67:
1049:
1406:
826:
950:
679:
647:, who were one of the most dominant of the post-Attila groups. It has also been pointed out by Reynolds and Lopez that Attila had an uncle named Rogus and that Jordanes may have been saying Odoacer was his descendant. After the battle of Bolia, the Scirii, Rugii and Heruli made up a large part of the military force Odoacer came to control in Italy, while the Ostrogoths moved into Eastern Roman territory in the Balkans. The near contemporary
794:. Though there is no consensus, some historians, such as Reynolds and Lopez, have suggested that this Adovacrius may be the same person as the future king of Italy. Matthias Springer has noted that Odoacer's involvement with northern European Saxons in this period would be consistent with the proposal that he had Thuringian ancestry, pointing out that the term Saxon in this period was probably not a distinct ethnic label.
5530:
6287:
1483:, surrendered to the Ostrogothic king. Theodoric had no reason to doubt Tufa's loyalty and dispatched his new general to Ravenna with a band of elite soldiers. Herwig Wolfram observes, "ut Tufa changed sides, the Gothic elite force entrusted to his command was destroyed, and Theodoric suffered his first serious defeat on Italian soil." Theodoric recoiled by seeking safety in
472:, who have pointed out that Germanic-speakers used Hunnic names in this period and region, and vice versa. As emphasized by Pohl, the same person could be considered Hunnic or Germanic under different circumstances, especially during the upheavals after Attila's death, and "the ruling class of Attila's empire continued to influence tribal politics even after its collapse".
6270:
1548:"Ad Laurentum" ("At the Laurel Grove"); when this plan went astray, Theodoric drew his sword and struck him on the collarbone. In response to Odoacer's dying question, "Where is God?" Theodoric cried, "This is what you did to my friends." Theodoric was said to have stood over the body of his dead rival and exclaimed, "The man has no bones in his body."
916:, "They desired to have roof-trees and lands of their own, and they petitioned Orestes to reward them for their services, by granting them lands and settling them permanently in Italy". Orestes refused their petition, and they turned to Odoacer to lead their revolt against Orestes. Orestes was killed at
1259:
by emperor Zeno, initiating a new administrative era over Roman lands. Odoacer introduced a few important changes to the administrative system of Italy. According to
Jordanes, at the beginning of his reign he "slew Count Bracila at Ravenna that he might inspire a fear of himself among the Romans." He
982:
from Zeno, Odoacer did not invite Julius Nepos to return to Rome, and the latter remained in
Dalmatia until his death. Odoacer was careful to observe form, however, and made a pretence of acting on Nepos's authority, even issuing coins with both his image and that of Zeno. Following Nepos's murder in
746:
Historians such as Penny MacGeorge and
Macbain avow that Odoacer was likely half-Scirian and half-Thuringian. Macbain's sees this as evidence of Odoacer's Germanic heritage arguing that "whatever the Skirians may have been no one doubts that the Thuringians were Germans", and that while the "ancient
660:
On the other hand, scholars are divided about whether
Jordanes can be relied upon concerning the "Turcilingi". It has also been proposed that these are an otherwise unknown Turkic speaking people among the Huns. Whether or not this is accepted, there is also an argument that the Turcilingi mentioned
444:
explored the possibility that the name
Odoacer was not Germanic, making several arguments that his ethnic background might lie elsewhere. One of these is that his name, "Odoacer", for which they claimed an etymology in Germanic languages had not been convincingly found, arguing instead that it could
1543:
to set up an effective blockade of
Ravenna. Despite these decisive losses, the war dragged on until 25 February 493 when John, bishop of Ravenna, was able to negotiate a treaty between Theodoric and Odoacer to occupy Ravenna together and share joint rule. After a three-year siege, Theodoric entered
1551:
Not only did
Theodoric slay Odoacer, he thereafter had the betrayed king's loyal followers hunted down and killed as well, an event which left him as the master of Italy. Odoacer's wife Sunigilda was stoned to death, and his brother Onoulphus was killed by archers while seeking refuge in a church.
751:
explains that "Odoacer is called a
Scirian, a Rugian, a Goth or a Thuringian in sources; his father is called a Hun, his mother a Scirian. Odoacer's father Edeco was associated first with the Huns under Attila, and then with a group called Sciri, an ethnographic name that appears intermittently in
1538:
By this time, however, Odoacer appeared to have lost all hope of victory. A large-scale sortie he sent out of
Ravenna on the night of 9/10 July 491 ended in failure, during which his commander-in-chief, Livilia, along with the best of his Herulian soldiers, was killed. On 29 August 492, the Goths
1443:
and Peter
Heather point out, Theodoric had his own reasons to agree to this offer: "Theodoric had enough experience to know (or at least suspect) that Zeno would not, in the long term, tolerate his independent power. When Theodoric rebelled in 485, we are told, he had in mind Zeno's treatment of
1276:
As Bury points out, "It is highly important to observe that Odovacar established his political power with the co-operation of the Roman Senate, and this body seems to have given him their loyal support throughout his reign, so far as our meagre sources permit us to draw inferences." He regularly
969:
to the throne, the Senate in Rome sent an embassy to the Eastern Emperor and bestowed upon him the Western imperial insignia. The message was clear: the West no longer required a separate Emperor, for "one monarch sufficed the world". In response, Zeno accepted their gifts and this essentially
460:
The name of Odoacer's apparent brother, Hunulf or Onulf, is generally accepted to be Germanic "Hun wolf". Reynolds and Lopez emphasized that the first part, "hun", although the meaning is uncertain, may refer to the Huns. Odoacer's son is given two different names in ancient sources, Thelan and
528:
and other Imperial dignitaries back to Attila's camp. It is not universally accepted that this Edeco is the father of Odoacer. Priscus once calls him a Scythian, and another time a Hun. It has been argued classifications like "Scythian" or "Hun" from this period could refer to social type and
1883:
to prove that Odoacer was very supportive of the Church. "Ennodius was a loyal supporter of Theodoric the Great. Any oppression, therefore, on the part of Odovacar would not be passed over in silence." She concludes that Ennodius's silence "may be construed as an unintentional tribute to the
1975:, ch. 39) places the murder in Ad Laurentum. Herwig Wolfram explains Theodoric's claim of avenging his "friends" as recompense for the death of a Rugian royal couple – "it apparently did not matter that their son was at that very moment in open rebellion against Theodoric."
