Ocean gyre - Knowledge (XXG)

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by the ocean are released into the atmosphere, thereby modifying the climate of northwest Europe. The North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre has a complex topography with a series of basins in which the large-scale circulation is characterized by cyclonic boundary currents and interior recirculation. The North Atlantic Current develops out of the Gulf Stream extension and turns eastward, crossing the Atlantic in a wide band between about 45°N and 55°N creating the southern border of the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre. There are several branches of the North Atlantic Current, and they flow into an eastern intergyral region in the

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currents, calm seas, or turbulent storms. The Māori have a rich oral history of navigation within the Southern Ocean and Antarctic Ocean and a deep understanding their ice and ocean patterns. A current research project is aimed at consolidating these oral histories. Efforts are being made to integrate TEK with Western science in marine and ocean research in New Zealand. Additional research efforts aim to collate indigenous oral histories and incorporate indigenous knowledge into climate change adaptation practices in New Zealand that will directly affect the Māori and other indigenous communities.

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the Southeast Pacific/Amundsen-Bellingshausen Seas generates a cyclonic circulation cell that reduces sea surface heights north of the Ross Gyre via Ekman suction. The relative reduction of sea surface heights to the north facilitates a northeastward expansion of the outer boundary of the Ross Gyre. Further, the gyre is intensified by a westward ocean stress anomaly over its southern boundary. The ensuing southward Ekman transport anomaly raises sea surface heights over the continental shelf and accelerates the westward throughflow by increasing the cross-slope pressure gradient. The

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waters from the south and cold, fresher waters from the north. As these waters meet, the warm, dense water sinks beneath the lighter, colder water, initiating a complex circulation pattern. The North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre has significant implications for climate regulation, as it helps redistribute heat and nutrients throughout the North Atlantic, influencing weather patterns and supporting diverse marine life. Additionally, changes in the gyre's strength and circulation can impact regional climate variability and may be influenced by broader climate change trends.

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with the highest amounts happening in summer. Generally, spring is an important time for photosynthesis as the light limitation imposed during winter is lifted and there are high levels of nutrients available. However, in the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre, spring productivity is low in comparison to expected levels. It is hypothesized that this low productivity is because phytoplankton are less efficiently using light than they do in the summer months.

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waters through gravitational sinking, where the particle is too heavy to remain suspended in the water column. However, since subtropical gyres cover 60% of the ocean surface, their relatively low production per unit area is made up for by covering massive areas of the Earth. This means that, despite being areas of relatively low productivity and low nutrients, they play a large role in contributing to the overall amount of ocean production.

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caretaker. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples begins by reminding readers that “respect for Indigenous knowledge, cultures and traditional practices contributes to sustainable and equitable development and proper management of the environment” Attempts to collect and store this knowledge have been made over the past twenty years. Conglomerates such as The Indigenous Knowledge Social Network (SIKU)

1457: 1444:. The Weddell Gyre (WG) is one of the main oceanographic features of the Southern Ocean south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which plays an influential role in global ocean circulation as well as gas exchange with the atmosphere. The WG is situated in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, south of 55–60°S and roughly between 60°W and 30°E (Deacon, 1979). It stretches over the Weddell abyssal plain, where the 1252:, the location on Earth that is farthest away from all continental landmass (2,688 km away from the closest land). The remoteness of this gyre complicates sampling, causing this gyre to be historically under sampled in oceanographic datasets. At the northern boundary of the South Pacific Gyre, the South Equatorial Current flows west towards southeast Asia and Australia. There, it turns south as it flows in the 7109: 7130: 5862: 2098: 1328: 1503: 6210: 7119: 798:

argument for the presence of western boundary current solutions over eastern boundary current solutions can be found again through the conservation of potential vorticity. Considering again the case of a subtropical northern hemisphere gyre, the return flow must be northward. In order to move northward (an increase in planetary vorticity

1376:, just outside of the Ross Sea. This gyre is characterized by a clockwise rotation of surface waters, driven by the combined influence of wind, the Earth's rotation, and the shape of the seafloor. The gyre plays a crucial role in the transport of heat, nutrients, and marine life in the Southern Ocean, affecting the distribution of 1799:

transport across gyre fronts. This lateral transport helps make up for the large loss of nutrients due to downwelling and particle sinking. However, the major source of nitrate in the nitrate-limited subtropical gyres is a result of biological, not physical, factors. Nitrogen in subtropical gyres is produced primarily by

1147:, the western boundary current of the South Atlantic Gyre. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current forms both the southern boundary of the gyre and the eastward component of the gyre circulation. Eventually, the water reaches the west coast of Africa, where it is brought north along the coast as a part of the eastern boundary 793:(black dotted lines) and the stream function is negative throughout the gyre, indicating the gyre is rotating clockwise. The distance between streamlines is inversely proportional to the flow speed – note the much closer streamlines on the west side of the basin, indicating western intensification of the gyre. 1433:

critical role in the movement of heat, nutrients, and marine life in the Southern Ocean. Insights into the behavior and variability of the Weddell Gyre are crucial for comprehending the interaction between ocean processes in the southern hemisphere and their implications for the global climate system.

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The North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre is an important part of the ocean's carbon dioxide drawdown mechanism. The photosynthesis of phytoplankton communities in this area seasonally depletes surface waters of carbon dioxide, removing it through primary production. This primary production occurs seasonally,

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The Alaskan Gyre and Western Subarctic Gyre are an iron-limited environment rather than a nitrogen or phosphorus limited environment. This region relies on dust blowing off the state of Alaska and other landmasses nearby to supply iron. Because it is limited by iron instead of nitrogen or phosphorus,

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of isopycnal surfaces, and storage of ~20,000 km3 of freshwater in the upper few hundred meters of the ocean. The gyre gains energy from winds in the south and loses energy in the north over a mean annual cycle. The strong atmospheric circulation in the autumn, combined with significant areas of open

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lead to the production and export of dense water, with global-scale impacts. which controls the proximity of the warm waters of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the Ross Sea continental shelf, where they may drive ice shelf melting and increase sea level. The deepening of sea level pressures over

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The North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre, located in the North Atlantic Ocean, is characterized by a counterclockwise rotation of surface waters. It plays a crucial role in the global oceanic conveyor belt system, influencing climate and marine ecosystems. The gyre is driven by the convergence of warm, salty

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Indigenous Traditional Ecological Knowledge recognizes that Indigenous people, as the original caretakers, hold unique relationships with the land and waters. These relationships make TEK difficult to define, as Traditional Knowledge means something different to each person, each community, and each

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Lack of nutrients in the surface waters of subtropical gyres is related to the strong downwelling and sinking of particles that occurs in these areas as mentioned earlier. However, nutrients are still present in these gyres. These nutrients can come from not only vertical transport, but also lateral

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is a key component of the global climate system through its transport of heat and freshwater. The North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre is in a region where the AMOC is actively developed and shaped through mixing and water mass transformation. It is a region where large amounts of heat transported northward

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The velocity profile within the boundary layer calculated using Munk's boundary layer solution for both the case of a western boundary (top) and eastern boundary (bottom) in a northern hemisphere subtropical gyre. Note that positive vorticity is input into the flow near the boundary only in the case

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Ocean circulation re-distributes the heat and water-resources, therefore determines the regional climate. For example, the western branches of the subtropical gyres flow from the lower latitudes towards higher latitudes, bringing relatively warm and moist air to the adjacent land, contributing to a

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or low productivity. Each gyre has a unique ecological profile but can be grouped by region due to dominating characteristics. Generally, productivity is greater for cyclonic gyres (e.g., subpolar gyres) that drive upwelling through Ekman suction and lesser for anticyclonic gyres (e.g., subtropical

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There are five major subtropical gyres across the world's oceans: the North Atlantic Gyre, the South Atlantic Gyre, the Indian Ocean Gyre, the North Pacific Gyre, and the South Pacific Gyre. All subtropical gyres are anticyclonic, meaning that in the northern hemisphere they rotate clockwise, while

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estimated that "for every square mile of ocean" there are about "46,000 pieces of plastic". The 10 largest emitters of oceanic plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to the least, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Bangladesh, largely

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in the ocean is heavily dependent on the presence of nutrients and the availability of sunlight. Here, nutrients refers to nitrogen, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate, all important nutrients in biogeochemical processes that take place in the ocean. A commonly accepted method for relating different

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characteristics, warm subtropical gyres have some of the least productive waters per unit surface area in the ocean. The downwelling of water that occurs in subtropical gyres takes nutrients deeper in the ocean, removing them from surface waters. Organic particles can also be removed from surface

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As the Sverdrup balance argues, subtropical ocean gyres have a weak equatorward flow and subpolar ocean gyres have a weak poleward flow over most of their area. However, there must be some return flow that goes against the Sverdrup transport in order to preserve mass balance. In this respect, the

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data suggest that the world's major ocean gyres are slowly moving towards higher latitudes in the past few decades. Such feature show agreement with climate model prediction under anthropogenic global warming. Paleo-climate reconstruction also suggest that during the past cold climate intervals,

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who came from Polynesia and are an indigenous group in New Zealand. Their way of life and culture has strong connections to the ocean. The Māori believe that the sea is the source of all life and is an energy, called Tangaroa. This energy could manifest in many different ways, like strong ocean

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is located in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica, just outside of the Weddell Sea. It is characterized by a clockwise rotation of surface waters, influenced by the combined effects of winds, the Earth's rotation, and the seafloor's topography. Like the Ross Gyre, the Weddell Gyre plays a

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center may have a greater impact on the Ross Gyre transport or the throughflow, depending on its location and strength. This gyre has significant effects on interactions in the Southern Ocean between waters of the Antarctic margin, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and intervening gyres with a

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Munk's solution instead relies on friction between the return flow and the sidewall of the basin. This allows for two cases: one with the return flow on the western boundary (western boundary current) and one with the return flow on the eastern boundary (eastern boundary current). A qualitative

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is the vertical Ekman velocity due to wind stress curl (positive up). It can be clearly seen in this equation that for a negative Ekman velocity (e.g., Ekman pumping in subtropical gyres), meridional mass transport (Sverdrup transport) is negative (south, equatorward) in the northern hemisphere

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In contrast to subtropical gyres, subpolar gyres can have a lot of biological activity due to Ekman suction upwelling driven by wind stress curl. Subpolar gyres in the North Atlantic have a "bloom and crash" pattern following seasonal and storm patterns. The highest productivity in the North

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resolved this issue by showing that the return flow of gyres is done through an intensified western boundary current. Stommel's solution relies on a frictional bottom boundary layer which is not necessarily physical in a stratified ocean (currents do not always extend to the bottom).

