889:
rebirth. It also represented the desire for resurrection and the belief in an afterlife. In order to honor the deceased and get them ready for their passage to the afterlife, these pigments, particularly red ochre, were most likely applied to their body or other grave goods as part of the burial rites. “Phoenicians' love of red is highlighted by the great number of powders of this color found in the containers. The powders were probably used to give a hue to cheeks or to lips. Besides these uses as make-up powders, we can also assume a ritual use of ointments and powders containing cinnabar or ochre, applied to the face and the forehead during preparation rituals of the bodies. The discovery of red paint traces on bones and skulls suggests that these practices were common among the
Phoenicians as for other populations.” Greater-quality pigments and more intricate applications would typically indicate people of greater rank or particular significance within the community. Moreover, the presence and quality of pigments in a burial site may indicate the identity or social standing of the deceased. In addition to acting as offerings to the gods and protective symbols, pigments were employed to adorn grave goods including pottery, amulets, and other objects, so elevating the spiritual purity of the interment. The visual impact of red ochre could also have been intended to preserve the appearance of the body or make it presentable for mourning ceremonies, ensuring that the deceased was honored appropriately. This vivid color would enhance the overall visual and emotional impact of funerary displays. In essence, the use of red ochre and other pigments in Phoenician funerary contexts highlights their cultural and symbolic importance, reflecting deep-seated beliefs about death, the afterlife, and social hierarchy, thus providing a richer understanding of Phoenician customs and values.
521:
1316:, and he was fascinated by the cliffs of red and yellow clay in the region. He invented a process to make the pigment on a large scale. First the clay was extracted from open pits or mines. The raw clay contained about 10 to 20 percent ochre. Then he washed the clay to separate the grains of sand from the particles of ochre. The remaining mixture was then decanted in large basins, to further separate the ochre from the sand. The water was then drained, and the ochre was dried, cut into bricks, crushed, sifted, and then classified by colour and quality. The best quality was reserved for artists' pigments.
565:
545:
533:
777:
481:
509:
577:
1292:
woman looks...I went in behind with my little knife, prospecting at the scar of this pigment; and in this way, I promise you, I never sampled a more lovely and perfect ochre pigment...And know that this ochre is a common pigment, particularly when working in fresco; that with other mixtures that, as i will explain to you, it is used for flesh colours, for drapery, for coloured mountains and buildings and hair and in general for many things.
497:
757:
60:
801:
337:
194:
835:
996:
1144:(war canoe). Ochre prevented the drying out of the wood in canoes and the carvings of meeting houses; later missionaries estimated that it would last for 30 years. It was also roughly smeared over the face, especially by women, to keep off insects. Solid chunks of ochre were ground on a flat but rough surfaced rock to produce the powder.
898:
603:
Over recent decades, red ochre has played a pivotal role in discussions about the cognitive and cultural evolution of early modern humans during the
African Middle Stone Age. In Africa, evidence for the processing and use of red ochre pigments has been dated by archaeologists to around 300,000 years
1291:
This pigment is found in the earth of mountains, where particular seams like sulphur are found. And there, where these seams are, sinopia, green earth and other types of pigment are found...And the abovementioned pigments running through this landscape looked as a scar on the face of a man or of a
691:
regularly painted their bodies red, dyed their animal skins, coated their weapons, and sprinkled the ground of their dwellings, and that a paste of ochre was used for decorative purposes in every phase of their domestic life. We must assume no less, if we are to account for the veritable mines of
686:
The use of ochre is particularly intensive: it is not unusual to find a layer of the cave floor impregnated with a purplish red to a depth of eight inches. The size of these ochre deposits raises a problem not yet solved. The colouring is so intense that practically all the loose ground seems to
888:
Pigments, particularly red ochre, were essential to grave rituals in ancient
Phoenician society. They were more than just cosmetics; they also had important symbolic and ritualistic connotations. With its vivid color that was evocative of blood and energy, red ochre represented life, death, and
1382:, in France. Thanks to the process invented by Astier and refined by his successors, ochre pigments from Vaucluse were exported across Europe and around the world. It was not only used for artists paints and house paints; it also became an important ingredient for the early rubber industry.
677:
has an image of a horse coloured with yellow ochre estimated to be 17,300 years old. Neolithic burials may have used red ochre pigments symbolically, either to represent a return to the earth or possibly as a form of ritual rebirth, in which the colour may symbolize blood and a hypothesized
1050:
Ochre was also widely used as medicine and, when ingested, some ochres have an antacid effect on the digestive system while others, which are rich in iron, can assist with lethargy and fatigue. Ochre is also often mixed with plant oils and animal fats to create other medicines.
1216:
fishery. Deposits of ochre are found throughout
Newfoundland, notably near Fortune Harbour and at Ochre Pit Cove. While earliest settlers may have used locally collected ochre, people were later able to purchase pre-ground ochre through local merchants, largely imported from
469:
and can be used to make an oil paint that dries quickly and covers surfaces thoroughly. Modern ochre pigments often are made using synthetic iron oxide. Pigments which use natural ochre pigments indicate it with the name PY-43 (Pigment yellow 43) on the label, following the
951:
In
England, red ochre was also known as "raddle", "reddle", or "ruddle" and was used to mark sheep and can also be used as a waxy waterproof coating on structures. The reddle was sold as a ready-made mixture to farmers and herders by travelling workers called reddlemen.
1393:. Ochre also began to face growing competition from newly synthetic pigment industry. The quarries in Roussillon, Rustrel, the Mines of Bruoux closed one by one. Today, the last quarry in activity is in Gargas (Vaucluse) and belongs to the Société des Ocres de France.
1267:
During the
Renaissance, yellow and red ochre pigments were widely used in painting panels and frescoes. The colours vary greatly from region to region, depending upon whether the local clay was richer in yellowish limonite or reddish hematite. The red earth from
1709:
Henshilwood, C. S., d’Errico, F., Yates, R., Jacobs, Z., Tribolo, C., Duller, G. A. T., Mercier, N., Sealy, J. C., Valladas, H., Watts, I. & Wintle, A. G. 2002. Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa. Science 295:
1030:
for over 40,000 years. Pleistocene burials with red ochre date as early as 40,000 BP and ochre plays a role in expressing symbolic ideologies of the earliest arrivals to the continent. Ochre has been used for millennia by
Aboriginal people for body decoration,
520:
1574:, Revised Edition, (1980). "Any of a class of natural earths, mixtures of hydrated oxides of iron and various earthy materials, ranging in colour from pale yellow to orange and red, and used as pigments. A colour ranging from pale yellow to reddish-yellow."
850:, yellow was associated with gold, which was considered to be eternal and indestructible. The skin and bones of the gods were believed to be made of gold. The Egyptians used yellow ochre extensively in tomb painting, though occasionally they used
1195:
were also known to use red ochre as body paint. Researchers diving into dark submerged caves on Mexico's Yucatán
Peninsula have found evidence of an ambitious mining operation starting 12,000 years ago and lasting two millennia for red ochre.
