95:'s statehood, the school implemented a public school model for classes which included algebra, arithmetic, astronomy, bookkeeping, botany, chemistry, civics, composition, economics, geography, geology, geometry, grammar, history, literature, rhetoric, stenography, surveying, telegraphy, trigonometry, typewriting and zoology. In addition to the classroom studies, technical trades offered included agriculture, animal husbandry, apiculture, carpentry, cobbling, concrete work, domestics, gardening, laundry work, poultry raising, and sewing. Though standardization of education was required, so was segregation. State laws passed in 1907 (the same year as statehood), provided that any person who included
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were 58 students under the age of 20 boarding at the school but by 1930 only 10 boarding students remained. Though the federal government's management of schools in the eastern part of the state was supposed to continue for only a few years, it did not fully cease for schools with Indian attendance until 1948. The school was closed in 1936 and no evidence of it other than a historical marker remains.
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beginning the boarding school. Due to illness
Hartford resigned in 1889 but the girl's hall she had advocated for was completed. In 1893 a boy's hall was completed and by 1895 both a laundry and smokehouse were built. In 1902, the schoolhouse was moved and a second story was added, so that it would be nearer the railway and water would not have to be hauled the
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from a nearby creek, rocks and bricks from previously burned buildings and iron from the "scrap pile". On 13 March 1910, the girl's dormitory also burned and the students were forced to relocate to the original log house, which had been the first home of the boarding school. A donation of $ 5,000 was made by David
Elliott a prominent farmer from
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acres (1.1 km) of land had been acquired and was under cultivation and academic instruction was being offered up to the 12th grade. In the early period of
Oklahoma schooling there were few high schools and Elliott was listed as the only institution offering high school education to Choctaw freedmen's children.
82:
Oak Hill was developed to provide training in farming and domestic trades, and to teach
Christianity to the former Choctaw slave children. According to the school's founders, " are transplanted for a time, where they may receive Bible instruction, industrial training and a foretaste of the privileges
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On 8 November 1908, the boy's dormitory was lost to fire and a temporary replacement was built by the students in 1909. In 1910, construction began on the permanent replacement building. The students and superintendent built the first steel reinforced concrete foundation in the territory, using sand
216:
and an arrangement made to secure 80 acres, 40 acres from two allottees, to reopen the school the following term. When the school reopened in
February 1905, in addition to the newly painted dorms, there were farm buildings supporting cattle, a dairy, a hen house, a farm, a garden, an orchard, and a
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student who "actually" attended school at least 15 days of every month. School attendance was mandatory and their system imposed fines of 10 cents per day on parents who did not send their children to school. The Nation provided all supplies and books and paid full or partial board for students who
87:
the farming model was implemented, where students both learned agricultural and animal husbandry skills and grew their own food. The students cultivated land, hauled water (as their well had run dry), and tended large herds of pigs and cattle. In the early days, focus was on vocational training and
136:
to 7 hours of classroom study followed by 3 hours in the fields, sawing and splitting wood, or in the shop for boys and in the kitchen, laundry or sewing room for girls. Bible study was required and students were expected to memorize one verse and read one chapter daily. Between 1908 and 1912, 270
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Mission Board. The school had 120 students, of whom 60 were boarders and 1 was above the 8th grade. It was also noted that of the 300 acres of land, only part of it was under cultivation for commercial purposes only and that it was not being used for educational purposes. By the 1920 census there
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Board of
Missions for Freedmen to build a schoolhouse and upon its completion began teaching a day school in the building. In 1884, because there was an inadequate water supply, the school was transferred to a log house in section 29, about a mile and a half northwest of the original location. In
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from 1881 to 1885. With her arrival, the school relocated yet again to a log home which had formerly been the home of Chief LeFlore. Rather than stay with a church member and make the 3-mile journey to and from the school daily, Hartford moved into the school with 24 students on 15 April 1886,
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for the replacement of the school buildings in the name of his deceased wife Alice Lee
Elliott. Upon completion of Elliott Hall, the school was renamed the Alice Lee Elliott Memorial Academy, commonly called Elliott Academy, and was dedicated on 13 June 1912. That same year, the first black
20:
241:, did not have a ready means to tax land as the state education provisions required. Due to this funding difference, missionary schools were phased out in western Indian schools by the time of statehood, but continued in the eastern part of the state for many years.
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had to attend school away from their home communities. White students were barred from attending the Indian schools and if, because of necessity, they attended the neighborhood schools (as opposed to agency assisted schools), they were charged full tuition.
