542:
1446:
1434:
3405:
2611:
1748:
1418:
1458:
735:. They allegedly did "their best to exploit" the tribes in those areas "who did not use the canoe, by bartering with them bits of iron and steel and worn-out European articles for extravagant quantities of furs." For example, "the Crees gave the Ottawas 'all their beaver robes for old knives, blunted awls, wretched nets and kettles used until they were past service.'"
32:
877:, across the river from the site of Pontiac's birth. While the British had encouraged the Native American efforts, they did not want to get drawn into open conflict again with the United States and withdrew from offering direct support to the tribes. Wayne's army defeated several hundred members of the Indian confederacy at the
853:. He hoped to build on their support to exclude European-American colonists from his territory in northwest Ohio and southern Michigan. The defeat of the British by the United States had a far-ranging influence on British-allied Native American tribes, as many were forced to cede their land to the United States.
864:
In 1792 President George
Washington sent Major Alexander Truman, his servant William Lynch, and guide/interpreter William Smalley on a peace mission to the tribes. Truman and Lynch were killed; Truman was apparently killed prior to April 20, 1792 at Lower Tawa Town, an Ottawa village (Ottawa, Putnam
771:. The European introduction of guns and other weapons to some of their trading partners had disrupted the traditional balance of power in the region and changed economic risks and rewards. All indigenous peoples on both sides were disrupted or decimated; some groups, such as the Iroquoian-speaking
786:
and established a trading post. Many Odawa moved there from their traditional homeland of
Manitoulin Island near the Bruce Peninsula, and Wyandot (Huron) also moved near the post. Some Odawa had already settled across northern Michigan in the Lower Peninsula, and more bands established villages
722:
The mostly highly prized fur was beaver, popular in Europe. Other furs traded included deer, marten, raccoon, fox, otter, and muskrat. In exchange the Odawa received "hatchets, knives, kettles, traps, needles, fish hooks, cloth and blankets, jewelry and decorative items, and later firearms and
909:
men and captured five
English traders. Down to as few as twenty warriors the Miami tried to negotiate terms of surrender, and Langlade promised to allow the Miami men to return home if they handed over the English. The Miami sent only three of the five Englishmen. When the Englishmen reached
971:
Many Odawa bands moved away from the
European Americans into northern Michigan. The tribes retained communal control of relatively small pockets of land in the territory of the Maumee River. Bands of Odawa-occupied areas known as Roche de Boeuf, and Wolf Rapids on the upper Maumee River.
856:
Following the
Revolutionary War, in the 1790s, Egushawa, together with numerous members of other regional tribes, including the Wyandot and Council of Three Fires, Shawnee, Lenape, and Mingo, fought the United States in a series of battles and campaigns in what became known as the
1015:
were 1,497, of whom about half were Odawa. There were 197 Odawa listed as associated with the Seneca School in
Oklahoma, where some Odawa had settled after the American Civil War. In 1900 in Michigan there were 5,587 scattered Ojibwe and Odawa, of whom about two-thirds are Odawa.
744:
1046:
people related to their land, to their people, and various other means of communicating their values, outlooks and histories in and around
Northern Michigan. These stories have been translated into English by Howard Webkamigada and published as the book
420:
Their neighbors applied the "Trader" name to the Odawa because in early traditional times, and also during the early
European contact period, they were noted as intertribal traders and barterers. The Odawa were described as having dealt "chiefly in
3133:
790:
With movements of the tribes in relation to warfare and colonial encroachment, the tribes settled in roughly the following pattern: "Sandwiched between the French, in the north and west, and the
English, in the south and east, the
914:. He was killed, boiled and eaten in front of his warriors. Afterward the Odawa released the Miami women and left for Detroit with four captured Englishmen and more than $ 300,000 worth (in today's dollars) of trade goods.
642:"Their arms consisted only of a bow and arrows, a buckler of boiled leather and the club. They wore no breech clouts, their bodies were tattooed in many fashions and designs, their faces painted and their noses pierced."
599:
during the Middle
Woodland period, may have evolved into the Odawa people. The Hopewell tradition was a widely extended trading network operating from about 200BCE to 500 CE. Some of these peoples constructed earthwork
323:. This large family is made up of numerous smaller tribal groups or "bands," which are commonly called a "Tribe" in the United States and "First Nation" in Canada. Their language is considered a divergent dialect of
541:
987:
in Ohio (34 square miles total). These were only reserves, for which they were paid annuities for ten years. Pressure continued to build against the Odawa as European-American settlers moved into the area.
2664:
1731:
1674:
3393:
2599:
976:
910:
Langlade's lines, one of his men stabbed one of them to death, scalped the Englishman, and ripped his heart out and ate it in front of the Miami men. Langlade's men seized the Miami chief
937:, the Odawa and other members of the Western Confederacy ceded all of Ohio to the United States, except the northwest area. This was part of the area controlled by the Detroit Odawa.
4024:
3279:
1023:
numbers about 4,700. There are about 10,000 persons who identify as Odawa in the United States, with the majority in Michigan. Another several thousand live in Ontario, Canada.
3961:
2735:
2634:
1478:
1238:
1027:
1799:(1780-1846), Odawa-French fur trader and businesswoman, also supported public education for children on Mackinac Island; added in 1984 to Michigan's Women's Hall of Fame
3386:
2771:
2621:
2592:
671:
interior nations became known to Europeans by the names the Odawa used for them, rather than by the nations’ own names (endonyms). For example, these exonyms include
2649:
3801:
1718:
1195:) was the principal one, located near Presque Isle. Ottokee and his band lived at the mouth of the Maumee River; he was a son of Otussa and grandson of chief
4085:
2694:
1131:
By the end of the eighteenth century, the Ottawa in Ohio were concentrated in the northwest area along the Maumee River (which has its mouth at Lake Erie.)
775:, were exterminated as tribes. But by the mid-17th century, the tribes were more severely affected by new infectious diseases than warfare. Lacking acquired
995:, the US government arranged for the Odawa to cede their reserves in 1831. The four following bands eventually all removed to areas of Kansas, then part of
472:. The Odawa home territory at the time of early European contact, but not their trading zone, was well to the west of the city and river named after them.
4162:
4157:
3379:
3371:
3105:
2585:
2577:
236:
659:
of 1667 reported that three tribes lived in the same town: the Odawa, the Kiskakon Odawa, and the Sinago Odawa. All three tribes spoke the same language.