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With the correct ratios of nutrients on the left side of the RKR equation and sunlight, photosynthesis takes place to produce plankton (primary production) and oxygen. Typically, the limiting nutrients to production are nitrogen and phosphorus with nitrogen being the most limiting.

1080:. Subtropical gyres typically consist of four currents: a westward flowing equatorial current, a poleward flowing, narrow, and strong western boundary current, an eastward flowing current in the midlatitudes, and an equatorward flowing, weaker, and broader eastern boundary current. 4416:

Coale, Kenneth H.; Johnson, Kenneth S.; Fitzwater, Steve E.; Gordon, R. Michael; Tanner, Sara; Chavez, Francisco P.; Ferioli, Laurie; Sakamoto, Carole; Rogers, Paul; Millero, Frank; Steinberg, Paul; Nightingale, Phil; Cooper, David; Cochlan, William P.; Landry, Michael R. (1996).

1212:, one of the largest ecosystems on Earth, is bordered to the south by the Intertropical Convergence Zone and extending north to roughly 50°N. At the southern boundary of the North Pacific Gyre, the North Equatorial Current flows west along the equator towards southeast Asia. The 1912:

i.e., ice ages, some of the western boundary currents (western branches of the subtropical ocean gyres) are closer to the equator than their modern positions. These evidence implies that global warming is very likely to push the large-scale ocean gyres towards higher latitudes.

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Due to friction at the boundary, the velocity of flow must go to zero at the sidewall before reaching some maximum northward velocity within the boundary layer and decaying to the southward Sverdrup transport solution far away from the boundary. Thus, the condition that

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Reintjes, Greta; Tegetmeyer, Halina E.; Bürgisser, Miriam; Orlić, Sandi; Tews, Ivo; Zubkov, Mikhail; Voß, Daniela; Zielinski, Oliver; Quast, Christian; Glöckner, Frank Oliver; Amann, Rudolf; Ferdelman, Timothy G.; Fuchs, Bernhard M. (2019-07-15). Nojiri, Hideaki (ed.).

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Atlantic occurs in boreal spring when there are long days and high levels of nutrients. This is different to the subpolar North Pacific, where almost no phytoplankton bloom occurs and patterns of respiration are more consistent through time than in the North Atlantic.

1887:, navigators would use the stars, winds, and ocean currents to know where they were on the ocean and where they were headed. These navigators were intimately familiar with Pacific currents that create the North Pacific gyre and this way of navigating continues today. 1787: 1061:

The western boundary current must transport on the same order of water as the interior Sverdrup transport in a much smaller area. This means western boundary currents are much stronger than interior currents, a phenomenon called "western intensification".

1188:. The Agulhas Current flows south until it joins the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which flows east at the southern edge of the Indian Ocean Gyre. Due to the African continent not extending as far south as the Indian Ocean Gyre, some of the water in the 5101:

It turns out that about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that

1058:. One can make similar arguments for subtropical gyres in the southern hemisphere and for subpolar gyres in either hemisphere and see that the result remains the same: the return flow of an ocean gyre is always in the form of a western boundary current. 1904:

mild and wet climate (e.g., East China, Japan). In contrast, the eastern boundary currents of the subtropical gyres streaming from the higher latitudes towards lower latitudes, corresponding to a relatively cold and dry climate (e.g., California).

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nutrient availabilities to each other in order to describe chemical processes is the Redfield, Ketchum, and Richards (RKR) equation. This equation describes the process of photosynthesis and respiration and the ratios of the nutrients involved.

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Within garbage patches, the waste is not compact, and although most of it is near the surface of the ocean, it can be found up to more than 30 metres (100 ft) deep in the water. Patches contain plastics and debris in a range of sizes from

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Cózar, Andrés; Echevarría, Fidel; González-Gordillo, J. Ignacio; Irigoien, Xabier; Úbeda, Bárbara; Hernández-León, Santiago; Palma, Álvaro T.; Navarro, Sandra; García-de-Lomas, Juan; Ruiz, Andrea; Fernández-de-Puelles, María L. (2014-07-15).

1228:. The Alaska Current is the eastern boundary current of the subpolar Alaska Gyre, while the California Current is the eastern boundary current that completes the North Pacific Gyre circulation. Within the North Pacific Gyre is the 1781: 3002:

Luo, Y.-W.; Doney, S. C.; Anderson, L. A.; Benavides, M.; Berman-Frank, I.; Bode, A.; Bonnet, S.; Boström, K. H.; Böttjer, D.; Capone, D. G.; Carpenter, E. J.; Chen, Y. L.; Church, M. J.; Dore, J. E.; Falcón, L. I. (2012-08-31).

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Martin, J. H.; Coale, K. H.; Johnson, K. S.; Fitzwater, S. E.; Gordon, R. M.; Tanner, S. J.; Hunter, C. N.; Elrod, V. A.; Nowicki, J. L.; Coley, T. L.; Barber, R. T.; Lindley, S.; Watson, A. J.; Van Scoy, K.; Law, C. S. (1994).

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Wind-driven ocean gyres are asymmetrical, with stronger flows on their western boundary and weaker flows throughout their interior. The weak interior flow that is typical over most of the gyre is a result of the conservation of

2921:"The Quantitative Distribution and Characteristics of Neuston Plastic in the North Pacific Ocean, 1985–88. (Final Report to U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, Auke Bay Laboratory. Auke Bay, Alaska)" 4527:

Takahashi, Taro; Sutherland, Stewart C.; Sweeney, Colm; Poisson, Alain; Metzl, Nicolas; Tilbrook, Bronte; Bates, Nicolas; Wanninkhof, Rik; Feely, Richard A.; Sabine, Christopher; Olafsson, Jon; Nojiri, Yukihiro (2002-01-01).

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are interconnected due to their relationship in their role in transporting sea ice across the Arctic Ocean. Their influence on the distribution of freshwater has broad impacts for global sea level rise and climate dynamics.

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by human populations. These human-caused collections of plastic and other debris are responsible for ecosystem and environmental problems that affect marine life, contaminate oceans with toxic chemicals, and contribute to

1480:. This gyre functions as a critical mechanism for the transport of heat, nutrients, and sea ice within the Arctic region, thus influencing the physical and biological characteristics of the marine environment. Negative 1264:. Unlike the North Pacific garbage patch which was first described in 1988, the South Pacific garbage patch was discovered much more recently in 2016 (a testament to the extreme remoteness of the South Pacific Gyre). 1260:, the eastern boundary current that completes the South Pacific Gyre circulation. Like the North Pacific Gyre, the South Pacific Gyre has an elevated concentration of plastic waste near the center, termed the 1175:

forms the northern boundary of the Indian Ocean Gyre as it flows west along the equator towards the east coast of Africa. At the coast of Africa, the South Equatorial Current is split by Madagascar into the

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region. Iron limitation in high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions results in water that is rich in other nutrients because they have not been removed by the small populations of plankton that live there.

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brings warm waters west towards the Caribbean and defines the southern edge of the North Atlantic Gyre. Once these waters reach the Caribbean they join the warm waters in the Gulf of Mexico and form the

1880:, the Igliniit project, and the Wales Inupiaq Sea Ice Directory have made strides in the inclusion and documentation of indigenous people's thoughts on global climate, oceanographic, and social trends. 3963:

Regaudie-de-Gioux, A.; Huete-Ortega, M.; Sobrino, C.; López-Sandoval, D.C.; González, N.; Fernández-Carrera, A.; Vidal, M.; Marañón, E.; Cermeño, P.; Latasa, M.; Agustí, S.; Duarte, C.M. (2019).

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which has the highest density of marine debris and plastic. The Pacific Garbage patch has two mass buildups: the western garbage patch and the eastern garbage patch, the former off the coast of

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This plot shows the relationship to nitrogen and phosphorus availability throughout different areas of the global ocean. Nitrogen is most often more limiting than phosphorus for photosynthesis.

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velocity. In the sense of a northward return flow, the zonal component is neglected and only the meridional velocity is important for relative vorticity. Thus, this solution requires that

1412:. Even though this gyre is located nearby two of the most prominent research stations in the world for Antarctic study, the Ross Gyre remains one of the least sampled gyres in the world. 494:

accordingly. The only way to decrease the planetary vorticity is by moving the water parcel equatorward, so throughout the majority of subtropical gyres there is a weak equatorward flow.

749:(right) computed using Munk's boundary layer solution in a rectangular, flat-bottomed ocean gyre on a beta plane in the northern hemisphere centered at 30°N with horizontal length scale 3439:

Dotto, Tiago S.; Naveira Garabato, Alberto; Bacon, Sheldon; Tsamados, Michel; Holland, Paul R.; Hooley, Jack; Frajka-Williams, Eleanor; Ridout, Andy; Meredith, Michael P. (2018-06-28).

