Historian - Knowledge

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unattainable for historians". Historians rarely articulate their conception of objectivity or discuss it in detail. And like in other professions, historians rarely analyze themselves or their activity. In practice, "specific canons of historical proof are neither widely observed nor generally agreed upon" among professional historians. Though objectivity is often seen as the goal of those who work on history, in practice there is no convergence on anything in particular. Historical scholarship is never value free since historian's writings are impacted by the frameworks of their times. Some scholars of history have observed that there are no particular standards for historical fields such as religion, art, science, democracy, and social justice as these are by their nature 'essentially contested' fields, such that they require diverse tools particular to each field beforehand in order to interpret topics from those fields.

1222:. Publication is increasingly required by smaller schools, so graduate papers become journal articles and PhD dissertations become published monographs. The graduate student experience is difficult—those who finish their doctorate in the United States take on average 8 or more years; funding is scarce except at a few very rich universities. Being a teaching assistant in a course is required in some programs; in others it is a paid opportunity awarded a fraction of the students. Until the 1970s it was rare for graduate programs to teach how to teach; the assumption was that teaching was easy and that learning how to do research was the main mission. A critical experience for graduate students is having a mentor who will provide psychological, social, intellectual and professional support, while directing scholarship and providing an introduction to the profession. 1810:

is that historians' interests will inevitably influence their judgment in deciding how to conceive of a historical subject, in deciding what information to select for inclusion in their history of it, and in choosing words with which to present it. The second is the belief that, just as a historian's account of the past is inevitably biased, so too are the reports of events by contemporaries upon which historians rely. Some think there is no objective information about historical events which historians can use to describe them. The third is that, even if historians' individual biases can be corrected, and even if facts about the past can be known, historians are still products of their culture, of its language, concepts, beliefs, and attitudes, so that the possibility of an impartial, fair description of past events still remains unattainable.

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rumination, reflection, and research on whatever topic interests them at the moment. Instead they must live in unremitting daily pursuit of an individual whose company, whatever his genius, may ultimately begin to pall. Anyone who has edited historical manuscripts knows that it requires as much physical and intellectual labor to prepare a text for publication as it does to write a book of one's own. Indeed, the new editorial projects are far too large for one man. The editor-in-chief, having decided to forego a regular academic career, must entice other scholars to help him; and with the present demand for college teachers, this is no easy task.

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and historians are products of their culture, concepts, and beliefs. Racial and cultural biases can play major roles in national histories, which often ignore or downplay the roles on other groups. Gender biases as well. Moral or worldview evaluations by historians are also seen partly inevitable, causing complications for historians and their historical writings. One way to deal with this is for historians to state their biases explicitly for their readers. In the modern era, newspapers (which have a bias of their own) impacts historical accounts made by historians. Knowledge also contributes to difficulties for historians.

1199: 373: 669:(1756). "My chief object," he wrote in 1739, "is not political or military history, it is the history of the arts, of commerce, of civilization – in a word, – of the human mind." He broke from the tradition of narrating diplomatic and military events, and emphasized customs, social history, and achievements in the arts and sciences. He was the first scholar to make a serious attempt to write the history of the world, eliminating theological frameworks, and emphasizing economics, culture, and political history. 673: 83:

written with contemporary concerns and ancient historians wrote their histories in response to the needs of their times. Out of thousands of Greek and Roman historians, only the tiniest fraction's works survive and it is out of this small pool that ancient historians and ancient historiography are analyzed today. Modern historians of the ancient world have to deal with diverse types of evidence, which are debated more today than in the 19th century due to innovations in the field.

794: 5899: 504: 910: 279: 7596: 6612: 786:, in 1848. His writings are famous for their ringing prose and for their confident, sometimes dogmatic, emphasis on a progressive model of British history, according to which the country threw off superstition, autocracy and confusion to create a balanced constitution and a forward-looking culture combined with the freedom of belief and expression. This model of human progress has been called the 38: 255:. While ancient writers do not normally share modern historical practices, their work remains valuable for its insights within the cultural context of the times. An important part of the contribution of many modern historians is the verification or dismissal of earlier historical accounts through reviewing newly discovered sources and recent scholarship or through parallel disciplines like 1759:

When historians write the history of these subjects, they must choose an interpretation of the subject to guide them. For instance, in deciding what Art is, historians can choose between "configurationist theories, theories of aesthetic contemplation and response .. ., theories of art as expression, theories emphasizing traditional artistic aims and standards, and communication theories.

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feminist group), providing the historian uses the "objective historian" standards, they are a "conscientious historian". It was Irving's failure as an "objective historian" not his right-wing views that caused him to lose his libel case, as a "conscientious historian" would not have "deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence" to support his political views.

935:, Ranke used an unusually wide variety of sources for a historian of the age, including "memoirs, diaries, personal and formal missives, government documents, diplomatic dispatches and first-hand accounts of eye-witnesses". Over a career that spanned much of the century, Ranke set the standards for much of later historical writing, introducing such ideas as reliance on 7606: 1030: 1242:

withering of the narrative impulse in favor of the analytical urge among professional academic historians has resulted in a virtual abdication of the oldest and most honored role of the historian, that of storyteller. Having abdicated... the professional is in a poor position to patronize amateurs who fulfill the needed function he has abandoned.

866:, he was the first master of cultural history, which seeks to describe the spirit and the forms of expression of a particular age, a particular people, or a particular place. By the mid-19th century, scholars were beginning to analyse the history of institutional change, particularly the development of constitutional government. 5368: 1166:(1965) to improve upon Toynbee by showing how the separate civilizations of Eurasia interacted from the very beginning of their history, borrowing critical skills from one another, and thus precipitating still further change as adjustment between traditional old and borrowed new knowledge and practice became necessary. 500:), a monumental lifelong achievement in literature. Its scope extends as far back as the 16th century BCE, and it includes many treatises on specific subjects and individual biographies of prominent people and also explores the lives and deeds of commoners, both contemporary and those of previous eras. 1225:

Professional historians typically work in colleges and universities, archival centers, government agencies, museums, and as freelance writers and consultants. The job market for new PhDs in history is poor and getting worse, with many relegated to part-time "adjunct" teaching jobs with low pay and no

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There are three commonly held reasons why avoiding bias is not seen as possible in historical practice: a historian's interest inevitably influences their judgement (what information to use and omit, how to present the information, etc); the sources used by historians for their history all have bias,

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W. B. Gallie argued that some concepts in history are "essentially contested," namely "religion," "art," "science," "democracy," and "social justice." These are concepts for which "there is no one use of any of them which can be set up as its generally accepted and therefore correct or standard use.

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It is widely accepted that strict objectivity is epistemologically unattainable for historians, no matter how conscientious they are. I shall not contest this basic philosophical tenet, the implication of which is that all historiography is to some extent political in a wide sense of the term, taken

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Clearly bias in history should be avoided. But can it be? Can a historian's social responsibility of providing fair descriptions, interpretations, and explanations of social events be fulfilled? There are three commonly held reasons for denying the possibility of avoiding bias in history. The first

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An undergraduate history degree is often used as a stepping stone to graduate studies in business or law. Many historians are employed at universities and other facilities for post-secondary education. In addition, it is normal for colleges and universities to require a PhD degree for new full-time

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radically changed the focus of historical research in France during the 20th century by stressing long-term social history, rather than political or diplomatic themes. The school emphasized the use of quantification and the paying of special attention to geography. An eminent member of this school,

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narrative. Butterfield's antidote to Whig history was "...to evoke a certain sensibility towards the past, the sensibility which studies the past 'for the sake of the past', which delights in the concrete and the complex, which 'goes out to meet the past', which searches for 'unlikenesses between

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Ancient historians were very different from modern historians in terms of goals, documentation, sources, and methods. For instance, chronological systems were not widely used, their sources were often absorbed (traceability of such sources usually disappeared), and the goal of an ancient work was

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in 1769. His scholarship was painstaking for the time and he was able to access a large number of documentary sources that had previously been unstudied. He was also one of the first historians who understood the importance of general and universally applicable ideas in the shaping of historical

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largely eliminated divine causality in his account of the war between Athens and Sparta, establishing a rationalistic element that set a precedent for subsequent Western historical writings. He was also the first to distinguish between cause and immediate origins of an event, while his successor

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Schneider proposes that by testing a historian against the criteria of the "objective historian" then, even if a historian holds specific political views (and she gives an example of a well-qualified historian's testimony that was disregarded by a United States court because he was a member of a