3409:
2659:
1498:
1450:
1260:
1225:
414:
711:) usually referred to any Algonquian speaker from the Great Lakes region as an Odawa. In their own language, the Odawa (like the Ojibwe) identified as
4075:
3608:
3238:
304:
in what became the United States. In the 21st century, there are a total of approximately 15,000 Odawa living in Ontario, Canada, and in Michigan and
1591:
1176:
795:
settled in present-day Indiana and western Ohio; the Ottawa settled in Northwest Ohio along the Maumee, the Auglaize, and the Blanchard rivers; the
546:
1701:
Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Michigan (formerly "Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 8", currently recognized by Michigan)
759:
The Odawa had disputes and warfare with other tribes, particularly over the lucrative fur trade. For example, the tribe once waged war against the
3253:
516:. Of the estimated 5,000 ethnic Odawa and additional 10,000 people with some Odawa ancestry, in the early 21st century an estimated 500 people in
1216:
2728:
861:. The Indians hoped to repulse the European-American pioneers coming to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, but were finally defeated.
3138:
2767:
2669:
2484:
2470:
251:
3986:
3628:
2904:
2465:. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2009. This work was a 2010 Michigan Notable Book selected by the Library of Michigan.
3548:
2089:
1585:
3956:
3421:
2654:
1488:
1438:
1247:
3568:
2674:
232:
3438:
2530:
2041:
4152:
4065:
3794:
3493:
3433:
2721:
2235:
2213:
2189:
2075:
1982:
1945:
2930:
2361:
Janet E. Rozick, "Side Cut, Farnsworth, Bend View, and Providence Metroparks", pp. 10–11 (Cited to Tanner, 48 – 51), Larry Angelo,
1152:
980:
1445:
1134:
The reservations and reserves listed below resulted from the Treaty of Greenville (1795), and following ones. These are listed by
4090:
1621:
1579:
3966:
2684:
247:. Their territory long preceded the creation of the current border between the two countries in the 18th and 19th centuries.
2679:
1688:
1312:
390:
4167:
3703:
2279:
558:
3787:
3223:
3192:
3148:
2644:
2639:
1663:
1433:
975:
In 1817, in the first treaty involving land cessions after the War of 1812, the Ohio Odawa ceded their lands, accepting
646:
In 1616, Champlain left the Huron villages and visited the "Cheueux releuez," who lived westward from the lands of the
4147:
4142:
4137:
3583:
3458:
3243:
2945:
2940:
2542:
1852:
1657:
1557:
1530:
1402:
1396:
1330:
1188:
1162:
1998:
763:. In the mid-17th century the Odawa allied with other Algonquian tribes around the Great Lakes against the powerful
3518:
3468:
3218:
2950:
2629:
1721:, Michigan (formerly "Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Units 11 through 17", currently recognized by Michigan)
1633:
1524:
1518:
1321:
1293:
1049:
Ottawa Stories from the Springs, Anishinaabe dibaadjimowinan wodi gaa binjibaamigak wodi mookodjiwong ezhinikaadek
992:
898:
850:
830:
has historically been reported to have been born at the confluence of the Maumee and Auglaize rivers, where modern
732:
4080:
3901:
3488:
3473:
2520:
2024:
1881:
1603:
1551:
1359:
1182:
1168:
1035:
1031:
1012:
3733:
3588:
2348:
4070:
3598:
3553:
3342:
3284:
3228:
1760:
1639:
1615:
1573:
1508:
1387:
1303:
1202:
1020:
878:
525:
1284:
1034:
devoted approximately two years of study in the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians community.
580:, Michigan, the southern group of Anishinaabeg divided into three groups, the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi.
4100:
3829:
3528:
3295:
3258:
3248:
3197:
3187:
3143:
2958:
2779:
1821:
1752:
1651:
1597:
1406:
1391:
1383:
1354:
1350:
1325:
1272:
1242:
1196:
1146:
1090:
827:
292:, Canada. They considered this their original homeland. After the 17th century, they also settled along the
255:
2414:
3503:
3498:
3336:
2935:
1894:
1796:
1645:
1609:
1375:
1316:
1297:
635:
608:
601:
359:
1727:
Muskegon River Band of Ottawa Indians, Michigan (formerly "Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 5")
1342:
1115:
3359:
2256:
2139:
1810:
1371:
1172:
984:
957:
918:
823:
607:
The Odawa, together with the Ojibwe and Potawatomi, were part of a long-term tribal alliance called the
3330:
3300:
1338:
1100:
3994:
3946:
3513:
3353:
3347:
3324:
3312:
3263:
3093:
2912:
2490:
2322:
2122:
1730:
Ottawa Colony Band of Grand River Ottawa Indians, Michigan (currently recognized only as part of the
1627:
1346:
1268:
1135:
1070:
934:
874:
858:
728:
612:
573:
320:
2376:
1080:
4014:
3738:
3110:
3060:
3016:
2894:
2833:
2759:
2527:
Vol. N-Z, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1910, pp. 167–172, full text online
1120:
922:
819:
708:
623:
505:
479:
367:
328:
1007:
The population of the different Odawa groups has been estimated. In 1906, the Ojibwe and Odawa on
826:
in the North American colonies. They made raids against Anglo-American colonists. The Odawa chief
3971:
3688:
3668:
3578:
3202:
3116:
3099:
3050:
2922:
2751:
1379:
1288:
1255:
1251:
1085:
953:
776:
592:
141:
901:
began assembling an allied war party of Odawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibwe warriors who traveled to
3713:
3698:
3683:
3663:
3658:
3055:
2480:
2466:
2453:
2231:
2209:
2185:
2071:
1978:
1941:
1534:
1276:
1095:
1008:
945:
752:
577:
277:
604:
for burials, a practice that ended about 250 CE. The Saugeen mounds have not been excavated.
