336:
604:
188:
538:
550:
agreed to replace the pasha and his officers with a certain number of members of the divan chosen from among the
Isolated Aghas, officers retired from service, and who had passed through all the ranks of the militia; these Manzoul-Agas were henceforth to have the administration of all the affairs of the state, to collect the revenues of the country, both on the sea side and on the land side, and one of them who would preside over them, with the title of Aga, would be particularly responsible for distributing the pay. The diwan itself was maintained as in the past; only the number of members of this council was increased.
275:, which was until then under the control of the regency of Algiers. Moulay Mohammed took over Oujda after he launched an attack on the tribes that had refused to submit to his authority. Extending his conquest to the outskirts of Tlemcen, its residents attempted to resist him, but he defeated them and forced them to seek refuge behind the city walls. He then continued his campaign, laden with spoils. Moulay Mohammed spent the winter in Oujda, and in the following year, he launched another campaign into the western provinces of the regency. He plundered everything along his path with little opposition until he reached
24:
642:. The new governor was warmly received by the Algerians upon his return almost three years after the coup began. He arrived in Algiers on May 6, 1662, representing the Sultan, and was received with great enthusiasm and respect by the Algerians. Accommodations were arranged for his stay in the Janina Palace. As for the previously agreed terms, the Diwan of Algiers provided him with a salary and covered all expenses for his household and himself, on the condition that he would not interfere in state affairs and would not leave except by permission, thus having no more than an honorary title.
211:, the weakened Porte, absorbed by the preoccupation of more serious and more neighboring interests, no longer took the same care in the choice of the governors of Algiers. Obscure favorites, or greedy officials who bought their nomination by corrupting the main officers of the "Grand lord", were often invested; As soon as they arrived, they rushed to make their fortune, drawing on all sources of income. The militia, accustomed to obeying illustrious leaders, whom it loved, wasted no time in showing a spirit of independence and revolt towards these unworthy successors of Hayreddin,
583:, faced a period of uncertainty between the years 1659 and 1711, because out of the 16 sovereigns that assumed power in the regency, 15 of them were assassinated, this was due to the fact that the power of the Aghas and the Deys was limited by the Divan of Algiers, and also the Pasha position, even though ceremonial at this point, was still a proof of legitimacy that the de facto rulers of Algiers lacked, which made these elected governors fall to plots very often. Yet by overseeing a complementary policy between the possessors of military and financial power through
454:
well as the country of his domination, and having been represented to him that the too great authority that he allowed to take insensibly from the pashas who come from the Porte of the great lord giving them opportunity to do a lot of extortion and humiliation; this is why he would have resolved, for the good and for the benefit of all, to completely abolish this disproportionate authority that they had imposed on themselves, and, for this purpose, would have forbidden the one who is in charge of the present to meddle in anything.
327:
However, this equation did not hold for long. Within the second year of the epidemic's appearance, the financial crisis escalated to an unmanageable extent. The problem weighed heavily on the shoulders of Ahmed Pasha, who succeeded Mahram Pasha in July 1655. Due to the worsening financial situation, he ended up in prison after seven months of rule. His successor, Ibrahim Pasha, was not more fortunate, as he was imprisoned in May 1656, just three months after taking office, due to his inability to pay the Odjak salaries.
382:
408:
240:
132:, and lasting from June to September 1659, it was largely viewed as a result of the loss of the importance that the Regency previously had for Constantinople back in the 16th century; decades of marginalization demonstrated through the appointment of incompetent governors and diverging interests regarding relations with European powers, made both the
445:"When they were entrusted with this duty, they exploited it to plunder the money sent to the palace from various sources without restraint. During that time, they frequently rotated in power at close intervals, and the residents of Algiers fell victim to their greed. They even occasionally forced scholars and court officials to pay a certain amount."
