284:
the recombinant proghrelin precursor by cleavage at the single basic residue required for generation of the obestatin sequence. Thus the physiological generation of this particular peptide sequence remains unproven. Obestatin has opposite action to ghrelin on food intake and plays a role in energy balance. Circuit-resistance exercise resulted in a significant change in GH levels, but had no effect on plasma
Obestatin levels.
31:
283:
Obestatin opposes the actions of ghrelin which are growth hormone secretion and increased appetite. The purpose of producing two hormones with opposing effects is not clear: removing the ghrelin gene from mice did not significantly reduce food intake. No secretory convertase is capable of cleaving
214:
The obestatin structure to the right was determined by NMR. The length of the polypeptide was found to be 24 residues with a secondary structure 29% helical. Specifically 2 helices and 7 residues are formed.
815:
Zhang N, Yuan C, Li Z, Li J, Li X, Li C, Li R, Wang SR (January 2011). "Meta-analysis of the relationship between obestatin and ghrelin levels and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio with respect to obesity".
907:
Qi X, Li L, Yang G, Liu J, Li K, Tang Y, Liou H, Boden G (April 2007). "Circulating obestatin levels in normal subjects and in patients with impaired glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes mellitus".
1032:
477:
Zhang JV, Ren PG, Avsian-Kretchmer O, Luo CW, Rauch R, Klein C, Hsueh AJ (November 2005). "Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin's effects on food intake".
343:
Scrima M, Campiglia P, Esposito C, Gomez-Monterrey I, Novellino E, D'Ursi AM (November 2007). "Obestatin conformational features: a strategy to unveil obestatin's biological role?".
545:
Seim I, Amorim L, Walpole C, Carter S, Chopin LK, Herington AC (2010). "Ghrelin gene-related peptides: multifunctional endocrine / autocrine modulators in health and disease".
190:
is a hormone that is produced in specialized epithelial cells of the stomach and small intestine of several animals including humans. Obestatin was originally identified as an
950:
Harsch IA, Koebnick C, Tasi AM, Hahn EG, Konturek PC (October 2009). "Ghrelin and obestatin levels in type 2 diabetic patients with and without delayed gastric emptying".
860:"Altered distribution of adiponectin isoforms in children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS): association with insulin sensitivity and circulating satiety peptide hormones"
36:
292:
Studies on the obestatin/ghrelin ratio in the gastrointestinal tract and plasma are associated with some diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), obesity,
729:
Ghanbari-Niaki A, Saghebjoo M, Rahbarizadeh F (2008). "single circuit-resistance exercise has no effect on plasma obestatin levels in female college students".
71:
1066:
430:"The ghrelin/obestatin balance in the physiological and pathological control of growth hormone secretion, body composition and food intake"
95:
83:
76:
772:
Sjölund K, Ekman R, Wierup N (June 2010). "Covariation of plasma ghrelin and motilin in irritable bowel syndrome".
293:
1071:
588:
Dong XY, He JM, Tang SQ, Li HY, Jiang QY, Zou XT (February 2009). "Is GPR39 the natural receptor of obestatin?".
1050:
231:
gene has four exons. Five products of similar structure and function arise: the first is the 117-amino acid
44:
88:
380:"Lack of obestatin effects on food intake: should obestatin be renamed ghrelin-associated peptide (GAP)?"
682:"Obestatin partially affects ghrelin stimulation of food intake and growth hormone secretion in rodents"
40:
486:
141:
858:
Haqq AM, Muehlbauer M, Svetkey LP, Newgard CB, Purnell JQ, Grambow SC, Freemark MS (December 2007).
975:
932:
840:
797:
754:
613:
570:
510:
459:
407:
267:
functioned as an obestatin receptor, however more recent findings suggest that this is unlikely.
1046:
1021:
967:
924:
889:
832:
789:
746:
711:
662:
605:
562:
502:
451:
399:
360:
333:
1076:
1011:
959:
916:
879:
871:
824:
781:
738:
701:
693:
652:
644:
597:
554:
494:
441:
391:
352:
136:
165:
145:
490:
884:
859:
706:
657:
632:
203:
524:
1060:
920:
875:
558:
446:
429:
979:
936:
844:
801:
758:
681:
617:
574:
514:
463:
411:
785:
742:
601:
828:
395:
112:
175:
356:
963:
310:
275:
As yet no biochemical studies of circulating obestatin have been carried out.
119:
648:
498:
206:
approach: by computer search of the sequenced genomes of several organisms.
191:
1025:
971:
928:
893:
836:
793:
750:
715:
666:
609:
566:
506:
455:
403:
364:
1016:
999:
697:
124:
305:
236:
224:
64:
47:
22:
337:
107:
379:
30:
264:
1000:"GPR39 signaling is stimulated by zinc ions but not by obestatin"
100:
194:
peptide, but its effect on food intake remains controversial.
680:
Zizzari P, Longchamps R, Epelbaum J, Bluet-Pajot MT (2007).
235:. (It is homologous to promotilin; both are members of the
633:"Production of bioactive peptides in an in vitro system"
223:Obestatin is encoded by the same gene that encodes
171:
161:
156:
135:
130:
118:
106:
94:
82:
70:
60:
55:
21:
1033:Obestatin, A New Physiological Opponent of Ghrelin
998:Holst B, Egerod KL, Schild E, et al. (2007).
523:
378:Gourcerol G, St-Pierre DH, Taché Y (June 2007).