4032:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3693:
3678:
3673:
3643:
3638:
3618:
3463:
3318:
2843:
2497:
1825:
1766:
1019:
In the early 21st century, the total number of enrolled members of the federally recognized
996:
835:
655:
460:
The Odawa name in its English transcription is the source of the place names of the city of
407:
355:
309:
205:
87:
4004:
3748:
3728:
3653:
3538:
3483:
3453:
3165:
3045:
2793:
2755:
2536:
2380:
2045:
2002:
1877:
1806:
1367:
1363:
1307:
1105:
596:
588:
501:
385:
324:
285:
258:
95:
91:
1975:
Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas
557:(birch bark scrolls), the Odawa people came from the eastern areas of North America, or
4132:
4009:
3916:
3911:
3881:
3768:
3723:
3718:
3648:
3613:
2886:
1538:
1220:
1110:
941:
831:
815:
796:
724:
647:
584:
495:
483:
398:
noting that it meant "men of the bulrushes", associated with the many bulrushes in the
316:
174:
99:
1457:
4126:
3593:
3563:
3558:
3443:
3306:
3233:
3081:
3010:
2980:
866:
764:
668:
616:
426:
240:
57:
1191:, Ohio – 34-mile square reserve on the south side of the river. McCarty's Village (
3999:
3896:
3891:
3866:
3708:
3543:
3533:
3087:
3065:
3004:
2998:
2824:
2818:
2787:
2763:
1802:
1772:
1156:
1075:
965:
949:
906:
902:
886:
882:
870:
792:
783:
554:
475:
469:
399:
293:
120:
1747:
2164:"Biography – PONTIAC – Volume III (1741-1770) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
2163:
999:: the Blanchard's Creek, Little Auglaize, Roche de Boeuf, and Wolf Rapids bands.
940:
In 1807, the Detroit Odawa joined three other tribes, the Ojibwe, Potawatomi and
905:. They attacked the village in mid-morning on June 21, 1752, and killed thirteen
834:, later developed. In 1763, after the British had defeated France, Pontiac led a
482:, developed at the site of the last Ottawa reservation in Ohio. There is also an
4042:
3921:
3876:
3810:
3290:
3028:
2974:
2863:
2853:
2803:
2146:(University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, 1986) pp. 3, 58–59; and R. Douglas Hurt,
1856:
1790:
1043:
1039:
772:
768:
743:
712:
388:, a Catholic missionary in Michigan, transliterated this and recorded it in his
375:
301:
262:
2283:
1417:
845:(also spelled Agushawa), who had a village at the mouth of the Maumee River on
3871:
3861:
3508:
3181:
3161:
3153:
2875:
2813:
849:(where Toledo later developed) led the Odawa as an ally of the British in the
692:
565:
along the East Coast (where there are numerous Algonquian-language peoples).
281:
270:
137:
1199:. His group were the last of the Odawa to remove in 1839 from Ohio to Kansas.
948:
under pressure from the United States. The agreement, between the tribes and
4057:
4037:
3951:
3941:
3926:
3886:
2986:
2839:
2031:
Vol. N-Z, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1910, pp. 167–172
1815:
1793:(ca. 1807–1902), first Native American to be ordained as an Episcopal priest
846:
760:
700:
112:
2713:
2458:
Edwin Mellen Press, 2007. (described by academic journal as a vanity press)
1769:(ca. 1814/7–1908), tribal leader, historian, and author of tribal histories
1995:
838:, but he was unable to prevent British colonial settlement of the region.
779:
to these European diseases, they suffered epidemics with high fatalities.
300:
and Wisconsin. They also occupied other areas of the Midwest south of the
31:
3839:
3478:
3413:
3404:
3022:
2992:
2807:
2610:
1784:
1778:
1546:
1462:
1426:
911:
842:
804:
696:
680:
562:
521:
500:
The Odawa dialect is considered one of several divergent dialects of the
422:
305:
297:
65:
61:
3134:
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
917:
This French-led victory over the English is believed to have led to the
787:
around and south of Detroit. Their area extended into present-day Ohio.
667:
Due to the extensive trade network maintained by the Odawa, many of the
350:, meaning "to trade," or "to buy and sell"). This term is common to the
3976:
3931:
3906:
3851:
3813:
3603:
2881:
1831:
1542:
800:
748:
517:
465:
446:
402:. But, this recorded meaning is more appropriately associated with the
289:
116:
74:
3779:
2252:"Treaty Between the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot, and Potawatomi Indians"
1565:
Other recognized/status governments with significant Odawa populations
276:
After migrating from the East Coast in ancient times, they settled on
4108:
4047:
3936:
3856:
3821:
3743:
3573:
2869:
2849:
2797:
1422:
811:
704:
572:(luminescent) beings, the Anishinaabe peoples moved inland along the
461:
438:
266:
244:
133:
70:
2510:
2445:
Odawa Language and Legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima,
2309:
1165:, Ohio – Meshkemau's Village, Wassonquet's Village, Waugau's Village
2251:
3523:
3448:
2829:
1746:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1416:
742:
684:
540:
2477:
Masters of Empire: Great Lakes Indians and the Making of America.
1399:, Ontario (formerly known as "Cockburn Island 19 Indian Reserve")
3843:
2463:
Our People, Our Journey: The Little River Band of Ottawa Indians
2418:
1755:
speaking at a council on April 27, 1763, 19th-century engraving.
1732:
Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan
1675:
Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan
1239:
Grand Traverse Indian Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land
961:
508:. In the Odawa language, the general language group is known as
454:
450:
434:
363:
351:
3783:
3375:
2717:
2581:
2567:
2392:
1938:
Siege and Survival: History of the Menominee Indians, 1634–1856
2572:
727:, the Odawa had a monopoly on all fur trade that came through
545:
Mid-18th century sketch of an Odawa family by British soldier
442:
430:
217:
2562:
2557:
2111:. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 4.
553:
According to Anishinaabeg tradition, and from recordings in
2351:. U.S. Government Printing Office – via Google Books.
2148:
The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720–1830
2129:. Cleveland, OH: The World Publishing Company. p. 188.
1226:
Ottawas of Roche de Bœuf and Wolf Rapids Indian Reservation
767:(of present-day New York) and their Iroquois allies in the
223:
208:
413:
The only tribe in the United States that is Odawa are the
2374:
1775:(born 1967), black ash basket weaver and birch bark biter
634:(hair lifted, raised, rolled up)), near the mouth of the
374:
and the English derivative "Ottawa" are also common. The
254:
tribes in the United States and have numerous recognized
2150:(Indiana University Press: Bloomington, 1998), pp. 8–12.
1711:
Grand River Bands of Ottawa Indians, Michigan (formerly
1175:, Ontario (located 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) east of
2042:"The Archaeology of Ontario-The Middle Woodland Period"
691:) for the Dakota. From the early days of the colony of
2066:
Williamson, Pamela, and Roberts, John (2nd ed. 2004).