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had provided that all tribal laws were to be abolished by 4 March 1906; however, as the state was not prepared to take over the educational system,
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233:. Effectively, this created a system whereby the eastern and western parts of the state continued to develop differently. In the east, the
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A Department of the
Interior Bulletin published in 1916 lists the academy as a private school, at that time being wholly funded by the
103:
school and imposed fines for anyone who allowed students of different racial mixtures to attend the same schools. All students without
273:
Johnson Shoals, continued his education at
Tuskegee and Iowa State Agricultural College before returning to teach at Oak Hill Academy
84:
39:
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Edward D. Jones, continued his education at the
Leonard Medical School of Raleigh, NC and became a physician in Nowata, Oklahoma
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were entitled to benefit from the tribe's education fund. The Choctaw nation allocated $ 2 for each Indian or
871:"Negro Education: A Study of the Private and Higher Schools for Colored People in the United States—Oklahoma"
819:
1024:
222:
396:
234:
343:
596:. J. Willard Marriott Digital Library, University of Utah: History of Iron County (Utah). p. 273
395:(12967). University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma: Western History Collections: 11–13. Archived from
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piggery, which had been built and were maintained by the students. In preparation for statehood, the
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the educational portion was minimal, as schooling beyond an eighth grade education was not offered.
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344:"American Indian Boarding Schools: An Exploration of Global, Ethnic & Cultural Cleansing"
62:. But in 1902 it was rebuilt in the northeast quarter of section 29 near the western line of
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51:
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19:
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miles from the nearest water source, Clear Creek, as the well on the property had run dry.
66:. The school closed in 1936, and no evidence of it other than a historical marker remains.
114:
158:
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58:. The original location was in the southwest corner of Section 27 near the present-day
47:
1058:
353:. Mount Pleasant, Michigan: The Ziibiwing Center of Anishinabe Culture & Lifeways
150:
46:. It existed from 1878 to 1936. It was located in the far southeastern corner of the
250:
administrator of the institution, William H. Carroll, was appointed superintendent.
900:
881:(39). Washington, DC: Department of the Interior Bureau of Education: 466–467. 1916
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1003:"Twenty-Eighth Annual Catalog Of The Officers And Students Leonard Medical School"
844:
504:
477:
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at Oak Hill around 1869, expanding it to include Sunday School in 1876. When the
927:"1930 Census of the United States, Wilson Township, McCurtain County, Oklahoma"
74:
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Reverend Wiley Homer, founder of Beaver Dam Church in Grant, Indian Territory
213:
177:
Original Building for Oak Hill School, former home of Choctaw Chief LeFlore
190:
to take over instruction at the school. Hartford had previously taught in
1005:. Raleigh, North Carolina: Edwards & Broughton Printing Company. 1908
229:, which effectively transferred supervision of all tribal schools to the
162:
92:
55:
1025:"Edward Dager Jones United States World War I Draft Registration Cards"
846:
Divided hearts : the Presbyterian Journey Through Oklahoma History
238:
824:. Chicago, Illinois: Lewis Publishing Company. 1888. pp. 522–523
821:
Biographical record and portrait album of Tippecanoe County, Indiana
506:
Women who pioneered Oklahoma : stories from the WPA narratives
482:(4. ed.). Norman, Okla.: Univ. of Oklahoma Press. p. 39.
111:
and identical separate but equal facilities were to be maintained.
901:"1920 United States Census, Wilson Township, McCurtain County, OK"
735:"Every Beginning Is Hard: Darlington Mennonite Mission, 1880–1902"
172:
113:
73:
293:
The Choctaw Freedmen and The Story of Oak Hill Industrial Academy
779:(2). Oklahoma State University: Oklahoma Historical Society: 217
439:. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Jasper Sipes Company. pp. 56–58
296:. Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen. pp. 101–102
805:
803:
186:
1886, the Mission Board hired a teacher, Eliza Hartford from
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freed their slaves and offered them citizenship, children of
83:
of an enlightened christian civilization". As was typical of
1100:
Historically segregated African-American schools in Oklahoma
849:. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 157.
766:"Survey of Education in Eastern Oklahoma from 1917 to 1915"
535:
533:
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In 1878, a carpenter, George M. Dallas, was hired by the
419:
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551:"The Development of the Educational System in Oklahoma"
626:. Salt Lake City, Utah. pp. 35–36. Archived from
503:
Baker, Terri M.; Henshaw, Connie Oliver, eds. (2007).
509:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 156.
617:"Teachers of Presbyterian Schools in Utah and Idaho"
963:"Remembering Oak Hill Academy for Choctaw Freedmen"
212:In 1904, the school was closed during the Choctaw
153:established a church to do mission work among the
553:. University of Chicago Libraries. pp. 16–18
38:) was founded as a day school and later became a
1095:Educational institutions disestablished in 1936
1029:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
905:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
379:
377:
476:Goins, Charles Robert; Goble, Danney (2006).
8:
1090:Educational institutions established in 1878
965:. The African-Native American Genealogy Blog
225:passed an Act on 26 April 1906 known as the
1031:. U.S. National Archives. 12 September 1918
961:Walton-Raji, Angela Y. (27 February 2011).
615:Burton, Fred (compiler) (19 October 2006).
549:Wellemeyer, John Fletcher (August 1914).
99:quantum of African blood had to attend a
843:Cassity, Michael; Goble, Danney (2009).
386:"An Interview with Mr. Jordan D. Folsom"
18:
1070:1878 establishments in Indian Territory
282:
384:Greene, Hazel B. (17 February 1938).
7:
433:Miller, Henry J. (compiler) (1912).
1105:Multiracial affairs in the Americas
290:Flickinger, Robert Elliott (1914).
1065:1936 disestablishments in Oklahoma
591:"Chapter 15: Religious Expression"
64:McCurtain County, Indian Territory
32:Alice Lee Elliott Memorial Academy
14:
122:By 1912, the school was offering
1110:Native American boarding schools
983:Flickinger (1914), pp362-369 103
733:Thiesen, Barbara A (June 2006).
85:American Indian boarding schools
875:The Education of Racial Groups
1:
992:Flickinger (1914), pp 149–150
809:Flickinger (1914), pp 210–215
705:Flickinger (1914), pp 158–159
678:Flickinger (1914), pp 135–136
651:Flickinger (1914), pp 107–110
457:Flickinger (1914), pp 162–166
371:Flickinger (1914), pp 136–140
314:Flickinger (1914), pp 220–221
479:Historical Atlas of Oklahoma
436:School Laws of Oklahoma 1912
107:blood were to be considered
1085:Defunct schools in Oklahoma
723:Wellemeyer (1914), pp 52–55
118:Oak Hill, Cattle Stanchions
28:Oak Hill Industrial Academy
23:Oak Hill, Elliott Hall 1912
1131:
933:. U. S. National Archives
393:Indian and Pioneer Papers
231:Secretary of the Interior
227:Five Civilized Tribes Act
1049:Flickinger (1914), p 149
907:. U.S. National Archives
797:Flickinger (1914), p 208
764:Jackson, Joe C. (1951).
696:Flickinger (1914), p 154
687:Flickinger (1914), p 139
669:Flickinger (1914), p 132
660:Flickinger (1914), p 112
580:Flickinger (1914), p 104
539:Flickinger (1914), p 103
466:Flickinger (1914), p 203
423:Flickinger (1914), p 270
332:Flickinger (1914), p 152
323:Flickinger (1914), p 135
714:Wellemeyer (1914), p 44
571:Wellemeyer (1914), p 26
773:Chronicles of Oklahoma
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119:
79:
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16:School in Oklahoma, US
951:Jackson (1951), p 208
235:Five Civilized Tribes
176:
117:
77:
22:
1075:Agricultural schools
633:on 10 February 2015
624:Westminster College
342:Bosworth, Dee Ann.
78:Oak Hill, Hen House
30:(also known as the
247:Lafayette, Indiana
219:Curtis Act of 1898
188:Steubenville, Ohio
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60:Valliant, Oklahoma
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856:978-0-8061-3848-0
516:978-0-8061-3845-9
489:978-0-8061-3482-6
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1080:Choctaw freedmen
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54:in what is now
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36:Elliott Academy
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739:Mennonite Life
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91:Shortly after
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397:the original
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1009:10 February
931:archive.org
1059:Categories
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937:8 February
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783:8 February
749:30 January
637:9 February
600:9 February
557:7 February
522:8 February
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406:7 February
357:7 February
300:7 February
278:References
145:After the
70:Curriculum
214:allotment
147:Civil War
223:Congress
167:Freedman
163:freedmen
93:Oklahoma
56:Oklahoma
239:Choctaw
204:⁄
155:Choctaw
141:History
131:⁄
101:colored
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109:white
105:negro
1037:2015
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851:ISBN
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