1056: 1016: 972: 4955: 552: 1171:, located in the Indian Ocean, is, like the South Atlantic Gyre, bordered by the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the north and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the south. The 1248:, like its northern counterpart, is one of the largest ecosystems on Earth with an area that accounts for around 10% of the global ocean surface area. Within this massive area is 1907:

Currently, the core of the subtropical gyres are around 30° in both Hemispheres. However, their positions were not always there. Satellite observational sea surface height and

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One example involves ancient Polynesians and how they discovered and then travelled throughout the Pacific Ocean from modern day Polynesia to Hawaii and New Zealand. Known as

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Bonnet, Sophie; Caffin, Mathieu; Berthelot, Hugo; Grosso, Olivier; Benavides, Mar; Helias-Nunige, Sandra; Guieu, Cécile; Stenegren, Marcus; Foster, Rachel Ann (2018-07-12).

1256:, a western boundary current. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current again returns the water to the east. The flow turns north along the western coast of South America in the 6849: 388:

In the case of the subtropical ocean gyre, Ekman pumping results in water piling up in the center of the gyre, compressing water parcels. This results in a decrease in

432: 686:). Conversely, for a positive Ekman velocity (e.g., Ekman suction in subpolar gyres), Sverdrup transport is positive (north, poleward) in the northern hemisphere. 684: 606: 452: 269: 6839: 5898: 2121: 787: 747: 657: 630: 582: 1803:

bacteria, which are common throughout most of the oligotrophic waters of subtropical gyres. These bacteria transform atmospheric nitrogen into bioavailable forms.

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Koul, Vimal; Tesdal, Jan-Erik; Bersch, Manfred; Hátún, Hjálmar; Brune, Sebastian; Borchert, Leonard; Haak, Helmuth; Schrum, Corinna; Baehr, Johanna (2020-01-22).

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is the western boundary current of the North Pacific Gyre, flowing northeast along the coast of Japan. At roughly 50°N, the flow turns east and becomes the

1340: 1276:). Circulation of surface wind and ocean water is cyclonic, counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere, around a 1965:. Once waterborne, marine debris becomes mobile. Flotsam can be blown by the wind, or follow the flow of ocean currents, often ending up in the middle of 2927: 4085:

Garcia, He; Weathers, Kw; Paver, Cr; Smolyar, I.; Boyer, Tp; Locarnini, Mm; Zweng, Mm; Mishonov, Av; Baranova, Ok; Seidov, D.; Reagan, Jr (2019-01-01).

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Gupta, Mukund; Williams, Richard G.; Lauderdale, Jonathan M.; Jahn, Oliver; Hill, Christopher; Dutkiewicz, Stephanie; Follows, Michael J. (2022-10-11).

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Rintoul, S. R.; Chown, S. L.; DeConto, R. M.; England, M. H.; Fricker, H. A.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; Naish, T. R.; Siegert, M. J.; Xavier, J. C. (2018).

1184:, flowing south along the east coast of Madagascar, both of which are western boundary currents. South of Madagascar the two currents join to form the 248:(applicable for basin-scale flow as the horizontal length scale is much greater than the vertical length scale), potential vorticity is a function of 5123: 6755: 3301:

Rye, Craig D.; Marshall, John; Kelley, Maxwell; Russell, Gary; Nazarenko, Larissa S.; Kostov, Yavor; Schmidt, Gavin A.; Hansen, James (2020-06-16).

5223: 2820:"Changes in the North Pacific Current divergence and California Current transport based on HadGEM2-ES CMIP5 projections to the end of the century" 1476:

western and northern sectors. The Gyre is characterized by a large-scale, quasi-permanent, counterclockwise rotation of surface waters within the

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in subpolar regions (resulting in upwelling). Ekman pumping results in an increased sea surface height at the center of the gyre and anticyclonic

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Halm, Hannah; Lam, Phyllis; Ferdelman, Timothy G.; Lavik, Gaute; Dittmar, Thorsten; LaRoche, Julie; D'Hondt, Steven; Kuypers, Marcel MM (2012).

6170: 5938: 2141: 1813: 5036: 4672: 4620: 4128: 3789: 2571: 2499: 2417: 2326: 2276: 2252: 5002: 6402: 1989: 1356:. Part of the North Atlantic Current flows into the Norwegian Sea, and some recirculate within the boundary currents of the subpolar gyre. 5218: 4866: 6292: 5891: 6997: 6424: 6312: 4931: 2210: 1143:

brings water west towards South America, forming the northern boundary of the South Atlantic gyre. Here, the water moves south in the

324: 2055:. These garbage patches contain 90 million tonnes (100 million short tons) of debris. Other identified patches include the 6844: 6115: 4848:

Bard, E., & Rickaby, R. E. (2009). Migration of the subtropical front as a modulator of glacial climate. Nature, 460(7253), 380.

3064:"In-depth characterization of diazotroph activity across the western tropical South Pacific hotspot of N2 fixation (OUTPACE cruise)" 6262: 2953: 236:

in subtropical gyres. Ekman suction results in a depressed sea surface height and cyclonic geostrophic currents in subpolar gyres.

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Imbol Koungue, Rodrigue Anicet; Brandt, Peter; Lübbecke, Joke; Prigent, Arthur; Martins, Meike Sena; Rodrigues, Regina R. (2021).

6302: 3784:(3rd ed.). London, United Kingdom Cambridge, MA, United States: Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier. pp. 753–756. 4311:

Nishioka, Jun; Obata, Hajime; Hirawake, Toru; Kondo, Yoshiko; Yamashita, Youhei; Misumi, Kazuhiro; Yasuda, Ichiro (2021-08-01).

2033:, and accounting for "90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans". Asia was the leading source of mismanaged 974:

in order to increase the relative vorticity and have a valid northward return flow in the northern hemisphere subtropical gyre.

7122: 7032: 6018: 5284: 1220:. The North Pacific Current flows east, eventually bifurcating near the west coast of North America into the northward flowing 1113:

flows south along the western coast of Europe and north Africa, completing the gyre circulation. The center of the gyre is the

818:), there must be a source of positive relative vorticity to the system. The relative vorticity in the shallow-water system is: 495: 6705: 7112: 5884: 1273: 1135:

is located in the southern hemisphere in the Atlantic Ocean, between the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the north and the

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Wind-driven evolution of the north pacific subpolar gyre over the last deglaciation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 47, 208–212 (2020).

4615:(3rd ed.). London, United Kingdom Cambridge, MA, United States: Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier. p. 578. 1489:

water, demonstrates the effect that wind stress has directly on the surface geostrophic currents. The Beaufort Gyre and the

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quantified this phenomenon in his 1947 paper, "Wind Driven Currents in a Baroclinic Ocean", in which the (depth-integrated)

4419:"A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean" 41: 5684: 1437: 1296: 1136: 6160: 4653:"The Igliniit Project: Combining Inuit Knowledge and Geomatics Engineering to Develop a New Observation Tool for Hunters" 5824: 2056: 1506:

An animation of a year in organism density on Earth. The South Pacific Gyre is visibly low (purple) in organism density.

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Poleward shift of the major ocean gyres detected in a warming climate. Geophysical Research Letters, 47, e2019GL085868

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biomass. They are important for the transport of energy from low trophic levels to high trophic levels. In some gyres,

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must also decrease. It can be further simplified by realizing that, in basin-scale ocean gyres, the relative vorticity

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Sverdrup solution is incomplete, as it has no mechanism in which to predict this return flow. Contributions by both

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The largest ocean gyres are wind-driven, meaning that their locations and dynamics are controlled by the prevailing

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can only be satisfied through a western boundary frictional layer, as the eastern boundary frictional layer forces

6257: 4087:"World Ocean Atlas 2018. Vol. 4: Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate and nitrate+nitrite, silicate)" 3806: 2060: 6892: 6297: 4882: 931: 585: 2464: 2439: 2343:"Wind-Driven Currents in a Baroclinic Ocean; with Application to the Equatorial Currents of the Eastern Pacific" 1021: 981: 937: 789:(left) are sinusoidal, which is an approximation of the typical winds driving a subtropical gyre. Flow is along 7022: 6397: 6387: 6327: 5963: 5933: 5836: 5663: 5648: 5643: 5557: 5547: 5486: 5476: 5456: 4901: 2156: 1978: 1962: 1193: 1172: 1140: 1097: 5238: 2920: 3708:

Armitage, Thomas W. K.; Manucharyan, Georgy E.; Petty, Alek A.; Kwok, Ron; Thompson, Andrew F. (2020-02-06).

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Armitage, Thomas W. K.; Manucharyan, Georgy E.; Petty, Alek A.; Kwok, Ron; Thompson, Andrew F. (2020-02-06).

508: 7160: 7059: 7042: 6879: 6372: 6237: 6175: 6165: 6058: 5784: 5608: 5603: 5562: 5512: 5335: 1908: 1511: 1490: 1253: 1249: 1197: 1181: 245: 5115: 4689: 7165: 7054: 6992: 6419: 6105: 5623: 5527: 5522: 5507: 5481: 5471: 5446: 5396: 5320: 5254: 5245: 3588:

Lin, Peigen; Pickart, Robert S.; Heorton, Harry; Tsamados, Michel; Itoh, Motoyo; Kikuchi, Takashi (2023).

1106: 113: 7155: 6887: 6869: 6377: 6272: 5907: 5653: 5366: 4313:"A review: iron and nutrient supply in the subarctic Pacific and its impact on phytoplankton production" 2126: 1884: 1217: 31: 4902:"Marine Debris in the North Pacific A Summary of Existing Information and Identification of Data Gaps" 4808: 4529: 2819: 1518:

Subtropical gyres are sometimes described as "ocean deserts" or "biological deserts", in reference to

1515:

gyres) that drive downwelling through Ekman pumping, but this can differ between seasons and regions.

1331:

The distribution of the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre shown above the North Atlantic Gyre to the South.

