IBM System/370 - Knowledge (XXG)

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because of virtual memory experience at CSC and elsewhere. The 145 microcode architecture simplified the addition of virtual storage, allowing this capability to be present in early 145s without the extensive hardware modifications needed in other models. However, IBM did not document the 145's virtual storage capability, nor annotate the relevant bits in the control registers and PSW that were displayed on the operator control panel when selected using the roller switches. The Reference and Change bits of the Storage-protection Keys, however, were labeled on the rollers, a dead giveaway to anyone who had worked with the earlier 360/67. Existing S/370-145 customers were happy to learn that they did not have to purchase a hardware upgrade in order to run DOS/VS or OS/VS1 (or OS/VS2 Release 1 – which was possible, but not common because of the limited amount of main storage available on the S/370-145).

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primary-space mode or secondary-space mode. When in primary-space mode, instructions and data are fetched from the primary address space. When in secondary-space mode, operands whose addresses defined to be logical are fetched from the secondary address space; it is unpredictable whether instructions will be fetched from the primary or secondary address space, so code must be mapped into both address spaces in the same address ranges in both address spaces. The program can switch between primary-space and secondary-space mode with the SET ADDRESS SPACE CONTROL instruction; there are also MOVE TO PRIMARY and MOVE TO SECONDARY instructions that copy a range of bytes from an address range in one address space to an address range in the other address space.

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and S/370-165-II. IBM wanted customers to upgrade their 155 and 165 systems to the widely sold S/370-158 and -168. These upgrades were surprisingly expensive ($ 200,000 and $ 400,000, respectively) and had long ship date lead times after being ordered by a customer; consequently, they were never popular with customers, the majority of whom leased their systems via a third-party

747: 755: 4704:– tables include model characteristics (Table 1) and announcement/shipment dates (Table 2). The S/370-155-II and -165-II are listed under the former but not the latter, because the upgraded systems were not formally announced as separate models. The "System/370 Advanced Function" announcement, including the -158 and -168, was the main public event. 5840:

from 1967 to 1972, it put in place a massive industrial complex to reverse-engineer, copy, and produce IBM mainframes and DEC minicomputers... Once a computer was reduced to its constituent bits on both a software and hardware level, industrial management designed a manufacturing process to replicate

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Such an example is that the S/370 architecture specifies that the 64-bit PSW register bit number 32 has to be set to 0 and that doing otherwise leads to an exception. Subsequently, when the S/370-XA architecture was defined, it was stated that this bit would indicate whether the program was a program

879:

Address spaces are identified by an address-space number (ASN). The ASN contains indices into a two-level table, structured similarly to a two-level page table, with entries containing a presence bit, various fields indicating permissions granted for access to the address space, the starting address

816:

The Dual Address Space (DAS) facility allows a privileged program to move data between two address spaces without the overhead of allocating a buffer in common storage, moving the data to the buffer, scheduling an SRB in the target address space, moving the data to their final destination and freeing

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Shortly after the August 2, 1972 announcement, DAT box (address relocation hardware) upgrades for the S/370-155 and S/370-165 were quietly announced, but were available only for purchase by customers who already owned a Model 155 or 165. After installation, these models were known as the S/370-155-II

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for S/370, but it became obsolete over time and was finally replaced with the S/390 backend. Although the S/370 and S/390 instruction sets are essentially the same (and have been consistent since the introduction of the S/360), GCC operability on older systems has been abandoned. GCC currently works

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evolution of the System/360 architecture from which it retains most aspects. This specification does not make any assumptions on the implementation itself, but rather describes the interfaces and the expected behavior of an implementation. The architecture describes mandatory interfaces that must be

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company. This led to the original S/370-155 and S/370-165 models being described as "boat anchors". The upgrade, required to run OS/VS1 or OS/VS2, was not cost effective for most customers by the time IBM could actually deliver and install it, so many customers were stuck with these machines running

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for the DOS compatibility feature from its first shipments in June 1971; the same hardware was used by the microcode for DAT. Although IBM famously chose to exclude virtual storage from the S/370 announcement, that decision was being reconsidered during the completion of the 145 engineering, partly

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Great care was taken in order to ensure that further modifications to the architecture would remain compatible, at least as far as non-privileged programs were concerned. This philosophy predates the definition of the S/370 architecture and started with the S/360 architecture. If certain rules are

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However, not all of the interfaces can remain compatible. Emphasis was put on having non control programs (called problem state programs) remain compatible. Thus, operating systems have to be ported to the new architecture because the control interfaces can (and were) redefined in an incompatible

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The initial System/370 architecture has a 24-bit limit on physical addresses, limiting physical memory to 16 MB. Page table entries have 12 bits of page frame address with 4 KB pages and 13 bits of page frame address with 2 KB pages, so combining a 12-bit page frame address with a 12-bit offset

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systems had become a major theme in the computer market, and the 370 was considered highly controversial as it lacked this feature. This was addressed in 1972 with the System/370 Advanced Function and its associated dynamic address translation (DAT) hardware. All future machines in the lineup

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The original System/370 line was announced on June 30, 1970, with first customer shipment of the Models 155 and 165 planned for February 1971 and April 1971 respectively. The 155 first shipped in January 1971. System/370 underwent several architectural improvements during its roughly 20-year

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The following table summarizes the major S/370 series and models. The second column lists the principal architecture associated with each series. Many models implemented more than one architecture; thus, 308x processors initially shipped as S/370 architecture, but later offered XA; and many

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The extended real addressing feature in System/370 raises this limit to 26 bits, increasing the physical memory limit to 64 MB. Two reserved bits in the page table entry for 4 KB pages were used to extend the page frame address. The extended real addressing is only available with address

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In 1981, IBM added the dual-address-space facility to System/370. This allows a program to have two address spaces; Control Register 1 contains the segment table origin (STO) for the primary address space and CR7 contains the STO for the secondary address space. The processor can run in

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The block multiplexer channel, previously available only on the 360/85 and 360/195, was a standard part of the architecture. For compatibility it could operate as a selector channel. Block multiplexer channels were available in single byte (1.5 MB/s) and double byte (3.0 MB/s) versions.

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In 1972, a very significant change was made when support for virtual storage was introduced with IBM's "System/370 Advanced Function" announcement. IBM had initially (and controversially) chosen to exclude virtual storage from the S/370 line. The August 2, 1972 announcement included:

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MVT until their lease ended. It was not unusual for this to be another four, five or even six years for the more unfortunate ones, and turned out to be a significant factor in the slow adoption of OS/VS2 MVS, not only by customers in general, but for many internal IBM sites as well.

547:, were introduced, the System/370 architecture was described as an extension, but not a redesign, of IBM's 1964-introduced System/360 architecture. The System/370 architecture incorporated only a small number of changes to the System/360 architecture. These changes included: 1264:

which was announced Jun 30, 1976 was offered with either 524,288 (512K) or 1,048,576 (1 MB) of memory. The latter was "double the maximum capacity of the Model 135," which "can be upgraded to the new computer's internal performance levels at customer locations."

810:

Operating system specific assist, Extended Control Program Support (ECPS). extended facility and extension features for OS/VS1, MVS and VM. Exploiting levels of these operating systems, e.g., MVS/System Extensions (MVS/SE), reduce path length for some frequent

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Furthermore, it stated its awareness of the needs of small-to-medium size businesses to be able to respond, as "computing requirements grow," adding that "the IBM 9370 system can be easily expanded by adding additional features and racks to accommodate..."

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IBM took great care to ensure that changes to the architecture would remain compatible for unprivileged (problem state) programs; some new interfaces did not break the initial interface contract for privileged (supervisor mode) programs. Some examples are

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to prevent anybody noticing the arrival of an S/370 at that hotbed of virtual memory development – since this would have signaled that the S/370 was about to receive address relocation technology). The S/370-145 had an associative memory used by the

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processors added "extended real addressing", which allowed 26-bit addressing for physical storage (but still imposed a 24-bit limit for any individual address space). This capability appeared later on other systems, such as the 4381 and

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that supported it. Smaller additions were made throughout the lifetime of the line, which led to a profusion of models that were generally referred to by the processor number. One of the last major additions to the line in 1988 were the

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Although the 168 served as IBM's "flagship" system, a 1975 newsbrief said that IBM boosted the power of the 370/168 again "in the wake of the Amdahl challenge... only 10 months after it introduced the improved 168-3 processor."

