296:, West Coast states such as Washington, Oregon, and California would receive a tsunami watch first; if the tsunami is verified, a warning would follow. If no wave is observed, a cancellation message would follow the watch instead. If an 8.0 earthquake were to occur off of the West Coast of the United States, a warning without verification of a tsunami would be issued, as there would not be enough time to first verify a wave and then conduct an evacuation of vulnerable areas.
463:
again devastated Hilo, resulting in 61 deaths. The earthquake responsible was the largest earthquake ever recorded, with a magnitude of 9.5 that caused waves 35 feet (11 m) tall in Hilo. A warning was issued in Hilo beforehand that correctly predicted the tsunami's arrival time, though it did
214:
rather than a single wave. The number of waves can vary, but data have shown that there are usually between two and ten. The first wave is typically not the largest one. During the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the second wave was the largest, and in the 1964 Alaska tsunami, it was the fourth. The
31:
482:. As a result, California observed 20–25-foot (6.1–7.6 m) waves and some regions sustained heavy damages from flooding, resulting in 11 deaths. Other regions such as Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and Hawaii were also impacted by the teletsunami to varying degrees.
189:
The general characteristics of teletsunamis are similar to those of local tsunamis. The interval between waves can range from 5 to 60 minutes, although it usually falls between 10 and 30 minutes. The speed at which the teletsunami travels is dependent on the
194:
of the water, decreasing as the water becomes more shallow. On average, tsunamis in the
Pacific Ocean travel at about 773 km/h (480 mph); however, due to the depth of the ocean, the height may only be a few feet. The low
277:
A watch is first issued if the arrival time for a potential teletsunami is more than 2 hours from the time of the warning. In this case, there would be enough time to verify the existence or nonexistence of a tsunami by way of
396:
occurred on
January 26, 1700 and was not associated with an earthquake offshore of the country like most in Japanese historical records. This event has been linked now to a powerful earthquake on the Cascadia subduction zone.
370:. Such tsunamis can propagate across the entire Pacific in less than 24 hours, and cause widespread destruction along shorelines located thousands of miles from the source. The most recent of these was generated by the
441:. Waves 30 feet (9.1 m) tall were observed in Hilo, and at least 170 people were killed. As there had been no warning issued, concerns led to the establishment of the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in
218:
Coastal water usually recedes before the first tsunami strikes, and many witnesses have reported that the approaching teletsunami waves create a loud roaring sound similar to that of a train or a jet.
236:, or "distant", in "teletsunami"). Teletsunamis are also virtually undetectable to the human eye until they approach the shoreline. Several scientific organisations have been developed to establish
344:
of the tsunami was maintained at about 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft), and waves continued to arrive for many hours. No damage or casualties were reported. European sources also reported that the
215:
retreat of the first wave may falsely imply that the tsunami has "finished", which can lead people to return to the beach out of curiosity, only to be swept away by the next incoming wave.
232:
Although teletsunamis are usually generated by a large earthquake, many of the areas affected by the tsunami are too far from the earthquake's epicenter to feel it (hence the prefix
70:
that originates from a distant source, defined as more than 1,000 km (620 mi) away or three hours' travel from the area of interest, sometimes travelling across an
207:
caught in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami were reportedly tossed around underwater, yet boats floating above were unaffected and failed to notice the wave as it passed by.
538:
798:
445:. The tsunami was also observed in California, but no casualties were reported and damage was slight – limited mostly to personal vessels in the harbors.
285:
Either a watch or warning is immediately issued if a magnitude 7.5 or greater earthquake occurs anywhere in the
Pacific Rim, depending on circumstances.
203:, which spans approximately 80 to 240 kilometres (50 to 149 mi), makes vessels in open water unaware of the passing tsunami. In shallow water,
585:
99:
464:
not provide sufficient time for the majority of residents to evacuate. The tsunami also struck Japan killing 138 and the
Philippines killing 32.
371:
758:
775:
428:
270:. In order to prevent confusion, the PTWC does not issue watches or warnings for the west coast unless the NTWC fails to do so.
247:
in Hawaii provides warnings for
Pacific-based teletsunamis to almost every country around the Pacific, including island states.
240:, which are to provide sufficient forewarning of an approaching teletsunami to initiate emergency preparations and evacuations.
259:
251:
674:
244:
611:
491:
360:
91:
718:"Mobilizing information and communications technologies for effective disaster warning: lessons from the 2004 tsunami"
533:
645:
854:
500:. The teletsunami was generated by the 9.1 earthquake off the northern coast of Sumatra and also heavily impacted
35:
717:
454:
387:
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A warning is issued if the potentially resulting tsunami would arrive onshore within 2 hours of the warning.