7074: 6907: 6610: 6467: 6332: 6043: 5451: 5401: 5151: 5045: 4970: 4493: 4430: 4374: 4324: 4204: 4157: 3976: 3911: 3843: 3721: 3656: 3601: 3554: 3502: 3452: 3441:"Variability of the Ross Gyre, Southern Ocean: Drivers and Responses Revealed by Satellite Altimetry" 3379: 3314: 3275: 3228: 3163: 3016: 2882: 2827: 2776: 2713: 2666: 2528: 2451: 2354: 189: 4784:"Indigenous knowledge 'gives us a much richer picture': Q&A with Māori researcher Ocean Mercier" 1988:

Garbage patches grow because of widespread loss of plastic from human trash collection systems. The

7069: 6954: 6949: 6675: 6347: 6307: 6023: 5728: 5723: 5325: 5277: 3440: 3302: 3216: 2870: 2136: 1132: 1089: 315: 241: 233: 7012: 6725: 6715: 6680: 6580: 6565: 6462: 5855: 5738: 5733: 5588: 5542: 5537: 5213: 4994: 4462: 4398: 4293: 4002: 3964: 3625: 3543:"A dynamically consistent analysis of circulation and transports in the southwestern Weddell Sea" 3491:"A dynamically consistent analysis of circulation and transports in the southwestern Weddell Sea" 3421: 3348: 3127: 2851: 2800: 2745: 2089: 1551: 1460:

Image of the distribution of the Beaufort Sea Gyre and its relationship with the transpolar drift

1397: 1245: 1225: 1209: 1177: 1105:, a western boundary current. This current then heads north and east towards Europe, forming the 272: 170: 2654: 4061: 7094: 7084: 7027: 7007: 6690: 6655: 6590: 6570: 6560: 6442: 6130: 5988: 5718: 5628: 5461: 5436: 5391: 5386: 5330: 5187: 5169: 5061: 4986: 4927: 4668: 4616: 4593: 4549: 4509: 4454: 4446: 4390: 4342: 4285: 4277: 4238: 4220: 4173: 4124: 4043: 3945: 3927: 3879: 3861: 3785: 3755: 3737: 3690: 3672: 3617: 3570: 3518: 3468: 3413: 3405: 3340: 3244: 3197: 3179: 3085: 3044: 2898: 2843: 2792: 2737: 2729: 2682: 2635: 2567: 2544: 2495: 2469: 2413: 2390: 2372: 2322: 2272: 2248: 2206: 1957: 1800: 1415: 1409: 1277: 1168: 411: 1159:, and is correlated with a reduction in primary productivity in the Benguela upwelling zone. 694:

of the western boundary current, meaning this is the only valid solution to gyre return flow.

7049: 7017: 6987: 6796: 6781: 6650: 6585: 6477: 6392: 6322: 6247: 6028: 5998: 5928: 5923: 5850: 5789: 5638: 5633: 5618: 5598: 5593: 5583: 5466: 5431: 5426: 5406: 5371: 5356: 5177: 5159: 5053: 4978: 4833: 4660: 4583: 4541: 4501: 4438: 4382: 4332: 4269: 4228: 4212: 4165: 4116: 4033: 3992: 3984: 3935: 3919: 3869: 3851: 3745: 3729: 3680: 3664: 3609: 3562: 3510: 3460: 3395: 3387: 3330: 3322: 3283: 3236: 3187: 3171: 3075: 3034: 3024: 2890: 2835: 2784: 2721: 2674: 2625: 2536: 2459: 2380: 2362: 2314: 2240: 2083: 1257: 1213: 1152: 1148: 704: 663: 609: 591: 499: 437: 254: 213: 132: 1929: 772: 732: 635: 615: 560: 6854: 6750: 6700: 6665: 6625: 6517: 6487: 6337: 6287: 6197: 6155: 6088: 6013: 5973: 5799: 5658: 5532: 5502: 5411: 4572:"Distinct Seasonal Primary Production Patterns in the Sub-Polar Gyre and Surrounding Seas" 4480:

Martin, John H.; Gordon, R. Michael; Fitzwater, Steve; Broenkow, William W. (1989-05-01).

1543: 1405: 1391:, is a region where the mixing of distinct water masses and complex interactions with the 1189: 1185: 727: 229: 225: 193: 158: 5028: 3005:"Database of diazotrophs in global ocean: abundance, biomass and nitrogen fixation rates" 1891: 6209: 5233: 5155: 5049: 4974: 4497: 4434: 4378: 4328: 4208: 4161: 3980: 3915: 3847: 3725: 3660: 3605: 3558: 3506: 3456: 3383: 3318: 3279: 3232: 3167: 3020: 2886: 2831: 2780: 2717: 2670: 2532: 2455: 2412:. International geophysics series. New York: Academic Press. pp. 326–328, 465–471. 2358: 2306: 1419:

Locations of the Weddell & Ross Gyre's and their distribution in the Southern Ocean.

165:, horizontal friction and vertical friction determine the circulatory patterns from the 6964: 6959: 6864: 6859: 6695: 6635: 6630: 6362: 6252: 6073: 6008: 5983: 5794: 5689: 5578: 5552: 5416: 5381: 5376: 5361: 5351: 5270: 5182: 5139: 5088: 4536:. The Southern Ocean I: Climatic Changes in the Cycle of Carbon in the Southern Ocean. 4233: 4192: 4022:"Chlorophyll variability in the oligotrophic gyres: mechanisms, seasonality and trends" 3940: 3900:"On-Site Analysis of Bacterial Communities of the Ultraoligotrophic South Pacific Gyre" 3899: 3874: 3831: 3750: 3709: 3685: 3644: 3192: 3151: 2588: 2385: 2342: 2318: 2131: 1851: 1776:{\displaystyle {\ce {106CO2 +16HNO3 +H3PO4 +122H2O ->(CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4 +138O2}}} 1369: 1349: 1300: 1221: 1144: 1110: 1077: 913: 893: 801: 752: 477: 457: 391: 297: 277: 4545: 4481: 3965:"Multi-model remote sensing assessment of primary production in the subtropical gyres" 3542: 3490: 1456: 722: 7149: 7134: 6982: 6902: 6791: 6710: 6685: 6620: 6550: 6457: 6352: 6229: 6150: 6110: 6083: 5993: 5943: 5866: 5809: 5804: 5754: 5305: 5293: 4998: 4947: 4505: 4006: 3629: 3589: 3352: 2855: 2826:. Understanding changes in transitional areas of the Pacific Ocean. 169–170: 104641. 2804: 2146: 2103: 2034: 1994: 1974: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1922: 1839: 1835: 1465: 1345: 1285: 1233: 711: 454:

is small, meaning that local changes in vorticity cannot account for the decrease in

150: 4466: 4297: 3425: 3367: 3217:"Assessing variability in the size and strength of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre" 7129: 7089: 7037: 6977: 6928: 6806: 6801: 6776: 6760: 6735: 6452: 6342: 6282: 6068: 5978: 5953: 5861: 5764: 5668: 5441: 5228: 4951: 4738: 4402: 3063: 2765:"A Sea of Change: Biogeochemical Variability in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre" 2749: 2162: 2151: 2097: 2030: 2014: 2002: 1966: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1429: 1353: 1327: 1312: 1281: 1114: 689: 197: 122: 3988: 3004: 1786: 880:{\displaystyle \zeta ={\partial v \over \partial x}-{\partial u \over \partial y}} 224:

at the midlatitudes. These wind patterns result in a wind stress curl that drives

2700:

Beal, Lisa M.; De Ruijter, Wilhelmus P. M.; Biastoch, Arne; Zahn, Rainer (2011).

2305:

Talley, Lynne D.; Pickard, George L.; Emery, William J.; Swift, James H. (2011),

2231:

Talley, Lynne D.; Pickard, George L.; Emery, William J.; Swift, James H. (2011),

1288:. The wind stress curl in this region drives the Ekman suction, which creates an 1076:

the gyres in the southern hemisphere rotate counterclockwise. This is due to the

7079: 6811: 6740: 6605: 6545: 6512: 6502: 6497: 6382: 6317: 6277: 6267: 6242: 6125: 6098: 6078: 6038: 6003: 5421: 4756: 4664: 4146:"Nutrient budgets in the subtropical ocean gyres dominated by lateral transport" 2978: 2111: 2026: 2018: 1998: 1864: 1485: 1481: 1445: 1304: 1102: 715: 217: 167: 4337: 4312: 4086: 3733: 3668: 3613: 3287: 3175: 2839: 2271:. International geophysics series. New York: Academic Press. pp. 231–237. 1863:

are a major part of many animals' diets and can support the existence of large

6897: 6745: 6720: 6615: 6595: 6522: 6507: 6492: 6482: 6447: 6187: 6182: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6033: 5224:

SIO 210: Introduction to Physical Oceanography – Wind-forced circulation notes

4652: 4588: 4571: 4257: 4193:"Heterotrophic organisms dominate nitrogen fixation in the South Pacific Gyre" 4110: 3566: 3514: 3391: 2701: 2630: 2613: 2079: 2048: 2022: 2010: 1843: 1527: 1502: 1392: 1388: 1373: 1156: 221: 196:, even one that is human-created, but it is most commonly used in terrestrial 5173: 4597: 4553: 4513: 4450: 4394: 4346: 4281: 4224: 4177: 4120: 4047: 4038: 4021: 3931: 3865: 3741: 3676: 3621: 3574: 3522: 3472: 3409: 3344: 3263: 3248: 3183: 3089: 3048: 2902: 2871:"Variability and Trends of the Alaska Gyre From Argo and Satellite Altimetry" 2847: 2796: 2733: 2686: 2639: 2548: 2516: 2473: 2376: 6969: 6831: 6816: 6730: 6575: 6414: 6409: 6192: 6120: 6048: 5968: 5958: 5915: 5759: 5164: 5057: 4982: 3856: 3303:"Antarctic Glacial Melt as a Driver of Recent Southern Ocean Climate Trends" 3080: 2977:

US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

2587:

US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

2540: 2244: 2168: 2006: 1982: 1842:, which are generally small in nutrient limited gyres. In low oxygen zones, 1484:

curl over the region, mediated by the sea ice pack, leads to Ekman pumping,

1365: 1316: 1289: 1119: 249: 162: 17: 5262: 5191: 5065: 4990: 4458: 4418: 4363:"Testing the iron hypothesis in ecosystems of the equatorial Pacific Ocean" 4362: 4289: 4242: 4216: 4145: 3949: 3883: 3759: 3694: 3417: 3400: 3335: 3201: 3029: 2741: 2394: 2367: 1510:

Depending on their location around the world, gyres can be regions of high

1404:

The Ross Sea is the southernmost sea on Earth and holds the United States'

105: 4760:"Indigenous explorers' ancestral ocean stories relevant to climate crisis" 4611:

Cochran, J. Kirk; Bokuniewicz, Henry J.; Yager, Patricia L., eds. (2019).