979:
painted their faces red, perhaps to imitate the red-painted flesh of statues of the Gods. The Romans used yellow ochre in their paintings to represent gold and skin tones, and as a background colour. It is found frequently in the murals of
293:
and varying amounts of clay and sand. It ranges in colour from yellow to deep orange or brown. It is also the name of the colours produced by this pigment, especially a light brownish-yellow. A variant of ochre containing a large amount of
749:
Ochre has uses other than as paint: "tribal peoples alive today . . . use either as a way to treat animal skins or else as an insect repellent, to staunch bleeding, or as protection from the sun. Ochre may have been the first medicament."
1331:. It became an important product for the British fishing industry, where it was combined with oil and used to coat sails to protect them from seawater, giving them a reddish colour. The ochre was boiled in great caldrons, together with
1681:
Dapschauskas, R., Göden, M. B, Sommer, C. and Kandel, A. W., 2022. The
Emergence of Habitual Ochre Use in Africa and its Significance for the Development of Ritual Behavior During the Middle Stone Age. Journal of World Prehistory
1343:, the last ingredient giving the name of barking yards to the places where the hot mixture was painted on to the sails, which were then hung up to dry. In 1894, a theft case provided insights into the use of the pigment as a
1243:
Variations in local recipes, shades of ore, and type of oil used resulted in regional variations in colour. Because of this, it is difficult to pinpoint an exact shade or hue of red that would be considered the traditional
544:
464:
When natural sienna and umber pigments are heated, they are dehydrated and some of the limonite is transformed into hematite, giving them more reddish colours, called burnt sienna and burnt umber. Ochres are
1160:, whose use of red ochre led them to be referred to as "Red Indians" by the first Europeans to Newfoundland. The Beothuk may have also used yellow ochre to colour their hair. It was also used by the
1606:
1970:
Karmous, Tijani; Ayed, Naceur; Fantar, Mohammed H.; Wouters, Jan (1996). "Analysis of Punic natural dyes: purple earth from Zembra and cosmetic make-up from
Carthage (Carthago, Tunisia)".
576:
776:
658:
from its coating of red ochre has been dated to around 33,000 years before present. Paintings of animals made with red and yellow ochre pigments have been found in paleolithic sites at
564:
480:
1138:
of New Zealand were found to be making extensive use of mineral ochre mixed with fish oil. Ochre was the predominant colouring agent used by Maori, and was used to paint their large
1370:
As noted above, the industrial process for making ochre pigment was developed by the French scientist Jean-Étienne Astier in the 1780s, using the ochre mines and quarries in
822:
use a mix of ochre and animal fat for body decoration, to achieve a reddish skin colour. The ochre mixture is also applied to their hair after braiding. Men and women of the
430:
is a rare variant identical to red ochre chemically but of a different hue caused by different light diffraction properties associated with a greater average particle size.
948:
would risk having their clothes stained with the paint. This prevented them from wearing these clothes in public again, as failure to attend the Assembly incurred a fine.
2195:
Bowler JM, Johnston H, Olley JM, Prescott JR, Roberts RG, Shawcross W, Spooner NA (2003). "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia".
1720:
Bowler JM, Johnston H, Olley JM, Prescott JR, Roberts RG, Shawcross W, Spooner NA (2003). "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia".
627:
ochre and 45% cooked liquid bitumen to create a mouldable putty that hardened into handles. Earlier excavations at Le Moustier prevent conclusive identification of the
496:
2448:
608:
Evidence of ochre's use in Australia is more recent, dated to 50,000 years ago, while new research has uncovered evidence in Asia that is dated to 40,000 years ago.
532:
2358:
2149:
1772:
Archaeology and fertility cult in the ancient Mediterranean: papers presented at the First International Conference on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean
756:
1991:
Ancient carpenters' tools illustrated and explained, together with the implements of the lumberman, joiner, and cabinet-maker in use in the eighteenth century
971:
is located. It was carefully regulated, expensive and marked by a special seal, and this colour was called sealed Sinope. Later the Latin and Italian name
3995:
3540:
325:
Ochre is a family of earth pigments, which includes yellow ochre, red ochre, purple ochre, sienna, and umber. The major ingredient of all the ochres is
59:
2901:
1240:. Red ochre paint was sometimes prepared months in advance and allowed to sit, and the smell of ochre paint being prepared is still remembered today.
1054:
This ochre was mined by Aboriginal people in pits and quarries across Australia; there are over 400 recorded sites, and many of these (including the
1165:
1059:
4486:
1043:, burial sites have been excavated and burial materials, including ochre-painted bones, have been dated to the arrival of people in Australia; "
2833:
2769:
2758:
2693:
2619:
2525:
2132:
2059:
1820:
Mcbrearty, Sally; Brooks, Alison S. (2000-11-01). "The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior".
1784:
1696:
1184:
2704:
1652:
913:
1885:
2025:
1998:
1630:, edited by R. A. Lidin. Constants of inorganic substances: reference book. 3-rd ed., stereotypical. — Moscow: Drofa, 2008 г. — 685 p.
526:
Burnt and raw sienna. When limonite is roasted, it turns partially to the more reddish hematite and becomes red ochre or burnt sienna.
2787:
The Emergence of Habitual Ochre Use in Africa and its Significance for The Development of Ritual Behavior During The Middle Stone Age
2846:
2739:
2368:
2093:
1796:
1304:
The industrial process for making ochre pigment was developed by the French scientist Jean-Étienne Astier in the 1780s. He was from
1224:
The dry ingredient, ochre, was mixed with some type of liquid raw material to create a rough paint. The liquid material was usually
227:
2681:
Helwig, K. Iron Oxide Pigments, in Artists’ Pigments, Berrie, B.H., Ed., National Gallery of Art Washington, 2007, pp. 38–109.
2641:
2470:
1035:, mortuary practices, cave painting, bark painting and other artwork, and the preservation of animal skins, among other uses. At
2588:
2663:
1070:
869:
2170:
3988:
3533:
1429:
1912:
Baraldi, Cecilia; Tori, Maria Pamela; Van Elslande, Elsa; Walter, Phillipe; Gamberini, Maria Cristina (December 23, 2019).
2930:
2894:
2332:
1019:
861:
Red ochre in Ancient Egypt was used as a rouge, or lip gloss for women. Ochre-coloured lines were also discovered on the
508:
5143:
2778:
Dapschauskas, R., Göden, M. B, Sommer, C. and Kandel, A. W., 2022. The Emergence of Habitual Ochre Use in Africa and its
1914:"Phoenicians Preferred Red Pigments: Chemical Compositions of Make-Up Powders Found in Archaeological Sites from Sicily"
1546:
1410:
1063:
1015:
1385:
Ochre from Vaucluse was an important French export until the mid-20th century, when major markets were lost due to the
4479:
2251:
1507:
1477:
471:
2049:
639:, between 60,000 and 35,000 years before present. It is the earliest evidence of compound adhesive use in Europe.