722:
in 477. Due to its very late date of 1521 and several anachronistic elements, the content of that plate is considered nothing more than a legend. In spite of that, the plate has become a popular "source" for several theorists that try to connect Odoacer with ancient Celtic
545:, a generation earlier, which included several groups referred to in this period as "Gothic peoples"βthe same polyethnic complex which dominated the military forces that he is most famous for leading throughout his later life. On that basis, he is likely at least partly of
348:, the rebellious general of the army in Italy, less than a year before, but had been unable to gain allegiance or recognition beyond central Italy. With the backing of the Roman Senate, Odoacer thenceforth ruled Italy autonomously, paying lip service to the authority of
904:
in Dalmatia, and received homage and affirmation from the remaining fragments of the Western Empire beyond Italy and, most importantly, from Constantinople, which refused to accept Augustulus, Zeno having branded him and his father as traitors and usurpers.
1556:, but when he attempted to return to Italy Theodoric had him killed. Despite the tragic ending of his domain, followers, and family, Odoacer left an important legacy, in that he had laid the foundations of a great kingdom in Italy for Theodoric to exploit.
1264:
to cede Sicily to him. Noting that "Odovacar seized power in August of 476, Gaiseric died in January 477, and the sea usually became closed to navigation around the beginning of November", F. M. Clover dates this cession to September or October 476. When
742:
indicated that Odoacer was so tall that he had to bend down to pass through the doorway, which historian Bruce Macbain considers another strong argument that he was unlikely to have been a Hun, as ancient sources describe the Huns as shorter than Romans.
821:
Christian and Severinus was Catholic, the latter left a deep impression on him. When Odoacer took his leave, Severinus made one final comment which proved prophetic: "Go to Italy, go, now covered with mean hides; soon you will make rich gifts to many."
1309:
acquired "enhanced prestige and influence" in order to counter any desires for restoration of Imperial rule. As the most tangible example of this renewed prestige, for the first time since the mid-3rd century copper coins were issued with the legend
1502:
demonstrated what Wolfram calls "one of the rare displays of Gothic solidarity" and sent military aid to help his kinsman, forcing Odoacer to raise his siege. Theodoric emerged from Ticinum, and on 11 August 490, the armies of the two kings
1392:
with an army back to Noricum against him. Onoulphus found it necessary to evacuate the remaining Romans and resettled them in Italy. The remaining Rugians fled and took refuge with the Ostrogoths; the abandoned province was settled by the
643:. The Rugii, who apparently originated on the south Baltic coast, are known from other sources for their post-Attila kingdom on the Danube. These groups fought on the same side as the Scirii in the battle of Bolia in 468, defeating the
1003:. In A.D. 476 the same principle of disintegration was first applied to Italy. The settlement of Odovacar's East Germans, with Zeno's acquiescence, began the process by which Italian soil was to pass into the hands of Ostrogoths and
461:
Oklan. Reynolds and Lopez compare these to Turkic names: "Thelan resembles the name borne by the khagan of the eastern Turks, Tulan, who reigned from 587 to 600 A.D. Oklan resembles closely the Turkish-Tatar word oghlan, 'youth' ".
1818:, Ludwig Bieler, explains in a footnote that "make rich gifts to many" refers to the custom of Germanic war leaders giving lavishly to their followers, because "generosity was one of the virtues which a king was supposed to have."
1544:
the city on 5 March. Odoacer died ten days later, slain by Theodoric while they shared a meal. Theodoric had plotted to have a group of his followers kill him while the two kings were feasting together in the imperial palace of
1870:
Cook writes, "One wonders at brevity", adding that during "the thirteen years of Odovacar's mastery of Italy ... a period which embraced nearly half the episcopate of EpiphaniusβEnnodius devotes but eight sections of the
317:
and was able to distribute land to his followers without much opposition. Unrest among his warriors led to violence in 477β478, but no such disturbances occurred during the later period of his reign. Although Odoacer was an
592:βwho may have been a people or perhaps a dynasty. The Turcilingi are not mentioned in any other historical sources apart from those derived from Jordanes and their ethnic affiliations are unclear, but they may have been
990:
It stands out prominently as an important stage in the process of the dismemberment of the Empire. It belongs to the same catalogue of chronological dates which includes A.D. 418, when Honorius settled the Goths in
1949:
Wolfram suggests that sometime in 492 or 493, Fredericus and Tufa quarrelled and fought a battle, during which both were killed. To this Wolfram adds, that the Rugians "rejoined the Gothic king" (by whom, he means
661:
by Jordanes were early Thuringians, who established a kingdom by about this time in what is now central Germany, relatively far to the north of the Danubian kingdoms. In favour of this argument, the 10th century
6397:
1531:
took their turn to strike while both sides were fully engaged and invaded Sicily. While Theodoric was engaged with them, his ally Fredericus, king of the Rugians, began to oppress the inhabitants of
363:, master of soldiers of the Eastern Empire, asked for Odoacer's help in 484 in his struggle to depose Zeno, Odoacer invaded Zeno's westernmost provinces. The emperor responded first by inciting the
4224:
774:, using two different spellings and involving two different regions. These involve events which were early enough to be Odoacer before his appearance in Italy. Both were during the lifetime of
813:, records how a group of barbarians on their way to Italy stopped to pay their respects to the holy man. Odoacer, at the time "a young man, of tall figure, clad in poor clothes", learned from
529:
lifestyle rather than an exact ethnic origin. Macbain, however, argues that Priscus was careful with such terms, and sees this as evidence that Edeco cannot be the Scirian father of Odoacer.
1535:, whom the latter's forces had been garrisoned to protect. Once Theodoric intervened in person in late August 491, his punitive acts drove Fredericus to desert with his followers to Tufa.
382:, who had been menacing the Eastern Empire within the Balkans. Theodoric invaded Italy in 489 and by August 490 had captured almost the entire peninsula, forcing Odoacer to take refuge in
386:. The city surrendered on 5 March 493. Theodoric invited Odoacer to a banquet of reconciliation, where instead of forging an alliance, Theodoric killed Odoacer, and replaced him as king.