464:
419:. However, the newly appointed Pasha found himself in a dire situation, as the Odjak were on the brink of revolt, impatiently waiting for their delayed salaries, while the treasury was nearly empty. When he could not find another solution, he reluctantly decided to deduct a portion of the money designated specifically for the
553:
The leader of the coup against the system of Pashas was named Khalil
Bouloukbashi. He was one of the most prominent members of the Diwan and held significant influence. The State's responsibilities were officially assigned to him in July 1659, and he assumed all previous Pasha powers. To signify his
654:
While some authors interpreted the "Aghas revolution" as a mere episode of disobedience linked to the regional reorganisation of the
Ottoman empire, basing this claim on the maintaining of the pasha position within the Regency of Algiers, yet this revolution brought a number of significant changes:
453:
In the month of June (1659), the divan still continued in the good arrangements he had made to maintain correspondence with foreign countries, and particularly with
Marseille, having been informed, both of his own subjects and Christian merchants and others, reasons why his port seemed abandoned as
174:
attacked his palace, arrested him, and imprisoned him. The Odjak soldiers were constantly trying to seize opportunities to assume power, and they found in this incident an opportunity for them, so they carried out a sudden coup against the pasha. The janissaries effectively eliminated the authority
561:
Khalil Agha began his rule by implementing measures to organize the state's finances and provide additional resources for the treasury. He did so by heeding the petitions of local and foreign merchants, abolishing all unjust fines imposed by the previous Pashas, and, furthermore, reducing customs
549:
did not limit itself to pronouncing the pasha's forfeiture; he proposed a new form of government which was immediately adopted. The Diwan, responsible for governing affairs, has given the state's powers to twenty-four
Manzoul-Agas (isolated aghas), led by the Agha presiding over the Diwan; It was
318:
and about three-quarters of the city's population. This epidemic led to a significant economic slowdown due to the deaths of a considerable number of merchants and craftsmen in the city, or their escape to rural areas to avoid infection. Furthermore, commercial ships that used to visit
Algiers no
442:
and the general causes of the financial crisis in which the state was floundering were discussed. The council members concluded that it was necessary to abolish the financial prerogatives of the
Ottoman Pasha, which included paying salaries and managing taxation and public expenses. Ibn El Mufti
389:
All of these factors led to the creation of a suffocating crisis, more severe than ever before. Ibrahim Pasha exhausted all means to gather funds in devious ways, including extorting the city's wealthy and imposing additional fines on merchants and craftsmen, as well as anyone capable of paying.
680:
independence of
Algiers from what was left of the already loose Ottoman suzerainty. The Ottoman empire was no longer interested in extending its influence in the western Mediterranean as it had been in the 16th century, yet the Deys still enjoyed political and religious support from the Ottoman
364:
ships, and the latter decided to confront them near the Strait of
Gibraltar. The Dutch admiral managed to capture twelve Algerian ships, some of which he commandeered. Furthermore, he pursued others and forced some to seek refuge on the Moroccan coast of the Mediterranean. In the same year, the
565:
Thanks to his astute management, Khalil successfully paid the full salaries of the
Janissary soldiers on time, even achieving a surplus that was deposited in the treasury. This earned him the respect and satisfaction of the Odjak, to the extent that they affectionately referred to him as "Baba
326:
To compensate for the declining revenues resulting from the reduced economic activities and the loss on the treasury, Mahram Pasha increased taxes on the remaining activities and inflated the state's income from customs duties, which surged during a similar period due to the rising death toll.
219:
and Sinan-Pacha. On more than one occasion, the Agha of the militia put himself in opposition to the governor sent by the Porte, and led the Diwan to take resolutions entirely contrary to the orders received from Constantinople. Thus, several pashas were fired, others were killed.
649:
From the revolution of the aghas onwards, a very 'Ottoman' behaviour characterized the Algerian elite regarding the imperial centre: a constant demonstration of loyalty to the empire and its governors, together with a jealous guarding of the province's autonomy vis-à-vis the same
510:"Finally, we will not send a governor to you. Pledge allegiance to whomever you wish. The Sultan does not need your obedience. We have thousands of Kingdoms like Algiers, whether it is one or none. And if you approach the Ottoman territories, you will not be satisfied."
562:
duties to stimulate trade. He also paid special attention to the issue of taxation, evident in the strict enforcement placed on taxpayers and the replacement of some questionable tax collectors with others from the ranks of the isolated Aghas.