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The first System/370 to use monolithic main memory, the Model 145 was offered in six memory sizes. A portion of the main memory, the "Reloadable Control Storage" (RCS) was loaded from a prewritten disk cartridge containing

653:(Monolithic System Technology) making them third generation computers. MST provided System/370 with four to eight times the circuit density and over ten times the reliability when compared to the previous second generation 1844:

This low-end system, announced October 7, 1986, was "designed to satisfy the computing requirements of IBM customers who value System/370 affinity" and "small enough and quiet enough to operate in an office environment."

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IBM offered many Model Groups and models of the 4300 family, ranging from the entry level 4331 to the 4381, described as "one of the most powerful and versatile intermediate system processors ever produced by IBM."

387:, which IBM referred to as Monolithic System Technology, or MST. The higher density packaging allowed several formerly optional features from the 360 line to be included as standard features of the machines, 435:

The following features mentioned in the 11th edition of the System/370 Principles of Operation are either optional on S/360 but standard on S/370, introduced with S/370 or added to S/370 after announcement.

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As with the option to field-upgrade a 135, a 370/145 could be field-upgraded "at customer locations" to 148-level performance. The upgraded 135 and 145 systems were "designated the Models 135-3 and 145-3."

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and length of the segment table for the address space, and other information. The SET SECONDARY ASN instruction makes the address space identified by a given ASN value the current secondary address space.

382:

Early 370 systems differed from the 360 largely in their internal circuitry, moving from the individual transistors and small-scale integrated circuits to more modern devices using multiple transistors per

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respectively. IBM subsequently announced models 120, 150, 180, 300, 500 and 600 with lower, intermediate and higher capacities; the first digit of the model number gives the number of central processors.

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IBM noted about the 3033, looking back, that "When it was rolled out on March 25, 1977, the 3033 eclipsed the internal operating speed of the company's previous flagship the System/370 Model 168-3 ..."

1906:'s launch of his own company. About the same time, Japanese giants began eyeing the lucrative mainframe market both at home and abroad. One Japanese consortium focused upon IBM and two others from the 5641:

The "first to market" advantage can be summarized as "In 1972, computer designer Seymour Cray left CDC and formed a new company" as noted in Getting Up to Speed: The Future of Supercomputing, 2005,

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or parallel Bus and Tag) channel-to-control-unit cabling infrastructure and protocol onto standard FC services and infrastructure at data rates up to 16 Gigabits/sec at distances up to 100 km.

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and the Model 165 were announced Jun 30, 1970, the first of the 370s introduced. Neither had a DAT box; they were limited to running the same non-virtual-memory operating systems available for the

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Channel set switching allowed one processor in a multiprocessor configuration to take over the I/O workload from the other processor if it failed or was taken offline for maintenance.

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Note also the confusing term "System/370-compatible", which appeared in IBM source documents to describe certain products. Outside IBM, this term would more often describe systems from

5855: 3640:, the most significant design improvement since the 31-bit transition. All have retained essential backward compatibility with the original S/360 architecture and instruction set. 1382:

A tightly coupled multiprocessor (MP) model was available, as was the ability to loosely couple this system to another 360 or 370 via an optional channel-to-channel adapter.

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expecting a 24-bit address architecture or 31-bit address architecture. Thus, most programs that ran on the 24-bit architecture can still run on 31-bit systems; the 64-bit

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IBM also noted its sensitivity to "entry software prices, substantial reductions in support and training requirements, and modest power consumption and maintenance costs."

1524:, was announced March 25, 1977 and was delivered the following March, at which time a multiprocessor version of the 3033 was announced. IBM described it as "The Big One." 1871:

In the 360 era, a number of manufacturers had already standardized upon the IBM/360 instruction set and, to a degree, 360 architecture. Notable computer makers included

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the hyperlink on the words "Vector processing" point to an article that has only 2 mentions of IBM, one of which begins "In 2000, IBM, Toshiba and Sony collaborated."

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Other changes were compatible only for unprivileged programs, although the changes for privileged programs were of limited scope and well defined. Some examples are:

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The 4361 has "Programmable Power-Off -- enables the user to turn off the processor under program control"; "Unit power off" is (also) part of the 4381 feature list.

6561: 6230: 4825: 836:), first available in early 1983 on the 3081 and 3083 processors, provided a number of major enhancements, including expansion of virtual address spaces from 3613:

has an additional mode bit for 64-bit addresses, so that those programs, and programs that ran on the 31-bit architecture, can still run on 64-bit systems.

918:, and others, that could run the same S/370 software. This choice of terminology by IBM may have been a deliberate attempt to ignore the existence of those 4580:

The IBM 2880 Block-Multiplexer Channel included most of the System/370 I/O architecture extensions and was made available on System/360 Models 85 and 195.

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systems were strong competitors in both hardware and software; the media of the day carried IBM's alleged "VAX Killer" phrase, albeit often skeptically.

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compatibility features were included, and the supporting integrated emulator programs could operate concurrently with standard System/370 workloads.

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with the S/360, allowing an easy migration path for customers; this, plus improved performance, were the dominant themes of the product announcement.

4793: 5617: 346: 6192:— Chapter 4 (pp. 111–166) describes the System/370 architecture; Chapter 5 (pp. 167–206) describes the System/370 Extended Architecture. 3629:

in the 1990s, and similarly extended the architecture from ESA/370 to ESA/390. This was a minor architectural change, and was upwards compatible.

3477:. Each instruction is wholly described and also defines the conditions under which an exception is recognized in the form of program interruption. 1294:

to implement, for example, all needed instructions, I/O channels, and optional instructions to enable the system to emulate earlier IBM machines.

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made from monolithic integrated circuits and was scheduled for delivery in the late summer of 1971. All subsequent S/370 models used such memory.

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The 370 was IBM's primary large mainframe offering from the 1970s through the 1980s. In September 1990, the System/370 line was replaced with the

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oneywell) group of IBM's competitors. The latter efforts were abandoned and eventually all Japanese efforts focused on the IBM mainframe lines.

6551: 821:, but later made it available for some 43xx, 3031 and 3032 processors. MVS/System Product (MVS/SP) Version 1 exploited DAS if it was available. 4737: 4633: 5384: 5200: 4297: 5362: 5340: 4466: 4402: 4386: 4329: 4269: 4516: 6155: 5990: 5974: 4532: 4223: 6034: 6006: 5958: 5942: 4854: 4780: 4751: 6388: 3774: 4592: 4370: 4053: 3930:

One announcement alone featured mention of "Twelve models of the 4381" for just 3 "Model Groups" and also listed 6 other Model Groups

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IBM documentation numbers the bits from high order to low order; the most significant (leftmost) bit is designated as bit number 0.

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channel with a maximum distance of 43 kilometers. Originally operating at 10 Mbyte/s, it was subsequently increased to 17 Mbyte/s.

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Despite the numbering, the least powerful was the 3083, which could be field-upgraded to a 3081; the 3084 was the top of the line.

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on machines that have the full instruction set of System/390 Generation 5 (G5), the hardware platform for the initial release of

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All of the emulator features were designed to run under the control of the standard operating systems. IBM documented the S/370

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adhered to, a program written for this architecture will run with the intended results on the successors of this architecture.

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Starting with the E models, and continuing with the J and S models, IBM offered Enterprise Systems Architecture/370 (ESA/370),

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The CPU could be configured with 65,536 (64K) or 98,304 (96K) bytes of main memory. An optional 360/20 emulator was available.

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Later architectural changes primarily involved expansions in memory (central storage) – both physical memory and virtual

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Beginning in 1977, IBM began to introduce new systems, using the description "A compatible member of the System/370 family."

599: 189: 5649:, by National Research Council, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board 4010: 1686:(PR/SM) and a set of backward compatible MVS/Enterprise System Architecture (MVS/ESA) software replacing previous products: 3617:

way. For example, the I/O interface was redesigned in S/370-XA making S/370 program issuing I/O operations unusable as-is.

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within the page or a 13-bit page frame address with an 11-bit offset within the page produces a 24-bit physical address.

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VM/370 R2, VM/BSE, VM/SE and VM/SP exploit Virtual-Machine Assist and Shadow-Table-Bypass Assist if they are available.

919: 907:

processors, such as the 4381, had microcode that allowed customer selection between S/370 or XA (later, ESA) operation.

339: 3689:

As part of the DAT announcement, IBM upgraded channels to have Indirect Data Address Lists (IDALs). a form of I/O MMU.

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Emulating the IBM 1401, 1440 and 1460 on the IBM System/370 Models 145 and 155 using OS/360 Program Number 360C-EU-735

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A "reading device located in the Model 135 console" allowed updates and adding features to the Model 135's microcode.

767: 295: 5805: 650: 6571: 4554: 3698:

System/370-XA introduced a channel subsystem that performed I/O queuing previously done by the operating system.