1554:, located on the Wiikwemkoong Unceded Reserve, Ontario
1026:
There has been one major anthropological study of the
346:, is believed to be derived from the Anishinaabe word
2206:
Native American Power in the United States, 1783–1795
1233:
Current reserves/reservations and associated villages
810:
In the mid-18th century, the Odawa allied with their
220:
956:, gave the United States a large portion of today's
214:
4099:
4056:
4023:
3985:
3838:
3820:
3627:
3420:
3272:
3211:
3174:
3126:
3074:
3038:
2967:
2921:
2903:
2778:
2693:
2620:
2349:"Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico: N-Z"
2200:
2198:
1683:
Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Units 3 and 4
1560:, Ontario (formerly "Cockburn Island First Nation")
378:word for "Those men who trade, or buy and sell" is
211:
181:
170:
162:
151:
127:
106:
81:
51:
41:
2558:Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
2363:The Migration of the Ottawas from 1615 to Present,
2070:, p. 102. Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications.
1479:Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
1028:Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
695:, the Odawa became so important to the French and
626:met 300 men of a nation which, he said, "we call
576:. At the "Third Stopping Place" near what is now
239:region, now in jurisdictions of the northeastern
2772:History of Native Americans in the United States
2456:, 1763: The History of a Native American People,
2208:, p. 203. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
2109:Wisconsin's Past and Present: A Historical Atlas
1594:, Ontario (formerly "Cape Croker First Nation")
1185:, Ohio – Nawash's Village, Tontaganie's Village
1127:Former reserves/reservations and their villages
296:, and in what became the present-day states of
2479:New York Hill and Wang, 2015. Maps. 416 pp.
1217:Ottawas of Blanchard's Fork Indian Reservation
3795:
3387:
2729:
2593:
2525:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico,
2029:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico,
1964:, p. 49. The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company.
1719:Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians
8:
4086:Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School
2452:The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at
1736:Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 3
1713:Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 3
1706:Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 9
1704:Genesee Valley Indian Association (formerly
1503:Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 1
1493:Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 7
1483:Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 2
1065:Former villages not on reserves/reservations
24:
3106:Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands
2305:
2303:
2301:
2280:"Waterville, Ohio: Roche de Bout Metropark"
2184:, pp. 46–47. University of Michigan Press.
2107:The Wisconsin Cartographers' Guild (1998).
1853:"Odawa Ottawa First Nation Portal Websites"
1679:Gun Lake Band of Grand River Ottawa Indians
537:Oral histories and early recorded histories
3802:
3788:
3780:
3394:
3380:
3372:
2736:
2722:
2714:
2600:
2586:
2578:
2568:Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians
1499:Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians
1061:The following are or were Odawa villages:
885:and about 11 miles upriver of present-day
611:. Together they fought the nations of the
595:-influenced group who were located on the
250:Their peoples are federally recognized as
30:
23:
3239:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
2230:. New York: Riverhead Books. p. 50.
2127:The Explorers of North America: 1492–1806
865:County Ohio). In a campaign during 1794,
807:(Lenape) in Southeast and Eastern Ohio."
415:Little Traverse Bay Band of Odawa Indians
235:people who primarily inhabit land in the
2347:Hodge, Frederick Webb (April 10, 1910).
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1973:Wurm, Stephen A., et al. (eds.) (1996).
1962:The City of Detroit, Michigan, 1701–1922
1956:
1954:
1592:Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation
1142:Also see Lee Sultzman, "Ottawa History"
410:band who lived along the Ottawa River.
3254:Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum
2158:
2156:
1996:Status of Indian Languages in Oklahoma.
1977:, p. 1118. Walter de Gruyter & Co.
1940:, p. 27. University of Nebraska Press.
1844:
1053:
185:Daawaaying, Daawaaw’kii, Nishnaabew’kii
1261:Little Traverse Bay Indian Reservation
148:
2768:Native Americans in the United States
2044:. Ontario Archaeology. Archived from
1925:A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language
1763:(1768-1866), chief and public servant
1586:Chippewas of Kettle & Stony Point
869:built a string of forts in the upper
512:, while the Odawa language is called
391:A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language
7:
1818:(1787–1885), merchant and fur trader
1724:Maple River Band of Ottawa, Michigan
52:Regions with significant populations
3957:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
3280:Native American place names in Ohio
2563:Little River Band of Ottawa Indians
2417:. mackinacbands.com. Archived from
2144:Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History
1895:"First Nations Culture Areas Index"
1715:, currently recognized by Michigan)
1489:Little River Band of Ottawa Indians
1470:Recognized/status Odawa governments
1421:Seal of the Grand Traverse Band of
782:In 1701 the French colonists built
265:, related to but distinct from the
4163:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
4158:Native American tribes in Michigan
3709:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
2615:Native American tribes in Michigan
1960:Burton, Clarence M. (ed.) (1922).
1824:(ca. 1720–1769), chief. Leader of
1521:(formerly "West Bay First Nation")
417:; the rest are considered Ottawa.
16:Indigenous people of North America
14:
4066:Anishinabek Educational Institute
2323:"Ottawa Stories from the Springs"
1403:Zhiibaahaasing 19A Indian Reserve
1140:American Indians North of Mexico.
615:(who came from the East) and the
3403:
3127:Prehistoric communities or sites
2609:
1622:Sagamok Anishnawbek First Nation
1580:Aundeck-Omni-Kaning First Nation
1397:Zhiibaahaasing 19 Indian Reserve
1331:Walpole Island 46 Indian Reserve
204:
2447:Xlibris, 2006. (self-published)
1899:Canadian Museum of Civilization
1322:Sheshegwaning 20 Indian Reserve
1248:Little River Indian Reservation
703:that before 1670, colonists in
288:in the present-day province of
261:in Canada. They are one of the
2521:Frederick Webb Hodge, "Ottawa"
2310:Lee Sultzman, "Ottawa History"
2025:Frederick Webb Hodge, "Ottawa"
1696:Unrecognized Odawa governments
1689:Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation
1300:(formerly known as "West Bay")
1042:stories that speak of how the
504:group, noted for its frequent
280:, near the northern shores of
1:
3917:Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")
2500:: Indian Tribal Series, 1976.
2228:The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee
2006:Intertribal Wordpath Society.
1828:against British and Americans
1313:Point Grondine Indian Reserve
1205:, Ohio – Kinjoino's Village (
836:rebellion against the British
814:trading partners against the
799:settled in Central Ohio; the
4076:Canadian residential schools
3224:Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)
3139:Archaeological sites in Ohio
2539:at The Canadian Encyclopedia
2533:, The Archaeology of Ontario
2531:"The Middle Woodland Period"
1884:, accessed September 4, 2019
1664:Whitefish River First Nation
1461:Flag of the Ottawa Tribe of
1360:Wiikwemkoong Unceded Reserve
1294:M'Chigeeng 22 Indian Reserve
1263:, Michigan ("Wequetonsing" (
897:In the winter of 1751–1752,
723:alcohol." Up to the time of
327:, characterized by frequent
3244:Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum
2946:Two Mile Square Reservation
2941:Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation
2001:September 17, 2010, at the
1923:Baraga, Frederick. (1878).
