1476:'s plans and attitudes towards Eastern Europe. His main argument is that "German troops developed a revulsion towards the 'East' and came to think of it as a timeless region beset by chaos, disease and barbarism", instead of what it really was, a region suffering from the ravages of warfare. He claims that the encounter with the East formed an idea of "spaces and races", which needed to be "cleared and cleansed". Although he has garnered a great deal of evidence for his thesis including government documents, letters and diaries in German and Lithuanian, there are still problems with his work. For example, he does not say much about the reception of German policies by native populations. Also, he "makes almost no attempt to relate wartime occupation policies and practice in
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810:) divided the territory without regard to the existing social and ethnic organization and patterns. Movement between the districts was forbidden, which destroyed the livelihood of many merchants and prevented people from visiting friends and relatives in neighboring districts. The Germans also tried to "civilize" the people in the
828:, von Hindenburg's second-in-command, set up a system of managing the large area now under its jurisdiction. Although von Hindenburg was technically in command, Ludendorff had actual control of the administration. There were ten staff members, each with a specialty (finance, agriculture, etc.). The area was divided into the
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so that it was a self-sustaining region, growing all its own food and even exporting surpluses to Berlin. The largest resource was one that
Ludendorff was unable to exploit effectively: the local population had no interest in helping obtain a German victory, as it had no say in the government and was
814:-controlled land, attempting to integrate German ideals and institutions with the existing cultures. They constructed railroads but only Germans were allowed to ride them and schools were established and staffed with German instructors.
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at times had to be relied upon to spread messages to the masses since that was an effective way of spreading a message to people who speak a different language. A young officer-administrator named
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around late 1918 and early 1919. In the vacuum left by their retreat, conflicts arose as various former occupied nations declared independence, clashing with the various factions of the
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Gatrell, Peter; Liulevicius, Vejas
Gabriel (2001). "Review of War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity, and German Occupation in World War I".
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a colonial territory for the settlement of his troops after the war and to provide a haven for German refugees from Russia. Ludendorff quickly organized
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1936:
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891:. The language problems were not helped by the thinly-stretched administrations, which would sometimes number 100 men in areas as large as
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With the end of the war and collapse of the empire, the
Germans started to withdraw, sometimes in a piecemeal and disorganized way, from
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2011:
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3003:
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1976:
2674:
462:
4002:
3807:
3787:
3574:
3510:
3333:
3202:
2113:
2033:
1971:
1390:
518:
3476:
2850:
455:
4112:
4102:
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3797:
3792:
3782:
2128:
2103:
2001:
1428:
476:
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3777:
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3736:
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3408:
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2388:
2316:
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2016:
1986:
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3190:
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2194:
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The total area was 108,808 km (42,011 sq mi), containing a population of 2,909,935 (by the end of 1916).
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who told his congregation to stay off highways after nightfall, hand in firearms and not to have anything to do with
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1956:
1483:
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421:
351:
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1365:
3689:
3343:
3008:
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2908:
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2745:
2719:
2669:
2600:
2502:
2455:
2301:
2239:
2108:
1991:
2641:
829:
702:
was dismissed from office by the Kaiser in August 1916, Hindenburg took over at the
General Staff, and
4039:
3954:
2615:
2590:
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1922:
1313:
699:
692:
365:
70:
577:
4021:
3974:
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3024:
2983:
2860:
2820:
2815:
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2443:
2437:
2338:
1864:
940:
880:
680:
651:
164:
134:
3981:
3896:
3255:
3119:
3101:
3066:
3030:
2870:
2835:
2787:
2772:
2659:
2610:
2449:
2408:
2088:
1884:
1768:
1653:
1609:
978:
928:
884:
833:
635:
407:
145:
1851:
War Land on the
Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity, and German Occupation in World War I
1461:
War Land on the
Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity, and German Occupation in World War I
4014:
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3969:
3871:
3704:
3287:
3142:
3125:
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2735:
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2333:
2174:
2151:
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1876:
1833:
1802:
1726:
1354:
739:
government from then on controlled only the conquered areas east and north of central Poland.