5133:
5128:
5106:
A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.
4457:
A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.
3981:
3966:
A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.
3526:
3511:
A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.
2122:
1591:
1205:
1153:
933:
326:
260:
5123:
2887:
1454:
679:
2397:"The Baccalieu Trail Archaeology Project 2008: A Preliminary Report on Excavations at Cupids and Dildo Island"
2856:
2302:
582:
A broad range of colours can be created with naturally-occurring or human-blended mixtures of these minerals.
3044:
2734:
Daniel V. Thompson (1956), The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting, Dover Publications, New York.
2278:
1209:
937:
2792:
Watts, I. 2002. Ochre in the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa: Ritualised display or hide preservative?
1164:
as evidenced by its discovery in the graves of over 100 individuals during an archaeological excavation at
897:
444:— γ-FeO(OH), a secondary mineral, a product of the oxidation of iron ore minerals, found in brown iron ores
5138:
4472:
1425:
1418:
1406:
1027:
1000:
698:
628:
236:
31:
1026:
regions, and occur in many archaeological sites. The practice of ochre painting has been prevalent among
243:
3054:
1943:
1467:
4375:
3688:
3668:
3564:
2204:
1729:
1512:
1371:
1305:
655:
551:
1252:
area one man maintained that seal oil mixed with the ochre gave the sails a purer red colour, while
1047:" (LM3) was buried sprinkled with red ochre at least 30,000 BP, and possibly as early as 60,000 BP.
858:. In tomb paintings, men were always shown with brown faces, women with yellow ochre or gold faces.
173:
3360:
3202:
3182:
3133:
1402:
956:
743:
333:, which gives them a yellow colour. A range of other minerals may also be included in the mixture:
2830:
2818:
2611:
2536:
5148:
4355:
4286:
4059:
2950:
2823:
2322:
Dieffenbach cited in Wells, B., 1878. The history of Taranaki. Edmondson and Avery, New Plymouth.
2228:
1913:
1845:
1753:
1386:
1097:
1008:
862:
727:
650:" (LM3) in Australia was buried sprinkled with red ochre around 40,000 years ago. In Wales, the
636:
286:
1077:
2813:
2396:
4365:
4187:
4123:
4054:
3905:
3693:
3217:
3108:
3098:
2765:
2754:
2735:
2700:
2689:
2364:
2220:
2128:
2055:
2021:
1994:
1837:
1802:
1792:
1745:
1648:
1390:
1169:
309:
The word ochre also describes clays coloured with iron oxide derived during the extraction of
2015:
4777:
4540:
4370:
4311:
4108:
4049:
4004:
3930:
3925:
3915:
3861:
3841:
3836:
3826:
3821:
3777:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3678:
3658:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3584:
3569:
3549:
3281:
3123:
3093:
3024:
2212:
1929:
1921:
1829:
1737:
1668:
Watts, I. 1999. The origin of symbolic culture. In R. Dunbar, C. Knight and C. Power (eds),
1173:
1161:
1087:
925:
814:
Red ochre has been used as a colouring agent in Africa for over 200,000 years. Women of the
663:
631:
and age, but the European Mousterian style of these tools suggests they are associated with
282:
207:
38:
2724:
Wreschner, Ernst E. (October 1980) "Red Ochre and Human Evolution: A Case for Discussion."
1877:
1609:. — St.Petersburg: St.Petersburg Univ. Publ. House. 2009. — 556 p. — ISBN 978-5-288-04863-0
5031:
4866:
4698:
4693:
4545:
4510:
4395:
4360:
4291:
4212:
4207:
4024:
3856:
3831:
3772:
3673:
3579:
3464:
3459:
3365:
3301:
2935:
2910:
2850:
2837:
2764:
David Bomford and Ashoka Roy (2009), A Closer Look- Colour, The National Gallery, London,
1956:
1497:
1344:
1284:
1110:
1040:
502:
Hematite is a more reddish variety of iron oxide, and is the main ingredient of red ochre.
451:
2843:
2097:
1135:
460:
pigments contain a larger proportion of manganese (5-20%), which makes them a dark brown.
2279:"Where are Orche Pits |About the Orche Pits of West MacDonnell Ranges Central Australia"
2208:
1733:
5026:
5021:
4952:
4703:
4599:
4390:
4380:
4118:
4103:
4029:
3454:
3350:
3192:
3118:
3113:
3103:
2970:
2633:
1585:
1502:
1192:
929:
917:
873:
373:
5117:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5016:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4947:
4937:
4932:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4871:
4856:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4723:
4713:
4708:
4683:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4594:
4555:
4550:
4535:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4495:
4400:
4296:
4281:
4276:
4222:
4202:
4064:
4044:
4019:
3910:
3851:
3816:
3653:
3648:
3574:
3469:
3439:
3380:
3306:
3276:
3197:
3138:
3039:
3019:
2955:
2940:
2596:
2118:
1320:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1229:
1188:
976:
964:
877:
847:
839:
823:
735:
441:
2655:
2422:
1849:
5061:
4977:
4942:
4619:
4385:
4316:
4301:
4271:
4232:
4227:
4192:
4148:
4143:
4133:
4113:
3846:
3683:
3370:
3355:
3271:
3222:
3212:
3128:
2960:
2381:
2232:
2174:
1757:
1517:
1449:
1364:
1360:
1348:
1225:
902:
815:
804:
800:
763:
643:
598:
290:
145:
115:
2075:
642:
Pieces of ochre engraved with abstract designs have been found at the site of the
336:
193:
2782:
Significance for the Development of Ritual Behavior During the Middle Stone Age.
2566:
4846:
3920:
3663:
3444:
3429:
3014:
2925:
1770:
Giulia Battiti Sorlini, "The Megalithic Temples of Malta", Por Anthony Bonanno,
1482:
1352:
1276:
contained manganese, making it a darker reddish brown called terra di siena, or
1237:
1233:
1023:
905:
688:
651:
632:
612:
107:
2336:
1437:
4718:
4624:
3375:
2874:
1492:
1487:
1433:
1296:
In early modern Malta, red ochre paint was commonly used on public buildings.
1055:
1036:
1004:
854:, which made a brilliant colour, but was highly toxic, since it was made with
787:
783:
659:
616:
487:
119:
69:
2862:
2786:
1925:
1683:
5056:
4530:
3609:
2699:
Philip Ball, Histoire vivante des couleurs (2001), Hazan Publishers, Paris,
1806:
1140:
1044:
1032:
960:
936:
was called, a contingent of public slaves would sweep the open space of the
647:
490:
containing iron hydroxide, is the main ingredient of all the ochre pigments.
