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effects on which the recording of the presence of atomic objects rests rather remind us of the essential irreversibility inherent in the very concept of observation. The description of atomic phenomena has in these respects a perfectly objective character, in the sense that no explicit reference is made to any individual observer and that therefore, with proper regard to relativistic exigencies, no ambiguity is involved in the communication of information.
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253:
Of course the introduction of the observer must not be misunderstood to imply that some kind of subjective features are to be brought into the description of nature. The observer has, rather, only the function of registering decisions, i.e., processes in space and time, and it does not matter whether
265:
all unambiguous information concerning atomic objects is derived from the permanent marks such as a spot on a photographic plate, caused by the impact of an electron left on the bodies which define the experimental conditions. Far from involving any special intricacy, the irreversible amplification
346:
it is possible to measure the position and momentum of a particle at the same time. If the precision in measuring one quantity is increased, the precision in measuring the other decreases. An alternative version of the uncertainty principle, more in the spirit of an observer effect, fully accounts
311:
dispute. A number of new-age religious or philosophical views give the observer a more special role, or place constraints on who or what can be an observer. There is no credible peer-reviewed research that backs such claims. As an example of such claims,
181:
amounts to the same thing as the physical object it describes. This flawed concept must then require existence of an external mechanism, such as a measuring instrument, that lies outside the principles governing the time evolution of the wave function
254:
the observer is an apparatus or a human being; but the registration, i.e., the transition from the "possible" to the "actual," is absolutely necessary here and cannot be omitted from the interpretation of quantum theory.
294:
inquired, "Was the wave function waiting to jump for thousands of millions of years until a single-celled living creature appeared? Or did it have to wait a little longer for some highly qualified measurer—with a PhD?"
31:, where a measurement necessarily requires interacting with the physical object being measured, affecting its properties through the interaction. The term "observable" has gained a technical meaning, denoting a
282:. Obviously, this terminology does not imply the actual presence of human beings. These fictitious physicists may as well be inanimate automata that can perform all the required tasks, if suitably programmed.
158:, in which a quantum state would decay if left alone, but does not decay because of its continuous observation. The dynamics of a quantum system under continuous observation are described by a quantum
316:
declared, "The crucial feature of atomic physics is that the human observer is not only necessary to observe the properties of an object, but is necessary even to define these properties."
151:
from them without prospects of future strong quantum interference. This means that the type of measurement one performs on the system affects the end-state of the system.
210:
information that an observer can obtain from measurements of a given system. In this case, there is no real mystery in that this mathematical form of the wave function
166:. Further studies have shown that even observing the results after the photon is produced leads to collapsing the wave function and loading a back-history as shown by
347:
for the disturbance the observer has on a system and the error incurred, although this is not how the term "uncertainty principle" is most commonly used in practice.
1198:
441:
245:
among physicists, posits that an "observer" or a "measurement" is merely a physical process. One of the founders of the
Copenhagen interpretation,
177:
which describes the state of a system in quantum mechanics, one should be cautious of a common misconception that assumes that the wave function
1169:
147:
Once one has measured the system, one knows its current state; and this prevents it from being in one of its other states — it has apparently
451:
384:
Schlosshauer, Maximilian; Kofler, Johannes; Zeilinger, Anton (2013-08-01). "A snapshot of foundational attitudes toward quantum mechanics".
840:
286:
Critics of the special role of the observer also point out that observers can themselves be observed, leading to paradoxes such as that of
242:
48:
20:
1020:
Ozawa, Masanao (2003), "Universally valid reformulation of the
Heisenberg uncertainty principle on noise and disturbance in measurement",
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44:
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like, for example, an atom, which has an observable mass, charge and spin, as well as internal degrees of freedom. Instead,
329:
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60:
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28:
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343:
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ideas like "observer" in the early development of the theory has been a continuing source of disquiet and
187:
52:
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335:
308:
67:
713:
Kim, Yoon-Ho; R. Yu; S.P. Kulik; Y.H. Shih; Marlan Scully (2000). "A Delayed "Choice" Quantum Eraser".
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of the operator associated with the quantity that was measured, a change which is not time-reversible.
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particles can appear to have a nonlocal effect on the other particle. Additional problems related to
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879:, 1981, "Quantum Mechanics for Cosmologists". In C. J. Isham, R. Penrose and D.W. Sciama (eds.),
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V. P. Belavkin (1992). "Quantum continual measurements and a posteriori collapse on CCR".
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V. P. Belavkin (1989). "A new wave equation for a continuous non-demolition measurement".