1959: 1892: 603: 112: 5100:

Emulating the IBM 1410 and 7010 on the IBM System/370 Models 145 and 155 using OS/360 Program Number 360C-EU-736

3661:. However, a separately maintained version of GCC 3.2.3 that works for the S/370 is available, known as GCCMVS. 1899:. These computers were not perfectly compatible, nor (except for the Russian efforts) were they intended to be. 1403:

was described by IBM as "more powerful" compared to the "medium-scale" 370/155. It first shipped in April 1971.

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the machine... a clone of the IBM 360/40 in 1970, a Cold War coup. Later, he worked on duplicating the IBM 370

798:– to enable larger workloads and meet client demands for more storage. This was the inevitable trend as 576:

thereby permitting operations on up to 2^24-1 bytes (16 MB), vs. the 256-byte limits on the 360's MVC and CLC;

44: 844:, expansion of real addresses from 24 or 26 bits to 31 bits, and a complete redesign of the I/O architecture. 5232: 3869: 3853: 3849: 3824: 3649: 1814:

processors were Mid/Low end systems announced Jan 30, 1979 as "compact (and).. compatible with System/370."

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Data streaming channels had a speed of 3.0 MB/s over a single byte interface, later upgraded to 4.5 MB/s.

1590: 1426: 803: 654: 635: 376: 274: 5927:

The plug-compatible CPU is the conception of Dr. Jared A. Anderson and his associates at Two Pi Corp., ..

4159: 1674:, began with models 200 and 400. They were announced Feb. 12, 1985, and were configured with two or four 6414: 5703: 3724:

became the standard IBM mainframe channel; FIbre CONnection (FICON) is the IBM proprietary name for the

3714: 3572: 3400: 859:, more addressing modes, and various facilities for working with multiple address spaces simultaneously. 720: 708: 704: 701: 408:

extensions that allowed a machine to have multiple virtual address spaces and easily switch among them.

80: 5153: 5114:

Emulating the IBM 7074 on the IBM System/370 Models 155 and 165 using OS/360 Program Number 360C-EU-739

719:(Multiple Virtual Storage) and planned to be available 20 months later (at the end of March 1974), and 1286:

was announced Sep 23, 1970, three months after the 155 and 165 models. It first shipped in June 1971.

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included "up to eight megabytes" of main memory, double the maximum of 4 megabytes on the 370/158.

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MVS/Extended Architecture (MVS/XA) software replacing previous products and part of OS/VS2 R3.8:

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was announced Mar 8, 1971. Options for the 370/135 included a choice of four main memory sizes;

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available on all implementations and optional interfaces which may or may not be implemented.

1782: 1781:

IBM's offering of an optional vector facility (VF) extension for the 3090 came at a time when

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The 4331 was subsequently withdrawn on November 18, 1981, and the 4341 on February 11, 1986.

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was announced Jun 30, 1970 and, at that time, it was "IBM's most powerful computing system."

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Its introduction came about 14 months after the announcement of its direct predecessor, the

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E.g., programs that depended on getting program interrupts for alignment errors might fail.

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An Input/Output mechanism – which does not describe the devices themselves

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The same IBM web page notes the following date announced/withdrawn dates: Model Groups

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Virtual storage had in fact been delivered on S/370 hardware before this announcement:

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TSO Extensions (TSO/E), which enhances and extends the capability of TSO, is announced

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Timing facilities (Time of day clock, interval timer, CPU timer and clock comparator)

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It was delivered with "a minimum of two (of IBM's newly announced) directly-attached

795: 368: 264: 201: 4752:"Section 80: Comparison Table of Hardware - 4341 Model Group 12 and 4381 Processors" 1460:

It included dynamic address translation (DAT) hardware, a pre-requisite for the new

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It included dynamic address translation (DAT) hardware, a prerequisite for the new

1173: 730: 712: 5793:. January 1990. chapter 5.4, "SUMMARY OF RELATIVE STRENGTH OF DEC/VMS AND IBM/VM". 1553:

Three systems comprised the next series of high end machines, IBM's 308X systems:

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eroded the unit cost of memory. As with all IBM mainframe development, preserving

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3D Rendering of computer center with IBM System/370-145 and IBM 2401 tape drives

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address relocation hardware on all S/370s except the original models 155 and 165

627: 615:

support for the block multiplexer channel introduced in the System/360 Model 85.

259: 5899: 1172:

was announced March 13, 1973 as "an ideal System/370 entry system for users of

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used the name System/370 to announce the following eleven (3 digit) offerings:

3415: 1964: 138: 125: 3522:

Manual display and modifications of the system's state (memory and processor)

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On September 5, 1990, IBM announced the Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 (

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support for instance. The 370 also added a small number of new instructions.

5915: 3740:(FCP) allows attaching SCSI devices using the same infrastructure as FICON. 3467: 3443: 1422: 1291: 772: 5589:"IBM 3090 PROCESSOR UNIT MODEL 120E, IBM 3092 PROCESSOR CONTROLLER MODEL 3" 922:(PCMs), because they competed aggressively against IBM hardware dominance. 746: 4837:. September 1981. p. 3-11-3-6,5-11-5-29. GA22-7000-7. 4567: 6393: 6383: 6363: 6358: 6342: 6337: 6332: 4905:

with surprising term 'System/370-compatible' for the 3xxx and 4xxx series

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In February 1988, IBM announced the Enterprise Systems Architecture/370 (

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to explain why the 9370 is categorized as a System/370 compatible system

4699: 4641:(Second ed.). IBM. October 1971. pp. CPU 117–129. SY24-3581-1. 3440:

A 64-bit Program status word (PSW) which describes (among other things)

754: 669:, a third model of the System/370, which was the first model to feature 3868:

The Dynamic Address Translation on S/370 is different from that on the

3587: 3562: 3507: 1969: 1954: 1949: 915: 863: 848: 766:

In June 1971, on the S/370-145 (one of which had to be "smuggled" into

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MVS/Extended Architecture Data Facility Product: General Information

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that allowed it to run multiple operating systems at the same time.

1902:

That changed in the 1970s with the introduction of the IBM/370 and

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the new S/370 models 158 and 168, with address relocation hardware

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IBM Maintenance Library 3145 Processing Unit Theory - Maintenance

4635:

IBM Maintenance Library 3145 Processing Unit Theory - Maintenance

3636:(now called IBM Z). The zSeries mainframes introduced the 64-bit 1309:

had the same announcement and withdrawal dates as the Model 138.

6138: 4676:"IBM's Virtual Memory 370s," Datamation, September 1972, p.58-61 3725: 1786: 1650:

MVS/Extended Architecture Data Facility Product (DFP) Version 1

1610:

Basic Telecommunications Access Method/System Product (BTAM/SP)

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IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 Principles of Operation

4091:

IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture/370 Principles of Operation

6202: 5708: 5535: 5533: 4920: 4899: 4834: 4163: 4115:(Ninth ed.). IBM. June 2003. SA22-7201-08. Archived from 1880: 1860: 1360:

Both the 155 and the 165 were withdrawn on December 23, 1977.

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disk storage units provided "up to 400 million bytes online."

716: 55: 6091:

IBM 4300 Processors Principles of Operation for ECPS:VSE Mode

3728:

FC-SB-3 Single-Byte Command Code Sets-3 Mapping Protocol for

1227:

Main memory was either 98,304 (96K) or 131,072 (128K) bytes.

5072:

IBM System/360 Operating System: DOS Emulator Planning Guide

4766:(Third ed.). IBM. April 1986. p. 128. GC20·2021·2. 4073:

IBM System/370 Extended Architecture Principles of Operation

4055:

IBM System/370 Extended Architecture Principles of Operation

3492:

A special processor communication area starting at address 0

419:

model, expanded the multiple memory concept to include full

4139:

IBM System/370 Extended Architecture Interpretive Execution

1432:

In August 1972 IBM announced, as a field upgrade only, the

1353:

In August 1972 IBM announced, as a field upgrade only, the

645:

All models of the System/370 used IBM's form of monolithic

4270:

Appendix D. Comparison Between System/370 and 370-XA Modes

591:

value by a power of 10, rounding the result when dividing;

5900:"Microprocessor-based minicomputer runs IBM 370 software" 4340: 4338: 1656:

All three 308x systems were withdrawn on August 4, 1987.

6125:"Removed architectures and systems removed from GCC 3.4" 5526:, Announcement Letters, IBM, November 2, 1981, ZP81-0796 3732:(FC) protocol used to map both IBM's antecedent (either 3596:

A feature to provide a new I/O interface and to support

3227:

External Mask; subject to external subclass mask in CR0

1539:

were announced Oct. 7, 1977 and withdrawn Feb. 8, 1985.