335:
394:
grew increasingly angry at him, for their overdue salaries. They didn't give him any respite and, in June 1659, threw him back into prison for the second time, especially since Ali Pasha had recently been appointed by the
351:
and maritime raids to banance their budgets, since these had also diminished during their tenure due to significant losses suffered by the Algerian fleet, such as the events that occurred in the autumn of 1655 during the
528:
pilgrimage and trade to the East, along with the potential discontent of religious authorities and the local population, in addition to the cessation of the vital recruitment of the Odjak thus threatening its existence.
294:. Several tribes refused to pay taxes either because their properties and livestock had been looted, prompting them to declare their disobedience. Meanwhile, the Turkish garrison managed to suppress the uprising in
587:, the Ottoman Algerian elite was eventually successful in setting up a political system that survived crises without internal warfare and permitted de facto independence from the imperial authority of the
203:
had placed the Regency under the protection of the Porte, and had requested and obtained the title of pasha. In the early period of the regency, the pashas were chosen from among the most illustrious
415:
The new governor arrived with a decree instructing the Algerians to prepare and send a naval fleet to the East, with financial compensation for the leaders in return for their contributions to the
603:
286:, the governor of Algiers, led by his advisor, prepared to confront the Alawite prince, but they failed to locate him because he had moved southward, returning to Oujda and then to
234:
151:
1427:
681:
sultan through the pasha title they held in Algiers, which was more indicative of their need for legitimacy and protection rather than effective authority from the
207:, because the Algerian fleet often lent powerful assistance to the Ottoman navy in its struggles against the European powers. But after the battle of
187:
628:
616:
1462:
477:
As soon as Pasha Ali arrived in İzmir, he submitted a report on what he had encountered and requested permission from its judge regarding informing
1259:
In the Name of the Battle against Piracy: Ideas and Practices in State Monopoly of Maritime Violence in Europe and Asia in the Period of Transition
263:
amidst the disturbances that plagued the farthest regions of Morocco during the first half of the seventeenth century. The latter set out from
1405:
1378:
1348:
1321:
1294:
1267:
1221:
1194:
1116:
864:
830:
769:
129:
665:
The Divan of Algiers had to bear the expenses of the soldiers and payment of salaries to the officers and all employees of the government.
1184:
1442:
136:
and the janissaries of Algiers less inclined to commit themselves to the Ottoman cause. This culminated in the rise of the janissary
1432:
624:
537:
920:
212:
1437:
1368:
1257:
612:
505:
485:
471:
23:
1021:
Histoire de l'Afrique Septentrionale (Berbérie) depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830)
416:
353:
1001:
L'établissement des dynasties des chérifs au Maroc: et leur rivalité avec les turcs de la régence d'Alger, 1509-1830
524:, selling weapons to them, and not allowing them to approach the Ottoman coasts. This implies the disruption of the
512:
After this, the Grand Vizier sent another decree to the ports on all Ottoman coasts, as well as to the governors of
508:
refused to receive the delegation and sent a decree to the Algerians, warning them with the following letter :
1457:
290:. Moulay Mohammed's invasion had sparked serious disturbances in the western provinces, leading to a rebellion in
1452:
1135:
vicaire apostolique et consul de France à Tunis et à Alger, 1619-1683 : d'après les documents contemporains
154:(1656–1659), a massive uprising arose against him, led by the corsair captains and Odjak soldiers. As for the
147:
1447:
742:
340:
1047:
426:
As a result, the Rais revolted against Ali Pasha, and the situation escalated. On the day of the general
370:
314:, lasting for approximately three years. Its impact was catastrophic, claiming the lives of thousands of
659:
Effective rule was now held by the militia of Algiers, reducing the pasha position to a ceremonial role.
449:
Here are the terms in which Father Barreau, then French consul in Algiers, reported on this revolution:
385:
Algiers in the 17th century, with the Odjak flags risen over its forts, by Gerard van Keulen (dead 1726)
1133:
381:
120:
was an important military revolution that changed the essential bases of the government of the Ottoman
434:
representatives, it was decided to arrest the new Pasha and his followers, who were then sent back to
158:, they revolted because Pasha Ibrahim had deprived them of the sums of money allocated to them by the
584:
468:
200:
175:
of the pasha, whose position became only ceremonial, and agreed to assign executive authority to the
859:. Internet Archive. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge. pp. 271–273.