151:
473:
375:
309:
237:
227:
95:
87:
79:
549:
406:
691:
669:. Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research. Vol. 20 (reprint ed.). Springer.
564:
496:
The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami caused approximately 230,000 fatalities, the majority of which were in
308:. One of the oldest teletsunamis reported was in November 1755, when a major earthquake known as the
355:
The most recent teletsunami resulting in mass casualties occurred in 2004 off the northern coast of
30:
181:. While drawbacks may not always occur, their presence are considered a sign of impending danger.
740:
915:
670:
442:
131:
119:
110:
Teletsunamis can be generated several different ways, the most common being earthquakes with
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732:
544:
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163:
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A few destructive teletsunamis are generated each century by large earthquakes around the
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255:
167:
937:
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are also capable of producing large offshore earthquakes and thus large tsunamis.
17:
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75:
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In 1964, a large tsunami originated as a result of the 9.2 earthquake from the
363:, it led to nearly 300,000 deaths in several countries along the Indian Ocean.
273:
There are several guidelines set by the NTWC for issuing watches and warnings:
614:. The National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program. 1 April 1946. Archived from
411:
A tsunami triggered by the 1868 Arica earthquake caused significant damage in
200:
159:
123:
736:
173:
Natural precursors that may indicate the approach of a teletsunami include a
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497:
341:
325:
196:
27:
Massive tsunamis that strike a thousand kilometers or more from their source
873:
505:
501:
329:
321:
317:
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Destructive teletsunamis have been recorded as happening once or twice a
312:(or the Great Lisbon earthquake) resulted in a teletsunami that ravaged
690:
Lander, James F.; Whiteside, Lowell S.; Lockridge, Patricia A. (2002).
521:
509:
356:
333:
305:
174:
118:
is more likely to produce a teletsunami than lateral displacement from
67:
191:
799:"Tsunami Warning System: Emergency Response and Tsunami Preparedness"
412:
345:
313:
267:
155:
803:
Major
Natural Disaster Fatalities in Hawaii During the 20th Century
352:), but no local confirmed observations were made in the Caribbean.
874:"The April 1, 1946 Earthquake and Tsunami in the Aleutian Islands"
592:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
517:
460:
393:
71:
29:
855:"Crescent City, Santa Cruz, hit hard by tsunami from Japan quake"
825:"Monterey County Operational Area Tsunami Incident Response Plan"
524:. It was the first teletsunami to have extensive video evidence.
337:
279:
178:
823:
Monterey County Office of
Emergency Services (January 2007).
419:
where one fatality occurred; it was also recorded in Japan.
348:
fracture zone generated a second teletsunami in March 1761 (
282:
buoys before a warning or cancellation message was issued.
667:
Caribbean
Tsunamis: A 500-Year History from 1498–1998
437:, a teletsunami that originated in Alaska devastated
134:, are at greater risk of producing teletsunamis. The
764:. Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska.
142:
is an example of a subduction zone: it includes the
778:. Hazard Management Cayman Islands. 1 February 2011
459:In 1960, a teletsunami generated near the coast of
818:
816:
814:
812:
692:"A Brief History of Tsunamis in the Caribbean Sea"
644:Office of Emergency Services Plan (October 2005).
292:For example, if an 8.0 earthquake occurs in the
74:. All teletsunamis have been generated by major
665:O'Loughlin, Karen Fay; James F. Lander (2003).
539:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
914:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (26 March 1998).
210:Teletsunamis generally consist of a series of
177:, when the ocean water recedes well below low
805:. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.
433:In 1946, following a large earthquake in the
8:
584:Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.
114:higher than 7.5. Vertical displacement on a
660:
658:
258:, watches for teletsunamis approaching the
100:the 2021 South Sandwich Islands earthquakes
639:
637:
635:
633:
853:Anton, Mike; Li, Shan (11 March 2011).
576:
324:and was noticed throughout the eastern
759:"Warning Signs: Nature and Technology"
252:National Tsunami Warning Center (NTWC)
374:, which crushed three dozen boats in
245:Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC)
7:
359:. Caused by an undersea megathrust
842:. NOAA's National Weather Service.
25:
646:"Tsunami Emergency Response Plan"
468:1964: West Coast of North America
838:Pacific Tsunami Warning Center.