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Even so, what critics might regard as disorder and disarray, historians would view as a sign of intellectual vitality. The body of literature on almost any historical subject takes the form of an ongoing debate.... After all, historians traditionally have investigated all sorts of human matters

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In the 19th-century historical studies became professionalized at universities and research centers along with a belief that history was a type of science. However, in the 20th century historians incorporated social science dimensions like politics, economy, and culture in their historiography,

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In the 19th century scholars used to study ancient Greek and Roman historians to see how generally reliable they were. In recent decades, however, scholars have focused more on the constructions, genres, and meanings that ancient historians sought to convey to their audiences. History is always

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Professionals do well to apply the term "amateur" with caution to the historian outside their ranks. The word does have deprecatory and patronizing connotations that occasionally backfire. This is especially true of narrative history, which nonprofessionals have all but taken over. The gradual

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History by its nature is prone to continuous debate, and historians tend to be divided. There is no past that is commonly agreed upon, since there are competing histories (e.g., of elites, non-elites, men, women, races, etc.). It is widely accepted that "strict objectivity is epistemologically

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As a broad community of discourse, as a community of scholars united by common aims, common standards, and common purposes, the discipline of history had ceased to exist. Convergence on anything, let alone a subject as highly charged as "the objectivity question," was out of the question. The

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I believe the nature and uses of the evidence about antiquity are being debated more widely and determinedly today than at any time since...the early nineteenth century. Partly this is a consequence of the exponential increase in the quantity of available archaeological information and in the

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It required, to begin with, large sums of money. But money has proved easier to recruit than talent. Historians who undertake these large editorial projects must leave the main channel of academic life. They do not teach; they do not write their own books; they do not enjoy long vacations for

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is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. Some historians are recognized by

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My analysis has already, I hope, established that there is an irreducible element of moral evaluation in historiography. It can be found in teaching, in all preparations for research, and finally in the finished text. It is complex, because it involves both appraisals of other historians, by

703:, a six-volume work that extended from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in 1688. Hume adopted a similar scope to Voltaire in his history; as well as the history of Kings, Parliaments, and armies, he examined the history of culture, including literature and science, as well. 884:

into the study of world-historical development. In his conception, the economic conditions and dominant modes of production determined the structure of society at that point. Previous historians had focused on the cyclical events of the rise and decline of rulers and nations. Process of

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hires. A scholarly thesis, such as a doctoral dissertation, is now regarded as the baseline qualification for a professional historian. However, some historians still gain recognition based on published (academic) works and the award of fellowships by academic bodies like the

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relegated the sensational to the sidelines and was reluctant to give a simple accounting of events, but strived on the contrary to pose and solve problems and, neglecting surface disturbances, to observe the long and medium-term evolution of economy, society, and

874:(3 vols., 1874–78) was an important influence on this developing field. The work traced the development of the English constitution from the Teutonic invasions of Britain until 1485, and marked a distinct step in the advance of English historical learning. 1541:

We no longer possess a past commonly agreed upon. Indeed, we have a multiplicity of versions competing for attention and emphasizing alternatively elites and nonelites, men and women, whites and persons of color, and no good way of reconciling all the

6103: 1158:, written between 1933 and 1954, was an important influence on this developing field. He took a comparative topical approach to independent civilizations and demonstrated that they displayed striking parallels in their origin, growth, and decay. 4708: 4696: 2546:

This essay deals with, what I call, "nationalized history", meaning a way of perceiving, understanding and treating the past that requires separation of "one's own" history from "common" history and its construction as history of a

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profession was as described in the last verse of the Book of Judges. "In those days there was no king in Israel; every man did that which was right in his own eyes." How long "those days" will continue is anyone's guess.

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Historical scholarship is never value-free and historians not only hold political ideas that color their writing, but also work within the framework of institutions that affect the ways in which they write

6294: 817:), as a period in Europe's cultural history that represented a break from the Middle Ages, creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world. The nineteen-volume work covered French history from 740:, at the time its methodology became a model for later historians. This has led to Gibbon being called the first "modern historian". The book sold impressively, earning its author a total of about £9000. Biographer 87:

often to create political or military paradigms. It was only after the emergence of Christianity that philosophies of history grew in prominence due to the destiny of man from the Christian account. Epics such as

825:. Michelet was one of the first historians to shift the emphasis of history to the common people, rather than the leaders and institutions of the country. Another important French historian of the period was 296:

Understanding the past appears to be a universal human need, and the telling of history has emerged independently in civilizations around the world. What constitutes history is a philosophical question (see

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ed. by Mary Beth Norton and Pamela Gerardi (3rd ed. 2 vol, Oxford U.P. 1995) 2064 pages; annotated guide to 27,000 of the most important English language history books in all fields and topics

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Specifically, he implemented the seminar teaching method in his classroom and focused on archival research and analysis of historical documents. Beginning with his first book in 1824, the

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past and present'." Butterfield's formulation received much attention, and the kind of historical writing he argued against in generalised terms is no longer academically respectable.

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publications or training and experience. "Historian" became a professional occupation in the late nineteenth century as research universities were emerging in Germany and elsewhere.

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cultures. Although Herodotus' overall emphasis lay on the actions and characters of men, he also attributed an important role to divinity in the determination of historical events.

5098: 205:. Schneider proposed this, because, in her opinion, Irving could not have passed the standard Daubert tests unless a court was given "a great deal of assistance from historians". 7446: 5380: 1080: 6924: 6451: 5938: 345:). Herodotus attempted to distinguish between more and less reliable accounts and personally conducted research by travelling extensively, giving written accounts of various 134:". This was necessary so that there would be a legal benchmark to compare and contrast the scholarship of an objective historian against the illegitimate methods employed by 5448: 2500:

John Lukacs, Remembered Past: John Lukacs on History, Historians, and Historical Knowledge, ed. Mark G Malvasi and Jeffrey O. Nelson, Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2004, 215.

953:). Sources had to be hard, not speculations and rationalizations. His credo was to write history the way it was. He insisted on primary sources with proven authenticity. 7440: 5728: 1399:

quantity of publications generally in ancient studies, and partly it reflects new approaches to the study of history, new interests and the formulation of new questions.

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Schneider uses the concept of the "objective historian" to suggest that this could be an aid in assessing what makes a historian suitable as expert witnesses under the

7452: 6929: 6586: 429:) was an important exponent of the Greco-Roman tradition of combining geography with history, presenting a descriptive history of peoples and places known to his era. 7084: 6765: 6500: 3721: 2895: 6979: 6563: 6475: 4783: 7302: 7074: 6934: 6721: 6218: 480:, the official chronicle of the State of Lu covering the period from 722 to 481 BCE, is among the earliest surviving Chinese historical texts arranged on 2607:, p. 2: "Leopold von Ranke was instrumental in establishing professional standards for historical training at the University of Berlin between 1824 and 1871." 6139: 4744: 858: 1974:

standards that are generally agreed upon, yet inevitably also of the historical agents about whom they written, by standards that are eminently contestable.

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from various sources, scholars had to verify which sources were more reliable. To evaluate these sources, they developed various methodologies, such as the

7061: 6336: 6038: 4963: 6507: 7246: 6914: 6868: 5056: 4507: 5804: 6863: 6858: 6553: 2047: 7576: 6163: 5862: 4365: 3235: 6822: 6785: 6299: 1237:(1908–1999), Sterling Professor of History at Yale University, cautioned that the academicians had themselves abdicated their role as storytellers: 6792: 6134: 5948: 5872: 5460: 4561: 534:. They wrote about the history of Jesus Christ, that of the Church and that of their patrons, the dynastic history of the local rulers. In the 7216: 6760: 6393: 6375: 5980: 5268: 4571: 3554: 6326: 7412: 7251: 6662: 5721: 3163: 2532: 2183: 1433: 1366: 546:

recording events year by year, but this style tended to hamper the analysis of events and causes. An example of this type of writing is the

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that explain "what happened" and "why or how it happened". Modern historical analysis usually draws upon other social sciences, including

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The process of historical analysis involves investigation and analysis of competing ideas, facts, and purported facts to create coherent

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by such way of perceiving, understanding and treating the past that constructed history as history of a nation. A new discipline,

7317: 6989: 6615: 6331: 6007: 5970: 5843: 5714: 4544: 4539: 4198: 1113: 1109: 978: 772: 708: 488:(around 100 BCE) was the first in China to lay the groundwork for professional historical writing. His written work was the 288: 6074: 2147: 7636: 7031: 6902: 6890: 6878: 6846: 6736: 6704: 6692: 6314: 6056: 5889: 5580: 4402: 3932: 3550: 3038: 5401: 2935:"Past Imperfect: Irving v. Penguin Books Ltd., No. 1996-I-1113, 2000 WL 362478 (Q. B. Apr. 11), appeal denied (Dec. 18, 2000)" 7211: 7203: 7166: 7148: 6969: 6657: 6512: 6460: 6433: 6195: 5792: 5590: 5256: 4968: 4923: 4908: 4650: 4432: 3066: 974: 496: 131: 104:

including postmodernism. Since the 1980s there has been a special interest in the memories and commemoration of past events.