315:
260:
496:. Due to his intense anger, he summoned Ali to Istanbul and ordered his execution. Meanwhile, the
979:
620:
497:
427:
121:
98:
94:
88:
84:
78:
45:
645:
Tal Shuval would describe the Ottoman Algerian relations with the Imperial centre as following:
718:
1401:
1374:
1344:
1317:
1311:
1290:
1263:
1217:
1190:
1112:
860:
826:
785:
765:
501:
443:
explained the reasons behind stripping the Pashas of the salary payment privilege as follows:
396:
357:
252:
208:
1395:
1284:
759:
1338:
592:
546:
391:
137:
65:
431:
420:
361:
348:
320:
243:
Political situation in Morocco in 1660, after the assassination of the final Saadi sultan
171:
155:
133:
60:
1241:
669:
493:
299:
256:
244:
167:
159:
1211:
631:. The latter forgave them and expressed his readiness to send a new pasha to Algiers.
579:
This new government, though described as "Republican" by the French political thinker
1421:
1186:
Barbary and Enlightenment: European Attitudes Towards the Maghreb in the 18th Century
787:
Galerie littéraire scientifique et d'anecdotes recueil choisi de productions diverses
682:
588:
517:
807:الجزء الثالث من تاريخ الجزائر العام - الجزء الثالث: الخاص بالفترة بين 1514 إلى 1830م
619:
as the Grand Vizier in the last days of October 1661, the Algerian envoys contacted
407:
1152:
Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane (Monnaies, prix et revenus, 1520-1830)
555:
513:
482:
854:
805:
196:
1167:
1150:
1106:
1086:
1069:
1019:
999:
959:
942:
903:
881:
595:
dey established an orderly transfer of power within the Ottoman Algerian elite.
580:
179:
of Algiers headed by the commander-in-chief of the Algerian Odjak, Khalil Agha.
627:, and presented him with valuable gifts to intercede on their behalf with the
366:
216:
1216:. Internet Archive. Bloomington : Indiana University Press. p. 19.
634:
The Qapuji Sultan, Boshnaq Isma'il Pasha bin Khalil, assumed the position of
140:
corps as the most prominent faction of the Ottoman Algerian political elite.
1088:
Corsaires et marchands. Les relations entre Alger et les Pays-Bas, 1604-1830
287:
55:
239:
761:
La ville d'Alger vers la fin du XVIIIe siècle: Population et cadre urbain
478:
435:
276:
268:
264:
163:
125:
463:
639:
489:
311:
295:
291:
439:
204:
298:. However, their efforts yielded only minimal tax revenues from the
1310:
Koskenniemi, Martti; Rech, Walter; Fonseca, Manuel Jiménez (2017).
720:
La révolution dite des "Aghas" dans la régence d'Alger (1659-1671)
635:
536:
462:
406:
380:
334:
283:
272:
238:
186:
144:
356:
and European anti-piracy efforts. The Dutch admirals, especially
525:
521:
339:
Battle between the Dutch and Barbary Pirates near the Coast, by
1213:
Modern Algeria : the origins and development of a nation
520:, requesting them to prevent the Algerians from going on the
1394:
Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony; Flint, John E. (1975).
271:. In 1653, his forces crossed this mentioned valley towards
310:
In 1654, a devastating plague outbreak spread throughout
764:(in French). CNRS Éditions via OpenEdition. p. 14.
504:
for in order to request another Pasha, but the Ottoman
124:, as well as its relations with the imperial centre in
1313:
International Law and Empire: Historical Explorations
662:
Intensified diplomatic relations with foreign powers.
235:
Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco
71:
51:
41:
33:
28:Regimental flag of the Janissary Odjak of Algiers
347:Neither of these governors could rely solely on
166:. And his payment of bribes to the statesmen in
668:Eventual attribution of the pasha title to the
647:
492:, considering it an act of disobedience to the
451:
925:(in French). Firmin Didot frères. p. 243.
825:. Istanbul: The Isis Press. pp. 119–124.
365:Algerians lost seven ships in a battle on the
267:in the south, expanding northeastward to the
8:
170:to keep him in office. For this reason, the
16:
1373:. Cambridge University Press. p. 319.