801:, who had been causing problems in Italy. This Odoacer, with his connection to the region north of Italy, and his "o" spelling, is probably the future king of Italy, before he was king.
6392:
449:"Ot-toghar" ("grass-born" or "fire-born"), or the shorter form "Ot-ghar" ("herder"). There is also debate regarding the etymology of Edeco, the apparent name of Odoacer's father.
752:
fifth-century sources." This line of reasoning is also picked up on by historian Erik Jensen, who avows that Odoacer was born to a Gothic mother and that his father Edeco was a
978:. Zeno also suggested that Odoacer should receive Nepos back as Emperor in the West, "if he truly wished to act with justice." Although he accepted the title of Patrician and
1515:
him. Ravenna proved to be invulnerable, surrounded by marshes and estuaries and easily supplied by small boats from its hinterlands, as Procopius later pointed out in his
4217:
614:) with Scirian and Heruli followers, in another passage Jordanes mentions Italy being "shaken by the tyranny of the Torcilingi and Rugi" during Odoacer's reign. In his
5492:
399:
The origin of the name Odoacer, which may give indications as to his tribal affiliation, is debated. It is however traditionally derived from the Germanic components *
1305:
were consuls and Prefects of Rome; another senator of old family, Cassiodorus, was appointed a minister of finance." A. H. M. Jones also notes that under Odoacer the
309:, granted by Zeno. Odoacer himself used the title of king in the only surviving official document that emanated from his chancery, and it was also used by the consul
932:("king") on 23 August 476. Odoacer then advanced to Ravenna and captured the city, compelling the young emperor Romulus to abdicate on 4 September. According to the
1653:
464:
The assumption that the etymology of Odoacer's name can be used to determine his ancestry or language has been criticized by historians and philologists such as
4210:
4087:
1996:
According to one account, "That same day, all of Odoacer's army who could be found anywhere were killed by order of Theodoric, as well as all of his family".
841:
By 470, Odoacer had become an officer in what remained of the Roman Army. Although Jordanes writes of Odoacer as invading Italy "as leader of the Sciri, the
1260:
took many military actions to strengthen his control over Italy and its neighbouring areas. He achieved a solid diplomatic coup by inducing the Vandal king
6372:
896:
tribesmen. Before the end of that year Orestes had rebelled and driven Nepos from Italy. Orestes then proclaimed his young son Romulus the new emperor as
970:
brought to an end any puppet emperors in the West, with Nepos banished and Anthemius dead. The Eastern Emperor then conferred upon Odoacer the title of
6332:
4575:
3637:
344:
soldiers that deposed Romulus Augustulus on 4 September AD 476. Eleven-year-old Augustulus had been declared Western Roman Emperor by his father
3719:
1695:"Odoacer was the first barbarian who reigned over Italy, over a people who had once asserted their just superiority above the rest of mankind."
6337:
865:
345:
1959:
John of Antioch, fragment 214a; translated by C. D. Gordon, reports the statement as "There certainly wasn't a bone in this wretched fellow".
6327:
4007:
3896:
3787:
3768:
3705:
3667:
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3541:
3482:
3463:
3442:
3423:
3404:
3385:
3362:
3343:
3320:
3299:
3263:
3227:
3208:
3143:
3088:
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1448:. Armatus defected from Basilicus to Zeno in 476, and was made senior imperial general for life. Within a year, Zeno had him assassinated."
797:
In a second mention by Gregory of Tours, an Odovacrius (with an "o") made an alliance with the same Childeric, and together they fought the
6342:
6054:
5485:
4877:
4595:
3728:
1435:, who had been in open revolt against Zeno since 484. Switching allegiances, Zeno subsequently sought to destroy Odoacer and then promised
671:
as a Thuringian on his father's side and Scirian on his mother's side. This fragment was most likely written by the contemporary historian
5390:
5133:
5081:
1273:(9 May 480), Odoacer assumed the duty of pursuing and executing the assassins, and at the same time established his own rule in Dalmatia.
6322:
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5272:
4943:
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1467:, reaching its outskirts on 27 September, where he immediately set up a fortified camp. Theodoric followed him and three days later
1286:
356:, to punish the murderers. He executed the conspirators, conquered the region and incorporated it into his domain within two years.
219:
6382:
6367:
6347:
6190:
4233:
4080:
1290:
326:
310:
267:
5402:
1369:
openly states that the pontiff's tenure occurred during Odoacer's reign without any complaints about the king being registered.
6150:
5801:
5478:
1527:, and received unexpected reinforcements when dissent amongst Theodoric's ranks led to sizable desertions. That same year, the
1322:
hitherto current", and not only were they copied by the Vandals in Africa, but they formed the basis of the currency reform by
1282:
524:
An earlier Edeco ("Edekon") was described by Priscus as a trusted man of Attila, and ambassador to Constantinople. He escorted
5378:
5226:
4384:
1512:
1237:
1212:
513:
along with a person named Hunuulf (presumably his son), after the fall of Attila. They were defeated by the Ostrogoths at the
6214:
5721:
5282:
3799:
3503:
805:
Another early recorded event which is more certainly about Odoacer the future king, was shortly before he arrived in Italy.
6238:
6222:
6198:
6118:
6110:
5267:
5201:
5000:
4732:
4655:
4506:
1677:
1495:. Many Romans were taken into captivity and did not regain their freedom until Theodoric ransomed them three years later.
888:
military forces of Italy. Under the command of Orestes were significant contingents of Germanic peoples made up mostly of
703:
1048:
6206:
6174:
6126:
6102:
6086:
846:
485:
66:
1671:
782:
In the first mention, a confused or confusing report is given of a number of battles in about 463 fought by Childeric,
747:
sources exhibit considerable confusion over Odovacer's tribal affiliation" none of them calls Odoacer a Hun. Historian
6182:
6142:
6078:
5396:
5348:
5039:
4526:
4073:
845:
and allies of various races", modern writers describe him as being part of the Roman military establishment, based on
900:(31 October). At this time, Odoacer was a soldier rising through the ranks. However, Nepos reorganized his court in
6387:
6352:
5342:
5336:
5287:
5277:
4707:
4692:
4555:
4121:
1314:. Jones describes these coins as "fine big copper pieces", which were "a great improvement on the miserable little
5454:
4737:
1334:
936:, Odoacer was moved by Romulus's youth and his beauty to not only spare his life but give him a pension of 6,000
857:
in 472. Odoacer is said to have "hastened the emperor's downfall", since he switched sides to join with Ricimer.
