57:
44:
455:, mate as many times as possible, then die. Given the male's short lifespan, the timing of the female's emission of sex pheromone is crucial; females will emit the pheromone day and night around the time of male emergence (especially in the spring), then cease immediately after fertilization. Obscure mealybugs generally mate at dusk and at dawn.
387:. The obscure mealybug has longer, thinner, and more crooked filaments than does the vine mealybug, making the obscure mealybug look comparatively untidy. The most distinctive feature of the obscure mealybug is the set of two to four exceptionally long caudal filaments growing from the posterior of large nymphs and adult females. The
394:
The obscure mealybug more closely resembles the grape mealybug than it does the vine mealybug, but the two can be distinguished by the color of the defensive fluid they secrete when disturbed; grape mealybugs secrete reddish-orange fluid, while obscure mealybugs secrete clear fluid. When crushed, the
424:; nymphal young closely resemble adults in body shape, take six to nine weeks to mature, and retain the use of all six legs throughout their entire lives. Depending on temperature, obscure mealybugs may complete 2-3 generations per year; females will lay clutches of several hundred orange
576:
pesticides (among the more toxic of pesticides) are most effective in reducing population density, though such pesticides can harm plants if applied after the first budding. Even so, some New
Zealand obscure mealybug populations have developed a resistance to organophosphate pesticides.
439:; overwinter mortality for young nymphs is high, but a few individuals (normally the ones quickest to hatch) will survive and feed on the first spring leaves. Mortality in non-overwintering generations is greatly decreased.
519:
with obscure mealybugs, tending and protecting the insects from natural enemies to increase the production of honeydew, on which the ants feed. This relationship is similar to the one that some ants have with
930:
Abbasipour, H.; A. Taghavi; A. Askarianzadeh (2007). "Biological
Studies of obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Homoptera: Psaeduococcidae) in the tea gardens of Iran".
428:
in cottony sacs, from which nymphs will hatch and emerge after about 5–10 days. If environmental conditions are too cold, young nymphs will remain in the sac until temperatures rise.
604:, for example, rendering those parasites ineffective. On the other hand, significant success in reducing obscure mealybug populations has resulted from isolating them from their
1051:
580:
Because of the high toxicity and strict regulation of organophosphate pesticides, some
Californian vintners have imported natural parasites of the obscure mealybug from
1354:
1393:
307:
confusion has hampered attempts to trace the exact origin of the species, but its presence in both
Australia and South America strongly suggests that it is of
511:(large colonies of mealybugs can produce enough honeydew to seep through bark and leaves, leaving shiny, sticky patches on the exterior of the plant). Some
1446:
451:
shortly after hatching, where they develop wings. Upon emerging from their cocoons, male obscure mealybugs will fly toward the scent of the female's
1328:
572:. Since the obscure mealybug's waxy coating and habit of seeking sheltered feeding sites protect it from water-based pesticides, oil-based
1431:
1451:
1289:
1085:
596:. Such efforts have so far produced indeterminate results; the obscure mealybug is capable of encapsulating and killing the eggs of
959:
Daane, Kent M.; Monica L. Cooper; Serguei V. Triapitsyn; John W. Andrews Jr; Renato Ripa (2008). "Parasitoids of obscure mealybug,
544:. The obscure mealybug has caused particularly substantial damage to vineyards in the Central Coast of California, where it is an
495:), in particular, has wreaked havoc among the grapes of New Zealand, reducing the crop yield of infected vineyards by up to 60%.
483:
of vines and woody-stemmed plants, especially pear and apple trees and grape vines. Some individuals are vectors for infectious
1066:
1129:
1005:
435:). These overwintering populations include individual mealybugs from all stages of development, but are dominated by eggs and
279:, the grape mealybug, was first described) to 1960, the obscure mealybug was variably misidentified as or synonymized with
1380:
458:
The female obscure mealybug sex pheromone has the unfortunate property of sometimes attracting parasitic wasps (such as
431:
Obscure mealybugs lay eggs all year long, and during winter, under the bark of trees and vines (though there is no true
1118:(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), with Special Reference to Biological Control Using Entomopathogenic Fungi and Nematodes".
56:
1441:
1367:
1237:
1214:
1114:
Mathulwe, L.L.; Malan, A.P.; Stokwe, N.F. (2021-03-23). "A Review of the
Biology and Control of the Obscure Mealybug,
260:
323:; females are flightless, larger, and longer-lived than the winged males, who cannot feed and die immediately after
1398:
1307:
1320:
1062:
251:, the obscure mealybug is not native to California, having most likely been introduced to the region from either
383:
It is important for vintners to distinguish between the obscure mealybug and its close relatives, the grape and
1205:
586:
1436:
177:
1167:
1242:
391:'s waxy secretion accumulates heavily on these filaments, making it appear to have several long "tails".