1658:Whitefish Lake First Nation
1558:Zhiibaahaasing First Nation
1531:Walpole Island First Nation
1149:, Ohio – Oquanoxa's Village
960:and a section of northwest
925:on the European continent.
803:in Southwest Ohio; and the
561:, and from a region called
528:has three fluent speakers.
4184:
3219:Flint Ridge State Memorial
2951:Upper Sandusky Reservation
1913:Canadian Oxford Dictionary
1809:painter and member of the
1787:(ca. 1726–1796), war chief
1634:Serpent River First Nation
1525:Sheshegwaning First Nation
1189:South Maumee River Reserve
1163:North Maumee River Reserve
1032:Jane Willetts Ettawageshik
993:Indian Removal Act of 1830
881:, near the future site of
851:American Revolutionary War
733:Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
493:
321:Algonquian language family
4081:Hannahville Indian School
2749:
2327:Michigan State University
2180:Vogel, Virgil J. (1986).
1882:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1604:Garden River First Nation
1552:Wiikwemkoong First Nation
1451:Little Traverse Bay Bands
524:speak this language. The
366:, Odawa, and Ojibwe. The
132:
111:
86:
56:
46:
29:
4153:First Nations in Ontario
4091:U.S. residential schools
4071:Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School
3343:Treaty of Camp Charlotte
3285:Battle of Fallen Timbers
3229:Fort Hill State Memorial
2931:Blanchard's Fork Reserve
2744:Native Americans in Ohio
2665:Match-e-be-nash-she-wish
2573:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
2552:Official tribal websites
2182:Indian Names in Michigan
2094:faculty.marianopolis.edu
1834:(fl. 1762 – 1764), chief
1761:Jean-Baptiste Assiginack
1640:Sheguiandah First Nation
1616:Mississauga First Nation
1574:Aamjiwnaang First Nation
1509:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
1153:Blanchard's Fork Reserve
1021:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
879:Battle of Fallen Timbers
622:In 1615 French explorer
526:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
478:, is the county seat of
119:, traditional religion,
3674:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
3296:Indian removals in Ohio
3259:SunWatch Indian Village
3249:New Indian Ridge Museum
3198:Thunderbird (mythology)
2959:Indian removals in Ohio
2515:First Nations Histories
2475:McDonnell, Michael A.
1666:(Birch Island), Ontario
1654:(Parry Island), Ontario
1652:Wasauksing First Nation
1598:Chippewas of the Thames
1582:(Sucker Creek), Ontario
1519:M'Chigeeng First Nation
1138:in his 1910 history of
921:and contributed to the
3887:Grand Medicine Society
3410:Native American tribes
3337:Siege of Fort Recovery
2936:Moravian Indian Grants
2513:Shultzman, L. (2000).
2493:, and Cash, Joseph H.
2226:Treuer, David (2019).
2204:Barnes, Celia (2003).
1994:Anderton, Alice, PhD.
1797:Magdelaine Laframboise
1756:
1646:Thessalon First Nation
1610:Mattagami First Nation
1466:
1454:
1442:
1430:
841:A decade later, Chief
756:
644:
609:Council of Three Fires
550:
3360:Yellow Creek massacre
2393:"Domain Default page"
2379:July 9, 2005, at the
2257:World Digital Library
2140:Helen Hornbeck Tanner
2123:Brebner, John Bartlet
2068:First Nations Peoples
1811:Indian Group of Seven
1750:
1501:, Michigan (formerly
1491:, Michigan (formerly
1481:, Michigan (formerly
1460:
1448:
1436:
1420:
1183:Roche de Bœuf Reserve
991:After passage of the
985:Little Auglaize River
958:Southeastern Michigan
929:Treaties and removals
919:French and Indian War
873:watershed, including
824:French and Indian War
746:
640:
638:. Of these, he said:
544:
128:Related ethnic groups
4168:Algonquian ethnonyms
3947:Seven fires prophecy
3704:Mescalero-Chiricahua
3459:Cheyenne and Arapaho
3354:Treaty of Grouseland
3348:Treaty of Greenville
3325:Raid on Pickawillany
3313:Northwest Indian War
3264:Zane Shawnee Caverns
3193:Petroglyphs in Ohio
3149:Petroglyphs in Ohio
3094:Glacial Kame culture
3075:Prehistoric cultures
3039:Historic communities
2913:Algonquian languages
2622:Federally recognized
2545:First Nations seeker
2461:McClurken, James A.
1936:Beck, David (2002).
1743:Notable Odawa people
1734:) (formerly part of
1628:Saugeen First Nation
1136:Frederick Webb Hodge
935:Treaty of Greenville
893:Raid on Pickawillany
859:Northwest Indian War
729:Green Bay, Wisconsin
719:) meaning "people."
613:Iroquois Confederacy
574:Saint Lawrence River
3967:Traditional beliefs
3111:Monongahela culture
3061:Muskingum (village)
2923:Former reservations
2895:Western Confederacy
2760:Northwest Territory
2450:Cappel, Constance,
2443:Cappel, Constance,
2415:"mackinacbands.com"
2395:. Sheshegwaning.org
2260:. November 17, 1807
2008:2009 (16 Feb 2009).
1203:Wolf Rapids Reserve
1177:Evansville, Ontario
1116:Saint Simon Mission
1091:Kitchiwikwedongsing
952:, representing the
933:In 1795, under the
628:les cheueux releuez
624:Samuel de Champlain
380:Wadaawewinini(wag).
233:Indigenous American
26:
4148:Great Lakes tribes
4143:Algonquian peoples
4138:Anishinaabe groups
4000:Birch bark scrolls
3972:Underwater panther
3474:Citizen Potawatomi
3331:St. Clair's defeat
3301:Lord Dunmore's War
3203:Underwater panther
3119:(Late Prehistoric)
3117:Whittlesey culture
3090:(Late Prehistoric)
3051:Lenape settlements
2752:Prehistory of Ohio
2670:Nottawaseppi Huron
2495:The Ottawa People,
2088:Bélanger, Claude.