518:
353:
278:
3632:
1875:(101β107), five of which are taken up with the restoration of the churches." Cook uses Ennodius's brevity as an
5360:
4712:
4565:
4501:
3099:
1906:
For several years the armies of Odoacer and Theodoric marched back and forth as they vied for control of Italy.
1504:
1302:
971:
875:
861:
describes him as one of the Emperor's bodyguards, only agreeing to this position if placed in charge of them.
550:
306:
49:
3134:
Castritius, Helmut (2005). "Skiren (Histrorisch)". In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.).
965:
Following Romulus Augustus's deposition, according to the historian Malchus, upon hearing of the accession of
411:
it is derived. In favour of this etymology, this form has a cognate in another Germanic language, the titular
4065:
3064:
Up from Caesar: A Survey of the History of Italy from the Fall of the Roman Empire to the Collapse of Fascism
5615:
5448:
5123:
5015:
4977:
4472:
4402:
4161:
4156:
2324:
465:
912:, who had been quartered in Italy all of these years, had grown weary of this arrangement. In the words of
488:, Odoacer is described as a man of the Sciri, the son of Edeco ("Idiko"), and brother of Hunulf who killed
5989:
5354:
5302:
5292:
5128:
5071:
4742:
1878:
1666:
1468:
1456:
1323:
928:
the Scirians and the Heruli, as well as a large segment of the Italic Roman army, then proclaimed Odoacer
724:
657:, accept that Odoacer was of Scirian heritage, because of the apparent family links to Edeko and Hunulf.
635:
as "Gothic peoples". They both appear to have come to the Danubian area from the direction of what is now
986:
Bury, however, disagrees that Odoacer's assumption of power marked the fall of the Western Roman Empire:
541:, Odoacer's precise ethnic origins are not known. His origins probably lie in the multi-ethnic empire of
6158:
5372:
5216:
5168:
5154:
4982:
4722:
4635:
4585:
4264:
4247:
4039:
4028:
3241:. Translated, Edited, and Commentary by Genevieve Marie Cook. Washington DC: Catholic University Press.
1338:
282:
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4832:
4804:
4610:
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4181:
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735:
argues such theories should be regarded as "inventive tales" of "creative" writers and nothing more.
255:
1487:. Odoacer emerged from Ravenna and started to besiege his rival. While both were fully engaged, the
6317:
6019:
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764:
There are two recorded incidents involving military leaders with the name Odoacer preserved in the
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105:
1405:
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Reichert, Hermann (2002). "Odowakar". In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.).
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437:
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259:
247:
266:(476β493). Odoacer's overthrow of Romulus Augustulus is traditionally understood as marking the
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3641:. Vol. 2 (A.D. 395β527). London; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 791β793.
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a five-year immunity from taxes, and again granted his requests for relief from abuses by the
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616:
558:
421:
274:
150:
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3222:. History of the Art of War. Vol. II. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press.
1723:
documents, which come the closest to implying official use of the title, all refer to him as
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1968:
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and his Ostrogoths the Italian peninsula if they were to defeat and remove Odoacer. As both
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History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian
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History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian
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4131:
3715:
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1752:
1571:
1566:
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514:
450:
441:
4809:
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Pohl, Walter (1986). "Edika". In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.).
1431:, the Eastern Emperor, increasingly saw him as a rival. Odoacer exchanged messages with
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4752:
4747:
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4625:
4418:
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4279:
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3681:. Translated by William Dudley Foulke. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
3332:
1480:
1440:
1428:
1183:
1075:
966:
958:
954:
938:
711:
699:
687:
294:
290:
286:
5470:
352:, the previous Western emperor, and Zeno. Upon Nepos's murder in 480, Odoacer invaded
6362:
6306:
6011:
5501:
5118:
4956:
4460:
4334:
4306:
4047:
3996:
3908:
3856:
3599:
3514:
3493:
1919:, 11.50f. This follows how Thomas Hodgkins explains this confusing chronology of the
1696:
1254:
1095:
748:
631:
The Scirii and Heruls were among those known to contemporaries such as the historian
573:
454:
263:
251:
84:
44:
3374:
5408:
4491:
4346:
4326:
4202:
4033:
3613:
With Their Backs to the Mountains: A History of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns
3492:
Jones, A.H.M. (1964). "The Fall of the Western Empire and the Barbarian Kingdoms".
1306:
1266:
1080:
879:
588:. In several passages, Jordanes also associated Odoacer with the otherwise unknown
538:
349:
332:
Before becoming king, Odoacer was a military leader in Italy who led the revolt of
314:
5529:
3882:
3657:
3611:
3453:
3310:
1844:, 8.38. Text and English translation of this document is in J.C. Rolfe (trans.),
568:
One of the most important sources for this topic has been the 6th-century writer
5948:
5854:
5044:
4909:
3830:"'Wulf and Eadwacer' Reloaded: John of Antioch and the Starving Wife of Odoacer"
1716:
1635:
1584:
1488:
1452:
1217:
775:
469:
416:
323:
54:
3178:
Clover, Frank M. (1999). "A Game of Bluff: The Fate of Sicily after A.D. 476".
653:
also calls Odoacer a king of Heruli. Many historians, such as medieval scholar
5833:
5809:
5785:
3495:
The Later Roman Empire, 284β602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey
1508:
1476:
913:
787:
728:
644:
589:
3873:
3736:
3524:
3282:
3246:
3109:
3071:
1297:
held the consulship and were either Prefects of Rome or Praetorian Prefects;
375:
and defeated the Rugii in their own territory. Zeno eventually appointed the
6028:
5878:
5777:
5737:
5713:
5697:
5562:
5554:
4311:
4116:
4111:
3126:
1744:
1648:
1499:
1389:
1381:
1358:
884:
858:
854:
806:
790:" (with an "a") who was leading a group of Saxons based at the mouth of the
695:
668:
632:
601:
376:
76:
3763:. Translated by H. B. Dewing. Indianapolis; Cambridge: Hackett Publishing.
