBC) reservations in
2817:"OBC sub-categorisation: An idea that bloomed for BJP in U.P."
1662:
1563:
1239:
598:
273:
most notable recommendations of the Kalelkar Commission were:
60:
report of 1980 and were determined to be 41% in 2006 when the
5016:"Odisha kicks off survey into conditions of backward classes"
3319:"Jats put in OBC as per Constitutional mandate: Centre to SC"
1935:, and the survey's conclusion has been extended to June 2023.
1360:
are not socially and economically backward in reference with
98:
National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation
3865:
http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/2635221884005388474.pdf
2172:"Representation of reserved categories in central govt jobs"
1840:. According to the survey, 13% of the Brahmins, 6.8% of the
1352:
Supreme Court scrapped Jat Reservations in Central OBCs list
396:
NSSO estimated state wise Other Backword Classes demography
3035:"Plea to reconsider judgment in Indra Sawhney case of 1992"
320:, submitted a report in December 1980 that stated that the
152:, the tension between a section of OBCs and SCs increased.
3956:"Arasu community included in Backward Classes 2A category"
2331:
Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns
2026:
List of Muslim Other Backward Classes communities in India
1374:
List of Muslim Other Backward Classes communities in India
1340:
extremely difficult to exercise other fundamental rights.
2276:. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. pp. 21–23.
1628:
in the National as well as State OBC list of Tamil Nadu.
3703:"Koli community hopeful of getting ST tag in Karnataka"
3406:"West Bengal recommends 87 castes for central OBC list"
2612:"What is India's population of other backward classes?"
1980:
UP Backward Classes Commission OBC quota report for ULB
4100:"'अहीर-यादव' को पिछड़ी श्रेणी में शामिल न करने से रोष"
3379:"OBC status for Jats: SC quashes Centre's review plea"
2151:
What is India's population of other backward classes?
1914:: The ongoing Other Backward Classes (OBC) survey in
1387:
Distribution of state-wise caste in Central OBC list
2977:"Scourge of Reservation: The Invisible Creamy Layer"
2667:
Mittal, Priyanka; Khanna, Pretika (3 October 2017).
5621:
5588:
5547:
5531:
5495:
5432:
5356:
5270:
1988:
Haryana Backward Classes Commission Chairman Report
1685:
in the states of Maharashtra, Kerala and Karnataka.
1592:
in National as well as State OBC list of Karnataka.
328:and non-Hindus, was around 52 percent of the total
4088:https://bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/obc/faq/uttarpradesh.pdf
4923:"Chirag slams CM for seeking spl category status"
4661:"Karnataka: Key caste census report gathers dust"
3139:"Raise 'creamy layer' to Rs 10.5 lakh: OBC panel"
3061:"Raise 'creamy layer' to Rs 10.5 lakh: OBC panel"
1554:Politically important social groups listed as OBC
3217:. Calcutta, India. 11 April 2008. Archived from
2975:Gupta, Anish; Giri, Aaleya (12 September 2015).
1157:Creamy layer and Indra Sawhney vs Union of India
2273:Dalits, Subalternity and Social Change in India
1220:450,000 a year as of October 2008 and now
114:
2752:. 25 August 2017 – via www.thehindu.com.
2270:Ajit K. Pandey; Ashok K. Pankaj, eds. (2018).
1812:or Shaiva Brahmin in the state of Maharashtra.
1677:Listed Brahmins and other priestly communities
1523:government grants OBC reservation benefits to
387:Vocational training was considered imperative.
5248:
3463:"Caste Census to Focus on Education, Economy"
2246:. New Delhi. 10 September 1993. pp. ?–52
2231:
2229:
8:
3292:Venkataramakrishnan, Rohan (18 March 2015).
3240:Venkataramakrishnan, Rohan (17 March 2015).
2746:"Caste and class: On OBC sub-categorisation"
2589:"The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News"
1168:Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India
1119:notified a five-member Commission headed by
283:Treating all women as a class as "backward";
1612:in only State OBC list in Rajasthan State.