5894: 5363: 2429:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1878. Vol. V, title page and prefatory "Memoir of Lord Macaulay". 7275: 7198: 7004: 6817: 6031: 5797: 4918: 4841: 3490: 1263: 718: 704: 557: 4500: 4481: 1513:

charged by passion and emotion. By the very nature of the subject, history tends to divide scholars and set them at odds.

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The modern academic study of history and methods of historiography were pioneered in 19th-century German universities.

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trial, the court relied on Richard Evan's witness report which mentioned "objective historian" in the same vein as the

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Michael Kammen, "On Mentoring Apprentice Historians and Appreciating Mentors—Gleaned From the Memories of Others."

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The historian must weigh the authenticity of all accounts, not merely those that contradict their favored view; and

122: 31: 6885: 6780: 4375: 2792: 1479: 7609: 7514: 7424: 6770: 6046: 5918: 5484: 5122: 5081: 4603: 3974: 3626: 1175: 998: 894: 55:) was a Greek historian who lived in the fifth century BC and one of the earliest historians whose work survives. 2376: 2325: 7509: 6289: 6269: 5975: 5826: 5760: 5595: 5170: 4790: 4640: 4534: 4427: 4384: 4175: 3872: 1219: 476: 7126: 4645: 3984: 2594:, p. 54: "Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886) is the father as well as the master of modern historical scholarship." 564:'s life in the centuries following his death. With numerous conflicting narratives regarding Muhammad and his 4795: 3979: 7599: 6999: 6441: 6124: 5678: 5617: 5543: 5406: 5187: 5105: 4943: 4891: 4756: 4751: 4729: 4703: 4691: 4671: 4495: 4305: 4301: 4118: 3991: 3954: 3937: 3757: 3221: 2978:"Emotions and writing the history of death. An interview with Michel Vovelle, Régis Bertrand and Anne Carol" 1202: 1198: 994: 834: 830: 372: 5877: 5012: 672: 7307: 7285: 7280: 6203: 6052: 5558: 5223: 5062: 4985: 4955: 4819: 4766: 4583: 4459: 4354: 4194: 4189: 4047: 4013: 4001: 3996: 3959: 3909: 3767: 3747: 3433: 3378: 1281: 1275: 1117: 1059: 881: 457: 6168: 6067: 6017: 6012: 2483: 1330:

Herman, A. M. (1998). Occupational outlook handbook: 1998–99 edition. Indianapolis: JIST Works. Page 525.

7457: 7348: 7328: 7193: 7143: 7036: 7026: 6711: 6682: 6591: 6367: 5602: 5235: 5157: 5034: 4437: 4370: 4154: 4108: 4103: 4052: 3716: 3697: 3513: 3408: 1159: 1139: 645: 547: 471: 414:(234–149 BCE), was written in Latin, in a conscious effort to counteract Greek cultural influence. 329: 298: 7131: 6062: 5110: 4140: 2915: 2870: 2718: 7544: 7021: 6362: 6114: 6079: 5908: 5624: 5508: 5438: 5434: 5330: 5274: 5007: 4883: 4854: 4625: 4287: 4261: 4208: 4145: 4042: 3969: 3814: 3779: 3733: 3701: 3579: 3293: 1986:

Gregory, Brad S. (2006). "The Other Confessional History: On Secular Bias in the Study of Religion".

890: 627: 403: 316: 5513: 5375: 7631: 7338: 6802: 6406: 5780: 5520: 5498: 5205: 4901: 4113: 4025: 3784: 3418: 3383: 3286: 2888:(2016) 54#2 pp 157–182 echoes Robert B. Townsend, "Troubling News on Job Market for History PhDs", 1006: 966: 901:, emerged in the late 19th century and analyzed and compared these perspectives on a larger scale. 757: 611: 586:(chain of transmission). They later applied these methodologies to other historical figures in the 446: 366: 346: 6812: 661:(1694–1778) had an enormous influence on the art of history writing. His best-known histories are 7564: 7559: 7504: 7494: 7377: 7290: 7121: 6797: 6446: 6129: 5923: 5913: 5394: 5215: 4973: 4933: 4549: 4292: 4248: 4203: 3772: 3693: 3264: 2957: 2833:

Walter Nugent, "Reflections: "Where Have All the Flowers Gone . . . When Will They Ever Learn?",

2761: 2276: 1964: 1917: 1878: 1839: 1800: 1749: 1252: 1193: 1121: 1037:'s focus on social history rather than traditional political history was of tremendous influence. 1014: 756:

inspired much of the historiography and analysis of the early 19th century. Interest in the 1688

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Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge

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was a pivotal influence in this regard, and is considered as the founder of modern source-based

793: 630:, the modern development of historiography through the application of scrupulous methods began. 1822:

Forbes, Jack D. (April 1963). "The Historian and the Indian: Racial Bias in American History".

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criticism. Literary historicism as a critical movement has been said to originate with him.

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Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge

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The historian must not mistranslate documents or mislead by omitting parts of documents;

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Robert B. Townsend and Julia Brookins, "The Troubled Academic Job Market for History."

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The historian must be even-handed in treatment of evidence and eschew "cherry-picking";

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Michael Kammen, "Some Reminiscences and Reflections on Graduate Education in History,

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first began to develop in the seventh century, with the reconstruction of the Prophet

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The 20th century saw the creation of a huge variety of historiographical approaches.

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Theorists of the Modernist Novel: James Joyce, Dorothy Richardson and Virginia Woolf

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Church and Society in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Moderate Literati of Edinburgh

5553: 5200: 5022: 4721: 4170: 4128: 4057: 3794: 3679: 3633: 3621: 3564: 3530: 2294: 1661:

That Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question" and the American Historical Profession

1585:

That Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question" and the American Historical Profession

1093: 1067: 1047: 962: 787: 570: 434: 244: 135: 17: 1859:"Are We There Yet?: Some Thoughts on the Current State of Western Women's History" 365:– 355 BCE) introduced autobiographical elements and character studies in his 37: 2994: 2977: 2524:

A Laboratory of Transnational History Ukraine and recent Ukrainian historiography

2349: 893:

in the 19th century, resulted with separation of "one's own" history from common

142:

trial, there was no legal precedent for what constituted an objective historian.

7554: 7333: 5836: 5821: 5503: 5478: 5454: 4824: 4812: 4734: 4310: 4123: 3927: 3663: 3611: 3586: 3569: 3508: 2484:"Jacob Burckhardt The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy Cultural history" 1416:

Nicolai, Roberto (September 2007). "The Place of History in the Ancient World".

1257: 1210: 863: 849: 838: 818: 810: 654: 531: 391: 313:, though no historical writers in these early civilizations were known by name. 306: 256: 252: 177:

The historian must not dismiss counter-evidence without scholarly consideration;

1346: 7392: 7295: 6399: 6208: 6042: 5612: 4274: 3862: 3616: 3574: 3560: 3428: 3413: 2869:

Anthony Grafton and Robert B. Townsend, "The Parlous Paths of the Profession"

2658:

Adrian Wilson and T. G. Ashplant, "Whig History and Present-Centred History",

1425: 1174:

A new advanced specialty opened in the late 20th century: historical editing.

1034: 940: 690: 633: 607: 554:

in the late ninth century, but one copy was still being updated in 1154.

438: 426: 350: 302: 283: 248: 240: 92: 2220: 2023:

The Historian's Toolbox: A Student's Guide to the Theory and Craft of History

2007: 1960: 1913: 1874: 1796: 1745: 1009:. The term has been also applied widely in historical disciplines outside of 6672: 6319: 5785: 5443: 5320: 5150: 4633: 3964: 3643: 3638: 3601: 3596: 3460: 3403: 3388: 1788: 1737: 1689:

Iggers, Georg G. (October 2005). "Historiography in the Twentieth Century".

1085: 1018: 898: 877: 603: 599: 543: 519: 485: 334: 232: 228: 224: 192:

The historian must take the motives of historical actors into consideration.