141:
37:"Red ocher" redirects here. For the indigenous people of North America, see
2224:
1841:
1833:
1749:
834:
570:
Three shades of ochre; naturally-occurring ochre is often a mix of minerals
166:
2868:
1697:
Traces of an Ancient Human Culture From 40,000 Years Ago Unearthedin China
1066:
has a large collection of ochre samples from many sites across Australia.
17:
4688:
4306:
4197:
4034:
3177:
2710:
Fuller, Carl; "Natural Colored Iron Oxide Pigments", pp. 281–6. In:
1934:
1472:
1379:
1375:
1313:
1309:
1287:
described the uses of ochre pigments in his famous treatise on painting.
1269:
851:
739:
723:
624:
604:
ago, the climax of the practice coinciding broadly with the emergence of
555:
437:
421:
330:
295:
134:
2216:
1741:
4678:
4138:
3900:
3390:
3266:
3207:
3049:
1328:
1324:
1273:
1218:
1157:
981:
972:
855:
819:
767:
674:
620:
370:
2714:, 2nd Edition. Lewis, P. (ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1988.
995:
558:
have been an important source of ochre pigment since the 18th century.
4782:
4439:
3385:
3345:
3286:
3029:
2945:
2751:: a New English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription
2513:: a New English Translation and Commentary with Italian transcription
2449:"Prehistoric ochre mining operation found in submerged Mexican caves"
1584:
1336:
1277:
968:
808:
447:
314:
266:
249:
2150:"Wiradjuri artist's painting depicts journey of healing at hospital"
1176:
complex refers to a specific archaeological period in the Woodlands
30:
This article is about a colour and its pigment. For other uses, see
3973:
3518:
2806:
2471:"The Historical Use of Ochre Pigments in Newfoundland and Labrador"
912:
Ochre was the most commonly used pigment for painting walls in the
730:: Fer Dearg) make it likely that such a practice was common to the
4217:
4039:
3589:
3449:
3434:
3296:
3261:
3034:
3009:
2879:
2533:
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
1993:(Dover ed.). Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. p. 308.
994:
896:
866:
833:
799:
731:
719:
715:
466:
457:
335:
192:
88:
4851:
4464:
4128:
3187:
2965:
1356:
945:
92:
80:
4468:
3977:
3522:
2883:
1866:. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. p. 48
4861:
1340:
1332:
1213:
1014:
Ochre pigments are plentiful across Australia, especially the
944:: those citizens that loitered there instead of moving to the
310:
219:
149:
111:
84:
1351:
production whereby the accused apprentice was taught to soak
538:
Raw umber; the higher manganese oxide content makes it darker
1605:
Krivovichev V. G. Mineralogical glossary. Scientific editor
1448:
A reddleman named Diggory Venn was prominently described in
826:
in Kenya and Tanzania have also used ochre in the same way.
213:
975:
was given to wide range of dark red ochre pigments. Roman
718:
were said to paint themselves "Iron Red" according to the
619:
stone tools that were attached to grips made of ochre and
298:, or dehydrated iron oxide, has a reddish tint known as
2612:"Flag of the Northern Territory | Australian flag"
959:, the finest red ochre came from a Greek colony on the
2469:
Jarvis, Dale Gilbert; Barrett, Terra M. (March 2019).
1272:
near Naples was a salmon pink, while the pigment from
424:, which is an iron oxide, reddish brown when hydrated.
2404:
Provincial Archaeology Office 2008 Archaeology Review
2094:"Aboriginal Art Online, Traditional painting methods"
228:
216:
1212:
outbuildings and work buildings associated with the
646:
in South Africa, dated to around 75,000 years ago. "
2484:. Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador.
2273:
2271:
611:A re-examination of artifacts uncovered in 1908 at
210:
172:
162:
132:
105:
78:
68:
56:
46:
2335:. Fisheriesheritage.ca. 2006-09-24. Archived from
1672:Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 113-46.
1417:, while (yellow) ochre appears in the arms of the
901:Yellow ochre was often used for wall paintings in
726:. Frequent references in Irish myth to "red men" (
2731::631–644. (Comments by various authors included.)
2496:The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting
2051:The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting
1774:, University of Malta, 2–5 September 1985, p.145.
1208:, red ochre was the pigment of choice for use in
872:, marking work sites. Ochre clays were also used
454:(less than 5%), which makes it darker than ochre.
782:Image of a human hand created with red ochre in
1289:
876:in Ancient Egypt: such use is described in the
684:
2464:
2462:
2427:, Megalithic Portal, editor A. Burnham (2008)"
2360:The Beothuk of Newfoundland: A Vanished People
1791:(Pbk. ed.). London: Phoenix. p. 38.
703:The Art of Prehistoric Man in Western Europe.
440:), is a partly hydrated iron oxide. Simiarly,
4480:
3989:
3534:
2895:
2303:"Ochre samples, National Museum of Australia"
599:Blombos Cave § Ochre processing workshop
450:contains both limonite and a small amount of
8:
2853:Use of ochres in traditional Aboriginal art.
2589:"Armoria academica - University of Transkei"
1256:would give a "foxy" colour, browner in hue.
623:. The grips were formulated with 55% ground
420:, takes its reddish colour from the mineral
2246:
2244:
2242:
1628:R. A. Lidin, L. L. Andreeva, V. A. Molochko
687:consist of ochre. One can imagine that the
4487:
4473:
4465:
3996:
3982:
3974:
3541:
3527:
3519:
2902:
2888:
2880:
1900:Ancient Egypt: The Kingdom of the Pharaohs
1684:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-022-09170-2
1156:its use is most often associated with the
662:in France (ca. 25,000 years old), and the
2096:. Aboriginalartonline.com. Archived from
1933:
1789:Ideas : a history from fire to Freud
1638:
1636:
1168:. Its use was widespread at times in the
2721:, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1980.
2421:The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map.
1172:cultural area of Canada and the US; the
1113:; which refers to white/yellow ochre as
1060:Tjoritja / West MacDonnell National Park
838:Ochre paintings in the Tomb of Nakht in
2684:Isabelle Roelofs and Fabien Petillion,
2656:"Anangu traditional owners (Australia)"
1878:"Pigments through the Ages - Antiquity"
1534:
752:
615:rock shelters in France has identified
476:
1952:
1941:
1401:Ochre, both red and yellow, appear as
43:
27:Earth pigment of characteristic colour
2794:South African Archaeological Bulletin
2173:. Personal.une.edu.au. Archived from
2076:"The Roman Triumph | David Frum"
880:from Egypt, dating to about 1550 BC.
7:
2638:Taungurung Land & Waters Council
1232:in Newfoundland and Labrador, while
692:ochre on which some of them lived...
2054:. Courier Corporation. p. 98.
1864:The Place of Stunted Ironwood Trees
1572:The Random House College Dictionary
1090:; which calls red and yellow ochre
742:being particularly abundant in the
705:London: Thames & Hudson, p. 40.