1274:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1212:Children of those with family income above
5255:
5241:
5233:
4543:. Cambridge University Press. p. 57.
4513:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
4488:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
4463:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
4438:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
4413:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
4385:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
4357:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
4329:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
4301:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
4273:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
4245:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
4217:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
4192:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
4167:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
4139:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
4114:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
4013:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
3852:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
3729:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
3645:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
3620:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
3556:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
3424:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
1827:: In 1968, the Communist government under
1385:
394:
78:Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
3191:. Rediff.com India Limited. 29 March 2007
2790:"Panel to split OBCs into sub-categories"
2700:. Indo-Asian News Service. 2 October 2017
1562:in the National as well as state list of
1378:Lists of OBCs are maintained by both the
1294:Learn how and when to remove this message
5523:National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
5518:National Commission for Scheduled Castes
5513:National Commission for Backward Classes
5224:National Commission for Backward Classes
3978:National Commission for Backward Classes
3910:National Commission for Backward Classes
3758:National Commission for Backward Classes
2511:"The Muslim OBCs And Affirmative Action"
2485:"Time to curb number of backward castes"
2303:. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
2127:"OBCs make up 41% of population: Survey"
1380:National Commission for Backward Classes
1362:National Commission for Backward Classes
1173:National Commission for Backward Classes
1115:In October 2017, the President of India
338:National Commission for Backward Classes
102:National Commission for Backward Classes
4161:
4159:
3779:"PDF - National OBC list for Karnataka"
3185:"Supreme Court OBC quota in IITs, IIMs"
2987:from the original on 14 September 2015.
2237:"Ministry of Social Welfare Resolution"
2165:
2163:
2068:
1860:Telangana's Samagra Kutumba Survey 2014
1707:in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
4407:
4405:
3802:. Karnataka Government. Archived from
3360:
3350:
1190:Ashoka Kumar Thakur vs. Union of India
122:Article 340 of the Indian Constitution
5450:Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
4956:Tewary, Amarnath (17 November 2023).
4379:
4377:
4351:
4349:
4323:
4321:
4295:
4293:
4267:
4265:
4239:
4237:
3826:"Lodhis as OBC in 10 states of India"
3332:Correspondent, Legal (2 April 2015).
2630:Handbook on Social Welfare Statistics
2077:"OBCs form 41% of population: Survey"
1395:Number of castes in Central OBC list
363:scheduled castes and scheduled tribes
54:Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
7:
5629:2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census
4901:Tewary, Amarnath (9 November 2023).
2413:"Sachar Committee Report(2004-2005)"
2265:
2263:
2261:
2046:Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011
1825:Socio-Economic Survey of Kerala 1968
1272:adding citations to reliable sources
265:61st Rounds (2004–05) Round Survey.
3404:Sharma, Nidhi (14 September 2023).
1950:Odisha Backward Classes Survey 2023
1819:Caste surveys held in Indian states
1546:grants OBC reservation benefits to
263:National Sample Survey Organisation
259:National Sample Survey Organisation
155:In some states of North India, the
62:National Sample Survey Organisation
40:) is a collective term used by the
5394:2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra
5374:Mandal Commission protests of 1990
5318:Court Cases related to Reservation
2815:Hebbar, Nistula (23 August 2017).
1672:in many states list except Punjab.
25:
5026:from the original on 11 June 2023
4537:Maryam Aslany (3 December 2020).
2562:Ashraf, Ajaz (5 September 2015).
2036:List of Scheduled Tribes in India
270:First Backward Classes Commission
5328:Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu
5196:from the original on 11 May 2023
5125:from the original on 11 May 2023
5087:from the original on 11 May 2023
5057:from the original on 11 May 2023
4996:from the original on 11 May 2023
4798:from the original on 11 May 2023
4727:from the original on 11 May 2023
4679:from the original on 11 May 2023
4641:from the original on 11 May 2023
2950:The Judgement Information System
2764:"OBC list to be sub-categorised"
1976:card, or voter identity details.