1049:كتاب الأتراك العثمانيون في أفريقيا الشمالية
554:high position, Khalil was given the title "
1400:. Cambridge University Press. p. 99.
1071:Histoire des Pachas d'Alger de 1515 à 1745
744:Histoire d'Alger sous la domination turque
22:
15:
411:Janissary soldier of the Odjak of Algiers
602:
500:had sent a delegation with gifts to the
488:was angered by the uprising rebelion in
162:as compensation for their losses in the
1316:. Oxford University Press. p. 20.
694:
607:The arrival of the new Pasha in Algiers
390:However, he failed in his efforts. The
1428:17th century in the Regency of Algiers
1362:
1360:
1289:(in French). L'Harmattan. p. 39.
1235:
1233:
1100:
1098:
1262:. BRILL. 2018-03-12. pp. 32–33.
1105:Roy, Just-Jean-Étienne (2016-07-20).
1063:
1061:
1059:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1013:
1011:
993:
991:
973:
971:
936:
934:
932:
897:
895:
893:
848:
846:
844:
842:
799:
797:
541:Meeting at the Grand Diwan of Algiers
323:dared not venture out of the harbor.
7:
736:
734:
732:
730:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
130:transformation of the Ottoman Empire
1337:Publications, Europa (2003-09-02).
1286:Louis XIV en Algérie: Gigeri - 1664
1210:Ruedy, John (John Douglas) (1992).
676:This state of affairs indicate the
1169:Le miroir de la charité chrétienne
369:against a fleet that included the
247:, with the Alawi domain in purple.
128:. Taking place during a period of
77:End of the Pashas periode and the
14:
981:الاستقصا لأخبار دول المغرب الأقصى
961:Description générale de l'Afrique
944:أطوار العلاقات المغربية العثمانية
599:Relations with the Ottoman empire
191:Ottoman Janissary and Pasha flags
1340:A Political Chronology of Africa
823:Ottoman Maritime Wars, 1416–1700
533:Establishment of the Agha regime
255:emerged under the leadership of
195:The Corsair Barbarossa brothers
1397:The Cambridge History of Africa
741:Grammont, Henri Delmas (1887).
430:meeting, at the request of the
1370:A History of Islamic Societies
1367:Lapidus, Ira M. (2014-10-13).
1155:(in French). pp. 221–226.
1074:(in French). pp. 209–210.
1052:(in Arabic). pp. 377–378.
1004:(in French). pp. 175–177.
978:الناصري, أحمد بن خالد (1997).
964:(in French). pp. 156–158.
947:(in Arabic). pp. 390–392.
902:Lamborn Wilson, Peter (2003).
623:, one of the ministers of the
615:and the succession of his son
1:
1111:(in French). Collection XIX.
617:Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha
183:Background events (1654-1659)
1091:(in French). pp. 52–55.
1085:van Krieken, Gérard (2002).
1243:Histoire du royaume d'Alger
1149:Merouche, Lemnouar (2002).
941:إبراهيم شحاتة, حسن (1981).
853:Christine Woodhead (2012).
438:. The mismanagement of the
99:Sovereign Military Republic
1479:
1283:Bachelot, Bernard (2012).
1240:de Tassy, Laugier (1725).
758:Shuval, Tal (2013-09-30).
232:
229:War with the Alawi dynasty
1463:17th-century coups d'état
1443:Military coups in Algeria
1172:(in French). p. 242.
1138:(in French). p. 202.
1024:(in French). p. 243.
810:(in Arabic). p. 158.
790:(in French). p. 114.
747:(in French). p. 207.
723:(in French). p. 161.
319:longer returned, and the
21:
1433:17th-century revolutions
1246:(in French). p. 51.
1132:Le Vacher, Jean (1914).
1068:Gaëtan, Delphin (1922).
1046:التر, عزيز سامح (1989).
1018:Mercier, Ernest (1888).
984:(in Arabic). p. 21.
958:d'Avity, Pierre (1660).
908:(in French). p. 38.
886:(in Arabic). p. 42.
377:Janissary Odjak uprising
883:الموجز فى تاريخ الجزائر
611:Following the death of
110:Revolution of the Odjak
37:June to September 1659
1189:. BRILL. p. 114.