2666:from the original on Feb 17, 2023.
2535:. 28 December 2012. Archived from
2395:Gilbert, William (February 2009).
2048:Thompson, Daniel V. (2012-05-11).
1888:from the original on Dec 15, 2023.
1424:Ochre is also used as a symbol of
1069:There are many words for ochre in
999:Multicoloured ochre rocks used in
25:
2686:La couleur expliquée aux artistes
2644:from the original on Dec 2, 2023.
2622:from the original on Jul 9, 2023.
2017:Shepherds' Huts & Living Vans
1645:La couleur expliquée aux artistes
1560:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
1080:; which refers to white ochre as
1073:throughout Australia, including:
588:Historical use in art and culture
2124:Archaeology of Ancient Australia
1562:(2002), Oxford University Press.
775:
755:
575:
563:
543:
531:
519:
507:
495:
479:
206:
58:
2363:. Breakwater Books. p. 5.
2020:. Amberley Publishing Limited.
1972:Dyes in History and Archaeology
1071:Australian Aboriginal languages
928:: "red-haired" or "ruddy"). In
920:, red ochre was called μίλτος,
762:Image of a horse coloured with
64: Color coordinates
2148:Rurenga, Declan (2017-08-09).
1430:Flag of the Northern Territory
865:at the northern region of the
1:
2688:, Editions Eyrolles, (2012),
2567:"South Africa – Coat of Arms"
2478:Heritage NL Fieldnotes Series
1700:, Live Science, March 3, 2022
1236:recipes sometimes called for
1177:
667:
2859:Collection of ochre samples.
2857:National Museum of Australia
2447:Dunham, Will (3 July 2020).
1547:American Heritage Dictionary
1413:, adopted in 2000, includes
1374:, Rustrel, or Gargas in the
1064:National Museum of Australia
2784:Journal of World Prehistory
2753:, Archetype, London, 2015,
2634:"Taungurung Sovereign Flag"
2357:Marshall, Ingeborg (1989).
2333:"Red ochre in Newfoundland"
1862:Crandall, David P. (2000).
1397:In heraldry and vexillology
914:ancient Mediterranean world
809:a traditional ochre pigment
5165:
2127:. Routledge. p. 125.
1822:Journal of Human Evolution
1643:Roelofs, Isabelle (2012).
1592:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1508:List of inorganic pigments
1478:Female cosmetic coalitions
1363:to give the appearance of
596:
472:Colour Index International
259:
242:
36:
29:
5104:
4504:
4455:
4013:
3964:
3558:
3509:
2919:
2808:Pigments through the ages
2556:, 5 February 1894; pg. 14
2256:Bangarra Knowledge Ground
1989:Mercer, Henry C. (2000).
1670:The Evolution of Culture.
1283:The 15th-century painter
963:where the modern city of
673:–15,000 BC). The cave of
327:iron(III) oxide-hydroxide
182:
51:
2593:geocities.com/wapenskild
2283:www.macdonnellranges.com
1926:10.1177/0003702819895313
1455:The Return of the Native
1432:and on the flags of the
1148:Indigenous North America
1100:; which calls red ochre
1062:) are still in use. The
2515:, Archetype 2015, p. 71
2252:"Ochre is of the earth"
2152:. Central Western Daily
1876:Douma, Michael (2008).
1452:'s 1878 novel entitled
893:Ancient Greece and Rome
701:Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1968.
376:(limonite) also called
302:(or, in some dialects,
186:: Normalized to (byte)
2014:Morris, David (2013).
1951:Cite journal requires
1902:. Parragon Inc. p. 62.
1834:10.1006/jhev.2000.0435
1618:CRC Handbook, any year
1595:. Vol. VII. 1921.
1426:Indigenous Australians
1419:University of Transkei
1407:South African heraldry
1294:
1200:Colonial North America
1125:(when used in ritual).
1028:Aboriginal Australians
1011:
1003:ceremony and artwork.
909:
843:
811:
712:
629:archaeological culture
514:Pure manganese dioxide
345:
198:
32:Ochre (disambiguation)
4536:Bright pink (Crayola)
2844:Aboriginal Art Online
2719:Colors From the Earth
1468:Banded Iron Formation
1428:, and appears on the
1411:national coat of arms
1323:, ochre was mined at
998:
940:with ropes dipped in
900:
837:
803:
339:
196:
4376:Stil de grain yellow
2840:for red ochre paint.
2726:Current Anthropology
2494:Daniel V. Thompson,
1898:Hamilton R. (2007).
1513:Red Lady of Paviland
1183:–400 BC. California
656:Red Lady of Paviland
552:Roussillon, Vaucluse
5144:Iron oxide pigments
5037:Syracuse red-orange
4526:Bittersweet shimmer
3664:Desert sand (color)
2717:Thomas, Anne Wall.
2423:"C. Michael Hogan,
2217:10.1038/nature01383
2209:2003Natur.421..837B
1742:10.1038/nature01383
1734:2003Natur.421..837B
1694:Lanese, Nicoletta,
1647:. Groupe Eyrolles.
1007:, Namatjira Drive,
957:Classical antiquity
807:woman covered with
744:midlands of Ireland
174:ISCC–NBS descriptor
3689:Golden Gate Bridge
3669:Engineering orange
2849:2011-04-22 at the
2836:2004-12-08 at the
2749:Il Libro dell'Arte
2747:Cennino Cennini's
2660:Flags of the World
2526:"Auberge D'Aragon"
2511:Il Libro dell'Arte
2509:Cennino Cennini's
2429:. Megalithic.co.uk
1444:In popular culture
1387:Russian Revolution
1098:Wiradjuri language
1012:
1009:Northern Territory
910:
863:Unfinished obelisk
844:
842:(15th century BC).
812:
654:burial called the
637:Middle Paleolithic
550:The clay hills of
346:
287:clay earth pigment
199:
5111:
5110:
5099:
5098:
4462:
4461:
4450:
4449:
4366:School bus yellow
3971:
3970:
3959:
3958:
3659:Dark orange (web)
3610:Champagne (color)
3516:
3515:
3504:
3503:
2770:978-1-85709-442-8
2759:978-1-909492-28-8
2694:978-2-212-13486-5
2425:Los Osos Back Bay
2134:978-1-134-30440-0
2061:978-0-486-14203-6
1391:Spanish Civil War
1367:for the filling.
1170:Eastern Woodlands
884:Ancient Phoenicia
766:(17,300 BC) from
191:
190:
167:colorxs.com/color
16:(Redirected from
5156:
5134:Shades of yellow
5129:Shades of orange
4610:Chocolate cosmos
4551:Cantaloupe melon
4507:
4506:
4498:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4466:
4371:Selective yellow
4016:
4015:
4007:
4006:Shades of yellow
3998:
3991:
3984:
3975:
3837:Princeton orange
3758:Orange (Pantone)
3753:Orange (Crayola)
3585:Atomic tangerine
3565:Aerospace orange
3561:
3560:
3552:
3551:Shades of orange
3543:
3536:
3529:
3520:
3371:Satin sheen gold
2922:
2921:
2913:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2712:Pigment Handbook
2705:978-2-754105-033
2668:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2640:. May 14, 2021.