1244:
5293:Caste-related violence in India
2297:Seyed Hossein, Zarhani (2018).
2170:Baral, Maitree (17 July 2019).
1644:in the central list of Gujarat.
5670:Political terminology in India
5384:2006 anti-reservation protests
3906:"Central OBC list, Tamil Nadu"
3602:"List of Other Backward Class"
2946:"Supreme Court of India Order"
413:No of Central OBC Communities
1:
5634:2022 Bihar caste-based survey
5303:Vandalism of Ambedkar statues
5045:Mitra, Hritika (1 May 2023).
4611:Teja, Charan (21 July 2019).
4566:Economic and Political Weekly
3754:"Central OBC list, Karnataka"
3347:– via www.thehindu.com.
3266:Roy, Indrajit (14 May 2015).
3049:– via www.thehindu.com.
2829:– via www.thehindu.com.
2778:– via www.thehindu.com.
2499:– via www.thehindu.com.
2385:Economic and Political Weekly
2357:Economic and Political Weekly
2041:Patidar reservation agitation
2011:Bihar caste-based survey 2023
1943:2022 Bihar caste-based survey
1939:Bihar caste-based survey 2022
1508:Christian, Nekara Christian,
324:of OBCs, which includes both
4631:"Telangana Open Data Portal"
2334:. India: SAGE Publications.
5298:Economically Weaker Section
3974:"Central OBC list, Gujarat"
3511:. Government of Maharashtra
3506:"शासन निर्णय (Official GR)"
2999:"Explained: Order reserved"
2610:Anand, Arun (24 May 2006).
2006:Economically Weaker Section
1876:Karnataka Caste Census 2015
1836:, almost half of whom were
423:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
401:State and Union Territories
5686:
5389:1996 Bathani Tola Massacre
2212:"About Us - Brief History"
1728:Brahmins in the states of
1701:in the state of Rajasthan.
1371:
1324:Principle of exclusion of
1180:Supreme Court interim stay
407:Approximate OBC population
301:
250:
5575:Republican Party of India
3999:"List of OBC communities"
3581:"Goa OBC caste list 2022"
2411:Sachar, Rajindar (2006).
2021:Jat reservation agitation
1683:Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins
1544:Government of Maharashtra
1537:South India United Church
1525:Latin Catholics of Kerala
1216:250,000 a year, and then
173:Green Revolution in India
5622:Caste Census and Surveys
2031:List of Scheduled Castes
1867:The report reveals that
1123:'s former Chief Justice
236:Indian National Congress
94:Ministry of Home Affairs
5419:Bhima Koregaon protests
5338:Dalit Buddhist movement
5288:Caste politics in India
2103:"OBc count: 52 or 41%?"
5655:Other Backward Classes
5606:Other Backward Classes
5456:Other Backward Classes
5323:IIT reservation policy
3467:The New Indian Express
2442:www.telegraphindia.com
2214:. Socialjustice.nic.in
1954:: On May 1, 2023, the
1910:Uttarakhand OBC Survey
1895:Kota Shrinivas Poojary
1842:Syro-Malabar Catholics
1829:E. M. S. Namboodiripad
1576:Dadra and Nagar Haveli
1186:Supreme Court of India
1184:On 29 March 2007, the
561:Dadra and Nagar Haveli
404:2011 Census population
313:
232:Bharatiya Janata Party
150:Supreme Court of India
125:
5665:Caste system in India
5414:Maratha Kranti Morcha
5399:2008 Gurjar agitation
5333:Self-Respect Movement
5283:Caste system in India
5271:Caste and reservation
5228:central list by state
4635:data.telangana.gov.in
3211:"New Cutoff for OBCs"
2418:. Government of India
2051:Upper Backward Castes
2001:Caste system in India
1650:in the state list of
1548:East Indian Catholics
1196:Supreme Court verdict
311:
261:55th (1999–2000) and
139:Socio-economic status
108:Government obligation
5660:Reservation in India
5611:Including Muslim OBC
5313:Reservation in India
4705:. 26 September 2023.