4420:

CSCI 360 Computer Programming in the Assembler Language

5619:

5685-001 MVS/System Product-JES2 Version 3 Release 1.0

5504: 5502: 4000:(Eleventh ed.). IBM. September 1987. A22-7000-10. 3510:

process (a process called Initial Program Load or IPL)

1385:

The 158 and 168 were withdrawn on September 15, 1980.

6065:

Virtual-Machine Assist and Shadow-Table-Bypass Assist

4686:

A. Padegs (September 1981). "System/360 and Beyond".

4593:"Information technology industry timeline, 1964–1974" 4215: 4213: 4030:

Virtual-Machine Assist and Shadow-Table-Bypass Assist

375:

family on June 30, 1970. The series mostly maintains

6097:(Second ed.). IBM. September 1980. GA22-7070-1. 5244: 5242: 1471:

The 370/168 was not withdrawn until September 1980.

394:

At the time of its introduction, the development of

6435: 6402: 6376: 6351: 6321: 6253: 6246: 6052:(Second ed.). IBM. November 1980. GA22-7072-1. 5116:(Second ed.). IBM. February 1971. GC27-6948-1. 4846: 4844: 4729:

Dual Address Space & Linkage-Stack Architecture

183: 173: 166: 144: 134: 124: 111: 101: 89: 79: 71: 61: 51: 6173: 5088:(Second ed.), IBM, February 1971, GC27-6945-1 4314:Appendix D. Comparison Between ESA/370 and ESA/390 4234: 4232: 4189: 4079:(Second ed.). IBM. January 1987. SA22-7085-1. 4018:(Second ed.). IBM. October 1981. GA22-7079-1. 3470:and unmaskable interruption classes and subclasses 1520:The first of the initial high end machines, IBM's 1246:(1401, 1440 and 1460) emulation was also offered. 1199:disk drives." Up to four 3340s could be attached. 4609:VM and the VM community, past present, and future 4298:Appendix D. Comparison Between 370-XA and ESA/370 4249: 4247: 4188:Pugh, E.W.; L.R. Johnson; John H. Palmer (1991). 4145:(First ed.). IBM. January 1984. SA22-7095-0. 1498:. Both 195 machines were withdrawn Feb. 9, 1977. 5400:magazine later simply dubbed it – "The Big One." 4097:(First ed.). IBM. August 1988. SA22-7200-0. 3539:(DAT) mechanism that can be used to implement a 855:) 3090 and 4381 models. It added sixteen 32-bit 715:(Single Virtual Storage), and Release 2, termed 5788:"Report Of The SSC Computer Planning Committee" 5231:. No. 486. 1975. p. 1. Archived from 4781:Storage Addressing with Extended Address Fields 4545:Richard P. Case; Andris Padegs (January 1978). 3892:One of these is required for MVS/SE and MVS/SP 1796:The 200 and 400 were withdrawn on May 5, 1989. 1767:MVS/XA Data Facility Product (DFP) Version 2.3 1618:Graphics Access Method/System Product (GAM/SP) 817:the buffer. IBM introduced DAS in 1981 for the 30:"IBM 370" redirects here. For the printer, see 5102:(Second ed.), IBM, June 1971, GC27-6946-1 4820: 4818: 4650: 4648: 4628: 4626: 3632:In 2000, the System/390 was replaced with the 3411:Some of the aspects of this architecture are: 6224: 6049:IBM System/370 Extended Facility and ECPS:MVS 5125: 5123: 4934: 4932: 3982:(First ed.). IBM. June 1970. A22-7000-0. 1759:MVS/XA Data Facility Product (DFP) Version 1 399:received this option, along with several new 371:computers announced as the successors to the 340: 8: 6071:(First ed.). IBM. May 1980. GA22-7074-0 4036:(First ed.). IBM. May 1980. GA22-7074-0 3947:(Oct 25, 1984 - Feb 11, 1986), Model Groups 1439:The 165 was withdrawn on December 23, 1977. 1379:operating systems (DOS/VS, OS/VS1, OS/VS2). 1372:and the 370/168 were announced Aug 2, 1972. 37: 6205:A software implementation of IBM System/370 6112:Section 1.3.2.2 Problem-State Compatibility 5886:an acronym for Burroughs, ... and Honeywell 5746: 5744: 5721: 5719: 5479: 5477: 5454: 5452: 5291: 5289: 4867: 4865: 4863: 3943:(Sep 15, 1983 - Feb 11, 1986), Model Group 3810: 3808: 1820:Other models were the 4321, 4361 and 4381. 1297:The 145 was withdrawn on October 16, 1979. 1268:The 138 was withdrawn on November 1, 1983. 1252:The 135 was withdrawn on October 16, 1979. 6250: 6231: 6217: 6209: 5363:"3033 Multiprocessor - Press announcement" 4450:Computer Structures: Readings and Examples 3670:I/O evolution from original S/360 to S/370 3625:IBM replaced the System/370 line with the 3403:specification, and is a direct and mostly 3326: 3168: 2786: 2633: 1670:The next series of high-end machines, the 1589:'s 31-bit address capability and a set of 1412:7070/7074, 7080, and 709/7090/7094/7094 II 347: 333: 196: 43: 6478:PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems 5856:"Soviet Radar Allegedly Stolen From U.S." 4688:IBM Journal of Research & Development 4672: 4670: 3586:A feature to enhance performance for the 3571:A feature to enhance performance for the 3561:A feature to enhance performance for the 3216:I/O Mask; subject to channel mask in CR2 1335:. The 155 first shipped in January 1971. 1153:Models grouped by Model number (detailed) 893:translation enabled and with 4 KB pages. 665:On September 23, 1970, IBM announced the 612:a new higher-resolution time-of-day clock 5854:Michael Weisskopf (September 24, 1985). 5816:appears to be slaying precious few Vaxes 5319:"Mainframes - Basic information sources" 5195: 5193: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 3503:Manual control operations that provide: 2860: 2386: 2194: 2097: 2000: 1688: 1595: 1230:The 125 was withdrawn on March 9, 1981. 1205:The 115 was withdrawn on March 9, 1981. 924: 902:Models sorted by date introduced (table) 711:with virtual storage) Release 1, termed 539:When the first System/370 machines, the 5876:"Bailing Out Of The Mainframe Industry" 5852:Re the 370 (followup to 360/40 clone): 5704:"IBM Archives: DPD chronology - page 5" 5622:. IBM Sales Manual. IBM. 8 August 2001. 5508: 4151: 3951:(announced Feb 11, 1986), Model Groups 3786: 1785:/Array processing suggested names like 287: 208: 199: 27:Family of mainframe computers 1970–1990 6562:Computer-related introductions in 1970 6443:Basic Assembly Language and successors 5774:"IBM 9370 INFORMATION SYSTEM OVERVIEW" 5758:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5733:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5688:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5666:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5612: 5610: 5573:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5491:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5466:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5441:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5419:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5391:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5385:"IBM's 3033 "The Big One": IBM's 3033" 5369:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5347:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5325:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5303:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5278:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5256:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5207:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5201:"IBM's 3033 "The Big One": IBM's 3033" 5182:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5137:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5056:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5034:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5012:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 4990:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 4968:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 4946:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 4879:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 4827:IBM System/370 Principles of Operation 4800:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 4352:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 3994:IBM System/370 Principles of Operation 3976:IBM System/370 Principles of Operation 1991: 832:The System/370 Extended Architecture ( 707:with virtual storage), OS/VS2 (OS/360 36: 6007:Program-Status Word Format in EC Mode 5959:Program-Status Word Format in BC Mode 5943:Assignment of Control-Register Fields 3848:Previously available on S/360 models 3823:Previously available on S/360 models 1830:The 4381 Model Group 3 was dual-CPU. 1220:Two, three or four directly attached 636:DAT (Dynamic Address Translation) box 551:13 new instructions, among which were 7: 6107: 5874:David E. Sanger (February 5, 1984). 5601: 4547:"Architecture of the IBM System/370" 4512: 4462: 4435:"Architecture of the IBM System/370" 4398: 4382: 4366: 4325: 4309: 4293: 4238: 1634:MVS/System Product - JES3 Version 2 1626:MVS/System Product - JES2 Version 2 415:. The 390, which was based on a new 260:eServer zSeries (900, 800; 990, 890) 5828:David S. Bennahum (November 1997). 