41: 2842: 1358: 1062:

developed as a school of historiography influenced by the chief tenets of

6994: 6716: 5737: 3658: 3606: 1116:(CPGB) formed in 1946 and became a highly influential cluster of British 1071: 658: 637: 561: 355: 236: 3189: 2858: 2200:

The past and its presenters: an introduction to issues in historiography

1921: 1897: 1882: 1858: 130:, and reminiscent of the standard traditionally used in English law of " 7355: 6836: 6726: 3445: 3423: 3373: 3277: 3028: 3024: 2822: 2800: 2765: 2510:

s:A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Stubbs, William

2401: 2280: 1968: 1936: 1804: 1772: 1753: 1721: 1476: 1147: 1143: 1063: 1029: 982: 925: 744:

wrote that thereafter, "His fame was as rapid as it has been lasting."

386:–1444), the historian who first divided history into the three eras of 2961: 1843: 530:. Writing history was popular among Christian monks and clergy in the 3878: 3455: 3368: 1260: – Specialist or aficionado of antiquities or things of the past 916:

established history as a professional academic discipline in Germany.

776:

in 1837. The resulting work had a passion new to historical writing.

565: 539: 481: 442: 415: 342: 3021:

The American Historical Association's Guide to Historical Literature

2757: 2647: 2272: 2953: 2744:

McNeill, William H. (1995). "The Changing Shape of World History".

1835: 4513: 4410: 3393: 3052:

History: Main Trends of Research in the Social and Human Sciences,

1197: 1124:

and class structure in early capitalist society. Members included

1028: 908: 792: 671: 632: 582: 502: 490: 371: 277: 88: 36: 27:

Scholar who deals with the exploration and presentation of history

3213: 1773:"Bias in Historical Description, Interpretation, and Explanation" 1722:"Bias in Historical Description, Interpretation, and Explanation" 3398: 508: 449:

had marched against Rome represents the first known instance of

430: 91:'s works were used by historians and considered history even by 7533: 7478: 7110: 6637: 5710: 5699: 4342: 4085: 3849: 3488: 3322: 3217: 3099:

Great Historians of the Modern Age: An International Dictionary

2702:"Les Éditions de l'EHESS: Annales. Histoire, Sciences sociales" 2259:

Wertz, S. K. (1993). "Hume and the Historiography of Science".

174:

The historian must treat sources with appropriate reservations;

163:

By summarizing Gray's judgment, in an article published in the

685:(1776) was a masterpiece of late 18th-century history writing. 148:

leant heavily on the research of one of the expert witnesses,

2326:"William Robertson: An 18th Century Anthropologist-Historian" 1104:(1926), reflected his ethical concerns and preoccupations in 783:

The History of England from the Accession of James the Second

2082: 2080: 2067:"Linking In: How Historians Are Fighting Knowledge's Biases" 3188:(Garland Reference Library of the Humanities) (2 vol 1998) 3037:(1931) comprehensive bibliography for scholarship to 1930. 1635:

Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought

1471:

David Glassberg, "Public history and the study of memory."

933:

History of the Latin and Teutonic Peoples from 1494 to 1514

406:. While early Roman works were still written in Greek, the 2778:

Edmund S. Morgan, "John Adams and the Puritan Tradition."

518:

Christian historiography began early, perhaps as early as

327:

region. The earliest known critical historical works were

2618:

A textbook of historiography, 500 BC to AD 2000

1345:

Marincola, John (September 2007). Marincola, John (ed.).

3121:

History and Historians: A Historiographical Introduction

1527:

History and Historians: A Historiographical Introduction

1498:

History and Historians: A Historiographical Introduction

1284: – Illegitimate distortion of the historical record 7155:

Professionalization and institutionalization of history

2440:

Monarchy and Revolution. The English State in the 1680s

733:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

1664:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 628. 1556:

Values, Objectivity, and Explanation in Historiography

7447:

Heroic theory of invention and scientific development

1587:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 11. 1081:

The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844

997:. In general, Whig historians emphasized the rise of 341:) who later became known as the "father of history" ( 6295:

Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe

3074:

The Education of Historians for Twenty-first Century

1266: – Scholarly disciplines in historical research 445:. His speculation about what would have happened if 183:

The historian must clearly indicate any speculation;