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1720:
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2326:
2146:
2046:
1868:
1760:
1645:
1601:
825:
206:
138:
1162:
3881:
3721:
3060:
2620:
2595:
2294:
2202:
2041:
1567:
888:
868:
864:
728:
723:
could be put under a civil administration. Accordingly, the German Empire established the
603:
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309:
130:
45:
3714:
3694:
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2923:
2714:
2605:
2461:
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299:
187:
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3107:
2550:
2467:
2378:
1829:
1825:
1818:
747:
688:
619:
117:
107:
27:
Administrator of the
Imperial German occupational forces on the Eastern Front of WWI
3275:
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as well as the name given to the occupied territories on the German section of the
532:
218:
3486:
3391:
3089:
2524:
1945:
1406:
780:
itself controlled present-day
Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, Poland, and Courland.
676:
659:
232:
875:, "which the Germans would somehow comprehend". In the rural areas and amongst
1867:: Virginia Military Institute and the George C. Marshall Foundation: 212–213.
1497:
910:
892:
4068:
4055:
1880:
1848:
1592:
Koehl, Robert Lewis (October 1953). "A Prelude to Hitler's
Greater Germany".
1459:
The
Lithuanian historian Vėjas Gabrielius Liulevičius postulates in his book
3281:
3048:
751:
561:
1671:
857:
There were many problems with communication with local persons within the
970:
824:
s administration as a result of military successes on the Eastern Front,
767:
17:
1888:
1772:
1657:
1613:
1431: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
876:
872:
840:, each overseen by a district commander. Ludendorff's plan was to make
759:
684:
569:
95:
1794:
1319:
906:
896:
871:, and in large villages, the Jewish population would speak German or
763:
755:
720:
565:
557:
1872:
1764:
1722:
Civil War in Central Europe, 1918-1921: The Reconstruction of Poland
1649:
1605:
804:
governed in a very strict and often cruel way. The movement policy (
788:
3709:
947:
as king of Lithuania, but those plans collapsed in November 1918.
787:
576:
905:
related that he listened (through a translator) to a sermon by a
1636:
Vagts, Alfred (Spring 1943). "A memoir of Military Occupation".
1918:
863:. Among the upper-class locals, the soldiers could get by with
1914:
1400:
600:
Oberbefehlshaber der gesamten Deutschen Streitkräfte im Osten
39:
Oberbefehlshaber der gesamten Deutschen Streitkräfte im Osten
1009:(urban districts). In 1917 the following districts existed:
879:
populations soldiers had to rely on interpreters who spoke
626:, with the exception of Poland. It encompassed the former
687:
general who had come out of retirement to achieve the
679:
in November 1914, initially came under the command of
581:
This is a 2 kopek coin (2 КОПѢЙКИ) from Ober Ost, 1916
1820:
A People's Tragedy: the Russian Revolution, 1891–1924
1791:
White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish–Soviet War, 1919–20
1696:"Ober Ost (Kurland, Litauen, Bialystok-Grodno) 1917"
695:
in August 1914 and became a national hero. When the
3994:
3915:
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553:
292:
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200:
186:
170:
158:
144:
126:
113:
102:
32:
1817:
1135:
1011:
587:Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East
34:Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East
991:. Each was, like Germany proper, subdivided into
2891:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
927:The uncertain situation caused by the Russian
849:subject to increasing requisitions and taxes.
4133:States and territories disestablished in 1919
1930:
1672:"Kreise im Generalgouvernement Warschau 1917"
719:had advanced so far to the east that central
8:
1504:
1495:
1477:
1464:
1344:
1329:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1004:
998:
992:
984:
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962:
956:
914:
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858:
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799:
775:
707:
670:
608:
311:
301:
37:
4148:German involvement in the Russian Civil War
1700:www.brest-litowsk.libau-kurland-baltikum.de
817:In 1915, when large territories came under
4128:States and territories established in 1914
3757:
3466:
3371:
3311:
2427:
2235:
2029:
1937:
1923:
1915:
614:, was both a high-ranking position in the
94:
29:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1561:
1559:
1447:Learn how and when to remove this message
1357:, and with each other. For details, see:
3173:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
1368:(the largest of the resulting conflicts)
935:in March 1918 made some indigenes elect
3550:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
1725:. Oxford University Press. p. 65.