5804:David E. Sanger (January 3, 1988). 5548:(Third ed.). IBM. January 1984 5223:"IBM boosts power of 370/168 again" 4663:(Fifth ed.). IBM. SY24-3581-4. 4265: 4253: 3531:Some of the optional features are: 1933:Some of the era's clones included: 5898:Michalopoulos, D. A. (June 1978). 5806:"The Moment of Truth for Big Blue" 4619:89 Sessions 9059-9061. p. 29. 4480:"Announcing: System/370 Model 155" 4433:Case, Richard P.; Padegs, Andris. 3775:PC-based IBM-compatible mainframes 3685:I/O evolution since original S/370 1735:TSO Extensions (TSO/E) for MVS/XA 1727:MVS/System Product-JES3 Version 3 1719:MVS/System Product-JES2 Version 3 1642:TSO Extensions (TSO/E) for MVS/XA 1578:(announced Sep 3, 1982) had 4 CPUs 1571:(announced Mar 31, 1982) had 1 CPU 866:), upward compatible with ESA/370. 512:Storage-Key-Instruction Extensions 25: 6110:, pp. 1-13 –&#32, 1–14, 4760:A Guide to the IBM 4381 Processor 4497:"Announcing System/370 Model 165" 3484:memory (called storage) subsystem 1992: 1684:Processor Resource/System Manager 1342:(DOS/360 programs under OS/360), 622:programs as integrated emulators. 587:), which multiplied or divided a 467:Extended-Precision Floating Point 6473:Language for Systems Development 6151: 6030: 6018: 6002: 5986: 5970: 5954: 5938: 4850: 4776: 4740:from the original on 2021-01-14. 4528: 4219: 1406:Compatibility features included 630:and did not include support for 443:Channel Indirect Data Addressing 275:zEnterprise System (z196, zEC12) 6394:2540 punched-card reader–writer 6384:270x communications controllers 6033:, pp. 1-1 –&#32, 1–4, 6005:, pp. 4-6 –&#32, 4–7, 5989:, pp. 6-7 –&#32, 6–9, 5973:, pp. 6-3 –&#32, 6–5, 5957:, pp. 4-8 –&#32, 4–9, 4281: 4192:IBM's 360 and early 370 systems 4061:. IBM. March 1983. SA22-7085-0. 3600:virtual and physical addressing 3171:S/370 EC mode PSW abbreviations 2658:Channel Masks for channels 0–5 2636:S/370 BC mode PSW abbreviations 1561:(announced Nov 12, 1980) had 2 107:Variable (2, 4 or 6 bytes long) 6389:3705 Communications Controller 6139:"GCCMVS (GCC 3.2.3 for S/370)" 5152:Jon Elson (December 5, 2014). 4916:"IBM 9370 announcement letter" 4895:"IBM timeline of S/370 series" 4012:IBM System/370 Assists for MVS 3955:(May 19, 1987 - Aug 19, 1992). 3701:The System/390 introduced the 3676:IBM System/360 § Channels 1585:These models introduced IBM's 824:In October 1981, the 3033 and 758:System/370-145 system console. 657:technology of the System/360. 461:CPU Timer and Clock Comparator 1: 6552:IBM System/360 mainframe line 4726:Dan Greiner (12 March 2012). 3513:Operator-initiated interrupts 3421:One or more processors with: 2669:I/O Mask for channels > 5 2196:Floating Point Registers 0–6 1857:Digital Equipment Corporation 920:plug compatible manufacturers 509:Start-I/O-Fast Queuing (SIOF) 6203:Hercules System/370 Emulator 3895:System/370 extended facility 3839:Available as an RPQ on S/360 3401:computer system architecture 2111:See Principles of Operation 1429:as a bridge to the 370/165. 1344:1401/1440/1460 and 1410/7010 696:(DOS with virtual storage), 692:four new operating systems: 4371:Modifications to System/360 3537:Dynamic Address Translation 3466:An interruption mechanism, 3430:16 32-bit Control registers 1434:IBM System/370 Model 165 II 1355:IBM System/370 Model 155 II 1217:was announced Oct 4, 1972. 768:Cambridge Scientific Center 750:System/370-145 3D Rendering 734:System/370-145 3D Rendering 6588: 6463:Hexadecimal floating-point 3673: 3644:GCC and Linux on the S/370 3519:Basic debugging facilities 3424:16 32-bit General purpose 3167: 3088: 3057: 2874: 2632: 2547: 2529: 2437: 2400: 2302: 2295: 2213: 2200: 2110: 2103: 2013: 2006: 1837: 1803: 1743:TSO/E Version 1 Release 4 1663: 1546: 1513: 1446: 1392: 1320: 1275: 455:Commercial Instruction Set 280:IBM Z (z13, z14, z15, z16) 29: 6491: 5341:"3033 Press announcement" 4794:"System/390 Announcement" 4555:Communications of the ACM 4160:"System/370 Announcement" 3921:IBM used a lower case "m" 3495:Key controlled protection 2933: 2930: 2909: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2422: 2407: 2210: 1960:Magnuson Computer Systems 1893:English Electric System 4 1855:This came at a time when 1357:, which added a DAT box. 1122: 1063: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1012: 982: 979: 957: 671:semiconductor main memory 604:floating-point arithmetic 583:SHIFT AND ROUND DECIMAL ( 515:Storage-Key 4K-Byte Block 42: 5567:"3090 Processor Complex" 5485:"3084 Processor Complex" 5460:"3083 Processor Complex" 5435:"3081 Processor Complex" 5413:"3032 Processor Complex" 5297:"3031 Processor Complex" 5154:"IBM 360/85 vs. 370/165" 4606:Varian, Melinda (1997). 4196:. Cambridge: MIT Press. 3793:16 FP registers in S/390 2764:Instruction-Length Code 1791:Control Data Corporation 1489:IBM System/370 Model 195 1455:IBM System/370 Model 168 1449:IBM System/370 Model 168 1417:Some have described the 1401:IBM System/370 Model 165 1395:IBM System/370 Model 165 1370:IBM System/370 Model 158 1329:IBM System/370 Model 155 1323:IBM System/370 Model 155 1307:IBM System/370 Model 148 1284:IBM System/370 Model 145 1278:IBM System/370 Model 145 1262:IBM System/370 Model 138 1240:IBM System/370 Model 135 1215:IBM System/370 Model 125 1170:IBM System/370 Model 115 884:Extended real addressing 470:Extended Real Addressing 464:Dual-Address Space (DAS) 6567:1990s disestablishments 5991:Instruction-Length Code 5916:10.1109/C-M.1978.218231 5776:. IBM. October 7, 1986. 4467:Shift and Round Decimal 4224:Appendix D. Facilities 3650:GNU Compiler Collection 3399:S/370 also refers to a 3304:1=Secondary-space mode 2099:Control Registers 0–15 2014:Two's complement value 2002:General Registers 0–15 1483:Model 195 control panel 1436:which added a DAT box. 790:Subsequent enhancements 421:hardware virtualization 6526:IBM zEnterprise System 6410:DOS/360 and successors 6035:Chapter 1 Introduction 5941:, pp. 4-10–4-11, 5272:"System/360 Model 195" 5250:"System/370 Model 195" 5176:"System/370 Model 168" 5162:alt.folklore.computers 5131:"System/370 Model 158" 5050:"System/370 Model 155" 5028:"System/370 Model 148" 5006:"System/370 Model 138" 4984:"System/370 Model 135" 4962:"System/370 Model 125" 4940:"System/370 Model 115" 4873:"System/370 Model 145" 4531:, pp. 13-4–13-5, 4346:"System/370 Model 165" 4330:Start I/O Fast Release 3901:3033 extension feature 3738:Fibre Channel Protocol 1484: 804:backward compatibility 759: 751: 743: 735: 565:COMPARE LOGICAL LONG ( 488:Limited Channel Logout 377:backward compatibility 6415:OS/360 and successors 6172:Prasad, N.S. (1989). 4568:10.1145/359327.359337 4416:"Move Character Long" 4268:, pp. D-1–D-10, 3346:Fixed-point overflow 3300:Address-Space Control 2806:Fixed-point overflow 2303:Mantissa (continued) 1587:Extended Architecture 1502:System/370-compatible 1482: 1178:1130 computing system 1104:System/370-compatible 1013:System/370-compatible 757: 749: 741: 733: 723:– the re-implemented 446:Channel-Set Switching 5591:. IBM. May 19, 1987. 5235:on December 8, 2015. 4403:Compare Logical Long 4312:, pp. D-1–D-7, 4296:, pp. D-1–D-5, 4222:, pp. D-1–D-5, 3516:Resetting the system 3385:Instruction Address 3302:0=primary-space mode 3089:Instruction Address 2845:Instruction Address 2548:Instruction Address 1985:Architecture details 1775:MVS/DFP Version 3.1 1475:System/370 Model 195 1443:System/370 Model 168 1389:System/370 Model 165 1364:System/370 Model 158 1317:System/370 Model 155 1301:System/370 Model 148 1272:System/370 Model 145 1256:System/370 Model 138 1234:System/370 Model 135 1209:System/370 Model 125 1182:System/360 Models 20 1164:System/370 Model 115 606:, introduced in the 458:Conditional Swapping 120:, indexing, counting 6557:Computing platforms 6483:Program status word 5975:Interruption Action 5860:The Washington Post 5830:"Heart of Darkness" 4833:(Eighth ed.). 4700:10.1147/rd.255.0377 4694:(5). IBM: 377–390. 3953:21, 22, 23 & 24 3949:11, 12, 13 & 14 3457:instruction address 3405:backward compatible 3362:Exponent underflow 3331: 3267:Machine-check mask 3173: 2871: 2822:Exponent underflow 2791: 2720:Machine-check mask 2638: 2397: 2197: 2100: 2003: 1996: 1994:IBM S/370 registers 1591:backward compatible 1464:operating systems. 952:System/370 (no DAT) 647:integrated circuits 634:, as they lacked a 608:System/360 Model 85 500:Recovery Extensions 485:I/O Extended Logout 39: 5910:(6). IEEE: 87–90. 5881:The New York Times 5811:The New York Times 5712:. 23 January 2003. 4903:. 23 January 2003. 