351:, the obscure mealybug covers its body in a white, waxy secretion which accumulates in clumps along thin
1030:
197:
161:
592:
1408:
1263:
976:
504:
344:
1149:
1120:
992:
947:
545:
304:
51:
1359:
1250:
1141:
615:
has proven ineffective in apple and pear in South Africa. In 1983 and Kaiser et al. 2001 find
447:
Male obscure mealybugs do not feed, and have very short lifespans (2–3 days); males will spin
368:
320:
271:
The obscure mealybug is thought to have evolved in
Australia or South America. Its history in
1219:
1133:
984:
939:
396:
352:
1096:
1043:
624:
573:
533:
336:
217:
980:
1315:
1302:
1084:
Varela, Lucia G.; Rhonda J. Smith; Mark
Battany; Walt Bentley (January–February 2006).
620:
421:
248:
209:
118:
1425:
1153:
951:
943:
537:
452:
425:
384:
272:
256:
996:
43:
1255:
1012:
560:
Many attempts have been made to control obscure mealybug populations in commercial
138:
1190:
1385:
1341:
1199:
612:
359:. This clumpy secretion lends the mealybug its characteristic mealy appearance.
356:
236:
17:
540:, South America, Australia, New Zealand, and Iran, especially in vineyards and
988:
569:
561:
240:
1294:
1145:
259:
in the latter part of the 19th century. It is known to infest apple and pear
1276:
565:
516:
508:
463:
413:
372:
252:
108:
88:
68:
1372:
1229:
619:
to have taken residence in these pomes by that time in the season, at the
1184:
1137:
605:
549:
487:
and can transmit them from plant to plant while feeding; mealybug-spread
484:
432:
348:
340:
308:
221:
128:
1333:
541:
436:
1346:
480:
388:
371:
and a single pair of wings. They bear a strong resemblance to common
324:
98:
78:
1161:
1281:
967:(Hym.: Encyrtidae) and discussion of related parasitoid species".
716:
714:
581:
521:
339:
and adult female obscure mealybugs are rectangular, with rounded
448:
244:
1268:
1165:
512:
367:
Male obscure mealybugs are tiny, fragile insects with long
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
347:
ends. Adult females range from 1-5mm in length. Like all
963:(Hem: Pseudococcidae) in California: establishment of
898:
New
England Greenhouse Floriculture Guide (2003–2004)
756:
New
England Greenhouse Floriculture Guide (2003–2004)
1011:. Hawke's Bay Focus Vineyard Project. Archived from
1174:
1059:
New
England Greenhouse Floriculture Guide 2003–2004
720:
507:, a thick, sugary fluid created as a byproduct of
1006:"Mealybug: Why we should sit up and take notice"
672:
670:
825:
823:
8:
1086:"Which mealybug is it, why should you care?"
489:grapevine leafroll associated virus type III
751:
749:
747:
745:
319:Obscure mealybugs exhibit a high degree of
1162:
42:
31:
766:
764:
641:
639:
375:, but have two white wax tail filaments.
1130:Entomological Society of Southern Africa
635:
1039:
1028:
7:
1409:b125de8f-f25a-4f31-a158-eb456f096df3
1321:9190c138-692f-4a0c-92d1-32cfa44e4b24
564:and vineyards, using both synthetic
395:obscure mealybug's body contents (
243:, and the tea gardens of northern
25:
1447:Insect vectors of plant pathogens
969:Biocontrol Science and Technology
721:Mathulwe, Malan & Stokwe 2021
944:10.1111/j.1748-5967.2007.00095.x
627:end, and unreachable to sprays.
55:
1093:Practical Winery & Vineyard
676:
1052:"Insect and mite descriptions"
479:Obscure mealybugs feed on the
275:is not clear; from 1900 (when
1:
515:have developed a mutualistic
420:), obscure mealybugs undergo
208:) is a close relative of the
200:), and commonly known as the
869:
841:
829:
814:
798:
782:
770:
701:
657:
645:
1468:
1432:Hemiptera of South America
909:
897:
881:
853:
755:
732:
235:is a pest of vineyards in
1452:Insects described in 1875
1063:University of Connecticut
1004:Hamlet, Jonathan (2005).
989:10.1080/09583150701729906
503:Female mealybugs excrete
167:
160:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
568:and introduced mealybug
460:Tetracnemoidea peregrina
422:incomplete metamorphosis
965:Pseudaphycus flavidulus
587:Pseudaphycus flavidulus
239:, the Central Coast of
1065:. 2004. Archived from
1038:Cite journal requires
932:Entomological Research
517:symbiotic relationship
462:), and is therefore a
1316:Fauna Europaea (new)
1220:Pseudococcus_viburni
1206:Pseudococcus viburni
1176:Pseudococcus viburni
1138:10.4001/003.029.0001
1116:Pseudococcus viburni
961:Pseudococcus viburni
399:) are pinkish-grey.