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1543:
1520:
3503:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
2846:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
1900:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
1550:
277:
264:
251:
241:
237:
211:
199:
195:
185:
169:
157:
153:
143:
106:Military occupation authority of the
7:
3907:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
1429:adding citations to reliable sources
1362:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–19
770:, all of which had been part of the
658:. It was abandoned after the end of
3836:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
2637:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
937:Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg
650:. It was governed in succession by
4143:Lithuania in the Russian Civil War
2576:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
25:
1463:, that a line can be traced from
1397:Parallels with Nazi German policy
4123:1919 disestablishments in Europe
2939:Second Battle of the Piave River
2561:Russian invasion of East Prussia
1847:Schwonek, M. R. (January 2001).
1405:
537:
523:
509:
505:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
495:
481:
467:
453:
439:
414:
400:
386:
372:
358:
344:
77:
63:
4003:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
3203:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
1857:The Journal of Military History
1416:needs additional citations for
1391:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
3826:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
3685:Deportations from East Prussia
3482:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
1853:by Vejas, Gabriel Liulevicius"
1594:The American Historical Review
1568:"The Baltic Region during WWI"
1472:s policies and assumptions to
967:(administrative territories):
1:
4118:1914 establishments in Europe
3737:Ukrainian Canadian internment
1484:colonial territories overseas
449:Military Government of Lublin
4093:German Empire in World War I
3892:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
3191:Estonian War of Independence
2866:Southern Palestine offensive
1898:The Eastern Front, 1914–1917
1529:Government General of Warsaw
1527:Under the authority of the
1381:Estonian War of Independence
919:had told him to do earlier.
733:Government General of Lublin
725:Government General of Warsaw
624:Eastern Front of World War I
519:Belarusian People's Republic
435:Government General of Warsaw
4138:German military occupations
3846:USA against Austria-Hungary
3245:Turkish War of Independence
3197:Latvian War of Independence
2929:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
2520:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
1566:Gettman, Erin (June 2002).
1386:Latvian War of Independence
1289:Main military units in 1919
477:Ukrainian People's Republic
4169:
3929:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
3477:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
2944:Second Battle of the Marne
2831:Second battle of the Aisne
2700:Second Battle of Champagne
2541:German invasion of Belgium
1507:Reichskommissariat Ostland
697:Chief of the General Staff
4035:
3710:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
3239:Irish War of Independence
2989:Armistice of Villa Giusti
2974:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
2586:First Battle of the Marne
1952:
1138:
1019:
1014:
853:Communication with locals
838:Bialystok-Grodno District
742:After the signing of the
704:Prince Leopold of Bavaria
656:Prince Leopold of Bavaria
323:
288:
238:
224:
196:
182:
177:Prince Leopold of Bavaria
154:
93:
59:
54:
3862:Constantinople Agreement
3155:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
3018:Co-belligerent conflicts
2994:Second Romanian campaign
2964:Third Transjordan attack
2675:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
2581:Battle of Grand Couronné
1789:Davies, Norman (2003) .
951:Administrative divisions
3925:Modus vivendi of Acroma
3877:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
3185:Greater Poland Uprising
3085:National Protection War
2969:Meuse–Argonne offensive
2919:German spring offensive
2914:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2690:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
2665:Second Battle of Artois
2546:Battle of the Frontiers
1816:Figes, Orlando (1998).
1719:Böhler, Jochen (2019).
961:was divided into three
933:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
750:effectively controlled
744:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
256:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3950:Paris Peace Conference
3938:Ukraine–Central Powers
3732:Massacres of Albanians
3700:Late Ottoman genocides
3507:Bulgarian occupations
3215:Third Anglo-Afghan War
3179:Hungarian–Romanian War
3004:Naval Victory Bulletin
2999:Armistice with Germany
2949:Hundred Days Offensive
2876:Battle of La Malmaison
2826:Second battle of Arras
2793:Battle of Transylvania
2647:Second Battle of Ypres
2515:Sarajevo assassination
2404:South African Republic
1896:Stone, Norman (1975).
1553:, pp. xxiii, 548.