4068:sje.rajasthan.gov.in
3892:sje.rajasthan.gov.in
3841:list of Rajathan-PDF
3806:on 20 September 2014
3485:www.keralapsc.gov.in
3451:. 13 September 2023.
2654:"seats of sc st obc"
1659:in the central list.
1368:Central List of OBCs
1328:applicable to OBC's.
1268:improve this section
34:Other Backward Class
5555:Bahujan Samaj Party
5503:Kalelkar Commission
5424:April 2018 protests
5051:www.indiatvnews.com
4931:. 18 November 2023.
3888:"List of Caste OBC"
2934:. 2 September 2023.
2898:. 2 September 2023.
2491:. 13 September 2007
2115:on 3 December 2013.
1705:Saurashtra Brahmins
1388:
416:(as of Agaust 2018)
397:
253:Kalelkar Commission
247:Kalelkar Commission
70:Indian Constitution
42:Government of India
5467:Affirmative action
5182:The Times of India
5151:. 1 January 2023.
5149:The Times of India
5111:The Times of India
5020:The Indian Express
4982:The Times of India
4928:The Times of India
4869:The Times of India
4784:The Times of India
4751:The Times of India
4667:. 21 August 2021.
4665:The Times of India
4600:. 11 October 2023.
4597:The Times of India
4044:. 23 February 2016
3962:. 13 January 2012.
3707:The Times of India
3676:. 6 January 2019.
3410:The Economic Times
3383:The Times of India
3363:has generic name (
3144:The Times of India
3117:The Times of India
3091:The Times of India
3065:The Times of India
3023:. 23 October 2015.
2916:. 11 January 2019.
2914:The Times of India
2794:The Times of India
2591:. Tribuneindia.com
2517:. 30 November 2006
2328:Kumar, S. (2018).
2192:. 23 December 2015
2190:The Economic Times
2108:The Times of India
2081:The Times of India
1386:
1111:Sub-categorisation
395:
314:
5642:
5641:
5508:Mandal Commission
5404:Patidar agitation
4984:. 25 April 2023.
4890:. 2 October 2023.
4872:. 3 October 2023.
4852:. 2 October 2023.
4838:. 2 October 2023.
4824:. 6 October 2023.
4786:. 28 April 2023.
4723:. 21 April 2023.
3469:. 6 January 2015.
3119:. 26 October 2015
3093:. 27 October 2015
2869:. 1 August 2023.
2843:. 7 December 2018
1983:
1961:Anganwadi Kendras
1953:
1913:
1879:
1863:
1838:Syrian Christians
1762:in the states of
1634:community of the
1490:Brahmin Christian
1477:
1476:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1108:
1107:
675:Jammu and Kashmir
466:Arunachal Pradesh
334:Mandal Commission
304:Mandal Commission
298:Mandal Commission
131:, Union Minister
84:, Union Minister
58:Mandal Commission
16:(Redirected from
5677:
5601:Scheduled Tribes
5596:Scheduled Castes
5379:Namantar Andolan
5257:
5250:
5243:
5234:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
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5132:
5130:
5113:. 6 April 2023.
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4713:
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4646:
4627:
4621:
4620:
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4602:
4601:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4572:(7/8): 475–480.
4561:
4555:
4554:
4534:
4528:
4527:
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4523:
4509:
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4049:
4042:Timesofindia.com
4034:
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3830:
3829:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3585:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3221:on 12 April 2008
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3165:. 23 August 2017
3155:
3149:
3148:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3041:. 23 August 2007
3031:
3025:
3024:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2952:. Archived from
2942:
2936:
2935:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2796:. 24 August 2017
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2770:. 23 August 2017
2760:
2754:
2753:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2726:. 3 October 2017
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2642:on 30 June 2020.