7423: 7227: 7186: 6962: 6913: 6648: 6574: 6538: 6432: 6386: 6350: 6280: 6232: 6194: 6154: 6113: 6030: 5861: 5852: 5771: 5671: 5633: 5569: 5536: 5427: 5351: 5308: 5249: 5214: 5186: 5121: 5048: 4954: 4882: 4596: 4525: 4458: 4420: 4353: 4271: 4163: 4096: 3895: 3672: 3539: 3501: 3361: 3335: 1088:impetus in British politics from then on, e.g. the 829:. He was the chief theoretical influence of French 726:The apex of Enlightenment history was reached with 6255:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 667:Essay on the Customs and the Spirit of the Nations 474:and one of the earliest narratives of China. The 3142:Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing 2910:C. Vann Woodward, "The Great American Butchery", 2799:. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Archived from 2629:Andreas Boldt, "Ranke: objectivity and history." 2473:, American Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 2 (1974), 143. 1278: – Reinterpretation of a historical account 2219:"Anglophile", Ryan Setliff Online. Dec 2. 2019. 1146:from a global perspective and looked for common 1074:constraints in determining historical outcomes. 1050:, described his approach to history as one that 640:'s works of history are an excellent example of 282:Reproduction of part of a tenth-century copy of 154:illegitimate distortion of the historical record 3722:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought 2642:Ernst Mayr, "When Is Historiography Whiggish?" 2235:A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000 844:One of the major progenitors of the history of 433:(59 BCE – 17 CE) records the rise of 171: 2797:Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008–09 Edition 1178:reports on its emergence in the United States: 590:. Famous historians in this tradition include 7303:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church 7173:Western European colonialism and colonization 5722: 3229: 2837:Volume 39, Number 1, March 2011, pp. 205–211 2521:Georgiy Kasianov, Philipp Terr (2010-04-07). 1418:A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography 1351:A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography 1098:The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century 8: 3173:, (2004). Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, 2004 3171:Dictionary of British Classicists, 1500–1960 3081:Historiography: Ancient, Medieval and Modern 859:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 770:published his magnum opus, the three-volume 513:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 3202:Selected texts by the most known historians 3186:A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing 2817:Volume 36, Number 3, Sept 2008 pp. 468–484 2295:"The Poker Club | James Boswell .info" 1340: 1338: 1336: 160:with established historical methodologies. 7530: 7475: 7183: 7107: 6910: 6645: 6634: 6229: 6110: 5858: 5729: 5715: 5707: 5696: 5630: 4879: 4455: 4350: 4339: 4268: 4093: 4082: 3892: 3846: 3498: 3485: 3332: 3319: 3236: 3222: 3214: 2459:. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–22. 2221:https://www.ryansetliff.online/#anglophile 2025:(Fourth ed.). Routledge. p. 29. 1637:. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 62. 1272: – Study of the methods of historians 780:produced his most famous work of history, 693:was having a similar impact on history in 538:historical writing often took the form of 6358:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 3156:A Companion to Western Historical Thought 3003: 2993: 2574:Janelle G. Reinelt, Joseph Roach (2007), 2175:Time and History: The Variety of Cultures 2134: 2122: 2110: 2098: 2086: 1571:to include (moral) values and worldviews. 1411: 1409: 1407: 7577:Historical geographic information system 2646:April 1990, Vol. 51 Issue 2, pp 301–309 2442:(London: Blandford Press, 1972), p. 403. 1898:"Women and History: Outside the Academy" 1863:Montana: The Magazine of Western History 1447: 1445: 1301: 947:and especially international politics ( 7217:English historical school of economics 5269:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy 3106:The Blackwell Dictionary of Historians 2689:A Geographical Introduction to History 837:and one of the first practitioners of 752:The tumultuous events surrounding the 7413:Revisionist school of Islamic studies 7252:Historical reliability of the Gospels 2933:Schneider, Wendie Ellen (June 2001). 2381:English Literature For Boys And Girls 2150:. Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Archived from 973:in 1931, (a reference to the British 7: 7605: 5230:More Irish than the Irish themselves 3154:Kramer, Lloyd, and Sarah Maza, eds. 1610:Ancient History: Evidence and Models 1384:Ancient History: Evidence and Models 1353:. Wiley-Blackwell: xvii–xix, xxiii. 1084:, which was salient in creating the 1021:(or goal-directed), hero-based, and 797:Jules Michelet, later in his career. 715:, in 1759 and his most famous work, 6300:Functionalism–intentionalism debate 2065:Bergen, Sadie (September 1, 2016). 1558:. New York: Routledge. p. 87. 1102:Religion and the Rise of Capitalism 140:Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt 123:Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt 7313:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II 5257:Fourth Italian War of Independence 2178:. Berghahn Books. pp. 54–55. 2073:. American Historical Association. 2054:. American Historical Association. 1937:"Historians and Moral Evaluations" 1150:that emerged across all cultures. 971:The Whig Interpretation of History 410:, composed by the Roman statesman 404:Romans adopted the Greek tradition 25: 2238:. Orient Blackswan. p. 115. 989:, culminating in modern forms of 872:Constitutional History of England 7604: 7595: 7594: 6611: 6610: 6452:Palestinian expulsion and flight 4964:5000-year civilization assertion 4540:Nadir of American race relations 3035:A guide to historical literature 2644:Journal of the History of Ideas, 2560:The German Historicist Tradition 2389:– via Farlex Free Library. 2148:"Livy's History of Rome: Book 9" 2000:10.1111/j.1468-2303.2006.00388.x 1953:10.1111/j.1468-2303.2004.00295.x 1703:10.1111/j.1468-2303.2005.00337.x 1114:Communist Party of Great Britain 1017:, for example) to criticize any 856:Burckhardt's best-known work is 773:The French Revolution: A History 730:'s, monumental six-volume work, 707:, a Scottish historian, and the 289:History of the Peloponnesian War 7441:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism 6315:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 6250:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising 6057:Causes of the Armenian genocide 4366:Pyramid construction techniques 3933:Comparative historical research 3551:Library and information science 3045:A history of historical writing 2782:34#4 (1961): 518–529 at p. 519. 2685:La Terre et l'évolution humaine 2576:Critical Theory and Performance 2377:"Carlyle – The Sage Of Chelsea" 2261:Journal of the History of Ideas 2046:Muir, Edward (March 14, 2023). 1633:Fischer, David Hackett (1970). 713:History of Scotland 1542 – 1603 7453:Gunpowder and gun transmission 7403:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule 7212:Historical school of economics 7149:Nationalism in the Middle Ages 6587:Gunpowder and gun transmission 6461:Zionism as settler colonialism 5466:Limpieza de sangre controversy 4433:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis 3005:11858/00-001M-0000-0026-B624-9 2471:"Literature and the Historian" 1612:. ACLS History. pp. 1–2. 1066:, including the centrality of 905:Professionalization in Germany 788:Whig interpretation of history 689:At the same time, philosopher 497:Records of the Grand Historian 132:the man on the Clapham omnibus 1: 7262:Opposition to Papal supremacy 4450:Indigenous population history 3108:. Blackwell Publishers, 1988 2527:. Berghahn Books. p. 7. 1264:Auxiliary sciences of history 644:history writing. Painting by 419: 380: 359: 317:Systematic historical thought 45: 7178:Desacralization of knowledge 5449:Carlism in the Francoist era 5417:Holodomor in modern politics 2995:10.1080/13576275.2014.984485 2662:, 31 (1988): 1–16, at p. 10. 2425:Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 2400:Lundin, Leigh (2009-09-20). 2048:"Journalists and Historians" 2021:Williams, Robert C. (2020). 1771:McCullagh, C. Behan (2000). 1720:McCullagh, C. Behan (2000). 977:, advocates of the power of 717:The history of the reign of 697:. In 1754, he published the 7570:Historiographic metafiction 7480:Organizations, publications 7269:Proto-orthodox Christianity 6219:German resistance to Nazism 6075:Persian famine of 1917–1919 5485:Islamic revolution of Spain 5412:Holodomor genocide question 5288:Revisionism of Risorgimento 5282:Rerum italicarum scriptores 5263:Historiae Patriae Monumenta 5030:Self-Strengthening Movement 4180:decolonization of knowledge 3144:. (1999). Fitzroy Dearborn 3104:Cannon, John, et al., eds. 3059:Companion to Historiography 2855:Reviews in American History 2835:Reviews in American History 2815:Reviews in American History 2558:Frederick C. Beiser (2011) 1420:. Wiley-Blackwell: 3–5, 7. 1386:. ACLS History. p. 7. 1205:, a Princeton historian of 682:Decline of the Roman Empire 7653: 7367:Wissenschaft des Judentums 7344:Criticism of Protestantism 6224:Nazi foreign policy debate 5655:Second colonial occupation 5402:Soviet famine of 1930–1933 5040:Tibetan sovereignty debate 4584:Progressive-era historians 4019:Nationalization of history 3970:Historical-critical method 3069:pp; 39 chapters by experts 2976:Vidor, Gian Marco (2015). 2793:"Social Scientists, Other" 2202:, Hodder & Stoughton, 1554:Førland, Tor Egil (2017). 1312:. Wordnetweb.princeton.edu 1191: 887:nationalization of history 880:introduced the concept of 852:, was the Swiss historian 760:was also rekindled by the 558:Muslim historical writings 335:Herodotus of Halicarnassus 266: 216: 32:Historian (disambiguation) 29: 7589: 7540: 7529: 7485: 7474: 7117: 7106: 6644: 6633: 6605: 6372:Second Sino-Japanese War 5747: 5706: 5695: 5177:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 4349: 4338: 4092: 4081: 3858: 3845: 3497: 3484: 3331: 3318: 3251: 2354:. Routledge. p. 94. 1935:Vann, Richard T. (2004). 1426:10.1002/9781405185110.ch1 999:constitutional government 7127:Crisis of historiography 6290:Auschwitz bombing debate 5976:Indian Rebellion of 1857 5827:Late Bronze Age collapse 5761:List of military museums 5364:Pre-Revolutionary Russia 5336:Polish People's Republic 5171:Sybel-Ficker controversy 4535:African-American history 4508:Colonial Spanish America 4297:Second Thirty Years' War 3033:Allison, William Henry. 2912:New York Review of Books 2732:Arnold J. Toynbee a Life 2603:Green and Troup (eds.), 2592:The Varieties of History 2348:Deborah Parsons (2007). 1529:. Pearson. p. 107. 1525:Gilderhus, Mark (2009). 1496:Gilderhus, Mark (2009). 