3780:

Cochran, J. Kirk; Bokuniewicz, Henry J.; Yager, Patricia L., eds. (2019).

2788: 2232: 2203:

Fundamental Planetary Sciences : physics, chemistry, and habitability

1838:. The limiting factor for the number of trophic levels is the size of the 7064: 6786: 6645: 6537: 6527: 6472: 5948: 5070:

The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88–95% of the global load into the sea

4837: 3923: 3710:"Enhanced eddy activity in the Beaufort Gyre in response to sea ice loss" 3645:"Enhanced eddy activity in the Beaufort Gyre in response to sea ice loss" 3464: 3326: 3240: 2894: 1384: 1308: 1092:

is located in the northern hemisphere in the Atlantic Ocean, between the

5876: 4273: 4144:

Letscher, Robert T.; Primeau, François; Moore, J. Keith (October 2016).

3997: 2818:

Toste, Raquel; de Freitas Assad, Luiz Paulo; Landau, Luiz (2019-11-01).

2764: 2725: 1151:, completing the gyre circulation. The Benguela Current experiences the 6933: 6923: 6093: 6063: 3039: 2116: 1519: 1401:

strong seasonal sea ice cover play a major role in the climate system.

1377: 2678: 6640: 6053: 5249: 4896: 4894: 4442: 4386: 4169: 3541:

Yaremchuk, M.; Nechaev, D.; Schroter, J.; Fahrbach, E. (1998-08-31).

3489:

Yaremchuk, M.; Nechaev, D.; Schroter, J.; Fahrbach, E. (1998-08-31).

2052: 1985:

and consumer goods and appliances lost from flood and shipping loss.

1934: 1856: 1523: 185: 175: 5027:

Christian Schmidt; Tobias Krauth; Stephan Wagner (11 October 2017).

2702:"On the role of the Agulhas system in ocean circulation and climate" 1295:

Subpolar circulation in the southern hemisphere is dominated by the

5219:

SIO 210: Introduction to Physical Oceanography – Global circulation

4020:

Signorini, Sergio R.; Franz, Bryan A.; McClain, Charles R. (2015).

7002: 6821: 6600: 6555: 2655:"The flow field of the subtropical gyre of the South Indian Ocean" 2044: 1928: 1785: 1542: 1501: 1455: 1414: 1326: 201: 3152:"Unraveling the choice of the north Atlantic subpolar gyre index" 2063:

located between eastern South America and the tip of Africa, the

6434: 2869:

Hristova, Hristina G.; Ladd, Carol; Stabeno, Phyllis J. (2019).

1192:

into the Atlantic Ocean, with potentially important effects for

378:{\displaystyle {D \over Dt}\left({\frac {\zeta +f}{H}}\right)=0} 154: 5880: 5266: 5250:"Skeptoid #132: The Sargasso Sea and the Pacific Garbage Patch" 4713: 141: 4638:

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

2071:

found east of South Africa listed in order of decreasing size.

1849:

At the intermediate level, small fishes and squid (especially

1448:

is situated, and extends east into the Enderby abyssal plain.

408:, so by the conservation of potential vorticity the numerator 4813:

Deep South Challenge | Climate Change Tools & Information

3590:"Recent state transition of the Arctic Ocean's Beaufort Gyre" 474:. Thus, the water parcel must change its planetary vorticity 4924:

Interactions of Land, Ocean and Humans: A Global Perspective

2517:"The westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents" 5084:"Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers" 5083: 2465:

10.1175/1520-0469(1950)007<0080:OTWDOC>2.0.CO;2

2037:, with China alone accounting for 2.4 million metric tons. 5234:

Physical Geography – Surface and Subsurface Ocean Currents

5229:

SIO 210: Introduction to Physical Oceanography – Lecture 6

4534:

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

4482:"Vertex: phytoplankton/iron studies in the Gulf of Alaska" 3832:"A nutrient relay sustains subtropical ocean productivity" 3268:

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

2919:

Day, Robert H.; Shaw, David G.; Ignell, Steven E. (1988).

2824:

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

138: 4256:

Sohm, Jill A.; Webb, Eric A.; Capone, Douglas G. (2011).

1769: 1749: 1736: 1723: 1710: 1692: 1676: 1652: 1632: 1619: 1603: 1583: 1196:. The gyre circulation is completed by the north flowing 1155:

event, an Atlantic Ocean analogue to the Pacific Ocean's

4651:

Gearheard, Shari; Aipellee, Gary; o'Keefe, Kyle (2010).

3105:"New Garbage Patch Discovered in the South Pacific Gyre" 1547:

The distribution of nitrate throughout the global ocean.

1180:, flowing south through the Mozambique Channel, and the 4867:

Climate Change is Pushing Giant Ocean Currents Poleward

4486:

Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers

3484: 3482: 2494:(2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 263–271. 1299:, due to the lack of large landmasses breaking up the 1117:, which is characterized by the dense accumulation of 27:

Any large system of circulating ocean surface currents

3262:

Orsi, Alejandro H.; Wiederwohl, Christina L. (2009).

1567: 1558:

The RKR Equation for Photosynthesis and Respiration:

1024: 984: 940: 916: 896: 827: 804: 775: 755: 735: 666: 638: 618: 594: 563: 511: 480: 460: 440: 414: 394: 327: 300: 280: 257: 5208: 4690:"Navigating the Pacific with Wind, Waves, and Stars" 2566:(2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 58–65. 1877: 6942: 6916: 6878: 6830: 6769: 6664: 6536: 6433: 6228: 5914: 5777: 5747: 5711: 5702: 5677: 5571: 5495: 5344: 5313: 5304: 2307:"Introduction to Descriptive Physical Oceanography" 2233:"Introduction to Descriptive Physical Oceanography" 135: 1775: 1341:Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) 1050: 1010: 966: 922: 902: 879: 810: 781: 761: 741: 678: 651: 624: 600: 576: 546: 486: 466: 446: 426: 400: 377: 306: 286: 263: 6850:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System 5029:"Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea" 4112:Chemical Oceanography and the Marine Carbon Cycle 228:in the subtropics (resulting in downwelling) and 5209:5 Gyres – Understanding Plastic Marine Pollution 4739:"Tangaroa – the sea – The importance of the sea" 4570:Richardson, Katherine; Bendtsen, Jørgen (2021). 4115:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 204–205. 2653:Stramma, L.; Lutjeharms, J. R. E. (1997-03-15). 1436:This gyre is formed by interactions between the 1200:, which forms the eastern boundary of the gyre. 6840:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis 5144:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4956:"Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean" 4258:"Emerging patterns of marine nitrogen fixation" 3836:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2347:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2122:Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 1821:Seasonality in the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre 705:Boundary current § Western intensification 3215:Foukal, Nicholas P.; Lozier, M. Susan (2017). 1292:of nutrient-rich water from the lower depths. 1272:Subpolar gyres form at high latitudes (around 5892: 5278: 5116:"Asia Leads World in Dumping Plastic in Seas" 4909:United States Environmental Protection Agency 3536: 3534: 3532: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 2187:Heinemann, B. and the Open University (1998) 1846:are a large percentage of the phytoplankton. 8: 4737:Te Ahukaramū Charles Royal (June 12, 2006). 4109:Emerson, Steven; Hedges, John (2008-04-24). 2954:"What lives in the Pacific's 'ocean desert'" 2521:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 1472:and the largest freshwater reservoir in the 1319:, which circulate in a clockwise direction. 1380:and influencing regional climate patterns. 1096:in the south and Iceland in the north. The 5899: 5885: 5877: 5708: 5310: 5285: 5271: 5263: 2201:Lissauer, Jack J.; de Pater, Imke (2019). 1051:{\displaystyle \partial v/\partial x<0} 1011:{\displaystyle \partial v/\partial x>0} 967:{\displaystyle \partial v/\partial x>0} 104: 5181: 5163: 4809:"Te Tai Uka a Pia | Deep South Challenge" 4587: 4336: 4232: 4037: 3996: 3939: 3873: 3855: 3749: 3684: 3399: 3334: 3191: 3079: 3038: 3028: 2629: 2463: 2384: 2366: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1748: 1743: 1735: 1730: 1722: 1717: 1709: 1704: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1675: 1670: 1662: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1631: 1626: 1618: 1613: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1031: 1023: 991: 983: 947: 939: 915: 895: 857: 834: 826: 803: 774: 754: 734: 665: 643: 637: 617: 593: 568: 562: 538: 519: 510: 479: 459: 439: 413: 393: 347: 328: 326: 299: 279: 256: 153:, particularly those involved with large 4743:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 2205:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1526:where little life exists. Due to their 721: 688: 3221:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2875:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2659:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2180: 2067:located west of South America, and the 547:{\displaystyle fV_{g}=\beta \rho w_{E}} 314:, and is conserved with respect to the 116:World map of the five major ocean gyres 6171:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations 5126:from the original on 23 February 2015. 5037:Environmental Science & Technology 4883:Major Ocean Currents Drifting Poleward 3904:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2440:"On the Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation" 2142:High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions 2059:between North America and Africa, the 1871:Indigenous knowledge of ocean patterns 1807:High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions 4565: 4563: 4104: 4102: 4100: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 2914: 2912: 1094:Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) 910:is again the meridional velocity and 149:) is any large system of circulating 7: 7118: 5114:Robert Lee Hotz (13 February 2015). 5082:Franzen, Harald (30 November 2017). 4954:; Wilcox, Chris (12 February 2015). 2485: 2483: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2226: 2224: 2222: 1990:United Nations Environmental Program 5214:Wind Driven Surface Currents: Gyres 3368:"Choosing the future of Antarctica" 3128:Wind Driven Surface Currents: Gyres 2933:from the original on 19 August 2019 2444:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 1952:particles caused by the effects of 1468:is the dominant circulation of the 157:movements. Gyres are caused by the 6998:National Oceanographic Data Center 6425:World Ocean Circulation Experiment 6313:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project 5140:"Plastic debris in the open ocean" 4688:Tripathy-Lang, Alka (2022-02-24). 2319:10.1016/b978-0-7506-4552-2.10001-0 2191:, Oxford University Press: Page 98 1834:Ocean gyres typically contain 5–6 1036: 1025: 996: 985: 952: 941: 868: 860: 845: 837: 25: 6845:Global Sea Level Observing System 5241:— Georgia Institute of Technology 3805:Renfrow, Stephanie (2009-02-06). 2311:Descriptive Physical Oceanography 2237:Descriptive Physical Oceanography 588:mass transport (positive north), 7128: 7117: 7108: 7107: 6303:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study 6219: 6208: 5860: 5849: 4066:education.nationalgeographic.org 2096: 2082: 1921:This section is an excerpt from 131: 99: gyre 40: 7033:Ocean thermal energy conversion 6756:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis 2039:The best known of these is the 1303:. There are minor gyres in the 1194:global thermohaline circulation 5239:North Pacific Gyre Oscillation 4926:. CRC Press. pp. 147–48. 4613:Encyclopedia of ocean sciences 3782:Encyclopedia of ocean sciences 3264:"A recount of Ross Sea waters" 2438:Munk, Walter H. (1950-04-01). 2313:, Elsevier, pp. 211–221, 2239:, Elsevier, pp. 142–145, 1814:high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll 1713: 1697: 1682: 1663: 1658: 1: 4869:Bob Berwyn, 26 February 2020 4636:United Nations (March 2008). 4546:10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00003-6 3989:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.03.007 2952:Corp, Pelmorex (2020-07-27). 2763:Karl, David M. (1999-05-01). 1890:Another example involves the 1438:Antarctic Circumpolar Current 1352:, the Iceland Basin, and the 1297:Antarctic Circumpolar Current 1137:Antarctic Circumpolar Current 6293:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 6263:Craik–Leibovich vortex force 6019:Luke's variational principle 4640:. United Nations. p. 2. 4506:10.1016/0198-0149(89)90144-1 3445:Geophysical Research Letters 3307:Geophysical Research Letters 2061:South Atlantic garbage patch 2057:North Atlantic garbage patch 1969:where currents are weakest. 1323:North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre 4788:Mongabay Environmental News 4665:10.1007/978-90-481-8587-0_8 4576:Frontiers in Marine Science 4262:Nature Reviews Microbiology 4026:Frontiers in Marine Science 2618:Frontiers in Marine Science 2589:"What is the Sargasso Sea?" 2065:South Pacific garbage patch 2041:Great Pacific garbage patch 1981:, to large objects such as 1939:Great Pacific Garbage Patch 1442:Antarctic Continental Shelf 1262:South Pacific garbage patch 1230:Great Pacific garbage patch 7187: 6358:Ocean dynamical thermostat 6206: 4888:, accessed 5 December 2021 4873:, accessed 5 December 2021 4338:10.1007/s10872-021-00606-5 3807:"An Ocean full of Deserts" 3734:10.1038/s41467-020-14449-z 3669:10.1038/s41467-020-14449-z 3614:10.1038/s41561-023-01184-5 3288:10.1016/J.DSR2.2008.10.033 3176:10.1038/s41598-020-57790-5 2840:10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.104641 2564:Geophysical fluid dynamics 2492:Geophysical fluid dynamics 2069:Indian Ocean garbage patch 1920: 1224:and the southward flowing 702: 632:is the water density, and 250:relative (local) vorticity 29: 7103: 6893:Ocean acoustic tomography 6706:Mohorovičić discontinuity 6298:General circulation model 5934:Benjamin–Feir instability 5845: 4589:10.3389/fmars.2021.785685 3969:Journal of Marine Systems 3567:10.1007/s00585-998-1024-7 3515:10.1007/s00585-998-1024-7 3392:10.1038/s41586-018-0173-4 3009:Earth System Science Data 2631:10.3389/fmars.2021.800103 2562:Pedlosky, Joseph (1987). 2490:Pedlosky, Joseph (1987). 2410:Atmosphere-ocean dynamics 2341:Sverdrup, Harald (1947). 2269:Atmosphere-ocean dynamics 1280:, such as the persistent 184:can refer to any type of 7023:Ocean surface topography 6398:Thermohaline circulation 6388:Subsurface ocean current 6328:Hydrothermal circulation 6161:Wave–current interaction 5939:Boussinesq approximation 5837:Thermohaline circulation 4121:10.1017/cbo9780511793202 4039:10.3389/fmars.2015.00001 3133:accessed 5 December 2021 2614:"The 2019 Benguela Niño" 2408:Gill, Adrian E. (1982). 2267:Gill, Adrian E. (1982). 2157:Thermohaline circulation 1979:plastic pellet pollution 1963:greenhouse gas emissions 1498:Biogeochemistry of Gyres 1173:South Equatorial Current 1141:South Equatorial Current 1098:North Equatorial Current 427:{\displaystyle \zeta +f} 7060:Sea surface temperature 7043:Outline of oceanography 6238:Atmospheric circulation 6176:shallow water equations 6166:Waves and shallow water 6059:Significant wave height 5785:Atmospheric circulation 5336:Transpolar Drift Stream 5165:10.1073/pnas.1314705111 5058:10.1021/acs.est.7b02368 4983:10.1126/science.1260352 4317:Journal of Oceanography 3857:10.1073/pnas.2206504119 3103:EcoWatch (2013-01-17). 3081:10.5194/bg-15-4215-2018 2541:10.1029/tr029i002p00202 2515:Stommel, Henry (1948). 2245:10.1016/C2009-0-24322-4 2047:and the latter between 1933:Trash washed ashore in 1909:sea surface temperature 1512:biological productivity 1254:East Australian Current 1232:, an area of increased 1198:West Australian Current 1190:Agulhas Current "leaks" 1182:East Madagascar Current 699:Western intensification 246:shallow water equations 7055:Sea surface microlayer 6420:Wind generated current 5856:Environment portal 5810:Marine garbage patches 5624:Indonesian Throughflow 5528:Indonesian Throughflow 4217:10.1038/ismej.2011.182 3030:10.5194/essd-4-47-2012 2979:"Where is Point Nemo?" 2368:10.1073/pnas.33.11.318 1941: 1791: 1777: 1548: 1507: 1461: 1420: 1332: 1107:North Atlantic Current 1052: 1012: 968: 924: 904: 881: 812: 794: 783: 763: 743: 695: 680: 679:{\displaystyle f>0} 653: 626: 602: 601:{\displaystyle \beta } 578: 548: 488: 468: 448: 447:{\displaystyle \zeta } 428: 402: 379: 308: 288: 265: 264:{\displaystyle \zeta } 200:to refer to the major 151:ocean surface currents 6888:Deep scattering layer 6870:World Geodetic System 6378:Princeton Ocean Model 6258:Coriolis–Stokes force 5908:Physical oceanography 5685:Antarctic Circumpolar 4922:Maser, Chris (2014). 