2641:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2614:. Archived from
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2267:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2244:Gazette of India
2241:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2158:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2111:. Archived from
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2083:. September 2007
2073:
2056:Varna (Hinduism)
1982:
1952:
1912:
1878:
1862:
1848:and 4.7% of the
1780:Himachal Pradesh
1742:Himachal Pradesh
1533:Nadar Christians
1389:
1299:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1248:
1240:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1121:Delhi High Court
656:Himachal Pradesh
417:
398:
177:Mandal agitation
169:Zamindari system
146:Scheduled Castes
123:
21:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5617:
5584:
5543:
5527:
5491:
5462:Forward classes
5428:
5352:
5308:Anti-Brahminism
5266:
5261:
5215:
5210:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5161:
5159:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5128:
5126:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5029:
5027:
5014:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4997:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4888:The News Minute
4882:
4881:
4877:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4822:Hindustan Times
4816:
4815:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4763:
4761:
4753:. 8 June 2023.
4745:
4744:
4740:
4730:
4728:
4721:The News Minute
4715:
4714:
4710:
4703:Hindustan Times
4697:
4696:
4692:
4682:
4680:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4642:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4617:The News Minute
4610:
4609:
4605:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4551:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4517:www.ncbc.nic.in
4511:
4510:
4506:
4496:
4494:
4492:www.ncbc.nic.in
4486:
4485:
4481:
4471:
4469:
4467:www.ncbc.nic.in
4461:
4460:
4456:
4446:
4444:
4442:www.ncbc.nic.in
4436:
4435:
4431:
4421:
4419:
4417:www.ncbc.nic.in
4411:
4410:
4403:
4393:
4391:
4389:www.ncbc.nic.in
4383:
4382:
4375:
4365:
4363:
4361:www.ncbc.nic.in
4355:
4354:
4347:
4337:
4335:
4333:www.ncbc.nic.in
4327:
4326:
4319:
4309:
4307:
4305:www.ncbc.nic.in
4299:
4298:
4291:
4281:
4279:
4277:www.ncbc.nic.in
4271:
4270:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4249:www.ncbc.nic.in
4243:
4242:
4235:
4225:
4223:
4221:www.ncbc.nic.in
4215:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4196:www.ncbc.nic.in
4190:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4173:
4171:www.ncbc.nic.in
4165:
4164:
4157:
4147:
4145:
4143:www.ncbc.nic.in
4137:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4120:
4118:www.ncbc.nic.in
4112:
4111:
4107:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4017:www.ncbc.nic.in
4011:
4010:
4006:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3980:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3936:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3859:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3733:www.ncbc.nic.in
3727:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3649:www.ncbc.nic.in
3643:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3624:www.ncbc.nic.in
3618:
3617:
3613:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3560:www.ncbc.nic.in
3554:
3553:
3549:
3539:
3537:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3359:
3349:
3342:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3321:. 5 April 2015.
3317:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3163:Hindustan Times
3157:
3156:
3152:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
3001:. 23 March 2015
2997:
2996:
2992:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2956:on 4 March 2016
2944:
2943:
2939:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2618:on 26 May 2007.
2609:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2515:Outlook (India)
2509:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2392:(36): 3889–92.
2381:
2380:
2376:
2363:(26): 1304–06.
2354:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2311:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2269:
2268:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2060:
1996:
1821:
1699:Kattaha Brahmin
1689:Bhargava Dakaut
1679:
1636:Mysore Wodeyars
1556:
1482:
1376:
1370:
1354:
1300:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1265:
1249:
1238:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1198:
1182:
1159:
1154:
1117:Ram Nath Kovind
1113:
415:
414:
306:
300:
255:
249:
244:
183:Sanskritisation
141:
124:
121:
110:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5683:
5681:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5647:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5603:
5598:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5539:Atrocities Act
5535:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5477:Untouchability
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5453:
5447:
5442:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5364:Communal Award
5360:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5343:B. R. Ambedkar
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5264:Caste in India
5262:
5260:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5221:
5214:
5213:External links
5211:
5208:
5207:
5184:. 6 May 2023.