2630:
2624:
2623:
2610:Smith, Whitney.
2607:
2601:
2600:
2599:on June 3, 2004.
2595:. Archived from
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2563:
2557:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2542:on 3 March 2016.
2541:
2530:
2522:
2516:
2505:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2248:
2237:
2236:
2203:(6295): 837–40.
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:on 22 April 2011
2090:
2084:
2083:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1937:
1909:
1903:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1728:(6925): 837–40.
1717:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1692:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1654:978-2-212-134865
1640:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1539:
1185:Native Americans
1182:
1179:
1174:Red Ocher people
1162:Maritime Archaic
1088:Noongar language
818:ethnic group in
790:era, 25,000 BC).
779:
759:
710:
709:
672:
669:
664:cave of Altamira
635:during the late
579:
567:
547:
535:
523:
511:
499:
483:
419:
417:
416:
404:
403:
395:
394:
368:
366:
365:
283:American English
270:
263:
253:
246:
231:
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
158:
153:
128:
123:
101:
96:
63:
62:
44:
39:Red Ocher people
21:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5124:Shades of brown
5114:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5100:
4873:
4699:Fire engine red
4546:Candy apple red
4511:Amaranth purple
4500:
4496:
4493:
4463:
4458:
4451:
4149:Gold (metallic)
4009:
4005:
4002:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3832:Portland orange
3554:
3550:
3547:
3517:
3512:
3505:
3139:Drab dark brown
2915:
2912:Shades of brown
2911:
2908:
2851:Wayback Machine
2838:Wayback Machine
2803:
2775:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2430:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2240:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1950:
1940:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1893:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1857:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1799:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1676:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1498:Iron(III) oxide
1464:
1446:
1399:
1345:food adulterant
1302:
1285:Cennino Cennini
1265:
1259:
1202:
1180:
1150:
1132:
1111:Yawuru language
1078:Yolŋu languages
1041:New South Wales
993:
987:
895:
886:
832:
798:
791:
780:
771:
760:
711:
697:
696:
670:
601:
595:
590:
583:
580:
571:
568:
559:
548:
539:
536:
527:
524:
515:
512:
503:
500:
491:
484:
452:manganese oxide
436:also FeO(OH), (
415:
412:
411:
410:
402:
399:
398:
397:
393:
390:
389:
388:
386:
364:
361:
360:
359:
353:
323:
289:, a mixture of
285:, is a natural
273: 'pale'),
229:
209:
205:
187:
156:
138:
133:
127:(30°, 83%, 80%)
126:
106:
99:
79:
57:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5162:
5160:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5116:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5042:Tea rose (red)
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4469:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4124:Dark goldenrod
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4030:Arylide yellow
4027:
4022:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:Spanish orange
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3822:Persian orange
3819:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3773:Orange (wheel)
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3733:Hunyadi yellow
3729:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:Earth Pigments
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2841:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2802:
2801:External links
2799:
2798:
2797:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2762:
2745:Lara Broecke,
2743:
2732:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2697:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2662:. 2016-02-27.
2647:
2625:
2602:
2579:
2569:. Crwflags.com
2558:
2545:
2517:
2507:Lara Broecke,
2500:
2487:
2458:
2439:
2413:
2387:
2369:
2349:
2324:
2315:
2294:
2267:
2238:
2187:
2171:"Lake Mungo 3"
2162:
2140:
2133:
2121:(2007-12-12).
2119:Hiscock, Peter
2110:
2085:
2067:
2060:
2040:
2027:978-1445621418
2026:
2006:
2000:978-0486320212
1999:
1981:
1962:
1953:|journal=
1920:(3): 295–304.
1904:
1891:
1868:
1855:
1828:(5): 453–563.
1812:
1797:
1776:
1763:
1712:
1702:
1687:
1674:
1661:
1653:
1632:
1620:
1611:
1598:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1503:List of colors
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1445:
1442:
1398:
1395:
1378:department of
1355:in red ochre,
1312:department of
1301:
1300:Modern history
1298:
1264:
1261:
1201:
1198:
1149:
1146:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1108:
1095:
1085:
1033:sun protection
1016:Western Desert
992:
989:
930:ancient Athens
918:Ancient Greece
894:
891:
885:
882:
831:
828:
797:
794:
793:
792:
786:cave, France (
781:
774:
772:
761:
754:
694:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
581:
574:
572:
569:
562:
560:
549:
542:
540:
537:
530:
528:
525:
518:
516:
513:
506:
504:
501:
494:
492:
485:
478:
462:
461:
455:
445:
431:
425:
413:
400:
391:
380:
374:iron hydroxide
362:
340:Yellow ochre (
322:
321:Earth pigments
319:
189:
188:
180:
179:
176:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
136:
130:
129:
124:
103:
102:
100:(204, 119, 34)
97:
76:
75:
72:
66:
65:
54:
53:
49:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5161:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5139:Shades of red
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5103:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4894:Red (Pantone)
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4884:Red (Munsell)
4882:
4880:
4879:Red (Crayola)
4877:
4875:
4874:(pigment red)
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4793:Off-red (RGB)
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4497:Shades of red
4490:
4485:
4483:
4478:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:Naples yellow
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:Mikado yellow
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:Lemon chiffon
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4065:Chrome yellow
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4008:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3963:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3852:Safety orange
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Giants orange
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3649:Chrome Orange
3647:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:Carrot orange
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3544:
3539:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3508:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3045:Caput mortuum
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:0-486-20327-1
2737:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2587:Mike Oettle.
2583:
2580:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2428:
2426:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2372:
2370:9780920911181
2366:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2350:
2339:on 2016-08-22
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2177:on 2014-01-26
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2080:davidfrum.com
2077:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2041:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1945:
1936:
1935:11380/1202446
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1798:0-7538-2089-7
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:Watson, Peter
1780:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1586:"Ochre"
1580:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:cod liver oil
1251:
1250:Bonavista Bay
1248:red". In the
1247:
1246:fishing stage
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:cod liver oil
1227:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:Port au Choix
1163:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1039:, in Western
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
990:
988:
985:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
949:
947:
946:Assembly area
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
907:
904:
903:Ancient Roman
899:
892:
890:
883:
881:
879:
878:Ebers Papyrus
875:
871:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
848:Ancient Egypt
841:
840:Ancient Egypt
836:
830:Ancient Egypt
829:
827:
825:
824:Maasai people
821:
817:
810:
806:
802:
795:
789:
785:
778:
773:
770:cave, France.
769:
765:
758:
753:
751:
747:
745:
741:
737:
736:British Isles
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
708:
707:
704:
700:
693:
690:
683:
681:
680:Great Goddess
676:
671: 16,500
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
606:Homo sapiens.