1220:Royal Historical Society 1188:Education and profession 477:Spring and Autumn Annals 337:(484 – c. 425 6240:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 6099:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 5650:Porter–MacKenzie debate 5407:Causes of the Holodomor 4944:Problem of two emperors 4892:Catilinarian conspiracy 4119:Historical significance 3980:Indiscipline of history 3955:Historical anthropology 3190:excerpt and text search 3158:Blackwell 2006. 520pp; 3072:Bender, Thomas, et al. 3057:Bentley, Michael. ed., 3050:Barraclough, Geoffrey. 2886:Perspectives on History 2872:Perspectives on History 2488:www.age-of-the-sage.org 2137:, pp. 15333, 1539. 2071:Perspectives on History 2052:Perspectives on History 1896:Coughlin, Mimi (2007). 1789:10.1111/0018-2656.00112 1738:10.1111/0018-2656.00112 1500:. Pearson. p. 81. 995:constitutional monarchy 835:sociological positivism 833:, a major proponent of 821:to the outbreak of the 813:(meaning "Re-birth" in 7637:Humanities occupations 7334:Protestant Reformation 7308:Second Vatican Council 7286:Succession to Muhammad 7281:Criticism of the Quran 7032:Religious perspectives 6766:Klemens von Metternich 6363:"Battle for Australia" 6245:Soviet offensive plans 6214:Broad vs. narrow front 6053:Late Ottoman genocides 4986:Century of humiliation 4767:Goguryeo controversies 4745:2,500-year celebration 4403:Double genocide theory 4190:Historical negationism 4014:Ancestral civilisation 4002:Historical materialism 3960:Historical determinism 3910:History of mentalities 2857:40.2 (2012): 339–348. 2687:(1922), translated as 2660:The Historical Journal 2457:The Renaissance Bazaar 2232:E. Sreedharan (2004). 2125:, pp. 1534, 1538. 2113:, pp. 1534, 1535. 1857:Armitage, Sue (2009). 1658:Novick, Peter (1990). 1583:Novick, Peter (1990). 1282:Historical negationism 1276:Historical revisionism 1244: 1214: 1185: 1060:Marxist historiography 1057: 1038: 917: 882:historical materialism 798: 686: 649: 548:Anglo-Saxon Chronicles 515: 458:Chinese historiography 399: 293: 195: 56: 7458:Torsion mangonel myth 7361:Modern Jewish history 7356:Jesuit historiography 7349:Protestant work ethic 7329:Hesychast controversy 7194:Industrial Revolution 7144:Library of Alexandria 7062:The Lord of the Rings 6712:Constantine the Great 6592:Torsion mangonel myth 6524:Sri Lankan Civil War 5603:Storm over the gentry 5504:Colonies or Provinces 5035:Sprouts of capitalism 4109:Historic preservation 4104:Change and continuity 3169:Todd, Richard B. ed. 3083:, 3rd edition, 2007, 2843:10.1353/rah.2011.0055 2780:New England Quarterly 2706:www.editions.ehess.fr 2633:18.4 (2014): 457–474. 2605:The Houses of History 2299:www.jamesboswell.info 2198:Warren, John (1998). 1608:Finley, M.I. (2008). 1382:Finley, M.I. (2008). 1359:10.1002/9781405185110 1239: 1201: 1192:Further information: 1180: 1120:, who contributed to 1052: 1032: 912: 862:(1860). According to 796: 709:Historiographer Royal 675: 646:Pierre Charles Baquoy 636: 506: 472:Chinese classic texts 375: 299:philosophy of history 281: 40: 7545:Commemorative plaque 6761:Juan Manuel de Rosas 6209:"Blitzkrieg" concept 6080:Powder keg of Europe 5955:Franco-Prussian War 5625:Winter of Discontent 5608:Suffragette Campaign 5275:Italiani brava gente 5241:Revolutionary period 5063:Frankish Interregnum 4996:"Chineseness" debate 4929:Byzantine succession 4914:Fall of Western Rome 4855:Executed Renaissance 4344:By country or region 4288:Age of Enlightenment 4262:Vaticinium ex eventu 4209:Modernisation theory 4043:Quantitative history 3419:Historical documents 2942:The Yale Law Journal 2730:William H. McNeill, 1473:The Public Historian 1230:"Amateur" historians 1164:The Rise of the West 1110:circle of historians 764:of 1832 in England. 663:The Age of Louis XIV 628:Age of Enlightenment 588:Islamic civilization 571:science of biography 30:For other uses, see 7374:Schools of thought 7339:Proto-Protestantism 7208:School of Thoughts 7090:William Shakespeare 7075:Robert Falcon Scott 6980:Friedrich Nietzsche 6818:Cult of personality 6803:Neville Chamberlain 6663:Alexander the Great 6545:Russo-Georgian War 6518:Sovereignty dispute 6497:Iranian Revolution 6327:"Polish death camp" 6304:In relation to the 6013:Myth of English aid 6004:War of the Pacific 5781:Albigensian Crusade 5206:Indigenous Aryanism 4902:Constantinian shift 4438:Residential schools 4195:Historian's fallacy 4114:Historic recurrence 3612:Numismatics (Money) 3384:Archaeological site 3308:theories of history 3119:Gilderhus, Mark T. 3061:, Routledge, 1997, 3043:Barnes, Harry Elmer 2971:on 5 November 2013. 2893:Jan. 4, 2010 online 2874:(Sept. 2008) online 2803:on August 30, 2009. 2172:Jörn Rüsen (2007). 1902:The History Teacher 1007:scientific progress 967:Herbert Butterfield 805:, French historian 758:Glorious Revolution 612:Muhammad al-Bukhari 447:Alexander the Great 18:Objective historian 7565:Historical realism 7560:Historical fiction 7505:History institutes 7495:Historical society 7490:Heritage registers 7378:Biblical criticism 7291:Islamic golden age 7242:Early Christianity 7122:Bears in antiquity 7010:Medieval Christian 6808:Pedro II of Brazil 6756:José de San Martín 6560:Syrian revolution 6472:Malayan Emergency 6447:1948 Palestine war 6180:Spanish Civil War 6130:War guilt question 5939:American Civil War 5919:Invasion of Russia 5895:New Russian School 5679:Colonial Australia 5395:October Revolution 5158:Strukturgeschichte 5094:Location of Alésia 5013:Hua–Yi distinction 4934:Moscow, third Rome 4550:Reconstruction era 4371:Black Egypt Thesis 4293:European Civil War 4249:Translatio imperii 4204:Invented tradition 3325:Historical sources 3207:2010-03-23 at the 2898:2011-01-16 at the 2823:10.1353/rah.0.0027 2746:History and Theory 2721:(1988) p. 961 2719:William Rose Benét 2631:Rethinking History 2469:Kelly, R. Gordon, 2427:History of England 2406:Professional Works 2315:, Princeton, 1985. 1988:History and Theory 1941:History and Theory 1777:History and Theory 1726:History and Theory 1691:History and Theory 1482:2020-02-13 at the 1475:18.2 (1996): 7–23 1253:List of historians 1215: 1194:List of historians 1170:Historical editing 1160:William H. McNeill 1156:A Study of History 1122:history from below 1118:Marxist historians 1039: 1015:history of science 969:in his short book 943:), an emphasis on 918: 803:Histoire de France 799: 700:History of England 687: 650: 516: 463:Classic of History 400: 294: 78:Ancient historians 57: 7619: 7618: 7585: 7584: 7525: 7524: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7383:Catholic theology 7237:Avestan geography 7102: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7085:Søren Kierkegaard 6958: 6957: 6869:Warren G. Harding 6629: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6428: 6427: 6306:Armenian genocide 6169:Polish–Soviet War 6164:Burning of Smyrna 6150: 6149: 6140:Reichstag inquiry 6063:Patriotic consent 5934: 5933: 5909:War in the Vendée 5873:French Revolution 5855:century conflicts 5844:Peloponnesian War 5805:Eighty Years' War 5691: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5596:Westminster Stone 5293:Southern question 5132:Alltagsgeschichte 5082:Legendary Saracen 4784:Early settlements 4592: 4591: 4572:Political history 4557:Consensus history 4334: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4316:Continuity thesis 4255:Translatio studii 4141:Theory of history 4077: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4031:Subaltern Studies 3916:Nouvelle histoire 3841: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3753:Medieval churches 3740:Geistesgeschichte 3684:Paleoanthropology 3592:Encyclopaedistics 3480: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3348:Secondary sources 3164:978-1-4051-4961-7 3140:Kelly, Boyd, ed. 3133:Iggers, Georg G. 3079:Breisach, Ernst. 2534:978-1-84545-621-4 2185:978-1-84545-349-7 1451:Georg G. Iggers, 1435:978-1-4051-0216-2 1368:978-1-4051-0216-2 1152:Arnold J. Toynbee 1003:personal freedoms 991:liberal democracy 945:narrative history 922:Leopold von Ranke 895:universal history 891:national revivals 801:In his main work 754:French Revolution 705:William Robertson 642:Enlightenment era 596:Wahb ibn Munabbih 577:science of hadith 536:Early Middle Ages 451:alternate history 325:the Mediterranean 219:Historical method 158:Holocaust deniers 128:reasonable person 99:Modern historians 16:(Redirected from 7644: 7608: 7607: 7598: 7597: 7550:Documentary film 7531: 7510:History journals 7476: 7449: 7321: 7257:Primacy of Peter 7204:Great Depression 7184: 7157: 7135: 7108: 7056:J. R. R. Tolkien 6911: 6906: 6894: 6882: 6864:Ulysses S. Grant 6859:Thomas Jefferson 6850: 6826: 6789: 6752: 6740: 6708: 6696: 6688:Chiang Ching-kuo 6678:Cato the Younger 6668:Amin al-Husseini 6646: 6635: 6614: 6613: 6597:War and genocide 6421: 6407:Résistancialisme 6394:Battle of France 6376:Nanjing Massacre 6230: 6111: 6107: 6071: 6021: 5903: 5886: 5859: 5786:Catharism debate 5772:pre-18th century 5754:Military history 5731: 5724: 5717: 5708: 5701:By war, conflict 5697: 5645:Cambridge School 5631: 5529: 5517: 5493: 5474: 5384: 5372: 5344: 5166: 5144:Historikerstreit 5114: 5102: 5090: 5071: 5057:Cordon sanitaire 5003:New Qing History 4991:Conquest dynasty 4982: 4897:Christianization 4880: 4799: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4666: 4654: 4646:Byzantine Empire 4501:Iquicha Royalism 4490: 4456: 4379: 4351: 4340: 4283:Age of Discovery 4272:Periodization of 4269: 4243:Transhistoricity 4238:Thirty-year rule 4149: 4137: 4094: 4083: 4063:Great Man theory 4026:People's history 3988: 3893: 3885:Three-age system 3847: 3547:Archival science 3499: 3486: 3353:Tertiary sources 3333: 3320: 3269:by area of study 3238: 3231: 3224: 3215: 3009: 3007: 2997: 2972: 2970: 2964:. Archived from 2948:(8): 1531–1545. 