227:, a peptide hormone. The mRNA produced from the
423:
421:
328:
326:
243:which is cleaved to produce a 28-amino acid
8:
525:"In Study, Hormone Reduced Appetite in Mice"
428:Hassouna R, Zizzari P, Tolle V (July 2010).
255:is presumed to be cleaved from C-ghrelin.
153:
29:
1049:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1015:
883:
705:
656:
631:Ozawa A, Cai Y, Lindberg I (April 2007).
445:
322:
16:Hormone that is produced in the stomach
18:
7:
522:Denise Grady (November 11, 2005).
239:family). It is cleaved to produce
14:
296:, and type II diabetes mellitus.
202:Obestatin was discovered using a
921:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02776.x
876:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02991.x
559:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05241.x
447:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02019.x
263:It was originally proposed that
1035:, PHOENIX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
23:ghrelin/obestatin preprohormone
786:10.1016/j.peptides.2010.03.021
743:10.1016/j.peptides.2007.11.002
602:10.1016/j.peptides.2008.09.022
1:
345:Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun
829:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181ec41ed
396:10.1016/j.regpep.2006.12.023
1067:Genes on human chromosome 3
1093:
547:Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol
357:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.200
964:10.1007/s10620-008-0622-2
152:
28:
1051:Medical Subject Headings
649:10.1016/j.ab.2007.04.020
499:10.1126/science.1117255
219:Gene and transcription
294:Prader–Willi syndrome
288:Clinical significance
1017:10.1210/en.2006-0933
698:10.1210/en.2006-1231
491:2005Sci...310..996Z
530:The New York Times
434:J. Neuroendocrinol
247:(unacylated) and
185:
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181:
180:
1084:
1072:Peptide hormones
1047:obestatin, human
1029:
1019:
984:
983:
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940:
909:Clin. Endocrinol
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864:Clin. Endocrinol
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1038:
997:
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991:Further reading
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987:
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906:
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817:Am. J. Med. Sci
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485:(5750): 996–9.
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1041:External links
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958:(10): 2161–6.
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440:(7): 793–804.
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952:Dig. Dis. Sci
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870:(6): 944–51.
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553:(1): 125–31.
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233:preproghrelin
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37:NMR structure
32:
27:
24:
20:
1010:(1): 13–20.
1007:
1003:
955:
951:
945:
915:(4): 593–7.
912:
908:
902:
867:
863:
853:
823:(1): 48–55.
820:
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810:
777:
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767:
734:
730:
724:
689:
685:
675:
643:(2): 182–9.
640:
637:Anal Biochem
636:
626:
596:(2): 431–8.
593:
589:
583:
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529:
482:
478:
472:
437:
433:
390:(1–3): 1–7.
387:
383:
373:
351:(3): 500–5.
348:
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271:Blood levels
262:
252:
251:(acylated).
248:
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187:
186:
144:
384:Regul. Pept
166:Swiss-model
56:Identifiers
1061:Categories
317:References
311:Nesfatin-1
241:proghrelin
162:Structures
157:Search for
131:Other data
35:Obestatin
341:;
253:Obestatin
249:C-ghrelin
210:Structure
198:Discovery
192:anorectic
188:Obestatin
113:NM_016362
72:NCBI gene
50:solution.
1026:16959833
980:27182413
972:19082715
937:24834549
929:17371480
894:17666087
845:11960114
837:21139496
802:11646192
794:20338210
774:Peptides
759:20008762
751:18308154
731:Peptides
716:17204551
667:17540328
618:34448850
610:18977259
590:Peptides
575:21657818
567:19566830
515:22391046
507:16284174
464:43518257
456:20456603
412:45148053
404:17321609
365:17904104
300:See also
279:Function
259:Receptor
176:InterPro
48:micellar
1077:Obesity
885:2605973
707:1890395
658:2128726
487:Bibcode
479:Science
306:Ghrelin
245:ghrelin
237:motilin
225:ghrelin
172:Domains
146:p26-p25
120:UniProt
1053:(MeSH)
1024:
978:
970:
935:
927:
892:
882:
843:
835:
800:
792:
757:
749:
714:
704:
665:
655:
616:
608:
573:
565:
513:
505:
462:
454:
410:
402:
363:
142:Chr. 3
125:Q9UBU3
108:RefSeq
101:605353
61:Symbol
976:S2CID
933:S2CID
841:S2CID
798:S2CID
755:S2CID
614:S2CID
571:S2CID
511:S2CID
460:S2CID
408:S2CID
265:GPR39
137:Locus
89:18129
77:51738
1022:PMID
968:PMID
925:PMID
890:PMID
833:PMID
790:PMID
747:PMID
712:PMID
663:PMID
606:PMID
563:PMID
503:PMID
452:PMID
400:PMID
361:PMID
338:2JSH
229:GHRL
96:OMIM
84:HGNC
65:GHRL
1012:doi
1008:148
960:doi
917:doi
880:PMC
872:doi
825:doi
821:341
782:doi
739:doi
702:PMC
694:doi
690:148
653:PMC
645:doi
641:366
598:doi
555:doi
495:doi
483:310
442:doi
392:doi
388:141
353:doi
349:363
334:PDB
45:DPC
41:SDS
39:in
1063::
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1006:.
1002:.
974:.
966:.
956:54
954:.
931:.
923:.
913:66
911:.
888:.
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866:.
862:.
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735:29
733:.
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592:.
569:.
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450:.
438:22
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432:.
420:^
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359:.
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336::
325:^
43:/
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827::
804:.
784::
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517:.
497::
489::
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444::
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394::
367:.
355::
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