4855:Page-Table Entries 4465:, pp. 25–26, 4401:, pp. 21–22, 4385:, pp. 23–25, 3327: 3169: 2861: 2787: 2753:Interruption Code 2634: 2438:Interruption Code 2387: 2195: 2098: 2001: 1974:Two Pi Corporation 1939:Amdahl Corporation 1877:UNIVAC 9000 series 1810:The first pair of 1485: 912:Amdahl Corporation 871:Dual address space 760: 752: 744: 736: 598:optional 128-bit ( 518:Suspend and Resume 503:Segment Protection 385:integrated circuit 6539: 6538: 6372: 6371: 5074:. IBM. GC24-5076. 4924:. 7 October 1986. 4853:, pp. 3–26, 4736:. Session 10446. 4734:SHARE 118 Atlanta 4533:Types of Channels 4517:Time-Of_Day Clock 4328:, p. 26-27, 3814:Optional on S/360 3760:IBM System/370-XA 3750:Hercules emulator 3621:S/370 replacement 3590:operating system. 3575:operating systems 3565:operating systems 3498:24-bit addressing 3397: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3374: 3373: 3354:Decimal overflow 2853: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2834: 2833: 2814:Decimal overflow 2381: 2380: 2189: 2188: 2092: 2091: 1895:, and the Soviet 1783:Vector processing 1779: 1778: 1654: 1653: 1150: 1149: 1056:3081, 3083, 3084 1040:4331, 4341, 4361 1024:3031, 3032, 3033 961:-155, -165, -195 897:Series and models 661:Monolithic memory 626:These models had 401:operating systems 357: 356: 195: 194: 93:Register–Register 16:(Redirected from 6579: 6572:32-bit computers 6251: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6210: 6191: 6179: 6159: 6156:Programming Note 6154:, p. 13-5, 6149: 6143: 6142: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6121: 6115: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6070: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6044: 6038: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6000: 5994: 5984: 5978: 5968: 5962: 5952: 5946: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5922: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5752:"4381 Processor" 5748: 5739: 5738: 5727:"4361 Processor" 5723: 5714: 5713: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5682:"4341 Processor" 5678: 5672: 5671: 5660:"4331 Processor" 5656: 5650: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5614: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5547: 5537: 5528: 5527: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5497: 5496: 5481: 5472: 5471: 5456: 5447: 5446: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5293: 5284: 5283: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5246: 5237: 5236: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5197: 5188: 5187: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5127: 5118: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4936: 4927: 4925: 4912: 4906: 4904: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4869: 4858: 4848: 4839: 4838: 4832: 4822: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4790: 4784: 4779:, pp. 3–3, 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4756: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4723: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4652: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4630: 4621: 4620: 4614: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4551: 4542: 4536: 4526: 4520: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4476: 4470: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4439: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4412: 4406: 4396: 4390: 4380: 4374: 4369:, pp. 2–5, 4364: 4358: 4357: 4342: 4333: 4323: 4317: 4307: 4301: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4242: 4236: 4227: 4217: 4208: 4207: 4195: 4185: 4168: 4167: 4166:. June 30, 1970. 4156: 4146: 4144: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4121: 4114: 4098: 4096: 4080: 4078: 4062: 4060: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4035: 4019: 4017: 4001: 3999: 3983: 3981: 3956: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3922: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3904: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3452:A condition code 3449:Privilege states 3332: 3330: 3174: 3172: 2872: 2870:ontrol mode PSW 2792: 2790: 2639: 2637: 2398: 2396:ontrol mode PSW 2211:Biased exponent 2198: 2101: 2004: 1997: 1889:English Electric 1751:TSO/E Version 2 1689: 1596: 969:System/370 (DAT) 925: 857:access registers 851:) for enhanced ( 641:Logic technology 497:PSW-Key Handling 473:External Signals 367:) is a range of 349: 342: 335: 197: 47: 40: 21: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6487: 6431: 6398: 6368: 6347: 6325: 6317: 6255: 6242: 6237: 6199: 6188: 6180:. McGraw-Hill. 6171: 6168: 6166:Further reading 6163: 6162: 6150: 6146: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6106: 6102: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6029: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6001: 5997: 5985: 5981: 5969: 5965: 5953: 5949: 5937: 5933: 5920: 5918: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5750: 5749: 5742: 5725: 5724: 5717: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5616: 5615: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5531: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5507: 5500: 5483: 5482: 5475: 5458: 5457: 5450: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5395:on 2023-09-28. 5383: 5382: 5378: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5295: 5294: 5287: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5248: 5247: 5240: 5228:Computer Weekly 5221: 5220: 5216: 5199: 5198: 5191: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5129: 5128: 5121: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4938: 4937: 4930: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4871: 4870: 4861: 4849: 4842: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4807: 4805: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4725: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4668: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4646: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4624: 4612: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4549: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4527: 4523: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4461: 4457: 4442:Bell, C. Gordon 4437: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4397: 4393: 4381: 4377: 4365: 4361: 4344: 4343: 4336: 4324: 4320: 4308: 4304: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4245: 4237: 4230: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4187: 4186: 4171: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4142: 4136: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4106: 4094: 4088: 4076: 4070: 4058: 4052: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4015: 4009: 3997: 3991: 3979: 3973: 3965: 3960: 3959: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3746: 3687: 3678: 3672: 3667: 3646: 3623: 3489:8 bits per byte 3475:instruction set 3328: 3315:Condition Code 3303: 3301: 3170: 3058: 2935: 2906: 2901: 2875: 2788: 2775:Condition Code 2635: 2544: 2530: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2401: 2296: 2201: 2104: 2007: 1987: 1982: 1869: 1842: 1836: 1808: 1802: 1668: 1662: 1551: 1545: 1518: 1512: 1504: 1477: 1451: 1445: 1397: 1391: 1366: 1325: 1319: 1303: 1280: 1274: 1258: 1244:IBM 1400 series 1236: 1211: 1166: 1155: 937: 929: 904: 899: 886: 873: 806:was paramount. 792: 679: 677:Virtual storage 663: 643: 632:virtual storage 537: 494:Multiprocessing 440:Branch and Save 429: 353: 217:700/7000 series 175:General-purpose 96: 95:Register–Memory 94: 35: 32:IBM 370 printer 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6585: 6583: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6544: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6506:IBM System/390 6503: 6498: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6412: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6329: 6327: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6259: 6257: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6240:IBM System/370 6238: 6236: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6198: 6197:External links 6195: 6194: 6193: 6186: 6176:IBM Mainframes 6167: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6144: 6130: 6116: 6100: 6081: 6055: 6039: 6023: 6011: 5995: 5979: 5963: 5947: 5931: 5890: 5866: 5845: 5820: 5796: 5779: 5765: 5762:on 2023-07-19. 5740: 5737:on 2023-09-14. 5715: 5695: 5692:on 2023-07-19. 5673: 5670:on 2023-12-09. 5651: 5634: 5625: 5606: 5594: 5580: 5577:on 2023-12-04. 5558: 5529: 5513: 5498: 5495:on 2023-12-10. 5473: 5470:on 2023-07-19. 5448: 5445:on 2023-07-19. 5426: 5423:on 2023-07-19. 