2939: 2919: 2914:(March 6, 1975) 2908: 2902: 2882: 2876: 2867: 2861: 2851: 2845: 2831: 2825: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2789: 2783: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2741: 2735: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2698: 2692: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2656: 2650: 2640: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2614: 2608: 2601: 2595: 2588: 2582: 2572: 2566: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2518: 2512: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2480: 2474: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2449: 2443: 2436: 2430: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2408:. Criminal Brief 2402:"Thomas Carlyle" 2397: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2387: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2322: 2316: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2159: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2075: 2074: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2018: 2012: 2011: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1493: 1487: 1469: 1463: 1449: 1440: 1439: 1413: 1402: 1401: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1342: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1306: 1235:C. Vann Woodward 1126:Christopher Hill 1106:economic history 1076:Friedrich Engels 854:Jacob Burckhardt 809:coined the term 762:Great Reform Act 552:Alfred the Great 424: 421: 385: 382: 364: 361: 301:). The earliest 213:History analysis 199:Daubert standard 166:Yale Law Journal 150:Richard J. Evans 138:, as before the 73:Among historians 54: 50: 47: 21: 7652: 7651: 7647: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7642: 7641: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7614: 7581: 7536: 7521: 7481: 7462: 7445: 7428: 7419: 7315: 7223: 7199:Great Recession 7182: 7153: 7129: 7113: 7094: 6985:H. P. Lovecraft 6954: 6916: 6909: 6900: 6888: 6876: 6844: 6820: 6793:Muammar Gaddafi 6783: 6771:Leonid Brezhnev 6746: 6734: 6717:Gregory Palamas 6702: 6700:Chiang Kai Shek 6690: 6650: 6640: 6621: 6620: 6601: 6582:Conflict thesis 6570: 6534: 6424: 6415: 6382: 6346: 6276: 6228: 6190: 6156:Interwar period 6146: 6116: 6109: 6101: 6085:Schlieffen Plan 6065: 6026: 6015: 5930: 5897: 5880: 5865: 5854: 5848: 5832:Dorian invasion 5817:Fall of Babylon 5773: 5767: 5766: 5743: 5735: 5702: 5683: 5659: 5636: 5629: 5591:Kingdom of Alba 5572: 5565: 5532: 5523: 5511: 5509:Spanish decline 5487: 5468: 5423: 5378: 5366: 5347: 5338: 5304: 5245: 5210: 5196:Greater Magadha 5182: 5160: 5117: 5108: 5096: 5084: 5065: 5044: 5018:Four Barbarians 4976: 4950: 4878: 4835:Götaland theory 4803:Lusotropicalism 4793: 4774:North Macedonia 4706: 4694: 4682: 4660: 4648: 4588: 4567:Frontier thesis 4562:Cyclical theory 4545:Neoabolitionism 4521: 4484: 4454: 4416: 4393:Greater Morocco 4373: 4345: 4322: 4273: 4267: 4159: 4143: 4131: 4088: 4069: 3982: 3897: 3891: 3873:Historical eras 3854: 3833: 3668: 3565:Writing systems 3535: 3493: 3491:Fields of study 3472: 3466:Service records 3451:Religious texts 3357: 3343:Primary sources 3327: 3314: 3313: 3247: 3242: 3209:Wayback Machine 3198: 3017: 3015:Further reading 3012: 2975: 2968: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2922: 2909: 2905: 2900:Wayback Machine 2883: 2879: 2868: 2864: 2852: 2848: 2832: 2828: 2812: 2808: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2777: 2773: 2758:10.2307/2505432 2743: 2742: 2738: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2691:(London, 1932). 2683:Lucien Febvre, 2682: 2678: 2674:(1992), p. 208. 2672:G. M. Trevelyan 2670: 2666: 2657: 2653: 2641: 2637: 2628: 2624: 2616:E. Sreedharan, 2615: 2611: 2602: 2598: 2589: 2585: 2573: 2569: 2557: 2553: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2468: 2464: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2438:J. R. Western, 2437: 2433: 2424: 2420: 2411: 2409: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2385: 2383: 2375:Marshall, H.E. 2374: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2310: 2306: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2273:10.2307/2710021 2258: 2257: 2253: 2246: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2157: 2155: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2101:, p. 1534. 2097: 2093: 2089:, p. 1531. 2085: 2078: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2033: 2020: 2019: 2015: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1672: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1645: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1595: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1566: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1537: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1508: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1484:Wayback Machine 1470: 1466: 1450: 1443: 1436: 1415: 1414: 1405: 1394: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1369: 1344: 1343: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1315: 1313: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1249: 1232: 1203:Peter R.L Brown 1196: 1190: 1172: 1023:transhistorical 1011:British history 959: 937:primary sources 907: 827:Hippolyte Taine 815:French language 778:Thomas Macaulay 750: 738:primary sources 624: 610:(d. 834), 602:(d. 761), 598:(d. 728), 594:(d. 712), 522:, which is the 422: 418:(63 BCE – 383: 362: 276: 271: 265: 221: 215: 152:, who compared 118: 101: 80: 75: 70: 52: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7650: 7648: 7640: 7639: 7634: 7624: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7602: 7591: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7573: 7572: 7567: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7527: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7507: 7502: 7492: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7472: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7443: 7438: 7432: 7430: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7358: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7331: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7254: 7249: 7239: 7233: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7190: 7188: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7163: 7158: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7124: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7111: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7029: 7024: 7014: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6975:Charles Darwin 6972: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6945:United Kingdom 6942: 6937: 6935:Modern Germany 6932: 6927: 6921: 6919: 6908: 6907: 6895: 6883: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6854:Thomas Aquinas 6851: 6839: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6741: 6729: 6724: 6722:Horatio Nelson 6719: 6714: 6709: 6697: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6642: 6641: 6638: 6631: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6554:Responsibility 6551: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6510: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6485: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6466:New Historians 6463: 6458: 6444: 6438: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6332:Responsibility 6329: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6312: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6236: 6234: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6127: 6121: 6119: 6108: 6096: 6090:Spirit of 1914 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6060: 6050: 6047:Fischer thesis 6036: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6010: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5990: 5988:Paraguayan War 5985: 5984: 5983: 5973: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5914:Napoleonic era 5911: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5892: 5887: 5878:Pre-revolution 5869: 5867: 5863:Coalition Wars 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5777: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5757: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5741:historiography 5736: 5734: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5711: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5641: 5639: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5583: 5577: 5575: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5559:Decline thesis 5556: 5549:Ottoman Empire 5546: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5518: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5475: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5376:Skeptic School 5361: 5359:Anti-Normanism 5355: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5316:Golden Liberty 5312: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5298:Neo-Bourbonism 5290: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5266: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5226: 5220: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5192: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5173: 5168: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5138:Borussian myth 5135: 5127: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5103: 5091: 5079: 5072: 5060: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4988: 4983: 4971: 4966: 4960: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4776: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4754: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4701: 4689: 4674: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4628: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4609:Dealbanisation 4600: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4531: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4479: 4473:May Revolution 4464: 4462: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4443:Staples thesis 4440: 4435: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4387: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4368: 4359: 4357: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4285: 4279: 4277: 4275:modern history 4266: 4265: 4258: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4221: 4219:Paradigm shift 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4090: 4089: 4086: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4034: 4033: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3994: 3989: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3935: 3930: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3912: 3905:Annales school 3901: 3899: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3875: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3768:Constitutional 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3704: 3691: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3644:Postage stamps 3641: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3572: 3567: 3558: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3441:Oral tradition 3438: 3437: 3436: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3339: 3337: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3304: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3281: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3253: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3245:Historiography 3243: 3241: 3240: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3197: 3196:External links 3194: 3193: 3192: 3182: 3167: 3152: 3138: 3131: 3117: 3102: 3091: 3077: 3070: 3055: 3048: 3041: 3039:online edition 3031: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3010: 2973: 2954:10.2307/797584 2929: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2903: 2877: 2862: 2846: 2826: 2806: 2784: 2771: 2736: 2723: 2711: 2693: 2676: 2664: 2651: 2635: 2622: 2609: 2596: 2583: 2567: 2551: 2533: 2513: 2502: 2493: 2475: 2462: 2453:Brotton, Jerry 2444: 2431: 2418: 2392: 2367: 2360: 2340: 2317: 2304: 2286: 2267:(3): 411–436. 2251: 2244: 2224: 2212: 2191: 2184: 2164: 2139: 2135:Schneider 2001 2127: 2123:Schneider 2001 2115: 2111:Schneider 2001 2103: 2099:Schneider 2001 2091: 2087:Schneider 2001 2076: 2057: 2038: 2031: 2013: 1994:(4): 132–149. 1978: 1927: 1908:(4): 471–479. 