429:1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake
146:, which lies off the coasts of
320:. The teletsunami crossed the
130:burrows underneath less-dense
126:zones, which occur when dense
1:
872:Pararas-Carayannis, George.
651:. County of San Luis Obispo.
492:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
222:Tsunami watches and warnings
92:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
534:Cumbre Vieja tsunami hazard
960:
716:Samarajiva, Rohan (2005).
699:Science of Tsunami Hazards
489:
471:
452:
426:
404:
385:
225:
300:Historical documentations
162:. The regions around the
36:2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
894:"The 1960 Tsunami, Hilo"
737:10.1177/1461444805058159
455:1960 Valdivia earthquake
388:1700 Cascadia earthquake
350:1761 Portugal earthquake
144:Cascadia subduction zone
84:1960 Valdivia earthquake
840:"PTWC Responsibilities"
725:New Media & Society
199:, along with the broad
918:. US Geological Survey
916:"1964 Alaskan Tsunami"
474:1964 Alaska earthquake
376:Santa Cruz, California
310:1755 Lisbon earthquake
238:tsunami warning system
228:Tsunami warning system
96:2011 Tohoku earthquake
88:1964 Alaska earthquake
80:1755 Lisbon earthquake
56:distant-source tsunami
39:
550:Megathrust earthquake
407:1868 Arica earthquake
372:2011 Japan earthquake
33:
565:Submarine earthquake
618:on 25 February 2011
449:1960: Pacific Ocean
401:1868: Pacific Ocean
336:and as far west as
256:Palmer, Alaska
122:. Because of this,
64:trans-ocean tsunami
586:"Tsunami Glossary"
486:2004: Indian Ocean
357:Sumatra, Indonesia
48:ocean-wide tsunami
40:
38:was a teletsunami.
18:Ocean-wide tsunami
896:. Hvo.wr.usgs.gov
859:Los Angeles Times
827:. City of Marina.
443:Ewa Beach, Hawaii
392:A tsunami struck
132:continental crust
120:strike-slip fault
60:far-field tsunami
16:(Redirected from
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590:Technical Series
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545:List of tsunamis
435:Aleutian Islands
294:Aleutian Islands
164:Aleutian Islands
148:British Columbia
46:(also called an
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612:"Tsunami Terms"
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185:Characteristics
158:, and Northern
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52:distant tsunami
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920:. Retrieved
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898:. Retrieved
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877:. Retrieved
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780:. Retrieved
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666:
620:. Retrieved
616:the original
606:
594:. Retrieved
589:
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560:Meteotsunami
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458:
439:Hilo, Hawaii
432:
423:1946: Hawaii
410:
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365:
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205:scuba divers
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116:thrust fault
109:
78:such as the
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
41:
705:(2): 57–94.
555:Megatsunami
417:New Zealand
382:1700: Japan
368:Pacific Rim
76:earthquakes
44:teletsunami
900:2011-03-02
879:2011-03-02
676:1402017170
571:References
361:earthquake
260:West Coast
201:wavelength
160:California
152:Washington
124:subduction
112:magnitudes
776:"Tsunami"
514:Sri Lanka
498:Indonesia
342:amplitude
326:Caribbean
197:amplitude
938:Category
745:26582454
528:See also
506:Malaysia
502:Thailand
330:Barbados
322:Atlantic
318:Portugal
175:drawback
106:Overview
944:Tsunami
922:2 March
782:2 March
622:2 March
596:2 March
522:Somalia
510:Myanmar
334:Antigua
328:, from
306:century
262:of the
68:tsunami
66:) is a
743:
673:
541:(DART)
520:, and
413:Hawaii
346:Azores
340:. The
314:Lisbon
268:Canada
156:Oregon
98:, and
762:(PDF)
741:S2CID
721:(PDF)
695:(PDF)
649:(PDF)
518:India
461:Chile
394:Japan
234:tele-
212:waves
192:depth
72:ocean
62:, or
924:2011
784:2011
671:ISBN
624:2011
598:2011
415:and
338:Cuba
280:NOAA
266:and
250:The
243:The
179:tide
166:and
34:The
733:doi
332:to
254:in
138:of
940::
857:.
811:^
801:.
739:.
727:.
723:.
703:20
701:.
697:.
657:^
632:^
588:.
516:,
512:,
508:,
504:,
378:.
316:,
154:,
150:,
102:.
94:,
90:,
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58:,
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42:A
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903:.
882:.
861:.
786:.
747:.
735::
729:7
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626:.
600:.
20:)
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