600:
592:
587:
578:
573:
566:
561:
557:
553:
546:
541:
534:
529:
522:
517:
510:
505:
498:
493:
489:
482:
477:
475:
473:
468:
459:
456:
453:
449:
446:
443:
442:lepidocrocite
439:
435:
434:Brown ochre,
432:
429:
426:
423:
408:
384:
381:
379:
375:
372:
357:
351:
348:
347:
343:
338:
334:
332:
328:
320:
318:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
269:
262:
258:
255:
252:
245:
241:
238:
237:Ancient Greek
234:
233:
224:
203:
197:Ochre pigment
195:
185:
181:
177:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
157:(58, 87, 37°)
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
131:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
73:
71:
67:
61:
55:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4714:Imperial red
4317:Peach-yellow
4302:Navajo white
4233:Light yellow
4193:Harvest gold
4114:Cosmic latte
3768:Orange (web)
3738:Light orange
3600:Butterscotch
3595:Burnt orange
3570:Alloy orange
3460:Walnut brown
3291:
3223:Harvest gold
3213:Golden brown
3183:Earth yellow
3030:Burnt sienna
2863:Yellow ochre
2819:Yellow ochre
2807:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2750:
2746:
2728:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2685:
2659:
2650:
2637:
2628:
2615:
2605:
2597:the original
2592:
2582:
2571:. Retrieved
2561:
2553:
2548:
2537:the original
2532:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2481:
2477:
2452:
2442:
2431:. Retrieved
2424:
2416:
2407:
2403:
2390:
2382:Google Books
2380:– via
2374:. Retrieved
2359:
2352:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:the original
2327:
2318:
2307:. Retrieved
2305:. Nma.gov.au
2297:
2286:. Retrieved
2282:
2259:. Retrieved
2255:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2179:. Retrieved
2175:the original
2165:
2154:. Retrieved
2143:
2123:
2113:
2102:. Retrieved
2098:the original
2088:
2079:
2070:
2050:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2016:
2009:
1990:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1944:cite journal
1917:
1907:
1899:
1894:
1881:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1788:
1779:
1771:
1766:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1705:
1695:
1690:
1677:
1669:
1664:
1644:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1607:A. G. Bulakh
1601:
1590:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1542:
1537:
1518:Red pigments
1453:
1450:Thomas Hardy
1447:
1423:
1414:
1400:
1384:
1369:
1365:beef sausage
1349:sausage roll
1318:
1303:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1266:
1258:
1242:
1234:Scandinavian
1223:
1206:Newfoundland
1203:
1187:such as the
1154:Newfoundland
1151:
1139:
1136:Māori people
1133:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1081:
1068:
1053:
1049:
1013:
986:
977:triumphators
954:
950:
941:
921:
911:
887:
870:Stone Quarry
860:
845:
813:
764:yellow ochre
748:
714:The Ancient
713:
706:
702:
699:
689:Aurignacians
685:
644:Blombos Cave
641:
633:Neanderthals
610:
605:
602:
486:Limonite, a
463:
433:
428:Purple ochre
427:
406:
382:
377:
355:
350:Yellow ochre
349:
341:
324:
308:
303:
299:
291:ferric oxide
278:
274:
267:
264:
257:
250:
247:
240:
201:
200:
183:
5027:Salmon pink
4847:Persian red
4763:Light coral
4640:Cornell red
4521:Bittersweet
4312:Papaya whip
3916:Tiger’s Eye
3778:Papaya whip
3763:Orange peel
3366:Sandy brown
3134:Desert sand
3109:Cocoa Brown
3035:Burnt umber
3015:Brown sugar
2956:Black olive
2871:, Colourlex
2865:, Colourlex
2824:Brown ochre
2552:The Times,
2033:24 November
1882:WebExhibits
1483:Attic ochre
1353:brown bread
1263:Renaissance
1238:linseed oil
1181: 1000
1130:New Zealand
1024:Arnhem Land
874:medicinally
652:paleolithic
613:Le Moustier
378:gold ochre.
329:, known as
256:, from
235:; from
178:Deep orange
74:#CC7722
70:Hex triplet
5118:Categories
5052:Turkey red
4973:Rosy brown
4958:Rose taupe
4948:Rose ebony
4872:Red (CMYK)
4803:OU crimson
4788:Misty rose
4719:Indian red
4694:Fire brick
4630:Coral pink
4625:Coquelicot
4228:Lemon-lime
4060:Chartreuse
3921:Titian Red
3445:Titian Red
3376:Seal brown
3203:Field drab
2951:Black bean
2796:57: 15–30.
2616:Britannica
2573:2009-04-16
2433:2012-12-27
2343:2012-12-27
2309:2012-12-27
2288:2024-05-23
2261:2024-05-23
2181:2012-12-27
2156:2018-05-13
2104:2012-12-27
1710:1278-1280.
1524:References
1493:Lead ochre
1488:Iron ochre
1434:Taungurung
1372:Roussillon
1306:Roussillon
1210:vernacular
1123:duguldugul
1056:Ochre Pits
1037:Lake Mungo
1005:Ochre Pits
1001:Aboriginal
908:and towns.
788:Gravettian
784:Pech Merle
722:historian
666:in Spain (
660:Pech Merle
617:Mousterian
597:See also:
593:Prehistory
488:mineraloid
275:iron ochre
18:Ochraceous
5149:Iron ores
5057:Vermilion
5017:Rusty red
4963:Rose vale
4889:Red (NCS)
4867:Red-brown
4768:Light red
4605:Chili red
4531:Blood red
4188:Goldenrod
4055:Champagne
3926:UT orange
3906:Tangerine
3827:Persimmon
3694:Goldenrod
3302:Red-brown
3297:Raw umber
3218:Goldenrod
3099:Chocolate
3055:Chamoisee
2869:Red ochre
2814:Red Ochre
2376:24 August
1529:Citations
1415:red ochre
1403:tinctures
1141:waka taua
1117:white as
1115:gumbarri,
1045:Mungo Man
1020:Kimberley
991:Australia
961:Black Sea
926:Miltiades
648:Mungo Man
467:non-toxic
383:Red ochre
344:) pigment
342:Goldochre
300:red ochre
4968:Rosewood
4953:Rose red
4808:Penn red
4798:Old rose
4778:Mahogany
4689:Falu red
4684:Dark red
4635:Cordovan
4615:Cinnabar
4556:Cardinal
4541:Burgundy
4516:Barn red
4307:Old gold
4198:Icterine
4035:Aureolin
3931:Xanthous
3743:Mahogany
3455:Van Dyke
3282:Mahogany
3124:Cordovan
3094:Chestnut
3025:Burgundy
2847:Archived
2834:Archived
2831:A recipe
2664:Archived
2642:Archived
2620:Archived
2410:: 58–66.