1888: 1849: 1836:10.2307/979504 1830:(4): 349–362. 1814: 1763: 1712: 1681: 1670: 1650: 1643: 1625: 1619:978-1597405348 1618: 1600: 1593: 1575: 1564: 1546: 1535: 1517: 1506: 1488: 1464: 1461:978-0819567666 1441: 1434: 1403: 1393:978-1597405348 1392: 1374: 1367: 1347:"Introduction" 1332: 1323: 1300: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1273: 1270:Historiography 1267: 1261: 1255: 1248: 1245: 1231: 1228: 1207:late antiquity 1189: 1186: 1171: 1168: 1154:'s ten-volume 1134:E. P. Thompson 1090:Fabian Society 1043:Annales School 965:was coined by 958: 955: 906: 903: 868:William Stubbs 807:Jules Michelet 768:Thomas Carlyle 749: 746: 742:Leslie Stephen 711:published the 623: 620: 614:(810–870) and 524:primary source 466:is one of the 412:Cato the Elder 377:Leonardo Bruni 333:, composed by 321:ancient Greece 275: 272: 269:Historiography 267:Main article: 264: 263:Historiography 261: 217:Main article: 214: 211: 194: 193: 190: 187: 184: 181: 178: 175: 117: 114: 100: 97: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7649: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7611: 7603: 7601: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7575: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7539: 7532: 7528: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7484: 7477: 7473: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7436:Merton thesis 7434: 7433: 7431: 7426: 7422: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7388:Panbabylonism 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7319: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7133: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7116: 7109: 7105: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7054: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6951: 6950:United States 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6912: 6904: 6899: 6896: 6892: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6830:Bolivarianism 6828: 6824: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6813:Simon Bolivar 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6750: 6745: 6744:Joseph Stalin 6742: 6738: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6647: 6643: 6636: 6632: 6617: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539:Post-Cold War 6537: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6513:Falklands War 6511: 6509: 6508:Iran–Iraq War 6506: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6456:Ongoing Nakba 6453: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6419: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6387:Western Front 6385: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6368:Bengal famine 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6282:The Holocaust 6279: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233:Eastern Front 6231: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6112: 6105: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5964:Paris Commune 5962: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5949:Turning point 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5901: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5853:18th and 19th 5851: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5798:Islamic views 5796: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5770: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5732: 5727: 5725: 5720: 5718: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5694: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5568: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5522: 5521:Ser de España 5519: 5515: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5491: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5382: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5342: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4939:Ottoman claim 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4919:Prosopography 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4872:Trưng sisters 4870: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4710: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4664: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4619:Habsburg myth 4617: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4527:United States 4524: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4488: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4460:Latin America 4457: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4377: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4337: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4080: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4053:Transnational 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3943:Decoloniality 3941: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3924:Historiometry 3922: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3894: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3868:Periodization 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3654:Sigillography 3652: 3650: 3649:Prosopography 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3526:Local history 3524: 3520: 3519:Human history 3517: 3516: 3515: 3514:World history 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3179:1-85506-997-0 3176: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3151: 3150:1-884964-33-8 3147: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3130: 3129:0-13-044824-9 3126: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3114:0-631-14708-X 3111: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3093:Boia, Lucian 3092: 3090: 3089:0-226-07278-9 3086: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2590:Stern (ed.), 2587: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2536: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2393: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2368: 2363: 2361:9780203965894 2357: 2353: 2352: 2344: 2341: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2311:Sher, R. B., 2308: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2252: 2247: 2245:9788125026570 2241: 2237: 2236: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2208:0-340-67934-4 2205: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2187: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2168: 2165: 2154:on 2007-02-28 2153: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2039: 2034: 2032:9781138632172 2028: 2024: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1931: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671:9780521357456 1667: 1663: 1662: 1654: 1651: 1646: 1644:9780061315459 1640: 1636: 1629: 1626: 1621: 1615: 1611: 1604: 1601: 1596: 1594:9780521357456 1590: 1586: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565:9781315470979 1561: 1557: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536:9780205687534 1532: 1528: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1507:9780205687534 1503: 1499: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1375: 1370: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1295: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1187: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1176:Edmund Morgan 1169: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1140:World history 1137: 1135: 1131: 1130:Eric Hobsbawm 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1055:civilisation. 1051: 1049: 1044: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 987:enlightenment 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 956: 954: 952: 951: 950:aussenpolitik 946: 942: 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 915: 911: 904: 902: 900: 896: 892: 889:, as part of 888: 883: 879: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 860: 855: 851: 847: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 795: 791: 789: 785: 784: 779: 775: 774: 769: 765: 763: 759: 755: 747: 745: 743: 739: 735: 734: 729: 728:Edward Gibbon 724: 721: 720: 714: 710: 706: 702: 701: 696: 695:Great Britain 692: 684: 683: 678: 677:Edward Gibbon 674: 670: 668: 664: 660: 657: 656: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 629: 622:Enlightenment 621: 619: 618:(1372–1449). 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 584: 579: 578: 573: 572: 567: 563: 559: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 528:Apostolic Age 525: 521: 514: 510: 505: 501: 499: 498: 493: 492: 487: 483: 479: 478: 473: 469: 468:Five Classics 465: 464: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 417: 413: 409: 405: 397: 393: 389: 378: 374: 370: 368: 357: 352: 348: 347:Mediterranean 344: 340: 336: 332: 331: 330:The Histories 326: 322: 318: 314: 312: 311:ancient Egypt 308: 305:date back to 304: 300: 291: 290: 285: 280: 273: 270: 262: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 220: 212: 210: 206: 204: 203:United States 200: 191: 188: 185: 182: 179: 176: 173: 172: 170: 168: 167: 161: 159: 156:practiced by 155: 151: 147: 143: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 124: 115: 113: 109: 105: 98: 96: 94: 90: 84: 77: 72: 67: 65: 62: 53: 425 BC 43: 39: 33: 19: 7365: 7167:The Simpsons 7165: 7112:Other topics 7060: 7037:Christianity 7027:Resurrection 6658:Adolf Hitler 6487:Six-Day War 6483:Algerian War 6454: / 6413:Vichy France 6405: 6398: 6308: / 6196:World War II 6092: / 5759: 5752: 5554:Ghaza thesis 5477: 5453: 5439:White legend 5437: / 5435:Black legend 5390:Soviet Union 5280: 5273: 5261: 5224:Great Famine 5201:Indocentrism 5175: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5130: 5076:Grand Siècle 5074: 5055: 5023:Sinocentrism 4884:Ancient Rome 4864: 4722:Aryan Kartli 4720: 4512: 4475: / 4409: 4306:19th century 4304: / 4295: / 4260: 4253: 4252: / 4247: 4223: 4197: / 4171:Black legend 4129:Historiology 3926: / 3914: 3877: 3815:Quantitative 3738: 3734:Intellectual 3700: / 3696: / 3682: / 3680:Anthropology 3634:Phaleristics 3627:preservation 3622:Oral history 3563: / 3549: / 3531:Microhistory 3306: 3299: 3292: 3285: 3276: 3267: / 3263: 3257: 3256: 3185: 3184:Woolf D. R. 3170: 3155: 3141: 3134: 3120: 3105: 3098: 3094: 3080: 3073: 3058: 3051: 3044: 3034: 3029:vol 2 online 3025:vol 1 online 3020: 2988:(1): 36–47. 2985: 2981: 2966:the original 2945: 2941: 2911: 2906: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2871: 2865: 2854: 2849: 2834: 2829: 2814: 2809: 2801:the original 2796: 2787: 2779: 2774: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2731: 2726: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2654: 2643: 2638: 2630: 2625: 2620:(2004) p 185 2617: 2612: 2604: 2599: 2591: 2586: 2575: 2570: 2559: 2554: 2545: 2538:. Retrieved 2523: 2516: 2505: 2496: 2487: 2478: 2470: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2439: 2434: 2426: 2421: 2410:. Retrieved 2405: 2395: 2384:. Retrieved 2380: 2370: 2350: 2343: 2332:. Retrieved 2320: 2312: 2307: 2298: 2289: 2264: 2260: 2254: 2234: 2227: 2215: 2210:, pp. 78–79. 2199: 2194: 2174: 2167: 2156:. 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