355:protruding from its
194:Pseudococcus affinis
189:Pseudococcus viburni
171:Pseudococcus viburni
36:Pseudococcus viburni
981:2008BioST..18...43D
548:and has no natural
412:Being in the order
27:Species of true bug
1442:Grape pest insects
1121:African Entomology
546:introduced species
532:This species is a
224:around the world.
1419:
1418:
1168:Taxon identifiers
593:Leptomastix epona
321:sexual dimorphism
185:
184:
16:(Redirected from
1459:
1412:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1389:
1388:
1386:NHMSYS0021004908
1376:
1375:
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1210:
1209:
1208:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1163:
1157:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1095:. Archived from
1090:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1056:
1047:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1000:
955:
938:(1): A119–A125.
917:
907:
901:
895:
889:
879:
873:
867:
861:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
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724:
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649:
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443:Males and mating
303:(Maskell). This
202:obscure mealybug
173:
60:
59:
46:
32:
21:
18:Obscure mealybug
1467:
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1306:
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1213:
1204:
1203:
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1069:
1054:
1050:
1037:
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1021:
1019:
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1003:
958:
929:
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920:
908:
904:
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892:
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876:
868:
864:
852:
848:
840:
836:
828:
821:
813:
809:
797:
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781:
777:
769:
762:
754:
743:
731:
727:
719:
712:
700:
687:
675:
668:
656:
652:
644:
637:
633:
584:, particularly
574:organophosphate
558:
530:
501:
477:
472:
445:
410:
405:
381:
365:
333:
317:
269:
261:in South Africa
230:
181:
175:
169:
156:
153:P. viburni
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1437:Pseudococcidae
1434:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1390:
1377:
1364:
1351:
1338:
1325:
1312:
1303:Fauna Europaea
1299:
1286:
1273:
1260:
1247:
1234:
1224:
1211:
1196:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1159:
1158:
1111:
1081:
1048:
1040:|journal=
1001:
956:
926:
924:
921:
919:
918:
902:
890:
874:
862:
846:
834:
819:
807:
791:
775:
760:
741:
725:
710:
685:
666:
650:
634:
632:
629:
557:
554:
542:fruit orchards
529:
526:
500:
497:
476:
473:
471:
468:
444:
441:
409:
406:
404:
401:
380:
379:Identification
377:
364:
361:
335:The bodies of
332:
329:
316:
313:
285:P. longispinus
268:
265:
249:grape mealybug
229:
226:
210:grape mealybug
206:tuber mealybug
183:
182:
176:
165:
164:
158:
157:
150:
148:
144:
143:
136:
132:
131:
129:Pseudococcidae
126:
122:
121:
119:Sternorrhyncha
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1464:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1102:on 2007-02-07
1098:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1072:on 2004-02-06
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1032:
1018:on 2006-05-28
1014:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
927:
922:
915:
913:
906:
903:
899:
894:
891:
887:
885:
878:
875:
871:
870:Hamlet (2005)
866:
863:
859:
857:
850:
847:
843:
842:Hamlet (2005)
838:
835:
831:
830:Hamlet (2005)
826:
824:
820:
816:
815:Hamlet (2005)
811:
808:
804:
802:
795:
792:
788:
786:
779:
776:
772:
771:Hamlet (2005)
767:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
748:
746:
742:
738:
736:
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686:
682:
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673:
671:
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661:
654:
651:
647:
646:Hamlet (2005)
642:
640:
636:
630:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
602:L. dactylopii
599:
595:
594:
589:
588:
583:
578:
575:
571:
567:
563:
555:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:North America
535:
527:
525:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
498:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
474:
469:
467:
465:
461:
456:
454:
453:sex pheromone
450:
442:
440:
438:
437:first instars
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:
402:
400:
398:
392:
390:
386:
385:vine mealybug
378:
376:
374:
370:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
330:
328:
326:
322:
314:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:P. malacearum
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:North America
266:
264:
262:
258:
257:South America
254:
250:
247:. Unlike the
246:
242:
238:
234:
227:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:
179:
174:
172:
166:
163:
162:Binomial name
159:
155:
154:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1175:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1104:. Retrieved
1097:the original
1092:
1074:. Retrieved
1067:the original
1058:
1031:cite journal
1020:. Retrieved
1013:the original
975:(1): 43–57.
972:
968:
964:
960:
935:
931:
923:Bibliography
916:, pp. 45–46.