2225:12594511
1886:Archived
1850:42968840
1842:11102266
1807:65468616
1787:(2006).
1750:12594511
1473:Falu red
1462:See also
1440:people.
1389:and the
1380:Provence
1376:Vaucluse
1341:oak bark
1314:Provence
1310:Vaucluse
1270:Pozzuoli
1226:seal oil
1121:and red
934:Assembly
852:orpiment
740:bog iron
724:Jordanes
695:—
625:goethite
556:Provence
474:system.
438:goethite
422:hematite
371:hydrated
354:FeO(OH)·
331:limonite
296:hematite
5032:Scarlet
4933:Redwood
4679:Crimson
4595:Carmine
4396:Vanilla
4386:Sunglow
4361:Saffron
4292:Mustard
4287:Mindaro
4213:Jonquil
4208:Jasmine
4139:Gamboge
4109:Citrine
4025:Apricot
3901:Tangelo
3857:Saffron
3842:Pumpkin
3580:Apricot
3391:Sinopia
3307:Redwood
3267:Kobicha
3208:Fulvous
3050:Caramel
2675:Sources
2498:, p. 99
2453:Reuters
2233:4365526
2205:Bibcode
1758:4365526
1730:Bibcode
1549:. 1969.
1329:England
1325:Brixham
1321:Britain
1308:in the
1280:earth.
1274:Tuscany
1219:England
1193:Chumash
1158:Beothuk
1058:in the
982:Pompeii
973:sinopia
924:(hence
856:arsenic
820:Namibia
768:Lascaux
734:of the
675:Lascaux
621:bitumen
369:, is a
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5047:Tomato
5022:Salmon
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4783:Maroon
4773:Madder
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4724:Jasper
4709:Garnet
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4620:Claret
4600:Cerise
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4446:
4440:Yellow
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4391:Sunset
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4104:Citron
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4050:Canary
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3386:Sienna
3351:Russet
3346:Rufous
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3287:Maroon
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3193:Fallow
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3129:Coyote
3119:Copper
3114:Coffee
3104:Citron
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2971:Bronze
2946:Bistre
2936:Beaver
2931:Almond
2926:Auburn
2768:
2757:
2738:
2703:
2692:
2554:Police
2367:
2231:
2223:
2197:Nature
2131:
2058:
2024:
1997:
1978:(3–8).
1848:
1840:
1805:
1795:
1756:
1748:
1722:Nature
1651:
1438:Aṉangu
1409:; the
1361:pepper
1359:, and
1337:tallow
1278:sienna
1189:Tongva
1106:gidyi.
1102:gubarr
1092:wilgee
969:Turkey
942:miltos
922:míltos
906:villas
796:Africa
728:Gaelic
720:Gothic
448:Sienna
315:copper
304:ruddle
268:ōkhrós
163:Source
135:CIELCh
52:
4857:Poppy
4704:Folly
4401:Wheat
4381:Straw
4277:Maize
4218:Khaki
4203:Ivory
4119:Cream
4040:Beige
4020:Amber
3911:Tawny
3817:Peach
3748:Melon
3674:Flame
3654:Coral
3590:Brown
3575:Amber
3470:Wheat
3465:Wenge
3450:Umber
3440:Tawny
3435:Taupe
3381:Sepia
3292:Ochre
3277:Liver
3262:Khaki
3040:Camel
3010:Brown
2941:Beige
2540:(PDF)
2529:(PDF)
2474:(PDF)
2400:(PDF)
2229:S2CID
1846:S2CID
1754:S2CID
1659:p. 30
1543:ocher
1119:larli
1082:gapan
965:Sinop
938:Agora
932:when
916:. In
867:Aswan
816:Himba
805:Himba
732:Celts
716:Picts
554:, in
458:Umber
279:ocher
277:, or
261:ὠχρός
251:ṓkhra
239:
202:Ochre
47:Ochre
5062:Wine
4978:Rust
4943:Rose
4938:Rojo
4852:Pink
4356:Pear
4272:Lion
4144:Gold
4134:Flax
4129:Ecru
4045:Buff
3847:Rust
3684:Gold
3361:Sand
3356:Rust
3272:Lion
3198:Fawn
3188:Ecru
3020:Buff
2966:Bone
2961:Bole
2766:ISBN
2755:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2701:ISBN
2690:ISBN
2378:2023
2365:ISBN
2221:PMID
2129:ISBN
2056:ISBN
2035:2014
2022:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1957:help
1838:PMID
1803:OCLC
1793:ISBN
1746:PMID
1649:ISBN
1436:and
1357:salt
1339:and
1191:and
1134:The
1022:and
313:and
244:ὤχρα
232:-kər
81:sRGB
4862:Red
3430:Tan
3178:Dun
2213:doi
2201:421
1930:hdl
1922:doi
1830:doi
1738:doi
1726:421
1405:in
1347:in
1333:tar
1319:In
1228:or
1214:cod
1204:In
1152:In
1104:or
967:in
955:In
846:In
311:tin
306:).
281:in
108:HSV
5120::
2729:21
2658:.
2636:.
2618:.
2614:.
2591:.
2531:.
2480:.
2476:.
2461:^
2451:.
2406:.
2402:.
2281:.
2270:^
2254:.
2241:^
2227:.
2219:.
2211:.
2199:.
2078:.
1976:14
1974:.
1948::
1946:}}
1942:{{
1928:.
1918:74
1916:.
1884:.
1880:.
1844:.
1836:.
1826:39
1824:.
1801:.
1752:.
1744:.
1736:.
1724:.
1635:^
1589:.
1545:.
1458:.
1421:.
1335:,
1327:,
1221:.
1178:c.
1018:,
984:.
746:.
738:,
682:.
668:c.
387:Fe
385:,
352:,
317:.
230:OH
220:ər
214:oʊ
148:,
144:,
137:uv
118:,
114:,
91:,
87:,
4488:e
4481:t
4474:v
3997:e
3990:t
3983:v
3542:e
3535:t
3528:v
2903:e
2896:t
2889:v
2772:.
2761:.
2742:.
2707:.
2696:.
2576:.
2482:3
2455:.
2436:.
2408:7
2384:.
2346:.
2312:.
2291:.
2264:.
2235:.
2215::
2207::
2184:.
2159:.
2137:.
2107:.
2082:.
2064:.
2037:.
2003:.
1959:)
1955:(
1938:.
1932::
1924::
1852:.
1832::
1809:.
1760:.
1740::
1732::
1657:.
1244:"
1094:.
1084:.
418:O
414:2
409:H
407:n
405:·
401:3
396:O
392:2
367:O
363:2
358:H
356:n
271:)
265:(
254:)
248:(
223:/
217:k
211:ˈ
208:/
204:(
184:B
152:)
150:h
146:C
142:L
140:(
122:)
120:v
116:s
112:h
110:(
95:)
93:b
89:g
85:r
83:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.