1505:
1496:
1482:to those in Germany's
1478:
1465:
1345:
1330:
1312:
1310:), Commanding Officer
1306:
1300:
1005:
1003:(rural districts) and
999:
993:
985:
977:
969:
963:
957:
915:
901:
859:
806:
800:
796:
776:
708:
671:
609:
599:
582:
352:Governorate of Livonia
312:
302:
280:• Disestablished
38:
4113:Baltic-German history
4103:Poland in World War I
4069:52.23306°N 21.02000°E
3960:Treaty of St. Germain
3933:Russia–Central Powers
3887:Sykes–Picot Agreement
3715:Pontic Greek genocide
3690:Destruction of Kalisz
3666:Eastern Mediterranean
3227:Polish–Lithuanian War
3009:Armistice of Belgrade
2979:Armistice of Salonica
2909:Operation Faustschlag
2856:Third Battle of Oituz
2778:Baranovichi offensive
2746:Lake Naroch offensive
2720:Battle of Robat Karim
2695:Vistula–Bug offensive
2670:Battles of the Isonzo
2601:First Battle of Ypres
1035:Bialystok, Stadtkreis
791:
715:By October 1915, the
675:was set up by Kaiser
602:), also known by its
580:
127:Common languages
3955:Treaty of Versailles
3671:Mount Lebanon famine
3586:in the United States
3554:Russian occupations
3268:Turkish–Armenian War
3209:Polish–Ukrainian War
3149:Ukrainian–Soviet War
3096:Central Asian Revolt
2886:Armistice of Focșani
2616:Battle of Sarikamish
2566:Battle of Tannenberg
1962:Military engagements
1425:improve this article
1376:Polish–Ukrainian War
1372:Ukrainian–Soviet War
1326:Army Group Mackensen
1314:Erich von Falkenhayn
1307:Armeeoberkommando 10
1157:Russisch-Krottingen
1043:Bialystok, Landkreis
945:second duke of Urach
792:Postage stamps from
717:Imperial German Army
706:took control of the
700:Erich von Falkenhayn
693:Battle of Tannenberg
491:Kingdom of Lithuania
366:Courland Governorate
4065: /
4022:They shall not pass
3945:Treaty of Bucharest
3902:Treaty of Bucharest
3841:USA against Germany
3818:Declarations of war
3522:German occupations
3435:British casualties
3294:Soviet–Georgian War
3221:Egyptian Revolution
3161:Armeno-Georgian War
3025:Somaliland campaign
2984:Armistice of Mudros
2861:Battle of Caporetto
2851:Battle of Mărășești
2821:Zimmermann telegram
2816:February Revolution
2761:Battle of the Somme
2685:Bug-Narew Offensive
2660:Battle of Gallipoli
2652:Sinking of the RMS
2444:Scramble for Africa
2438:Franco-Prussian War
2094:Sinai and Palestine
1865:Lexington, Virginia
1531:after October 1915.
941:United Baltic Duchy
913:agents, exactly as
746:of March 1918, the
681:Paul von Hindenburg
652:Paul von Hindenburg
422:Suwałki Governorate
244:• Established
165:Paul von Hindenburg
4098:1910s in Lithuania
4074:52.23306; 21.02000
3982:Treaty of Lausanne
3897:Paris Economy Pact
3831:UK against Germany
3761:Entry into the war
3727:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
3446:Ottoman casualties
3256:Franco-Turkish War
3136:Post-War conflicts
3120:Russian Revolution
3102:Invasion of Darfur
3067:Kelantan rebellion
3055:Kurdish rebellions
3031:Mexican Revolution
2871:October Revolution
2836:Kerensky offensive
2811:Capture of Baghdad
2788:Monastir offensive
2773:Brusilov offensive
2611:Battle of Kolubara
2450:Russo-Japanese War
1351:Russian Revolution
1255:Wilna, Stadtkreis
1070:Libau, Stadtkreis
1059:Grodno, Stadtkreis
964:Verwaltungsgebiete
929:October Revolution
923:Russian Revolution
834:Lithuania District
797:
731:Empire set up the
583:
408:Grodno Governorate
4048:
4047:
4031:
4030:
4015:The Golden Virgin
4009:Mutilated victory
3990:
3989:
3970:Treaty of Trianon
3965:Treaty of Neuilly
3872:Damascus Protocol
3745:
3744:
3705:Armenian genocide
3662:Allied blockades
3634:Belgian refugees
3417:
3416:
3327:Strategic bombing
3303:
3302:
3288:Franco-Syrian War
3262:Greco-Turkish War
3250:Anglo-Turkish War
3233:Polish–Soviet War
3167:German Revolution
3143:Russian Civil War
3126:Finnish Civil War
2959:Battle of Megiddo
2934:Battle of Goychay
2881:Battle of Cambrai
2841:Battle of Mărăști
2756:Battle of Jutland
2736:Erzurum offensive
2591:Siege of Przemyśl
2571:Siege of Tsingtao
2556:Battle of Galicia
2486:Second Balkan War
2474:Italo-Turkish War
2431:Pre-War conflicts
2417:
2416:
2307:Portuguese Empire
2223:
2222:
2185:German New Guinea
2167:Asian and Pacific
1907:978-0-68414-492-4
1732:978-0-19-879448-6
1457:
1456:
1449:
1366:Polish–Soviet War
1331:Heeresgruppe Kiew
1283:
1282:
1263:Wilna, Landkreis
1188:Kowno, Stadtkreis
1134:
1133:
1078:Mitau, Landkreis
1067:Grodno, Landkreis
830:Courland District
575:
574:
549:
548:
545:
544:
463:Kingdom of Poland
427:
426:
394:Vilna Governorate
380:Kovno Governorate
214:• 1916–1918
202:• 1914–1916
172:• 1916–1918
160:• 1914–1916
146:Supreme Commander
122:
16:(Redirected from
4160:
4108:1910s in Belarus
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