1166:Auvry, Michel (1663).
998:Cour, Auguste (1904).
919:Rozet, Claude (1850).
880:يحيى, بو عزيز (2009).
717:Boyer, Pierre (1973).
652:
608:
542:
474:
456:
412:
386:
344:
341:Hendrik van Minderhout
248:
192:
1438:Rebellions in Algeria
1183:Thomson, Ann (1987).
821:Soucek, Svat (2015).
804:عبد الرحمن الجيلالي.
606:
575:Political development
540:
466:
410:
384:
338:
242:
233:Further information:
190:
613:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
585:institutionalization
486:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
472:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
469:Ottoman Grand Vizier
112:, also known as the
306:Epidemic in Algiers
79:Ottoman Viceroyalty
18:
621:Kara Mustafa Pasha
609:
543:
475:
413:
387:
345:
249:
193:
122:Regency of Algiers
118:Revolution of 1659
89:Regency of Algiers
46:Regency of Algiers
1458:Conflicts in 1659
1407:978-0-521-20701-0
1380:978-0-521-51430-9
1350:978-1-135-35666-8
1323:978-0-19-879557-5
1296:978-2-296-56347-6
1269:978-90-04-36148-5
1223:978-0-253-34998-9
1196:978-90-04-08273-1
1118:978-2-346-08814-0
1108:L'Algérie moderne
866:978-0-415-44492-7
856:The Ottoman world
832:978-975-428-554-3
771:978-2-271-07836-0
672:from 1710 onward.
397:Ottoman Caliphate
358:Michiel de Ruyter
331:Maritime setbacks
300:western provinces
106:
105:
1470:
1453:1659 in politics
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792:
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782:
776:
775:
755:
749:
748:
738:
725:
724:
714:
498:Diwan of Algiers
459:Ottoman reaction
316:Christian slaves
152:Ottoman governor
134:Barbary corsairs
114:Aghas Revolution
66:Odjak of Algiers
26:
19:
17:Aghas Revolution
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1477:
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1471:
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1238:
1231:
1224:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1045:
1044:
1029:
1017:
1016:
1009:
997:
996:
989:
977:
976:
969:
957:
956:
952:
940:
939:
930:
918:
917:
913:
901:
900:
891:
879:
878:
874:
867:
852:
851:
840:
833:
820:
819:
815:
803:
802:
795:
784:
783:
779:
772:
757:
756:
752:
740:
739:
728:
716:
715:
696:
691:
601:
577:
572:
535:
518:Sharif of Mecca
461:
405:
379:
333:
308:
261:Moulay Mohammed
253:Alawite Emirate
237:
231:
226:
224:Economic crisis
185:
148:Ibrahim's reign
64:
58:
29:
12:
11:
5:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1448:1659 in Africa
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1386:
1379:
1356:
1349:
1329:
1322:
1302:
1295:
1275:
1268:
1249:
1229:
1222:
1202:
1195:
1175:
1158:
1141:
1124:
1117:
1094:
1077:
1055:
1027:
1007:
987:
967:
950:
928:
911:
905:Pirate Utopias
889:
872:
865:
838:
831:
813:
793:
777:
770:
750:
726:
693:
692:
690:
687:
674:
673:
670:Dey of Algiers
666:
663:
660:
625:Imperial Divan
600:
597:
576:
573:
571:
568:
534:
531:
494:Ottoman Sultan
481:about it. The
460:
457:
404:
403:Corsair Revolt
401:
378:
375:
332:
329:
307:
304:
269:Moulouya river
257:Sharif ibn Ali
245:Ahmad al-Abbas
230:
227:
225:
222:
184:
181:
168:Constantinople
160:Ottoman Empire
143:At the end of
104:
103:
102:
101:
91:
81:
73:
69:
68:
53:
49:
48:
43:
39:
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35:
31:
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27:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
1475:
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1390:
1387:
1382:
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1371:
1363:
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1357:
1352:
1346:
1343:. Routledge.