1511:. Odoacer again was defeated and forced back into Ravenna, where Theodoric
1349:: in response to the bishop's petition, Odoacer granted the inhabitants of
3848:
3812:
1591:" has been thought to be a legendary retelling of part of Odoacer's story.
817:
that he would one day become famous. Despite the fact that Odoacer was an
5998:
5962:
5793:
5769:
5761:
5745:
5729:
5705:
5665:
5029:
4511:
4316:
4259:
4171:
3797:
Reynolds, Robert L.; Lopez, Robert S. (1946). "Odoacer: German or Hun?".
3277:. Translated by Ludwig Bieler. Washington DC: Catholic University Press.
1728:
1606:
1601:
1394:
1385:
1330:
1261:
1015:. And Odovacar's title of king emphasised the significance of the change.
1004:
983:
480, who was killed while waiting in Dalmatia, Zeno became sole Emperor.
943:
818:
798:
783:
707:
569:
506:
319:
173:
3553:
From Rome to Byzantium AD 363 to 565: The Transformation of Ancient Rome
3170:
3154:
974:
and granted him legal authority to govern Italy in the name of Rome, as
572:, who associated him with several of the Gothic peoples who came to the
5825:
5817:
5689:
5681:
5673:
5657:
5649:
5578:
5570:
4291:
4252:
4126:
3820:
3191:
1769:
1528:
1492:
1484:
1472:
1445:
1377:
1373:
1350:
1062:
1012:
1000:
921:
850:
719:
636:
525:
489:
481:
383:
368:
341:
134:
72:
17:
3591:
3435:
The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians
829:
Romulus Augustus resigns the Crown (from a 19th-century illustration).
5753:
5623:
5594:
5586:
4799:
4136:
1893:
Also see: John of Antioch, fragment 214; translated by C. D. Gordon,
1827:
Also See: John of Antioch, fragment 209; translated by C. D. Gordon,
1540:
1524:
1464:
1460:
1317:
1278:
1270:
1008:
901:
893:
842:
606:
581:
542:
372:
337:
333:
3519:. Translated by Charles C. Mierow. London: Oxford University Press.
3256:
The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History
1479:, where the majority of Odoacer's army, including his chief general
407:(awake, vigilant, lively). It is not clear from which branch of the
3583:
2424:
2422:
371:
to attack Italy. During the winter of 487β488, Odoacer crossed the
5631:
4777:
4301:
4274:
3455:
The Restoration of Rome: Barbarian Popes & Imperial Pretenders
1720:
1532:
1520:
1432:
1414:
1404:
948:
889:
824:
791:
710:(Austria)βmentions Odoacer as King of "Rhutenes" or "Rhutenians" (
677:
640:
621:
593:
585:
577:
554:
510:
505:
Another record of an Edicaβapparently the same personβis found in
499:
364:
360:
163:
3931:
Early Germanic Grammar: Pre-, Proto-, and Post-Germanic Languages
1638:" on a few coins. The name had become a title by the 5th century.
1519:. Further, Tufa remained at large in the strategic valley of the
1337:
were remarkably good. As G. M. Cook notes in her introduction to
5602:
4269:
4141:
1553:
663:
597:
5474:
4206:
4069:
1269:
was murdered by two of his retainers in his country house near
675:, who was a near contemporary and likely to be well-informed.
3498:. Vol. I. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2202:
2200:
2156:
2154:
2100:
2098:
753:
211:
6252:
2526:
2524:
1848:(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972), vol. 3 pp. 531ff
3971:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
3952:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
3616:. Budapest and New York: Central European University Press.
2005:
However, Wolfram writes that Sunigilda was starved to death.
75:, 477, with Odoacer in profile, depicted with a "barbarian"
3292:
Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation
2751:
2749:
2295:
2293:
2268:
2266:
1682:
205:
199:
193:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2463:
2461:
2241:
2239:
2141:
2139:
2137:
1751:. The only reference to Odoacer as "King of Italy" is in
682:
Latin memorial plate from 1521, that mentions Odoacer as
620:, the same author defines Odoacer as a descendant of the
6398:
States and territories disestablished in the 5th century
3910:
Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
1372:
In 487/488, Odoacer led his army to victory against the
961:, testifying to the formal submission of Odoacer to Zeno
610:, Jordanes describes Odoacer as king of the Turcilingi (
502:("Aediko"), and refers to him leading Sciri and Heruli.
3380:. Translated by Lewis Thorpe. New York: Penguin Books.
1388:, had returned to his people, Odoacer sent his brother
1253:
In 476, Odoacer was proclaimed rex by his soldiers and
3399:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
3258:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
2676:
2674:
2577:
2575:
1857:
See:Malchus, fragment 10, translated in C. D. Gordon,
425:(where Old English renders the earlier Germanic sound
1735:: ruler of the Goths and the Romans. He is called an
220:
208:
190:
694:
Much later, a memorial plate from 1521 found in the
196:
6053:
5938:
5845:
5614:
5537:
5509:
5418:
5315:
5245:
5184:
5167:
5091:
5028:
4991:
4965:
4942:
4887:
4876:
4818:
4788:
4540:
4490:
4444:
4375:
4362:
4325:
4240:
3536:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
3047:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
1580:) as the person who drove Hildebrand from his home.
1179:
1161:
1147:
1134:
1122:
1108:
1094:
1068:
1058:
1028:
628:), with Turcilingi, Scirian and Heruli followers.
202:
169:
159:
149:
141:
128:
115:
111:
101:
90:
83:
34:
3995:
3907:
3373:
3331:
3121:. Vol. II. New York: Dover Publications Inc.
576:during the time of Attila's empire, including the
3045:People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489β554
1491:seized the opportunity to plunder and devastated
4002:. Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
3662:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
3437:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
3397:Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376β568
3083:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
2428:
1884:moderation and tolerance of the barbarian king".