3975:Treaty of Sèvres
3867:Treaty of London
3758:
3536:Northeast France
3467:
3439:Parliamentarians
3372:
3334:Chemical weapons
3312:
3073:Senussi campaign
3043:Muscat rebellion
3037:Maritz rebellion
2954:Vardar offensive
2783:Battle of Romani
2751:Battle of Asiago
2741:Battle of Verdun
2705:Kosovo offensive
2480:First Balkan War
2428:
2327:Russian Republic
2236:
2030:
1972:Economic history
1939:
1932:
1925:
1916:
1911:
1892:
1843:
1823:
1812:
1793:(2nd ed.).
1777:
1776:
1748:
1737:
1736:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1638:Military Affairs
1633:
1618:
1617:
1589:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1563:
1554:
1548:
1532:
1525:
1510:
1501:
1481:
1471:
1468:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1409:
1401:
1348:
1333:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1196:Kowno, Landkreis
1136:
1075:Lida, Stadtkreis
1016:Bialystok-Grodno
1012:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
987:Bialystok-Grodno
982:
974:
966:
960:
931:in 1917 and the
918:
904:
862:
826:Erich Ludendorff
823:
809:
803:
779:
729:Austro-Hungarian
711:
674:
630:governorates of
612:
606:abbreviation as
594:
541:
540:
527:
526:
513:
512:
499:
498:
485:
484:
471:
470:
457:
456:
443:
442:
431:
430:
418:
417:
404:
403:
390:
389:
376:
375:
362:
361:
348:
347:
341:
340:
325:
324:
315:
305:
274:11 November 1918
269:German surrender
207:Erich Ludendorff
120:
98:
81:
67:
49:
41:
30:
21:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4153:1910s in Latvia
4083:
4082:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4044:
4027:
3986:
3918:
3911:
3882:Treaty of Darin
3850:
3812:
3768:Austria-Hungary
3754:
3741:
3722:Rape of Belgium
3649:
3621:
3569:
3563:Western Armenia
3558:Eastern Galicia
3491:
3465:
3429:
3428:Civilian impact
3427:
3413:
3370:
3299:
3131:
3061:Ovambo Uprising
3013:
2895:
2797:
2724:
2642:Battle of Łomża
2625:
2621:Christmas truce
2596:Race to the Sea
2529:
2491:
2413:
2384:Austria-Hungary
2360:
2295:Empire of Japan
2232:
2230:
2219:
2203:U-boat campaign
2189:
2161:
2123:
2075:
2021:
2002:Popular culture
1948:
1943:
1908:
1895:
1873:10.2307/2677470
1849:"Book Reviews:
1846:
1840:
1815:
1809:
1788:
1785:
1783:Further reading
1780:
1765:10.2307/2697514
1750:
1749:
1740:
1733:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1650:10.2307/1982990
1635:
1634:
1621:
1606:10.2307/1844652
1591:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1492:
1469:
1453:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1422:
1410:
1399:
1353:and subsequent
1341:
1291:
953:
939:as head of the
925:
855:
821:
807:Verkehrspolitik
786:
735:. The military
691:victory of the
668:
590:
568:
564:
560:
538:
524:
510:
496:
482:
468:
454:
440:
415:
401:
387:
373:
359:
345:
319:
281:
271:
258:
245:
215:
203:
173:
161:
89:
88:
87:
82:
74:
73:
68:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4166:
4164:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4085:
4084:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4006:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3917:Peace treaties
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3803:United Kingdom
3800:
3795:
3793:Ottoman Empire
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3697:
3695:Sack of Dinant
3692:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3643:United Kingdom
3640:
3631:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3603:
3597:POW locations
3595:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3432:
3430:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3397:United Kingdom
3394:
3392:Ottoman Empire
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3369:
3368:
3366:Trench warfare
3363:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3318:
3316:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3082:
3079:Volta-Bani War
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:Zeebrugge Raid
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2715:Battle of Loos
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:Black Sea raid
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2508:Historiography
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2462:Bosnian Crisis
2459:
2456:Tangier Crisis
2453:
2447:
2441:
2434:
2432:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2389:Ottoman Empire
2386:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2366:Central Powers
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2349:British Empire
2344:United Kingdom
2341:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2322:Russian Empire
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2240:Entente Powers