1342:
1341:
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1325:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1303:
1298:
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1253:
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1236:
1234:
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1198:
1192:
1188:
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1137:
1136:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1114:
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1101:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1089:
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1078:
1073:
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1064:
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1056:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1002:
994:
992:
988:
983:
982:
974:
972:
968:
963:
962:
954:
951:
946:
945:
937:
935:
933:
929:
924:
923:
915:
912:
907:
906:
898:
896:
894:
890:
885:
884:
876:
873:
868:
862:
858:
857:
849:
847:
845:
843:
839:
834:
828:
824:
817:
814:
809:
808:
800:
798:
794:
789:
788:
781:
778:
773:
767:
763:
762:
754:
751:
746:
745:
737:
735:
733:
731:
727:
722:
721:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
695:
688:
686:
684:
683:Sublime porte
679:
671:
667:
664:
661:
658:
657:
656:
651:
646:
643:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
605:
598:
596:
594:
590:
589:Sublime porte
586:
582:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
557:
551:
548:
539:
532:
530:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:Sublime Porte
499:
495:
491:
487:
484:
480:
473:
470:
465:
458:
455:
450:
447:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
421:Taifa of Raïs
418:
409:
402:
400:
398:
393:
383:
376:
374:
372:
368:
363:
360:, chased the
359:
355:
350:
342:
337:
330:
328:
324:
322:
317:
313:
305:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
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266:
262:
258:
254:
246:
241:
236:
228:
223:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
189:
182:
180:
178:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
83:Start of the
82:
80:
76:
75:
74:
70:
67:
63:
62:
61:taïfa of raïs
57:
54:
50:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
1396:
1389:
1369:
1339:
1332:
1312:
1305:
1285:
1278:
1258:
1252:
1242:
1212:
1205:
1185:
1178:
1168:
1161:
1151:
1144:
1134:
1127:
1107:
1087:
1080:
1070:
1048:
1020:
1000:
980:
960:
953:
943:
921:
914:
904:
882:
875:
855:
822:
816:
806:
786:
780:
760:
753:
743:
719:
677:
675:
653:
648:
644:
633:
629:Grand Vizier
610:
578:
564:
560:
552:
544:
509:
506:Grand Vizier
483:Grand Vizier
476:
452:
448:
444:
425:
423:(Corsairs).
414:
388:
346:
325:
309:
281:
259:and his son
250:
213:Hassan-Pasha
194:
176:
142:
117:
113:
109:
107:
85:Aghas period
59:
52:Organized by
591:. In 1710,
581:Montesquieu
343:(1632-1696)
1422:Categories
689:References
522:pilgrimage
417:Cretan War
367:Aegean sea
354:Cretan War
217:Salah reis
97:becomes a
570:Aftermath
566:Khalil."
371:Venetians
288:Sijilmasa
201:Hayreddin
56:Algerians
678:de facto
593:Baba Ali
516:and the
479:Istanbul
277:Laghouat
265:Tafilalt
172:corsairs
164:Adriatic
126:Istanbul
42:Location
922:Algérie
650:centre.
640:Algiers
490:Algiers
312:Algiers
296:Tlemcen
292:Tlemcen
282:Mahram
209:Lepanto
205:sailors
150:as the
116:or the
95:Regency
87:in the
72:Outcome
1404:
1377:
1347:
1320:
1293:
1266:
1220:
1193:
1115:
863:
829:
768:
440:Pashas
349:piracy
636:Pasha
547:Diwan
514:Egypt
436:İzmir
428:Diwan
392:Odjak
284:Pasha
273:Oujda
177:Diwân
145:Pasha
138:Odjak
1402:ISBN
1375:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1291:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1113:ISBN
861:ISBN
827:ISBN
766:ISBN
556:Agha
545:The
526:Hajj
467:The
432:Rais
362:rais
321:rais
251:The
199:and
197:Oruç
156:raïs
108:The
93:The
34:Date
638:in
558:".
1424::
1359:^
1232:^
1097:^
1058:^
1030:^
1010:^
990:^
970:^
931:^
892:^
841:^
796:^
729:^
697:^
685:.
399:.
373:.
302:.
279:.
215:,
1410:.
1383:.
1353:.
1326:.
1299:.
1272:.
1226:.
1199:.
1121:.
869:.
835:.
774:.
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