1781:(1768–1866), chief
1757:
1600:(Caradoc), Ontario
1467:
1455:
1443:
1441:of Odawa Indians.
1431:
1169:Obidgewong Reserve
1076:Agushawas' Village
954:Michigan Territory
757:
630:" (modern French:
587:evidence that the
551:
396:"Watawawininiwok,"
312:, United States).
142:Algonquian peoples
36:Odawa group areas.
4117:
4116:
3777:
3776:
3699:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
3439:Alabama-Quassarte
3369:
3368:
3102:(Middle Woodland)
3056:Lower Shawneetown
2711:
2710:
2485:978-0-8090-2953-2
2471:978-0-87013-855-3
2286:on March 29, 2016
1576:(Sarnia), Ontario
1535:unceded territory
1453:of Odawa Indians.
1439:Little River Band
1159:, Upper Tawa Town
981:Blanchard's Creek
946:Treaty of Detroit
944:, in signing the
753:gunstock war club
739:Wars and refugees
648:Huron Confederacy
404:Matàwackariniwak,
278:Manitoulin Island
243:and southeastern
237:Eastern Woodlands
189:
188:
166:Daawaak, Odaawaag
147:
146:
4175:
4033:Birchbark biting
3844:myth and stories
3804:
3797:
3790:
3781:
3629:Tribal languages
3609:United Keetoowah
3539:Muscogee (Creek)
3499:Fort Sill Apache
3434:Absentee Shawnee
3408:
3407:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3373:
3084:(Early Woodland)
2968:Historic figures
2738:
2731:
2724:
2715:
2695:State recognized
2680:Saginaw Chippewa
2650:Lac Vieux Desert
2614:
2613:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2511:"Ottawa History"
2498:Phoenix, Arizona
2491:Wolff, Gerald W.
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2421:on March 5, 2016
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2389:
2383:
2372:
2366:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2282:. Archived from
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2223:
2217:
2202:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2168:www.biographi.ca
2160:
2151:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2090:"Quebec History"
2085:
2079:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2048:on July 15, 2009
2038:
2032:
2022:
2009:
1992:
1986:
1971:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1934:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1891:
1885:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1855:. Archived from
1849:
1767:Andrew Blackbird
1541:located between
1211:Aabitanagaajiwan
1147:Auglaize Reserve
1111:Ogontz's Village
1101:Menawzhetaunaung
997:Indian Territory
923:Seven Years' War
899:Charles Langlade
820:Seven Years' War
656:Jesuit Relations
568:Directed by the
547:George Townshend
449:, and medicinal
310:Indian Territory
230:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
149:
42:Total population
34:
27:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4113:
4095:
4052:
4019:
3981:
3834:
3816:
3808:
3778:
3773:
3631:
3623:
3494:Eastern Shawnee
3484:Delaware Nation
3425:
3423:
3416:
3402:
3400:
3370:
3365:
3268:
3207:
3170:
3166:Wilderness Road
3122:
3113:(Late Woodland)
3070:
3046:Hell Town, Ohio
3034:
2963:
2917:
2899:
2780:Historic tribes
2774:
2756:History of Ohio
2745:
2742:
2712:
2707:
2689:
2660:Little Traverse
2616:
2608:
2606:
2554:
2507:
2440:
2438:Further reading
2435:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2381:Wayback Machine
2373:
2369:
2365:(1997), pp. 3–6
2360:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2203:
2196:
2179:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2138:
2134:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2023:
2012:
2003:Wayback Machine
1993:
1989:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1952:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1859:on July 5, 2019
1851:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1807:Woodlands style
1745:
1698:
1681:and as part of
1670:United States:
1567:
1474:United States:
1472:
1415:
1390:, Wikwemikong,
1388:Wabozominissing
1308:Miami, Oklahoma
1279:("Waganakisi" (
1235:
1207:"Anpatonajowin"
1157:Lower Tawa Town
1129:
1106:Michilimackinac
1071:Aegakotcheising
1067:
1059:
1013:Cockburn Island
1005:
931:
895:
822:, known as the
741:
665:
632:cheveux relevés
597:Bruce Peninsula
589:Saugeen complex
539:
534:
502:Ojibwe language
498:
492:
386:Frederic Baraga
337:
319:is part of the
286:Bruce Peninsula
252:Native American
207:
203:
177:, Nishnaabemwin
69:
37:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4181:
4179:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4125:
4124:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4010:Ottawa dialect
4007:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3912:Medicine wheel
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3882:Gitche Manitou
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3632:(still spoken)
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3549:Otoe-Missouria
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3489:Delaware Tribe
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3418:
3417:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:Mounds in Ohio
3185:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3144:Mounds in Ohio
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2857:
2847:
2837:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2811:
2801:
2791:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:Grand Traverse
2632:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2518:
2506:
2505:External links
2503:
2502:
2501:
2488:
2473:
2459:
2454:L'Arbre Croche
2448:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2406:
2384:
2367:
2354:
2339:
2314:
2297:
2271:
2243:
2236:
2218:
2194:
2173:
2152:
2132:
2114:
2099:
2080:
2059:
2033:
2010:
1987:
1966:
1950:
1929:
1916:
1904:
1886:
1870:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1819:
1813:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1539:Walpole Island
1528:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1496:
1486:
1471:
1468:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1407:Zhiibaahaasing
1400:
1394:
1392:Wikwemikonsing
1357:
1351:Walpole Island
1328:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1291:
1285:Middle Village
1277:L'Arbre Croche
1265:Wiikwedoonsing
1258:
1245:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1214:
1200:
1186:
1180:
1166:
1160:
1150:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1081:Anamiewatigong
1078:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1057:Known villages
1055:
1054:
1004:
1003:Modern history
1001:
942:Wyandot people
930:
927:
894:
891:
832:Defiance, Ohio
740:
737:
725:Nicolas Perrot
669:North American
664:
661:
585:archaeological
538:
535:
533:
530:
496:Ottawa dialect
494:Main article:
491:
488:
484:Ottawa, Kansas
336:
333:
317:Ottawa dialect
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
153:
145:
144:
130:
129:
125:
124:
109:
108:
104:
103:
100:Ottawa dialect
84:
83:
79:
78:
54:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