2233:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2208:North Atlantic
2199:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2119:Central Arabia
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2081:Middle Eastern
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:Historiography
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1893:
1844:
1838:
1813:
1807:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1759:(4): 844–845.
1738:
1731:
1711:
1687:
1676:territorial.de
1663:
1619:
1579:
1555:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1491:
1488:
1455:
1454:
1413:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1369:
1364:, part of the
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1322:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
952:
949:
924:
921:
854:
851:
785:
782:
772:Russian Empire
667:
664:
573:
572:
555:
551:
550:
547:
546:
543:
542:
535:
529:
528:
521:
515:
514:
507:
501:
500:
493:
487:
486:
479:
473:
472:
465:
459:
458:
451:
445:
444:
437:
428:
425:
424:
419:
411:
410:
405:
397:
396:
391:
383:
382:
377:
369:
368:
363:
355:
354:
349:
337:
336:
331:
321:
320:
318:
317:
307:
296:
294:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:
272:
266:
263:
262:
259:
253:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
239:
236:
235:
230:
229:Historical era
226:
225:
222:
221:
216:
213:
210:
209:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190:
188:Chief of Staff
184:
183:
180:
179:
174:
171:
168:
167:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
142:
141:
128:
124:
123:
115:
111:
110:
104:
100:
99:
91:
90:
83:
76:
75:
69:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
52:
51:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4165:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4081:
4078:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3808:United States
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3420:
3410:
3409:United States
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3359:Convoy system
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:Naval warfare
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
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2680:Great Retreat
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2071:Italian Front
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2059:Eastern Front
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2054:Western Front
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2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:Puppet states
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
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1998:
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1830:Penguin Books
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1808:0-7126-0694-7
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1279:Wylkowyschki
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1167:Saldugischki
1166:
1164:
1163:Johanischkele
1161:
1160:
1156:
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1007:
1001:
997:(districts);
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989:
988:
981:
980:
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965:
959:
950:
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802:
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790:
783:
781:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
748:German Empire
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
710:
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701:
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637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:German Empire
617:
613:
611:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
579:
571:
567:
563:
559:
556:
554:Today part of
552:
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531:
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522:
520:
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516:
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492:
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149:
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108:German Empire
105:
101:
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86:
80:
72:
66:
58:
53:
47:
40:
31:
19:
4050:
4020:
4013:
4001:
3608: /
3541:
3540:
3375:Conscription
3339:Cryptography
3276:Iraqi Revolt
2710:Siege of Kut
2653:
2231:participants
2180:German Samoa
2114:South Arabia
1897:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1819:
1799:Random House
1790:
1756:
1752:
1721:
1714:
1703:. Retrieved
1699:
1690:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:
1666:
1644:(1): 16–24.