4871:insideclimatenews.org 4657:SIKU: Knowing Our Ice 3714:Nature Communications 3649:Nature Communications 2983:oceanservice.noaa.gov 2789:10.1007/s100219900068 2593:oceanservice.noaa.gov 1932: 1789: 1778: 1546: 1539:Nutrient availability 1505: 1459: 1418: 1330: 1218:North Pacific Current 1053: 1013: 969: 925: 905: 882: 813: 784: 782:{\displaystyle \tau } 764: 744: 742:{\displaystyle \psi } 725: 692: 681: 654: 652:{\displaystyle w_{E}} 627: 625:{\displaystyle \rho } 603: 579: 577:{\displaystyle V_{g}} 549: 489: 469: 449: 429: 403: 380: 309: 289: 266: 32:Gyre (disambiguation) 6908:Underwater acoustics 6468:Perigean spring tide 6333:Langmuir circulation 6044:Rossby-gravity waves 5248:(16 December 2008). 4838:10.1029/2019GL085868 4659:. pp. 181–202. 4091:NOAA Atlas NESDIS 84 3924:10.1128/AEM.00184-19 3465:10.1029/2018GL078607 3327:10.1029/2019GL086892 3241:10.1002/2017JC012798 3131:oceanmotion.org/html 2895:10.1029/2019JC015231 1565: 1022: 982: 938: 914: 894: 825: 802: 773: 769:. The applied winds 753: 733: 664: 636: 616: 592: 561: 509: 478: 458: 438: 412: 392: 325: 298: 278: 255: 234:geostrophic currents 214:global wind patterns 30:For other uses, see 7070:Science On a Sphere 6676:Convergent boundary 6348:Modular Ocean Model 6308:Geostrophic current 6024:Mild-slope equation 5729:South Atlantic Gyre 5724:North Atlantic Gyre 5156:2014PNAS..11110239C 5150:(28): 10239–10244. 5120:Wall Street Journal 5050:2017EnST...5112246S 5044:(21): 12246–12253. 4975:2015Sci...347..768J 4498:1989DSRA...36..649M 4435:1996Natur.383..495C 4379:1994Natur.371..123M 4329:2021JOce...77..561N 4274:10.1038/nrmicro2594 4209:2012ISMEJ...6.1238H 4162:2016NatGe...9..815L 3981:2019JMS...196...97R 3916:2019ApEnM..85E.184R 3848:2022PNAS..11906504G 3842:(41): e2206504119. 3726:2020NatCo..11..761A 3661:2020NatCo..11..761A 3606:2023NatGe..16..485L 3559:1998AnGeo..16.1024Y 3547:Annales Geophysicae 3507:1998AnGeo..16.1024Y 3495:Annales Geophysicae 3457:2018GeoRL..45.6195D 3384:2018Natur.558..233R 3319:2020GeoRL..4786892R 3280:2009DSRII..56..778O 3233:2017JGRC..122.6295F 3168:2020NatSR..10.1005K 3021:2012ESSD....4...47L 2958:The Weather Network 2926:. pp. 247–66. 2887:2019JGRC..124.5870H 2832:2019DSRII.16904641T 2781:1999Ecosy...2..181K 2726:10.1038/nature09983 2718:2011Natur.472..429B 2671:1997JGR...102.5513S 2533:1948TrAGU..29..202S 2456:1950JAtS....7...80M 2359:1947PNAS...33..318S 2137:Geostrophic current 1993:through the rivers 1771: 1751: 1738: 1725: 1712: 1694: 1678: 1654: 1634: 1621: 1605: 1585: 1133:South Atlantic Gyre 1127:South Atlantic Gyre 1090:North Atlantic Gyre 1084:North Atlantic Gyre 316:material derivative 273:planetary vorticity 242:potential vorticity 220:at the tropics and 6726:Seafloor spreading 6716:Outer trench swell 6681:Divergent boundary 6581:Continental margin 6566:Carbonate platform 6463:Lunitidal interval 5739:South Pacific Gyre 5734:North Pacific Gyre 5614:Equatorial Counter 5518:Equatorial Counter 5008:on 22 January 2019 3274:(13–14): 778–795. 3156:Scientific Reports 2090:Environment portal 1942: 1792: 1773: 1759: 1739: 1726: 1700: 1695: 1666: 1661: 1642: 1622: 1609: 1593: 1573: 1552:Primary production 1549: 1508: 1464:The anti-cyclonic 1462: 1421: 1398:sea level pressure 1368:is located in the 1333: 1246:South Pacific Gyre 1240:South Pacific Gyre 1226:California Current 1210:North Pacific Gyre 1204:North Pacific Gyre 1178:Mozambique Current 1139:to the south. The 1048: 1008: 964: 920: 900: 877: 808: 795: 779: 759: 739: 696: 676: 649: 622: 598: 574: 544: 484: 464: 444: 424: 398: 375: 304: 284: 261: 63:North Atlantic 56:North Atlantic 49:North Atlantic 7171:Fisheries science 7143: 7142: 7135:Oceans portal 7095:World Ocean Atlas 7085:Underwater glider 7028:Ocean temperature 6691:Hydrothermal vent 6656:Submarine volcano 6591:Continental shelf 6571:Coastal geography 6561:Bathymetric chart 6443:Amphidromic point 6131:Wave nonlinearity 5989:Infragravity wave 5874: 5873: 5867:Oceans portal 5773: 5772: 5719:Indian Ocean Gyre 5698: 5697: 4948:Jambeck, Jenna R. 4764:www.waikato.ac.nz 4674:978-90-481-8586-3 4622:978-0-12-813081-0 4429:(6600): 495–501. 4373:(6493): 123–129. 4150:Nature Geoscience 4130:978-0-521-83313-4 3791:978-0-12-813081-0 3594:Nature Geoscience 3451:(12): 6195–6204. 3378:(7709): 233–241. 3074:(13): 4215–4232. 2712:(7344): 429–436. 2679:10.1029/96JC03455 2665:(C3): 5513–5530. 2573:978-0-387-96387-7 2501:978-0-387-96387-7 2419:978-0-12-283522-3 2328:978-0-7506-4552-2 2278:978-0-12-283522-3 2254:978-0-7506-4552-2 2189:Ocean circulation 1958:plastic pollution 1878:https://siku.org/ 1762: 1742: 1729: 1703: 1681: 1669: 1657: 1645: 1625: 1612: 1596: 1576: 1452:Beaufort Sea Gyre 1278:low-pressure area 1169:Indian Ocean Gyre 1163:Indian Ocean Gyre 1071:Subtropical gyres 1066:Gyre distribution 923:{\displaystyle u} 903:{\displaystyle v} 875: 852: 811:{\displaystyle f} 762:{\displaystyle L} 487:{\displaystyle f} 467:{\displaystyle H} 401:{\displaystyle H} 363: 341: 307:{\displaystyle H} 287:{\displaystyle f} 16:(Redirected from 7178: 7133: 7132: 7121: 7120: 7111: 7110: 7050:Pelagic sediment 6988:Marine pollution 6782:Deep ocean water 6651:Submarine canyon 6586:Continental rise 6478:Rule of twelfths 6393:Sverdrup balance 6323:Humboldt Current 6248:Boundary current 6223: 6212: 6029:Radiation stress 5999:Iribarren number 5974:Equatorial waves 5929:Ballantine scale 5924:Airy wave theory 5901: 5894: 5887: 5878: 5865: 5864: 5854: 5853: 5790:Boundary current 5709: 5664:South Equatorial 5649:North Korea Cold 5644:North Equatorial 5558:South Equatorial 5548:North Madagascar 5487:West Spitsbergen 5477:South Equatorial 5457:North Equatorial 5311: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5264: 5259: 5196: 5195: 5185: 5167: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5098: 5096: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5033: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5007: 5001:. Archived from 4960: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4898: 4889: 4880: 4874: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4849: 4846: 4840: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4591: 4567: 4558: 4557: 4540:(9): 1601–1622. 4524: 4518: 4517: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4443:10.1038/383495a0 4413: 4407: 4406: 4387:10.1038/371123a0 4357: 4351: 4350: 4340: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4236: 4203:(6): 1238–1249. 4197:The ISME Journal 4188: 4182: 4181: 4170:10.1038/ngeo2812 4141: 4135: 4134: 4106: 4095: 4094: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4041: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4000: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3943: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3877: 3859: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3777: 3764: 3763: 3753: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3688: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3553:(8): 1024–1038. 3538: 3527: 3526: 3501:(8): 1024–1038. 3486: 3477: 3476: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3403: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3338: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3227:(8): 6295–6308. 3212: 3206: 3205: 3195: 3147: 3134: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3115: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3083: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3042: 3032: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2989: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2964: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2932: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2906: 2881:(8): 5870–5887. 2866: 2860: 2859: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2633: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2487: 2478: 2477: 2467: 2435: 2424: 2423: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2388: 2370: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2302: 2283: 2282: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2228: 2217: 2216: 2198: 2192: 2185: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2092: 2087: 2086: 1977:and small scale 1782: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1760: 1750: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1708: 1701: 1693: 1690: 1685: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1667: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1643: 1633: 1630: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1594: 1584: 1581: 1574: 1491:Transpolar Drift 1410:Zuchelli Station 1258:Humboldt Current 1214:Kuroshio Current 1149:Benguela Current 1057: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1035: 1017: 1015: 1014: 1009: 995: 973: 971: 970: 965: 951: 929: 927: 926: 921: 909: 907: 906: 901: 886: 884: 883: 878: 876: 874: 866: 858: 853: 851: 843: 835: 817: 815: 814: 809: 788: 786: 785: 780: 768: 766: 765: 760: 748: 746: 745: 740: 685: 683: 682: 677: 658: 656: 655: 650: 648: 647: 631: 629: 628: 623: 610:Rossby parameter 607: 605: 604: 599: 583: 581: 580: 575: 573: 572: 553: 551: 550: 545: 543: 542: 524: 523: 500:Sverdrup balance 493: 491: 490: 485: 473: 471: 470: 465: 453: 451: 450: 445: 433: 431: 430: 425: 407: 405: 404: 399: 384: 382: 381: 376: 368: 364: 359: 348: 342: 340: 329: 313: 311: 310: 305: 294:, and the depth 293: 291: 290: 285: 270: 268: 267: 262: 148: 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 108: 100: 93: 84: 75: 66: 59: 52: 44: 21: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7175: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7127: 7099: 6938: 6912: 6874: 6855:Sea-level curve 6826: 6765: 6751:Transform fault 6701:Mid-ocean ridge 6667: 6660: 6626:Oceanic plateau 6532: 6518:Tidal resonance 6488:Theory of tides 6429: 6338:Longshore drift 6288:Ekman transport 6224: 6218: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6204: 6156:Wave turbulence 6089:Trochoidal wave 6014:Longshore drift 5910: 5905: 5875: 5870: 5859: 5848: 5841: 5800:Ekman transport 5769: 5743: 5694: 5673: 5609:East Korea Warm 5604:East Australian 5567: 5563:West Australian 5513:East Madagascar 5491: 5340: 5326:North Icelandic 5300: 5291: 5244: 5205: 5200: 5199: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5094: 5092: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5031: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5011: 5009: 5005: 4958: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4911:. 24 July 2015. 4904: 4900: 4899: 4892: 4881: 4877: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4831: 4827: 4818: 4816: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4793: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4768: 4766: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4722: 4720: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4698: 4696: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4569: 4568: 4561: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4156:(11): 815–819. 4143: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4108: 4107: 4098: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4070: 4068: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4019: 4018: 4014: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3815: 3813: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3779: 3778: 3767: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3540: 3539: 3530: 3488: 3487: 3480: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3336:1721.1/133809.2 3300: 3299: 3295: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3149: 3148: 3137: 3126: 3122: 3113: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2985: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2962: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2918: 2917: 2910: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2597: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2489: 2488: 2481: 2437: 2436: 2427: 2420: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2353:(11): 318–326. 