5404: 5376: 5373:on 2023-07-19. 5354: 5351:on 2023-07-19. 5332: 5329:on 2023-09-22. 5310: 5307:on 2023-07-19. 5285: 5282:on 2023-07-29. 5263: 5260:on 2023-07-29. 5238: 5214: 5211:on 2023-09-28. 5189: 5186:on 2023-12-05. 5167: 5144: 5141:on 2021-03-01. 5119: 5105: 5091: 5077: 5063: 5060:on 2023-05-16. 5041: 5038:on 2023-07-19. 5019: 5016:on 2023-07-19. 4997: 4994:on 2023-07-19. 4975: 4972:on 2023-07-19. 4953: 4950:on 2023-07-19. 4928: 4907: 4886: 4883:on 2023-07-29. 4859: 4840: 4814: 4785: 4769: 4743: 4715: 4706: 4678: 4666: 4644: 4622: 4598: 4584: 4537: 4521: 4505: 4488: 4471: 4455: 4425: 4407: 4391: 4375: 4359: 4356:on 2023-07-29. 4334: 4318: 4302: 4286: 4274: 4258: 4243: 4228: 4209: 4202: 4169: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4134: 4131: 4104: 4099: 4086: 4081: 4068: 4063: 4050: 4045: 4025: 4020: 4007: 4002: 3989: 3984: 3971: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3885: 3873: 3861: 3841: 3832: 3816: 3804: 3795: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3755:IBM System/360 3752: 3745: 3742: 3720:Subsequently, 3686: 3683: 3674:Main article: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3665:I/O evolutions 3663: 3645: 3642: 3638:z/Architecture 3622: 3619: 3611:z/Architecture 3602: 3601: 3594: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3576: 3569: 3566: 3559: 3551: 3550: 3547:Floating point 3544: 3541:virtual memory 3529: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3501: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3438: 3435:Floating-point 3431: 3428: 3419: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3336: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3289:Problem state 3287: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2742:Problem state 2740: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2680:External Mask 2678: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2008: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1935: 1885:RCA Spectra 70 1868: 1865: 1859:(DEC) and its 1838:Main article: 1835: 1832: 1804:Main article: 1801: 1798: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1664:Main article: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1580: 1579: 1572: 1565: 1547:Main article: 1544: 1541: 1514:Main article: 1511: 1508: 1503: 1500: 1476: 1473: 1462:virtual memory 1447:Main article: 1444: 1441: 1393:Main article: 1390: 1387: 1377:virtual memory 1365: 1362: 1321:Main article: 1318: 1315: 1302: 1299: 1276:Main article: 1273: 1270: 1257: 1254: 1235: 1232: 1210: 1207: 1174:IBM's System/3 1165: 1162: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1146:-90, -91, -92 1144: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1064:System/370-XA 1062: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1005:-138 and -148 1003: 999: 998: 997:-115 and -125 995: 991: 990: 989:-158 and -168 987: 984: 981: 977: 976: 975:-145 and -135 973: 970: 967: 963: 962: 959: 958:System/370-xxx 956: 953: 950: 946: 945: 942: 939: 934: 931: 903: 900: 898: 895: 885: 882: 872: 869: 868: 867: 860: 845: 830: 822: 813: 812: 791: 788: 778: 777: 728: 727: 690: 687: 678: 675: 662: 659: 642: 639: 624: 623: 616: 613: 610: 595: 594: 593: 592: 589:packed decimal 580: 579: 578: 577: 571: 570: 563: 553: 552: 536: 535:Initial models 533: 532: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 506:Service Signal 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 486: 483: 480: 479:Floating Point 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 453: 450: 447: 444: 441: 428: 425: 396:virtual memory 389:floating point 361:IBM System/370 355: 354: 352: 351: 344: 337: 329: 326: 325: 324: 323: 321:z/Architecture 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 290: 289: 285: 284: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 234: 229: 224: 219: 211: 210: 206: 205: 204:, 1952–present 202:IBM mainframes 193: 192: 187: 185:Floating point 181: 180: 177: 171: 170: 164: 163: 161:z/Architecture 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 128: 122: 121: 118:Condition code 115: 109: 108: 105: 99: 98: 91: 87: 86: 83: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 63: 59: 58: 53: 49: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6584: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6229: 6227: 6222: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6183: 6178: 6177: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6145: 6140: 6134: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6101: 6093: 6092: 6085: 6082: 6067: 6066: 6059: 6056: 6051: 6050: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5870: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5800: 5797: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5699: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5621: 5620: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5595: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5544: 5543: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5525: 5524: 5517: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5109: 5106: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5087: 5081: 5078: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4890: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4829: 4828: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4804:on 2023-10-26 4803: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4770: 4762: 4761: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4658: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4637: 4636: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4611: 4610: 4602: 4599: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4548: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4515:, p. 6, 4514: 4509: 4506: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4446:Newell, Allen 4443: 4436: 4429: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4203:0-262-16123-0 4199: 4194: 4193: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4132: 4122:on 2023-01-29 4118: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4003: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856:, and on the 3855: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3730:Fibre Channel 3727: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3707:optical fiber 3704: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3677: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3628: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3612: 3606: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3526: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418:byte ordering 3417: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3370:Significance 3369: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2904: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2830:Significance 2829: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2417: 2412: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2207: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2010: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1990: 1984: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1807: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1659: 1657: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1517: 1509: 1507: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1481: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1450: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1396: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1279: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1152: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096:-120 to -600 1095: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1060: 1059: 1053: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1004: 1001: 1000: 996: 993: 992: 988: 985: 978: 974: 971: 968: 965: 964: 960: 954: 951: 948: 947: 943: 940: 935: 932: 927: 926: 923: 921: 917: 913: 908: 901: 896: 894: 890: 883: 881: 877: 870: 865: 861: 858: 854: 850: 846: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 820: 815: 814: 809: 808: 807: 805: 801: 797: 796:address space 789: 787: 784: 774: 769: 765: 764: 763: 756: 748: 740: 732: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 703: 699: 695: 691: 688: 685: 684: 683: 676: 674: 672: 668: 660: 658: 656: 652: 648: 640: 638: 637: 633: 629: 621: 617: 614: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 596: 590: 586: 582: 581: 575: 574: 573: 572: 568: 564: 561: 557: 556: 555: 554: 550: 549: 548: 546: 542: 534: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 460: 457: 454: 452:Command Retry 451: 448: 445: 442: 