39:
38:
35:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4180:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4121:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3962:Turtle Island
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3902:Little people
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:Seneca-Cayuga
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3319:Pontiac's War
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3307:Nanfan Treaty
3305:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:Fort Recovery
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3011:Little Turtle
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2981:Buckongahelas
2979:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2237:9781594633157
2233:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2214:0-8386-3958-5
2211:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:0-472-06365-0
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2076:1-55239-144-2
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1983:3-11-013417-9
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:0-8032-1330-1
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:Pontiac's War
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1805:(1919–2016),
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:Williamsville
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:Sheshegwaning
1323:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:, Oklahoma –
1305:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:Cross Village
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1250:, Michigan –
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:Peshawbestown
1241:, Michigan –
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1121:Shabawywyagun
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
986:
982:
978:
973:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
928:
926:
924:
920:
915:
913:
908:
904:
900:
892:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:Fort Defiance
872:
868:
867:Anthony Wayne
862:
860:
854:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
788:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:Mohawk people
762:
754:
750:
745:
738:
736:
734:
730:
726:
720:
718:
714:
710:
707:(then called
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
662:
660:
658:
657:
651:
649:
643:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
617:Dakota people
614:
610:
605:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
559:Turtle Island
556:
548:
543:
536:
532:Early history
531:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
497:
489:
487:
485:
481:
480:Putnam County
477:
473:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:sunflower oil
424:
418:
416:
411:
409:
406:a historical
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:
387:
382:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:(syncoped as
341:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:
256:First Nations
253:
248:
246:
242:
241:United States
238:
234:
228:
202:
198:
194:
184:
180:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
76:
72:
67:
63:
59:
58:United States
55:
50:
45:
40:
33:
28:
19:
4119:
3897:Jingle dress
3892:Jiibayaabooz
3867:Dreamcatcher
3599:Thlopthlocco
3309:(1701, 1726)
3273:Other topics
3158:
3088:Fort Ancient
3066:Pickawillany
3005:Kakowatcheky
2999:Joseph Brant
2955:
2891:
2859:
2788:Chalahgawtha
2764:Ohio Country
2702:
2655:Little River
2544:
2524:
2514:
2494:
2476:
2462:
2451:
2444:
2423:. Retrieved
2419:the original
2409:
2397:. Retrieved
2387:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2326:
2317:
2288:. Retrieved
2284:the original
2274:
2262:. Retrieved
2255:
2246:
2227:
2221:
2205:
2181:
2176:
2167:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2093:
2083:
2067:
2062:
2050:. Retrieved
2046:the original
2036:
2028:
2005:
1990:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:the original
1847:
1803:Daphne Odjig
1773:Kelly Church
1751:Odawa Chief
1735:
1712:
1705:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1568:
1513:
1502:
1492:
1482:
1473:
1449:Flag of the
1437:Flag of the
1405:, Ontario –
1362:, Ontario –
1335:Bakejiwanong
1334:
1324:, Ontario –
1315:, Ontario –
1296:, Ontario –
1281:Waaganaakizi
1280:
1264:
1210:
1206:
1193:"Tushquegan"
1192:
1171:, Ontario –
1139:
1133:
1130:
1060:
1048:
1036:Ettawageshik
1025:
1018:
1006:
990:
977:reservations
974:
970:
966:Maumee River
950:William Hull
939:
932:
916:
903:Pickawillany
896:
883:Maumee, Ohio
871:Maumee River
863:
855:
840:
809:
789:
784:Fort Detroit
781:
758:
721:
716:
688:
676:
672:
666:
654:
652:
645:
641:
636:French River
631:
627:
621:
606:
582:
569:
567:
555:Wiigwaasabak
552:
513:
510:Nishnabemwin
509:
499:
476:Ottawa, Ohio
474:
470:Ottawa River
459:
419:
412:
403:
400:Ottawa River
395:
389:
383:
379:
371:
370:spelling of
347:
343:
339:
338:
314:
294:Ottawa River
275:
263:Anishinaabeg
249:
200:
196:
192:
190:
155:
140:, and other
121:Christianity
21:Ethnic group
18:
4043:Ribbon work
3922:Mudjekeewis
3877:Elbow witch
3830:Clan system
3811:Anishinaabe
3579:Sac and Fox
3315:(1785–1795)
3291:Beaver Wars
3184:(sculpture)
3029:Tenskwatawa
2975:Blue Jacket
2864:Anishinaabe
2854:Anishinaabe
2804:Erie people
2640:Hannahville
1791:Enmegahbowh
1413:Governments
1384:Two O'Clock
1376:Murray Hill
1347:Wallaceburg
1333:, Ontario (
1317:Beaverstone
1304:Ottawa OTSA
1219:, Kansas –
1086:Apontigoumy
1044:Anishinaabe
1040:Anishinaabe
769:Beaver Wars
713:Anishinaabe
689:Naadawensiw
677:Wiinibiigoo
376:Anishinaabe
302:Great Lakes
4127:Categories
4015:Potawatomi
3995:Algonquian
3872:Drumkeeper
3862:Deer Woman
3739:Potawatomi
3424:recognized
3162:Ohio River
3154:Tower Site
2876:Piankeshaw
2814:Honniasont
2425:August 31,
2399:August 31,
1839:References
1691:, Michigan
1677:(formerly
1343:Myersville
1298:M'Chigeeng
1269:Charlevoix
1009:Manitoulin
693:New France
679:) for the
591:people, a
514:Daawaamwin
468:, and the
368:Potawatomi
335:Tribe name
284:, and the
282:Lake Huron
271:Potawatomi
175:Daawaamwin
138:Potawatomi
4058:Education
4038:Quillwork
3987:Languages
3952:Shingebis
3942:Pukwudgie
3927:Nanabozho
3669:Chickasaw
3619:Wyandotte
3464:Chickasaw
3422:Federally
3182:Birdstone
3096:(Archaic)
3031:(Shawnee)
3025:(Shawnee)
3019:(Wyandot)
3017:Roundhead
3007:(Shawnee)
2989:(Shawnee)
2987:Cornstalk
2977:(Shawnee)
2905:Languages
2872:(Shawnee)
2846:speaking)
2840:Mosopelea
2836:speaking)
2834:Iroquoian
2821:(Wyandot)
2790:(Shawnee)
2630:Bay Mills
2332:April 10,
2312:, website
2290:March 29,
2264:August 3,
1927:, I, 300.
1911:"Odawa",
1816:Petosegay
1660:, Ontario
1648:, Ontario
1642:, Ontario
1636:, Ontario
1630:, Ontario
1624:, Ontario
1618:, Ontario
1612:, Ontario
1606:, Ontario
1588:, Ontario
1527:, Ontario
1380:South Bay
1372:Maiangowi
1173:Obijewong
1155:, Ohio –
1051:.