2340: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2304: 2303: 2286: 2279: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2230: 2229: 2220: 2213: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2102: 2095: 2088: 2081: 2078: 2073: 2072: 1956:and increasing 1926: 1918: 1901: 1873: 1855:) dominate the 1832: 1823: 1812:it is known as 1809: 1801:nitrogen-fixing 1563: 1562: 1541: 1500: 1454: 1426: 1406:McMurdo Station 1362: 1325: 1270: 1242: 1236:concentration. 1206: 1186:Agulhas Current 1165: 1129: 1086: 1073: 1068: 1020: 1019: 980: 979: 936: 935: 912: 911: 892: 891: 867: 859: 844: 836: 823: 822: 800: 799: 771: 770: 751: 750: 731: 730: 728:stream function 726:The normalized 707: 701: 662: 661: 639: 634: 633: 614: 613: 590: 589: 564: 559: 558: 534: 515: 507: 506: 502:is defined as: 496:Harald Sverdrup 476: 475: 456: 455: 436: 435: 410: 409: 390: 389: 349: 343: 333: 323: 322: 296: 295: 276: 275: 253: 252: 210: 159:Coriolis effect 134: 130: 119: 118: 117: 115: 110: 109: 102: 101: 98: 96: 94: 91: 89: 87: 85: 82: 80: 78: 76: 73: 71: 69: 67: 64: 62: 60: 57: 55: 53: 50: 48: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7184: 7182: 7174: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7161:Fluid dynamics 7158: 7148: 7147: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7125: 7115: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7075:Stratification 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6967: 6965:Color of water 6962: 6960:Benthic lander 6957: 6952: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6884: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6865:Sea level rise 6862: 6860:Sea level drop 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6836: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6696:Marine geology 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6672: 6670: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6636:Passive margin 6633: 6631:Oceanic trench 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6542: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6439: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6363:Ocean dynamics 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6253:Coriolis force 6250: 6245: 6240: 6234: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6074:Stokes problem 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6009:Kinematic wave 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5920: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5881: 5872: 5871: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5825:North Atlantic 5822: 5817: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5795:Coriolis force 5792: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5715: 5713: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5690:Tasman Outflow 5687: 5681: 5679: 5678:Southern Ocean 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5523:Indian Monsoon 5520: 5515: 5510: 5508:Agulhas Return 5505: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5482:West Greenland 5479: 5474: 5472:South Atlantic 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5447:North Atlantic 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5397:East Greenland 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5345:Atlantic Ocean 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5321:East Greenland 5317: 5315: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5294:Ocean currents 5292: 5290: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5246:Dunning, Brian 5242: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5204: 5203:External links 5201: 5198: 5197: 5129: 5106: 5089:Deutsche Welle 5074: 5019: 4939: 4933:978-1482226393 4932: 4914: 4890: 4875: 4859: 4850: 4841: 4825: 4800: 4775: 4758:(2021-11-10). 4748: 4729: 4705: 4680: 4673: 4643: 4628: 4621: 4603: 4559: 4519: 4492:(5): 649–680. 4472: 4408: 4352: 4323:(4): 561–587. 4303: 4268:(7): 499–508. 4248: 4183: 4136: 4129: 4096: 4077: 4053: 4012: 3955: 3889: 3822: 3797: 3790: 3765: 3700: 3635: 3600:(6): 485–491. 3580: 3528: 3478: 3431: 3358: 3293: 3254: 3207: 3135: 3120: 3095: 3068:Biogeosciences 3054: 2994: 2969: 2944: 2908: 2861: 2810: 2775:(3): 181–214. 2755: 2692: 2645: 2604: 2579: 2572: 2554: 2527:(2): 202–206. 2507: 2500: 2479: 2425: 2418: 2400: 2333: 2327: 2284: 2277: 2259: 2253: 2218: 2212:978-1108411981 2211: 2193: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2132:Fluid dynamics 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2093: 2077: 2074: 1954:ocean currents 1927: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1900: 1899:Climate change 1897: 1872: 1869: 1861:ommastrephidae 1852:ommastrephidae 1836:trophic levels 1831: 1830:Trophic levels 1828: 1822: 1819: 1808: 1805: 1784: 1783: 1766: 1757: 1754: 1746: 1733: 1720: 1715: 1707: 1699: 1689: 1684: 1673: 1665: 1660: 1649: 1640: 1637: 1629: 1616: 1608: 1600: 1591: 1588: 1580: 1571: 1540: 1537: 1499: 1496: 1474:Arctic Ocean's 1453: 1450: 1425: 1422: 1370:Southern Ocean 1361: 1358: 1350:Rockall Trough 1324: 1321: 1301:Southern Ocean 1269: 1268:Subpolar gyres 1266: 1241: 1238: 1222:Alaska Current 1205: 1202: 1164: 1161: 1145:Brazil Current 1128: 1125: 1111:Canary Current 1085: 1082: 1078:Coriolis force 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 994: 990: 987: 963: 960: 957: 954: 950: 946: 943: 919: 899: 888: 887: 873: 870: 865: 862: 856: 850: 847: 842: 839: 833: 830: 807: 778: 758: 738: 700: 697: 675: 672: 669: 646: 642: 621: 597: 571: 567: 555: 554: 541: 537: 533: 530: 527: 522: 518: 514: 483: 463: 443: 423: 420: 417: 397: 386: 385: 374: 371: 367: 362: 358: 355: 352: 346: 339: 336: 332: 303: 283: 260: 209: 208:Gyre formation 206: 112: 111: 103: 97:South Atlantic 95: 86: 77: 68: 61: 54: 47: 46: 39: 38: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7183: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7166:Oceanic gyres 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7124: 7116: 7114: 7106: 7105: 7102: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6983:Marine energy 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6950:Acidification 6948: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6903:SOFAR channel 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6711:Oceanic crust 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6686:Fracture zone 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6621:Oceanic basin 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6551:Abyssal plain 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6458:Internal tide 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6353:Ocean current 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6211: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6151:Wave shoaling 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6111:Ursell number 6109: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5994:Internal wave 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5944:Breaking wave 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5897: 5895: 5890: 5888: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5852: 5844: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5830:South Pacific 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5815:Great Pacific 5813: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5805:Marine debris 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5755:Beaufort Gyre 5753: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5654:North Pacific 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5572:Pacific Ocean 5570: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5367:Baffin Island 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5283: 5281: 5276: 5274: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5133: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5030: 5023: 5020: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4969:(6223): 769. 4968: 4964: 4957: 4953: 4952:Geyer, Roland 4949: 4943: 4940: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4915: 4910: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4826: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4730: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4681: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4629: 4624: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4113: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4078: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4013: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3823: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3401:10044/1/60056 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2995: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2970: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2945: 2929: 2922: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2865: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2605: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2511: 2508: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2208: 2204: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2147:Ocean current 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2104:Oceans portal 2099: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2035:plastic waste 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975:Microplastics 1970: 1968: 1967:oceanic gyres 1964: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1950:marine debris 1948:is a gyre of 1947: 1946:garbage patch 1940: 1936: 1931: 1924: 1923:Garbage patch 1915: 1913: 1910: 1905: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1840:phytoplankton 1837: 1829: 1827: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1796: 1788: 1764: 1755: 1752: 1744: 1731: 1718: 1705: 1687: 1671: 1647: 1638: 1635: 1627: 1614: 1606: 1598: 1589: 1586: 1578: 1569: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1545: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1513: 1504: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1466:Beaufort Gyre 1458: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1431: 1423: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1346:Bay of Biscay 1342: 1337: 1329: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1286:Icelandic Low 1283: 1279: 1275: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1234:plastic waste 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1153:Benguela Niño 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1032: 1028: 1005: 1002: 999: 992: 988: 975: 961: 958: 955: 948: 944: 933: 917: 897: 871: 863: 854: 848: 840: 831: 828: 821: 820: 819: 805: 792: 776: 756: 736: 729: 724: 720: 717: 713: 712:Henry Stommel 706: 698: 691: 687: 673: 670: 667: 644: 640: 619: 611: 595: 587: 569: 565: 539: 535: 531: 528: 525: 520: 516: 512: 505: 504: 503: 501: 497: 481: 461: 441: 421: 418: 415: 395: 372: 369: 365: 360: 356: 353: 350: 344: 337: 334: 330: 321: 320: 319: 317: 301: 281: 274: 258: 251: 247: 243: 237: 235: 231: 230:Ekman suction 227: 226:Ekman pumping 223: 219: 215: 207: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 177: 173: 172: 169: 164: 160: 156: 152: 146: 128: 124: 114: 107: 43: 33: 19: 7156:Aerodynamics 7090:Water column 7038:Oceanography 7013:Observations 7008:Explorations 6978:Marginal sea 6971: 6929:OSTM/Jason-2 6761:Volcanic arc 6736:Slab suction 6453:Head of tide 6367: 6343:Loop Current 6283:Ekman spiral 6069:Stokes drift 5979:Gravity wave 5954:Cnoidal wave 5858: 5847: 5820:Indian Ocean 5765:Weddell Gyre 5703: 5669:Tasman Front 5496:Indian Ocean 5452:North Brazil 5402:East Iceland 5314:Arctic Ocean 5297: 5253: 5147: 5143: 5132: 5119: 5109: 5100: 5093:. 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