5169:
5136:
5098:
5068:
5037:
5022:. 1 May 2023.
5007:
4969:
4948:
4934:
4914:
4893:
4875:
4855:
4841:
4827:
4809:
4771:
4738:
4708:
4690:
4652:
4622:
4603:
4583:
4556:
4549:
4529:
4504:
4479:
4454:
4429:
4401:
4373:
4345:
4317:
4289:
4261:
4233:
4208:
4183:
4155:
4130:
4105:
4091:
4080:
4055:
4029:
4004:
3990:
3965:
3947:
3922:
3897:
3879:
3868:
3857:
3843:
3831:
3817:
3787:
3770:
3745:
3720:
3709:. 25 June 2017
3694:
3661:
3636:
3611:
3606:Gujarat.Gov.In
3593:
3572:
3547:
3522:
3497:
3472:
3454:
3440:
3415:
3396:
3385:. 21 July 2015
3370:
3324:
3310:
3284:
3258:
3232:
3202:
3176:
3150:
3130:
3104:
3078:
3052:
3026:
3012:
2990:
2967:
2937:
2919:
2901:
2887:
2854:
2832:
2807:
2781:
2755:
2737:
2724:HuffPost India
2711:
2685:
2659:
2645:
2621:
2602:
2580:
2554:
2543:. 17 July 2015
2528:
2502:
2476:
2465:. 17 July 2006
2454:
2429:
2403:
2374:
2347:
2340:
2320:
2309:
2289:
2282:
2257:
2225:
2203:
2177:
2159:
2143:
2131:www.rediff.com
2118:
2094:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2016:Forward Castes
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1947:
1936:
1907:
1873:
1857:
1844:, 5.4% of the
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1788:Madhya Pradesh
1757:
1722:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1686:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1629:
1623:
1613:
1603:
1593:
1587:
1555:
1552:
1512:Christian and
1481:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1369:
1366:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1301:
1252:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1197:
1194:
1181:
1178:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1152:Legal disputes
1150:
1145:Droupadi Murmu
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
994:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
975:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
956:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
937:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
918:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
899:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
880:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
861:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
842:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
823:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
804:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
785:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
770:Madhya Pradesh
766:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
747:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
728:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
709:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
690:
689:
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683:
680:
677:
671:
670:
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664:
661:
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652:
651:
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645:
642:
639:
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
614:
613:
610:
607:
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601:
595:
594:
591:
588:
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582:
576:
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572:
569:
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563:
557:
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550:
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538:
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531:
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519:
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512:
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493:
490:
487:
481:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
462:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
442:Andhra Pradesh
438:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
419:
418:
411:
408:
405:
402:
393:
392:
388:
385:
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359:
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302:Main article:
299:
296:
291:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
251:Main article:
248:
245:
243:
240:
227:Madhya Pradesh
140:
137:
133:Jitendra Singh
119:
109:
106:
86:Jitendra Singh
50:general castes
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5682:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
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5650:
5635:
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5612:
5609:
5608:
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5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5565:Justice Party
5563:
5561:
5560:Dalit Panther
5558:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5548:Organisations
5546:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
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5498:
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5488:
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5438:
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5425:
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5412:
5410:
5409:Jat agitation
5407:
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5400:
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5390:
5387:
5385:
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5380:
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4709:
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3233:
3220:
3216:
3215:The Telegraph
3212:
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3190:
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3180:
3177:
3164:
3160:
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3151:
3147:. 5 May 2015.
3146:
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2310:9781351255189
2306:
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2283:9780429785184
2279:
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2274:
2266:
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2262:
2258:
2245:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2098:
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2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:forward caste
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1800:Uttar Pradesh
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1750:Uttar Pradesh
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
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1687:
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1676:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1638:in Karnataka.