1641:
1637:
1600:(1): 43–65.
1597:
1593:
1571:. Retrieved
1546:
1523:
1474:Nazi Germany
1460:
1458:
1443:
1434:
1423:Please help
1418:verification
1415:
1342:
1284:
1271:Wladislawow
1139:
1020:
1015:
954:
926:
856:
845:
841:
818:
816:
811:
798:
793:
741:
736:
714:
669:
616:armed forces
607:
586:
584:
533:Baltic State
334:Succeeded by
333:
328:
261:3 March 1918
219:Max Hoffmann
85:Coat of arms
4072: /
3638:Netherlands
3615:Switzerland
3496:Occupations
3487:Spanish flu
3264:(1919–1922)
3258:(1918–1921)
3252:(1918–1923)
3241:(1919–1921)
3235:(1919–1921)
3229:(1919–1920)
3205:(1918–1920)
3199:(1918–1920)
3193:(1918–1920)
3175:(1918–1920)
3157:(1918–1920)
3151:(1917–1921)
3145:(1917–1921)
3092:(1916-1918)
3090:Arab Revolt
3081:(1915–1917)
3075:(1915–1917)
3063:(1914-1917)
3057:(1914–1917)
3051:(1914–1921)
3045:(1913–1920)
3033:(1910–1920)
3027:(1900–1920)
2525:July Crisis
2446:(1880–1914)
2109:Mesopotamia
1987:Home fronts
1946:World War I
1247:Wilkomierz
1183:Schirwinty
1121:Wasilischky
1006:Stadtkreise
762:, parts of
660:World War I
329:Preceded by
233:World War I
4087:Categories
4060:21°01′12″E
4057:52°13′59″N
3855:Agreements
3655:War crimes
3531:Luxembourg
3424:Casualties
2302:Montenegro
2137:South West
2017:Technology
2007:Propaganda
1997:Opposition
1705:2019-12-21
1681:2019-12-21
1573:2008-03-02
1551:Figes 1998
1539:References
1498:Lebensraum
1437:April 2024
1252:Podbrodzie
1239:Wiezajcie
1207:Skaudwile
1204:Kupzischki
1180:Koschedary
1149:Rossienie
1046:Goldingen
1000:Landkreise
911:Bolshevist
893:Luxembourg
881:Lithuanian
677:Wilhelm II
135:Lithuanian
121:(HQ, 1919)
118:Königsberg
3752:Diplomacy
3459:Olympians
3382:Australia
3349:Logistics
3282:Vlora War
3211:(1918–19)
3187:(1918–19)
3181:(1918–19)
3169:(1918–19)
3116:(1916–17)
3098:(1916–17)
3049:Zaian War
3039:(1914–15)
2766:first day
2654:Lusitania
2482:(1912–13)
2476:(1911–12)
2464:(1908–09)
2458:(1905–06)
2440:(1870–71)
2229:Principal
2089:Gallipoli
1992:Memorials
1977:Geography
1967:Aftermath
1881:0899-3718
1355:Civil War
1339:Aftermath
1301:10. Armee
1296:10th Army
1276:Rakischki
1268:Poniewiez
1228:Mariampol
1175:Schaulen
1128:Wolkowysk
1062:Hasenpot
1027:Alekszyce
752:Lithuania
666:Extension
592:‹See Tfd›
562:Lithuania
55:1914–1919
4040:Category
3627:Refugees
3593:Italians
3582:Germans
3542:Ober Ost
3322:Aviation
2423:Timeline
2394:Bulgaria
2175:Tsingtao
2152:Togoland
2099:Caucasus
2034:European
2026:Theatres
1826:New York
1490:See also
1479:Ober Ost
1466:Ober Ost
1346:Ober Ost
1215:Suwalki
1212:Kurszany
1172:Kiejdany
1146:Augustow
1114:Swislocz
958:Ober Ost
943:and the
860:Ober Ost
846:Ober Ost
842:Ober Ost
836:and the
819:Ober Ost
812:Ober Ost
801:Ober Ost
794:Ober Ost
784:Policies
777:Ober Ost
768:Courland
737:Ober Ost
727:and the
709:Ober Ost
685:Prussian
672:Ober Ost