1451:In 489, Theodoric led the Ostrogoths across the
1384:into captivity; when word that Feletheus's son,
853:at the beginning of his battle with the emperor
3477:. Cambridge; Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
3338:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
3273:Eugippius (1965). "Commemoratorium Severinus".
2791:
988:
537:Except for the fact that he was not considered
6393:States and territories established in the 470s
5486:
4218:
4081:
2206:
2160:
2104:
849:'s statement that Odoacer was on the side of
322:, he rarely intervened in the affairs of the
8:
4621:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
3866:The Assassination of Justinian's Personality
3570:Macbain, Bruce (1983). "Odovacer the Hun?".
3355:From Rome to Byzantium: The Fifth Century AD
2325:"Friedhof und Katakomben im Stift St. Peter"
1654:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
1569:
778:, king of the Franks, who died about 481.
3780:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
3698:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
3136:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
2530:
1876:
1768:For more on this, see: Stefan Krautschick,
1362:
1315:
5493:
5479:
5471:
5415:
5181:
4884:
4372:
4225:
4211:
4203:
4088:
4074:
4066:
4016:
3914:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
3727:. Vol. IV. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
2145:
2041:
1498:The following summer, the Visigothic king
1047:
1025:
65:
31:
3969:The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples
3555:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
3203:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
3201:Book of the Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis)
3180:Historia: Zeitschrift fΓΌr Alte Geschichte
3002:
2911:
2863:
2515:
2491:
2479:
2452:
2377:
2299:
2257:
1772:Historia: Zeitschrift fΓΌr Alte Geschichte
293:. He was referred to not only as a king (
3312:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
2839:
2755:
2692:
2554:
2467:
2440:
2341:
2284:
2272:
2077:
1701:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
1552:Theodoric exiled Odoacer's son Thela to
1471:him again. While Odoacer took refuge in
549:descent. Early medieval sources such as
509:, who identified him as a leader of the
6265:
4576:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
3638:Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
3475:Barbarians in the Greek and Roman World
2990:
2954:
2935:
2923:
2899:
2880:
2851:
2827:
2815:
2629:
2617:
2593:
2503:
2389:
2365:
2353:
2245:
2230:
2172:
2128:
2116:
2053:
2025:
1973:Liber pontificalis ecclesiae Ravennatis
1627:
1539:were about to assemble enough ships at
1277:nominated members of the Senate to the
882:, Odoacer became head of the barbarian
557:. Likewise, the 6th century chronicler
3721:The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan
3534:The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe
3026:
3014:
2704:
2653:
2413:
2089:
2065:
1475:, Theodoric continued across Italy to
1463:, only to be defeated. He withdrew to
1455:and into Italy. On 28 August, Odoacer
920:along with his brother Paulus outside
667:identifies Odoacer's apparent brother
453:considered it Turkic,; others such as
2978:
2779:
2767:
2740:
2728:
2665:
2641:
2401:
1160:
1146:
1133:
1129:
1107:
1103:
1093:
898:Romulus Augustus, called "Augustulus"
277:, he also represented himself as the
7:
3837:Anglia: Journal of English Philology
3729:Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute
3334:How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower
3104:. Vol. I. New York: Macmillan.
2966:
2716:
2680:
2605:
2581:
2566:
2542:
2191:
2014:See: John of Antioch, fragment 214a.
1345:, he showed great esteem for Bishop
738:Finally, a passage from Eugippius's
3458:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2803:
2311:
2218:
484:, reproduced in the 7th century by
6373:Magistri militum of Hunnic descent
4151:
3357:. London and New York: Routledge.
561:called him a "king of the Goths" (
498:agrees that his father's name was
25:
5385:United Provinces of Central Italy
492:in the eastern Roman empire. The
238:β 15 March 493 AD), also spelled
6285:
6268:
5528:
4234:List of historic states of Italy
3081:A Dictionary of the Roman Empire
3066:. New York: Doubleday & Co.
1427:As Odoacer's position improved,
1281:and other prestigious offices: "
1235:
1210:
480:In a fragment from a history of
403:(luck, possession, wealth) and *
327:state church of the Roman Empire
305:), or using the Roman honorific
186:
5367:Provisional Government of Milan
3315:. London: Wordsworth Editions.
3294:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
3237:Ennodius, Magnus Felix (1942).
3155:"Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol"
1770:"Zwei Aspekte des Jahres 476",
268:end of the Western Roman Empire
250:soldier and statesman from the
6333:5th-century monarchs in Europe
4566:City of Fiume and its District
3800:The American Historical Review
3516:The Gothic History of Jordanes
1927:(Oxford, 1885), vol. 4 p. 214.
1733:Gothorum Romanorumque regnator
1731:at one point refers to him as
957:struck in the name of Emperor
624:, or of a person named Rogus (
1:
6338:5th-century murdered monarchs
5001:County of Apulia and Calabria
4507:Campagna e Marittima Province
3782:. Vol. 28 (2 ed.).
3138:. Vol. 28 (2 ed.).
1335:Chalcedonian church hierarchy
1136:β’ Odoacer is proclaimed
878:by the Western Roman Emperor
727:, and also with later Slavic
639:, as do the Goths, Huns, and
232:
119:
27:Ruler of Italy (c. 433 β 493)
6328:5th-century Arian Christians
3994:Gregory, Timothy E. (2005).
3700:. Vol. 6 (2 ed.).
3330:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009).
3239:The Life of Saint Epiphanius
1683:
946:to live with his relatives.
600:, or even precursors of the
313:. He had the support of the
301:), but also as duke (Latin:
273:Although he held power over
132:15 March 493 (aged about 60)
6343:5th-century Germanic people
5403:Kingdom of LombardyβVenetia
5397:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
5349:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
4527:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
3881:Springer, Matthias (2004).
3290:Frassetto, Michael (2003).
999:ceded African lands to the
6414:
6323:5th-century kings of Italy
5343:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
5337:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
4738:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
4708:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
4693:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
1670:
604:. While in one passage of
71:Coin of Odoacer minted in
5526:
5455:Free Territory of Trieste
4973:Principality of Benevento
4107:
4054:
4045:
4019:
3656:MacGeorge, Penny (2002).