1038:recorded
964:near the
847:Lake Erie
761:Mascouten
717:Neshnabek
701:fur trade
697:Canadians
673:Winnebago
663:Fur trade
583:There is
408:Algonquin
360:Nipissing
356:Algonquin
273:peoples.
231:) are an
158:, Odaawaa
113:Midewiwin
82:Languages
3840:Religion
3714:Muscogee
3689:Delaware
3684:Comanche
3664:Cheyenne
3659:Cherokee
3584:Seminole
3519:Kickapoo
3514:Kialegee
3479:Comanche
3454:Cherokee
3414:Oklahoma
3159:See also
3100:Hopewell
3023:Tecumseh
3001:(Mohawk)
2993:Egushawa
2983:(Lenape)
2956:See also
2892:See also
2808:Iroquois
2794:Delaware
2543:Odawa –
2377:Archived
2125:(1966).
2052:July 10,
1999:Archived
1863:March 9,
1785:Egushawa
1779:Cobmoosa
1569:Canada:
1547:Michigan
1514:Canada:
1463:Oklahoma
1429:Indians.
1427:Chippewa
1339:Foreplex
1289:Petoskey
1256:Muskegon
1252:Manistee
1228:, Kansas
1096:Machonee
983:and the
912:Memeskia
843:Egushawa
805:Delaware
777:immunity
681:Ho-Chunk
593:Hopewell
563:Dawnland
522:Michigan
490:Language
423:cornmeal
308:(former
306:Oklahoma
298:Michigan
171:Language
107:Religion
66:Michigan
62:Oklahoma
4101:Housing
3977:Wendigo
3932:Nokomis
3907:Manitou
3852:Aayaase
3814:culture
3764:Wyandot
3759:Wichita
3754:Shawnee
3694:Koasati
3679:Choctaw
3644:Arapaho
3639:Alabama
3614:Wichita
3604:Tonkawa
3594:Shawnee
3469:Choctaw
3212:Museums
3175:Culture
3013:(Miami)
2995:(Odawa)
2887:Wyandot
2882:Shawnee
2878:(Miami)
2675:Pokagon
2142:, ed.,
1832:Wawatam
1822:Pontiac
1753:Pontiac
1543:Ontario
1197:Pontiac
828:Pontiac
818:in the
816:British
801:Shawnee
797:Wyandot
749:warrior
578:Detroit
518:Ontario
506:syncope
466:Ontario
447:tobacco
329:syncope
290:Ontario
201:Odaawaa
182:Country
123:, other
117:Animism
88:English
75:Ontario
4109:Wigwam
4048:Wampum
4005:Ojibwe
3937:Powwow
3857:Baykok
3822:Family
3749:Seneca
3744:Quapaw
3729:Pawnee
3724:Ottawa
3654:Cayuga
3574:Quapaw
3564:Peoria
3559:Pawnee
3554:Ottawa
3444:Apache
3426:tribes
3362:(1774)
3356:(1805)
3350:(1795)
3339:(1794)
3333:(1791)
3327:(1752)
3321:(1763)
3303:(1774)
3287:(1794)
2870:Pekowi
2850:Ojibwe
2844:Siouan
2798:Lenape
2645:L'Anse
2483:
2469:
2234:
2212:
2188:
2074:
1981:
1944:
1423:Ottawa
1368:Kaboni
1364:Buzwah
1221:Ottawa
887:Toledo
812:French
747:Odawa
709:Canada
705:Quebec
687:(from
683:, and
675:(from
602:mounds
570:miigis
462:Ottawa
348:adaawe
344:Daawaa
340:Odawaa
325:Ojibwe
267:Ojibwe
245:Canada
197:Ottawa
195:(also
163:People
156:Daawaa
152:Person
134:Ojibwe
96:Ojibwe
92:French
71:Canada
47:15,000
4133:Odawa
3769:Yuchi
3734:Ponca
3719:Osage
3649:Caddo
3569:Ponca
3544:Osage
3534:Modoc
3529:Miami
3524:Kiowa
3449:Caddo
3082:Adena
2860:Odawa
2830:Mingo
2825:Miami
2819:Huron
2685:Sault
2537:Odawa
1878:Odawa
1533:, on
1267:)) –
907:Miami
793:Miami
751:with
731:, or
685:Sioux
455:herbs
451:roots
435:skins
372:Odawa
259:bands
193:Odawa
25:Odawa
3504:Iowa
2703:None
2481:ISBN
2467:ISBN
2427:2012
2401:2012
2334:2022
2292:2016
2266:2013
2232:ISBN
2210:ISBN
2186:ISBN
2072:ISBN
2054:2009
1979:ISBN
1942:ISBN
1865:2019
1545:and
1425:and
1337:) –
1283:)),
1011:and
962:Ohio
773:Erie
653:The
520:and
453:and
443:mats
441:and
439:rugs
433:and
431:furs
384:Fr.
364:Innu
352:Cree
315:The
269:and
191:The
4025:Art
3509:Kaw
3412:in
1880:at
1537:of
979:at
968:.
699:in
619:.
457:."
394:as
199:or
4129::
3842:,
3164:–
2770:–
2766:–
2762:–
2758:–
2754:–
2523:,
2325:.
2300:^
2254:.
2197:^
2166:.
2155:^
2092:.
2027:,
2013:^
1953:^
1897:.
1386:,
1382:,
1378:,
1374:,
1370:,
1366:,
1353:,
1349:,
1345:,
1341:,
1287:,
1275:,
1271:,
1254:,
1213:))
1030:.
889:.
650:.
486:.
464:,
445:,
437:,
429:,
425:,
362:,
358:,
354:,
331:.
218:ɑː
209:oʊ
136:,
115:,
94:,
90:,
64:,
3803:e
3796:t
3789:v
3395:e
3388:t
3381:v
2866:)
2862:(
2856:)
2852:(
2842:(
2832:(
2810:)
2806:(
2800:)
2796:(
2737:e
2730:t
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2601:e
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2587:v
2517:.
2487:.
2429:.
2403:.
2336:.
2294:.
2268:.
2240:.
2216:.
2192:.
2170:.
2096:.
2078:.
2056:.
1985:.
1948:.
1901:.
1867:.
1738:)
1708:)
1685:)
1505:)
1495:)
1485:)
1465:.
1209:(
1179:)
755:.
715:(
549:.
227:/
224:ə
221:w
215:d
212:ˈ
206:/
102:)
98:(
77:)
73:(
68:)
60:(
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