911:
905:
893:
883:
877:
865:
855:
849:
837:
810:
800:
794:
784:
778:
739:, pp. 44–45.
734:
728:
723:, p. 7.
703:
678:
659:
653:
616:
611:Late-season
610:
601:
597:
591:
585:
579:
559:
531:
502:
492:
488:
478:
459:
457:
446:
430:
417:
411:
393:
382:
366:
334:
318:
300:
299:Ferris, and
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:P. maritimus
280:
277:P. maritimus
276:
270:
232:
231:
228:Distribution
214:P. maritimus
213:
205:
201:
193:
188:
187:
186:
170:
168:
152:
151:
140:Pseudococcus
139:
35:
29:
1342:iNaturalist
1200:Wikispecies
758:, p. B-14.
677:Abbasipour
613:insecticide
562:greenhouses
418:"true bugs"
416:(so-called
373:house flies
357:exoskeleton
293:P. capensis
289:P. obscurus
237:New Zealand
1426:Categories
1106:2008-05-03
1076:2008-05-03
1022:2008-05-03
900:, p. B-15.
872:, pp. 6–7.
832:, pp. 5–6.
817:, pp. 5–8.
789:, pp. 2–3.
683:, p. A120.
631:References
617:P. viburni
566:pesticides
528:Pestilence
403:Life cycle
315:Morphology
301:P. affinis
241:California
233:P. viburni
192:(formerly
115:Suborder:
89:Arthropoda
1191:Q14621706
1154:232357751
1146:1021-3589
952:221736062
570:parasites
550:predators
509:digestion
499:Symbiosis
485:pathogens
464:kairomone
414:Hemiptera
353:filaments
349:mealybugs
345:posterior
309:Gondwanan
305:taxonomic
253:Australia
222:vineyards
147:Species:
109:Hemiptera
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
1360:10562073
1227:BioLib:
1185:Wikidata
1132:: 1–17.
997:85182457
888:, p. 45.
860:, p. 44.
606:symbiont
598:L. epona
505:honeydew
433:dormancy
369:antennae
341:anterior
311:origin.
267:Taxonomy
216:) and a
178:Signoret
125:Family:
85:Phylum:
79:Animalia
65:Domain:
1334:2095338
977:Bibcode
844:, p. 6.
805:, p. 3.
799:Varela
783:Varela
773:, p. 5.
708:, p. 2.
702:Varela
664:, p. 1.
658:Varela
648:, p. 1.
556:Control
493:GRLaV-3
470:Ecology
449:cocoons
408:Females
337:nymphal
331:Females
295:Brian,
291:Essig,
220:of the
198:Maskell
135:Genus:
105:Order:
99:Insecta
95:Class:
1406:NZOR:
1399:249563
1347:474275
1295:102333
1282:PSECOB
1269:839888
1243:202489
1230:101496
1152:
1144:
995:
950:
914:(2008)
912:et al.
910:Daane
886:(2008)
884:et al.
882:Daane
858:(2008)
856:et al.
854:Daane
803:(2006)
801:et al.
787:(2006)
785:et al.
737:(2008)
735:et al.
733:Daane
706:(2006)
704:et al.
681:(2007)
679:et al.
662:(2006)
660:et al.
625:distal
608:ants.
522:aphids
481:phloem
389:insect
325:mating
180:, 1875
1373:45080
1355:IRMNG
1308:98802
1290:EUNIS
1256:6WF76
1150:S2CID
1128:(1).
1100:(PDF)
1089:(PDF)
1070:(PDF)
1055:(PDF)
1016:(PDF)
1009:(PDF)
993:S2CID
948:S2CID
621:calyx
582:Chile
363:Males
1394:NCBI
1329:GBIF
1277:EPPO
1238:BOLD
1142:ISSN
1044:help
600:and
590:and
534:pest
513:ants
475:Diet
426:eggs
397:guts
343:and
245:Iran
218:pest
204:and
1381:NBN
1368:ISC
1264:EoL
1251:CoL
1215:AFD
1134:doi
985:doi
940:doi
623:or
536:in
255:or
1428::
1396::
1383::
1370::
1357::
1344::
1331::
1318::
1305::
1292::
1279::
1266::
1253::
1240::
1217::
1202::
1187::
1148:.
1140:.
1126:29
1124:.
1091:.
1061:.
1057:.
1035::
1033:}}
1029:{{
991:.
983:.
973:18
971:.
946:.
936:37
934:.
822:^
763:^
744:^
713:^
688:^
669:^
638:^
552:.
524:.
466:.
327:.
287:,
283:,
263:.
1156:.
1136::
1109:.
1079:.
1046:)
1042:(
1025:.
999:.
987::
979::
954:.
942::
491:(
212:(
196:(
20:)
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