3631:Martindale, J.R. (1980).
3376:The History of the Franks
3372:Gregory of Tours (1974).
3275:The Life of Saint Severin
3062:Bernard, Jack F. (1970).
2207:Reynolds & Lopez 1946
2161:Reynolds & Lopez 1946
2105:Reynolds & Lopez 1946
1816:The Life of Saint Severin
1814:Translator of Eugippius'
1409:An early illustration of
1333:, his relations with the
1189:
1175:
1130:
1118:
1104:
1046:
1041:
457:considered it Germanic.
64:
39:
5941:(title disputed 887β933)
5361:Italian United Provinces
4713:Principality of Piombino
4502:Patrimony of Saint Peter
3967:Wolfram, Herwig (1997).
3948:Wolfram, Herwig (1988).
3677:Paul the Deacon (2003).
3309:Gibbon, Edward (1998) .
3079:Bunson, Matthew (1995).
1411:a mythologized Theodoric
1357:. The biography of Pope
1343:Life of Saint Epiphanius
1329:Although Odoacer was an
698:Chapel of St Maximus in
409:Germanic language family
6383:Kings of Italian states
6368:Deaths by blade weapons
6348:Early Germanic warriors
5449:Italian Social Republic
5124:Principality of Taranto
5016:Principality of Taranto
4978:Principality of Salerno
4733:Bishopric of Tarantasia
4556:Bishopric of Bressanone
4473:Duchy of the Pentapolis
4099:established around the
3929:Voyles, Joseph (1992).
3906:Thompson, E.A. (1982).
3679:History of the Lombards
3452:Heather, Peter (2013).
3433:Heather, Peter (2005).
3414:Heather, Peter (1996).
3353:Grant, Michael (1998).
3220:The Barbarian Invasions
3218:DelbrΓΌck, Hans (1990).
3199:Davis, Raymond (2001).
3043:Amory, Patrick (1997).
1984:See:Anonymus Valesianus
1326:in the Eastern Empire.
811:Life of Saint Severinus
786:, Count Paul, and one "
740:Life of Saint Severinus
466:Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen
5355:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
5129:Terra Sancti Benedicti
5033:(from the 9th century)
4743:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3998:A History of Byzantium
3532:Kim, Hyun Jin (2013).
3153:Cameron, Alan (1988).
1925:Italy and her Invaders
1879:argumentum ex silentio
1877:
1570:
1424:
1420:Chronica Theodericiana
1363:
1316:
1017:
962:
830:
715:
691:
302:
298:
5373:Republic of San Marco
5155:Crown Colony of Malta
4983:Principality of Capua
4723:Marquisate of Saluzzo
4586:County of Santa Fiora
4248:Etruscan civilization
4040:Western Roman Emperor
4029:Western Roman Emperor
3864:Sotiroff, G. (1974).
3849:10.1515/ang-2022-0056
3761:The Wars of Justinian
3473:Jensen, Erik (2018).
3418:. Oxford: Blackwell.
3395:Halsall, Guy (2007).
2429:Gregory of Tours 1974
1963:, pp. 182f. Both the
1757:Odouacro Italiae regi
1743:(usurper, tyrant) by
1576:mentions Odoacer (as
1413:killing Odoacer in a
1408:
1339:Magnus Felix Ennodius
1167:assassinates Odoacer
1069:Common languages
995:, and A.D. 435, when
952:
868:was in 475 appointed
828:
767:History of the Franks
681:
283:Eastern Roman Emperor
6151:Lothair III (or II)
5504:between 476 and 1556
5169:French Revolutionary
5109:State of the Presidi
4833:Republic of Florence
4805:Domini di Terraferma
4455:Exarchate of Ravenna
4353:Western Roman Empire
4297:Nuragic civilization
4157:Kingdom of the Aurès
4117:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
3950:History of the Goths
3828:Shiels, Ian (2022).
3254:Elton, Hugh (2018).
2914:, pp. 252β253 .
2792:Paul the Deacon 2003
2329:www.stift-stpeter.at
1846:Ammianus Marcellinus
1779:(1986), pp. 344β371.
1380:, taking their king
1312:S(enatus) C(onsulto)
908:About this time the
702:βthe burial site of
626:Odoacer genere Rogus
563:Odoacer rex Gothorum
436:However, historians
5443:Free State of Fiume
5391:Kingdom of Sardinia
5134:Neapolitan Republic
5082:Kingdom of Sardinia
5077:Republic of Sassari
4905:Catepanate of Italy
4828:Republic of Cospaia
4651:Duchy of Montferrat
4646:March of Montferrat
4581:County of Guastalla
4481:Exarchate of Africa
4167:Ostrogothic kingdom
4058:Theodoric the Great
3868:. Lynn Publishing.
3813:10.1086/ahr/52.1.36
3746:on 13 December 2016
3659:Late Roman Warlords
3572:Classical Philology
3117:Bury, J.B. (1958).
3098:Bury, J.B. (1923).
3029:, pp. 373β420.
2620:, pp. 428β429.
2233:, pp. 314β317.
2119:, pp. 456β457.
1965:Anonymus Valesianus
1938:Anonymus Valesianus
1921:Anonymus Valesianus
1917:Anonymus Valesianus
1842:Anonymus Valesianus
1788:Marcellinus Comes,
1647:See the following:
1634:Odoacer is called "
1617:Barbarian invasions
1437:Theodoric the Great
1231:Ostrogothic Kingdom
934:Anonymus Valesianus
650:Auctorium Havniense
533:Ethnic affiliations
495:Anonymus Valesianus
380:Theodoric the Great
106:Theodoric the Great
5273:Lucca and Piombino
5150:Malta Protectorate
5114:Duke of San Donato
4868:Republic of Ancona
4790:Republic of Venice
4703:Duchy of Mirandola
4591:Duchy of Guastalla
4429:Duchy of Tridentum
4409:Duchy of Benevento
4376:Barbarian kingdoms
4192:Visigothic kingdom
4152:Kingdom of Odoacer
4122:Burgundian kingdom
4112:Alamannian kingdom
4097:Barbarian kingdoms
3933:. Academic Press.