439: 438: 437: 433: 426: 424: 422: 418: 414: 409: 407: 402: 397: 392: 390: 386: 380: 378: 374: 370: 369:IBM mainframe 366: 362: 350: 345: 343: 338: 336: 331: 330: 328: 327: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 293: 292: 291: 286: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 250: 246: 242: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 214: 213: 212: 207: 203: 198: 191: 188: 186: 182: 178: 176: 172: 169: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 147: 143: 140: 137: 133: 129: 127: 123: 119: 116: 114: 110: 106: 104: 100: 97:Memory–Memory 92: 88: 84: 82: 78: 74: 70: 67: 64: 60: 57: 54: 50: 46: 41: 33: 19: 6500: 6239: 6175: 6147: 6133: 6119: 6103: 6090: 6084: 6073:. Retrieved 6064: 6058: 6048: 6042: 6026: 6014: 5998: 5982: 5966: 5950: 5934: 5926: 5919:. Retrieved 5907: 5903: 5893: 5885: 5879: 5869: 5858: 5848: 5839: 5833: 5823: 5815: 5809: 5799: 5782: 5768: 5760:the original 5756:IBM Archives 5755: 5735:the original 5731:IBM Archives 5730: 5707: 5698: 5690:the original 5686:IBM Archives 5685: 5676: 5668:the original 5664:IBM Archives 5663: 5654: 5637: 5628: 5618: 5597: 5583: 5575:the original 5571:IBM Archives 5570: 5561: 5550:. Retrieved 5541: 5522: 5516: 5493:the original 5489:IBM Archives 5488: 5468:the original 5464:IBM Archives 5463: 5443:the original 5439:IBM Archives 5438: 5429: 5421:the original 5417:IBM Archives 5416: 5407: 5397: 5396: 5393:the original 5389:IBM Archives 5388: 5379: 5371:the original 5367:IBM Archives 5366: 5357: 5349:the original 5345:IBM Archives 5344: 5335: 5327:the original 5323:IBM Archives 5322: 5313: 5305:the original 5301:IBM Archives 5300: 5280:the original 5276:IBM Archives 5275: 5266: 5258:the original 5254:IBM Archives 5253: 5233:the original 5226: 5217: 5209:the original 5205:IBM Archives 5204: 5184:the original 5180:IBM Archives 5179: 5170: 5147: 5139:the original 5135:IBM Archives 5134: 5113: 5108: 5099: 5094: 5085: 5080: 5071: 5066: 5058:the original 5054:IBM Archives 5053: 5044: 5036:the original 5032:IBM Archives 5031: 5022: 5014:the original 5010:IBM Archives 5009: 5000: 4992:the original 4988:IBM Archives 4987: 4978: 4970:the original 4966:IBM Archives 4965: 4956: 4948:the original 4944:IBM Archives 4943: 4919: 4910: 4898: 4889: 4881:the original 4877:IBM Archives 4876: 4826: 4806:. Retrieved 4802:the original 4798:IBM Archives 4797: 4788: 4772: 4759: 4746: 4728: 4709: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4656: 4634: 4608: 4601: 4587: 4579: 4562:(1): 73–96. 4559: 4553: 4540: 4524: 4508: 4491: 4474: 4458: 4449: 4428: 4419: 4410: 4394: 4378: 4362: 4354:the original 4350:IBM Archives 4349: 4321: 4305: 4289: 4277: 4261: 4191: 4154: 4138: 4124:. Retrieved 4117:the original 4108: 4101: 4090: 4083: 4072: 4065: 4054: 4047: 4038:. Retrieved 4029: 4022: 4011: 4004: 3993: 3986: 3975: 3968: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3888: 3880:Only on the 3876: 3864: 3844: 3835: 3819: 3798: 3789: 3770:IBM System z 3719: 3705:channel, an 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3679: 3652:(GCC) had a 3647: 3631: 3624: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3578: 3552: 3549:instructions 3530: 3410: 3398: 3329:Program Mask 3256:ontrol mode 3253: 3249: 2867: 2863: 2789:Program Mask 2709:ontrol mode 2706: 2702: 2393: 2389: 1993: 1988: 1932: 1927: 1926:ontrol Data/ 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1901: 1870: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1795: 1780: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1655: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1568: 1558: 1552: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1505: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1470: 1466: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1416: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1384: 1381: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1328: 1326: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1296: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1267: 1261: 1259: 1251: 1248: 1239: 1237: 1229: 1226: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1204: 1201: 1194: 1169: 1167: 1156: 933:Architecture 909: 905: 891: 887: 878: 874: 852: 793: 779: 761: 680: 664: 644: 625: 584: 566: 559: 538: 530:31-Bit IDAWs 491:Move Inverse 476:Fast Release 434: 430: 410: 393: 381: 364: 360: 358: 300: 288:Architecture 231: 6511:IBM zSeries 6453:Channel I/O 6448:Bus and Tag 6377:Peripherals 6364:9370 models 6359:43xx models 6338:308X series 6333:303X series 6326:(1977–1990) 6256:(1970–1977) 5509:S370-XA-1st 4048:S370-XA-1st 3765:IBM ESA/390 3711:half-duplex 3278:Wait state 2731:Wait state 1904:Gene Amdahl 1711:GAM/SP 2.0 800:Moore's Law 628:core memory 600:hexadecimal 558:MOVE LONG ( 524:Translation 482:Halt Device 237:30XX series 222:1400 series 209:Market name 200:History of 135:Predecessor 6546:Categories 6521:System z10 6501:System/370 6496:System/360 6254:System/370 6187:0070506868 6075:2024-09-19 5647:0309165512 5552:2024-09-19 4808:2017-01-29 4126:2021-01-01 4040:2024-09-19 3963:References 3627:System/390 3416:Big endian 1965:Mitsubishi 1941:470 series 1423:microcoded 1421:'s use of 1333:System/360 1115:9370, ... 983:System/370 928:First year 811:functions. 521:Test Block 432:lifetime. 413:System/390 373:System/360 301:System/370 296:System/360 270:System z10 255:System/390 232:System/370 227:System/360 179:16× 32-bit 139:System/360 126:Endianness 72:Introduced 38:System/370 6516:System z9 6313:Model 195 6308:Model 168 6303:Model 165 6298:Model 158 6293:Model 155 6288:Model 148 6283:Model 145 6278:Model 138 6273:Model 135 6268:Model 125 6263:Model 115 5158:Newsgroup 4576:207581262 4387:Move Long 4102:S/390-ESA 3941:1 & 2 3659:Linux/390 3508:bootstrap 3455:A 24-bit 3444:Interrupt 3437:registers 3433:4 64-bit 3426:registers 3205:DAT mode 3194:PER Mask 2214:Mantissa 1914:urroughs/ 1891:with the 1883:with the 1875:with the 1772:5665-XA3 1764:5665-XA2 1756:5665–284 1748:5685–025 1740:5685–285 1732:5665–293 1724:5685–002 1716:5685–001 1708:5668–978 1700:5685–279 1647:5665–284 1639:5665–293 1631:5685–291 1623:5740-XC6 1615:5668–978 1427:hardwired 1408:emulation 1348:7070/7074 1292:microcode 1140:mid-range 1072:mid-range 1032:entry/mid 1002:mid-range 972:mid-range 930:of series 773:microcode 667:Model 145 545:Model 165 541:Model 155 449:Clear I/O 427:Evolution 265:System z9 190:4× 64-bit 168:Registers 145:Successor 113:Branching 6468:Hercules 6403:Software 6108:S390-ESA 5904:Computer 5602:S370-ESA 4738:Archived 4513:S370-1st 4463:S370-1st 4448:(eds.). 4399:S370-1st 4383:S370-1st 4367:S370-1st 4326:S370-1st 4310:S390-ESA 4294:S370-ESA 4239:S370-MVS 4084:S370-ESA 4005:S370-MVS 3969:S370-1st 3898:ECPS:MVS 3744:See also 3654:back end 3593:S/370-XA 3583:ECPS:VSE 3558:ECPS:MVS 3468:maskable 3338:Meaning 3252:xtended 3238:PSW key 3183:Meaning 2866:xtended 2798:Meaning 2691:PSW key 2648:Meaning 1887:series, 1840:IBM 9370 1834:IBM 9370 1812:IBM 4300 1806:IBM 4300 1800:IBM 4300 1703:BTAM/SP 1672:IBM 3090 1666:IBM 3090 1660:IBM 3090 1607:565–279 1549:IBM 308X 1543:IBM 308X 1535:and IBM 1531:The IBM 1516:IBM 303X 1510:IBM 303X 1222:IBM 3333 1197:IBM 3340 1132:ES/3090 1126:high-end 1088:high-end 1048:high-end 1016:high-end 986:high-end 955:high-end 834:S/370-XA 620:emulator 543:and the 306:S/370-XA 149:S/370-XA 103:Encoding 52:Designer 6436:Related 6427:TSS/370 6352:Low-end 5921:July 1, 5160:: 4266:S370-XA 4254:S370-VM 4066:S370-XA 4023:S370-VM 3634:zSeries 3588:DOS/VSE 3568:ECPS:VM 3563:MVS/370 2934:Program 2543:Program 1970:Siemens 1955:Hitachi 1950:Fujitsu 1793:(CDC). 1692:Number 1599:Number 1496:360/195 1143:ES/4381 1129:ES/3090 1123:ESA/370 944:Models 916:Hitachi 864:ESA/390 849:ESA/370 842:31-bits 838:24-bits 783:leasing 649:called 417:ESA/390 406:ESA/370 316:ESA/390 311:ESA/370 157:ESA/390 153:ESA/370 6458:ES EVM 6420:OS/VS1 6247:Models 6184: 5645: 4574: 4502:. IBM. 4485:. IBM. 4200: 3870:360/67 3715:serial 3598:31-bit 3543:system 3486:with: 3379:40–63 3320:20–23 3309:18–19 3180:Field 2862:S/370 2839:40–63 2780:36–39 2769:34–35 2758:32–33 2747:16–31 2645:Field 2388:S/370 1978:Univac 1945:ES EVM 1918:nivac/ 1897:ES EVM 1873:Univac 1867:Clones 1419:360/85 1340:OS/DOS 941:Series 936:Market 725:CP/CMS 721:VM/370 702:OS/360 698:OS/VS1 694:DOS/VS 527:Vector 81:Design 66:32-bit 6531:IBM Z 6095:(PDF) 6069:(PDF) 5835:Wired 5791:(PDF) 5546:(PDF) 5398:THINK 4831:(PDF) 4764:(PDF) 4755:(PDF) 4661:(PDF) 4639:(PDF) 4617:SHARE 4613:(PDF) 4572:S2CID 4550:(PDF) 4500:(PDF) 4483:(PDF) 4440:. 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