632:Courland
610:Ober Ost
313:Ostrubel
293:Currency
18:Ober-Ost
3778:Germany
3678:Germany
3606:Germany
3526:Belgium
3511:Albania
3470:Disease
3450:Sports
3402:Ireland
3315:Warfare
3308:Aspects
2503:Origins
2496:Prelude
2399:Senussi
2379:Germany
2374:Leaders
2312:Romania
2253:Belgium
2248:Leaders
2147:Kamerun
2129:African
2064:Romania
2042:Balkans
1957:Outline
1889:2677470
1773:2697514
1658:1982990
1614:1844652
1260:Pojurze
1236:Okmjany
1231:Uzjany
1223:Telsze
1220:Maljaty
1140:Litauen
1107:Sokolka
1102:Windau
1094:Tuckum
1086:Talsen
1054:Grobin
1038:Doblen
1030:Bauske
1021:Kurland
979:Litauen
971:Kurland
885:Latvian
877:peasant
873:Yiddish
760:Belarus
648:Suwałki
628:Russian
618:of the
570:Belarus
310:German
303:Ostmark
300:German
267:•
254:•
139:Latvian
114:Capital
3798:Russia
3773:France
3601:Canada
3516:Serbia
3387:Canada
3344:Horses
3296:(1921)
3290:(1920)
3284:(1920)
3278:(1920)
3270:(1920)
3223:(1919)
3217:(1919)
3163:(1918)
3128:(1918)
3122:(1917)
3110:(1916)
3104:(1916)
3069:(1915)
2488:(1913)
2470:(1911)
2452:(1905)
2409:Darfur
2334:Serbia
2317:Russia
2280:Greece
2268:France
2258:Brazil
2104:Persia
2047:Serbia
1904:
1887:
1879:
1836:
1805:
1795:London
1771:
1729:
1656:
1612:
1320:Grodno
1199:Siady
1191:Sejny
1154:Birshi
1091:Planty
1051:Bielsk
994:Kreise
983:, and
907:priest
897:clergy
895:. The
889:Polish
869:German
865:French
832:, the
766:, and
764:Poland
756:Latvia
721:Poland
689:German
636:Grodno
604:German
596:German
566:Poland
558:Latvia
192:
150:
131:Polish
103:Status
46:German
42:
3995:Other
3788:Japan
3783:Italy
3610:camps
3454:Rugby
2290:Japan
2285:Italy
2263:China
2157:North
1885:JSTOR
1863:(1).
1769:JSTOR
1654:JSTOR
1610:JSTOR
1515:Notes
1470:'
1244:Olita
1099:Radun
916:Vagts
902:Vagts
822:'
644:Kovno
640:Vilna
3575:POWs
2901:1918
2803:1917
2729:1916
2630:1915
2534:1914
2339:Siam
2142:East
1902:ISBN
1877:ISSN
1834:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1374:and
1324:the
1294:the
955:The
683:, a
654:and
646:and
585:The
284:1919
248:1914
71:Flag
1869:doi
1761:doi
1646:doi
1602:doi
1486:".
1427:by
1304:or
1083:Ost
887:or
867:or
4089::
1883:.
1875:.
1861:65
1859:.
1855:.
1832:.
1828::
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1801:.
1797::
1767:.
1757:60
1755:.
1741:^
1698:.
1674:.
1652:.
1640:.
1622:^
1608:.
1598:59
1596:.
1582:^
1558:^
1318:,
975:,
883:,
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642:,
638:,
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3426:/
1938:e
1931:t
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1910:.
1891:.
1871::
1842:.
1811:.
1775:.
1763::
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1439:)
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1421:.
1334:)
1328:(
1298:(
589:(
48:)
44:(
20:)
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