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has been frequently confused with the observer effect, evidently even by its originator,
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Niels Bohr (1958), "Quantum
Physics and Philosophy—Causality and Complementarity",
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of a quantum phenomenon. The quantum mechanical observer is tied to the issue of
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493:"Decoherence, the measurement problem, and interpretations of quantum mechanics"
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55:, for which several popular interpretations assert that measurement causes a
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similar to the ubiquitous "observers" who send and receive light signals in
935:
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97:, a measurement will result in a state of the quantum system of one of the
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729:
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1103:
977:"One Thing Is Certain: Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle Is Not Dead"
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1010:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1930. reprinted Dover 1949
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573:
398:
290:; and that it is not clear how much consciousness is required. As
190:" after a measurement has been performed. But the wave function
342:. The uncertainty principle in its standard form describes how
214:
must change abruptly after a measurement has been performed.
154:
An experimentally studied situation related to this is the
261:, also a founder of the Copenhagen interpretation, wrote:
557:"On unitary evolution and collapse in quantum mechanics"
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arise when the observer is modeled as a quantum system.
1143:
822:
Essays 1958-1962 on Atomic
Physics and Human Knowledge
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of quantum physics dictates that for a wave function
896:(2019). "Making better sense of quantum mechanics".
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is a contentious issue deeply connected to the many
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661:. Berlin Heidelberg New-York: Springer-Verlag.
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43:The theoretical foundation of the concept of
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1004:Physikalische Prinzipien der Quantentheorie
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659:An Open Systems Approach to Quantum Optics
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303:The prominence of seemingly subjective or
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1008:The Physical Principles of Quantum Theory
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186:, in order to account for the so-called "
130:which in the space of the eigenfunctions
443:Quantum Computing: A Gentle Introduction
466:B.D'Espagnat, P.Eberhard, W.Schommers,
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1074:Communications in Mathematical Physics
1006:, Leipzig: Hirzel English translation
472:Quantum Theory and Pictures of Reality
7:
1199:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
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841:Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods
320:Confusion with uncertainty principle
241:, which is the most widely accepted
49:interpretations of quantum mechanics
21:interpretations of quantum mechanics
781:The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics
440:; Polak, Wolfgang H. (2011-03-04).
243:interpretation of quantum mechanics
883:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 611.
221:is that measurement on one of two
173:When discussing the wave function
14:
491:Schlosshauer, Maximilian (2005).
1126:
674:Iterated Stochastic Measurements
45:measurement in quantum mechanics
51:. A key focus point is that of
35:that represents a measurement.
898:Reports on Progress in Physics
700:10.1088/1751-8113/45/49/494020
299:Anthropocentric interpretation
204:abstract mathematical function
1:
657:Howard J. Carmichael (1993).
330:Delayed choice quantum eraser
188:collapse of the wave function
168:delayed choice quantum eraser
162:master equation known as the
1142:. You can help Knowledge by
636:10.1016/0375-9601(89)90066-2
23:posit a central role for an
555:Giacosa, Francesco (2014).
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1052:10.1103/PhysRevA.67.042105
527:10.1103/RevModPhys.76.1267
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16:Concept in quantum physics
474:. Springer-Verlag, 1989,
239:Copenhagen interpretation
928:10.1088/1361-6633/aae2c6
747:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.1
783:. John Wiley and Sons.
716:Physical Review Letters
583:10.12743/quanta.v3i1.26
1138:-related article is a
808:Physics and Philosophy
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206:that contains all the
53:wave function collapse
1204:Quantum physics stubs
336:uncertainty principle
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196:not a physical object
101:possible eigenvalues
66:More explicitly, the
676:(Technical report).
57:discontinuous change
1189:Concepts in physics
1096:1992CMaPh.146..611B
1044:2003PhRvA..67d2105O
981:Scientific American
920:2019RPPh...82a2002M
739:2000PhRvL..84....1K
692:2012JPhA...45W4020B
628:1989PhLA..140..355B
519:2004RvMP...76.1267S
438:Rieffel, Eleanor G.
408:2013SHPMP..44..222S
362:Quantum foundations
326:Quantum decoherence
156:quantum Zeno effect
1104:10.1007/BF02097018
962:The Tao of Physics
357:Observer (physics)
280:special relativity
115:, of the operator
33:Hermitian operator
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1022:Physical Review A
877:John Stewart Bell
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247:Werner Heisenberg
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272:Asher Peres
233:Description
227:decoherence
208:statistical
70:principle (
1183:Categories
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911:1809.01639
723:(1): 1–5.
368:References
324:See also:
270:Likewise,
259:Niels Bohr
160:stochastic
61:eigenstate
39:Foundation
683:1210.0425
574:1406.2344
468:F.Selleri
399:1301.1069
344:precisely
292:John Bell
249:, wrote:
223:entangled
149:decohered
1112:17016809
1060:42012188
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965:, p. 127
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864:28854083
838:(1993).
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779:(1974).
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351:See also
59:into an
25:observer
1092:Bibcode
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