1637:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:Forward Caste
1597:
1596:Lodhi Rajputs
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:Daman and Diu
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:Anglo Indians
1526:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1461:Uttar Pradesh
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1429:
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1424:
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1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
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1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1287:
1284:November 2021
1277:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1253:This section
1251:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1169:
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1156:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1095:1,210,854,977
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1036:Uttar Pradesh
1034:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
991:
988:
985:
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977:
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969:
966:
963:
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925:
923:
920:
919:
915:
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906:
904:
901:
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893:
890:
887:
885:
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877:
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871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
858:
855:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
839:
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833:
830:
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824:
820:
817:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
801:
798:
795:
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790:
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782:
779:
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773:
771:
768:
767:
763:
760:
757:
754:
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749:
748:
744:
741:
738:
735:
733:
730:
729:
725:
722:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
706:
703:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
687:
684:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
668:
665:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
649:
646:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
630:
627:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
611:
608:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
592:
589:
586:
583:
581:
580:Daman and Diu
578:
577:
573:
570:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
554:
551:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
535:
532:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
516:
513:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
497:
494:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
478:
475:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
443:
440:
439:
435:
432:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
399:
389:
386:
383:
379:
376:
375:
374:
367:
364:
360:
357:
354:
351:
350:
349:
345:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
310:
305:
297:
295:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:
274:
271:
266:
264:
260:
254:
246:
241:
239:
237:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:Awadhia Kurmi
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
184:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
138:
136:
134:
130:
118:
113:
107:
105:
103:
99:
95:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:public sector
71:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
5472:Creamy layer
5455:
5198:. Retrieved
5181:
5172:
5160:. Retrieved
5148:
5139:
5127:. Retrieved
5110:
5101:
5089:. Retrieved
5080:
5071:
5059:. Retrieved
5050:
5040:
5028:. Retrieved
5019:
5010:
4998:. Retrieved
4981:
4972:
4961:
4951:
4937:
4926:
4917:
4906:
4896:
4887:
4878:
4867:
4858:
4844:
4830:
4821:
4812:
4800:. Retrieved
4783:
4774:
4762:. Retrieved
4750:
4741:
4729:. Retrieved
4720:
4711:
4702:
4693:
4681:. Retrieved
4664:
4655:
4643:. Retrieved
4634:
4625:
4616:
4606:
4595:
4586:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4539:
4532:
4520:. Retrieved
4516:
4507:
4495:. Retrieved
4491:
4482:
4470:. Retrieved
4466:
4457:
4445:. Retrieved
4441:
4432:
4420:. Retrieved
4416:
4392:. Retrieved
4388:
4364:. Retrieved
4360:
4336:. Retrieved
4332:
4308:. Retrieved
4304:
4280:. Retrieved
4276:
4252:. Retrieved
4248:
4224:. Retrieved
4220:
4211:
4199:. Retrieved
4195:
4186:
4174:. Retrieved
4170:
4146:. Retrieved
4142:
4133:
4121:. Retrieved
4117:
4108:
4094:
4083:
4071:. Retrieved
4067:
4058:
4046:. Retrieved
4041:
4032:
4020:. Retrieved
4016:
4007:
3993:
3981:. Retrieved
3977:
3968:
3959:
3950:
3942:
3935:. Retrieved
3925:
3913:. Retrieved
3909:
3900:
3891:
3882:
3871:
3860:
3846:
3834:
3820:
3810:17 September
3808:. Retrieved
3804:the original
3799:
3790:
3773:
3761:. Retrieved
3757:
3748:
3736:. Retrieved
3732:
3723:
3711:. Retrieved
3706:
3697:
3685:. Retrieved
3673:
3664:
3652:. Retrieved
3648:
3639:
3627:. Retrieved
3623:
3614:
3605:
3596:
3587:
3575:
3563:. Retrieved
3559:
3550:
3538:. Retrieved
3534:
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3500:
3488:. Retrieved
3484:
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4422:28 December
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1724:Dhiman and
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1516:Christian.
1500:Christian,
1496:Christian,
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1401:Maharashtra
1098:532,776,000
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1055:Uttarakhand
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511:65,166,000
489:31,205,576
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1606:Bishnoi
1590:Rajputs
1568:Gujarat
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