3759:Prokopios (2014).
3551:Lee, A.D. (2013).
2794:, pp. 31β33 .
2314:, pp. 98β101.
1425:
1365:Liber Pontificalis
1355:praetorian prefect
1151:Romulus Augustulus
1110:β’ 476β493 AD
963:
831:
692:
476:Father and brother
438:Robert L. Reynolds
260:Romulus Augustulus
137:, Kingdom of Italy
94:4 September 476 β
6388:Founding monarchs
6353:Thuringian people
6250:
6249:
6061:Holy Roman Empire
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5311:
5310:
5278:Massa and Carrara
5163:
5162:
5140:Hospitaller Malta
5099:Kingdom of Naples
5093:Kingdom of Sicily
5024:
5023:
4934:Duchy of Sorrento
4853:Republic of Genoa
4848:Republic of Siena
4843:Republic of Massa
4838:Republic of Lucca
4571:County of Gorizia
4561:Corsican Republic
4542:Holy Roman Empire
4200:
4199:
4177:Sub-Roman Britain
4147:Kingdom of Altava
4064:
4063:
4055:Succeeded by
4042:
4031:
4009:978-0-63123-513-2
3898:978-3-17-023227-3
3889:Kohlhammer Verlag
3789:978-3-11-017272-0
3770:978-1-62466-172-3
3707:978-3-11-010468-4
3669:978-0-19-925244-2
3562:978-0-74862-790-5
3543:978-1-10700-906-6
3513:Jordanes (1915).
3484:978-1-62466-712-1
3465:978-0-19-936851-8
3444:978-0-19515-954-7
3425:978-0-63120-932-4
3406:978-0-52143-543-7
3387:978-0-14044-295-3
3364:978-1-13516-672-4
3345:978-0-30013-719-4
3322:978-1-85326-499-3
3301:978-1-57607-263-9
3265:978-1-10845-631-9
3229:978-0-80329-200-0
3210:978-0-85323-545-3
3145:978-3-11-018207-1
3090:978-0-19510-233-8
3054:978-0-51152-306-9
2830:, pp. 50β51.
2668:, pp. 46β47.
2557:, pp. 63β64.
2443:, pp. 52β55.
2356:, pp. 50β51.
2221:, pp. 98β99.
1859:The Age of Attila
1739:(autocrat) and a
1681:
1589:Wulf and Eadwacer
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1223:
1222:
655:Michael Frassetto
612:Torcilingorum rex
559:Marcellinus Comes
445:be a form of the
422:Wulf and Eadwacer
179:
178:
16:(Redirected from
6405:
6298:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6281:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6261:
6242:
6234:
6226:
6218:
6210:
6202:
6194:
6186:
6178:
6170:
6162:
6154:
6146:
6138:
6130:
6122:
6114:
6106:
6098:
6090:
6082:
6074:
6055:Kingdom of Italy
6045:
6037:
6023:
6015:
6007:
5993:
5979:
5971:
5957:
5930:
5922:
5914:
5906:
5898:
5890:
5882:
5874:
5866:
5858:
5837:
5829:
5821:
5813:
5805:
5797:
5789:
5781:
5773:
5765:
5757:
5749:
5741:
5733:
5725:
5717:
5709:
5701:
5693:
5685:
5677:
5669:
5661:
5653:
5645:
5635:
5627:
5606:
5598:
5590:
5582:
5574:
5566:
5558:
5550:
5532:
5520:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5472:
5429:Kingdom of Italy
5416:
5182:
5011:County of Sicily
5006:County of Aversa
4929:Byzantine Sicily
4915:Theme of Lucania
4885:
4863:Republic of Pisa
4858:Republic of Noli
4728:Duchy of Spoleto
4698:Duchy of Merania
4596:Kingdom of Italy
4522:Duchy of Ferrara
4467:Duchy of Perugia
4446:Byzantine Empire
4424:Duchy of Spoleto
4391:Ostrogothic rule
4373:
4241:Pre-Roman period
4227:
4220:
4213:
4204:
4127:Frankish kingdom
4101:Migration Period
4090:
4083:
4076:
4067:
4037:
4026:
4023:Romulus Augustus
4020:Preceded by
4017:
4013:
4001:
3982:
3963:
3944:
3925:
3913:
3902:
3877:
3860:
3843:(3β4): 373β420.
3834:
3824:
3793:
3774:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3739:. Archived from
3726:
3716:Pritsak, Omeljan
3711:
3692:
3673:
3652:
3627:
3608:Magocsi, Paul R.
3603:
3566:
3547:
3528:
3509:
3488:
3469:
3448:
3429:
3410:
3391:
3379:
3368:
3349:
3337:
3326:
3305:
3286:
3269:
3250:
3233:
3214:
3195:
3174:
3149:
3130:
3113:
3094:
3075:
3058:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2884:
2878:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2531:Goldsworthy 2009
2528:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2195:
2189:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2149:
2143:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1969:Andreas Agnellus
1957:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1766:
1760:
1710:
1704:
1703:, Chapter XXXVI.
1693:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1664:
1658:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1612:Germanic peoples
1575:
1560:Later portrayals
1368:
1321:
1295:Manlius Boethius
1239:
1238:
1227:
1226:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1191:
1190:
1051:
1030:Kingdom of Italy
1026:
942:and sent him to
871:Magister militum
772:Gregory of Tours
704:St Peter's Abbey
254:who deposed the
237:
234:
227:
223:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
124:
121:
97:
69:
32:
21:
6413:
6412:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6297:from Wikisource
6291:
6286:
6284:
6274:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6260:sister projects
6259:
6257:at Knowledge's
6251:
6246:
6240:
6232:
6224:
6216:
6208:
6200:
6192:
6184:
6176:
6168:
6160:
6152:
6144:
6136:
6128:
6120:
6112:
6104:
6096:
6088:
6080:
6072:
6063:
6058:
6049:
6043:
6035:
6021:
6013:
6005:
5991:
5977:
5969:
5955:
5940:
5934:
5928:
5920:
5912:
5904:
5896:
5888:
5880:
5872:
5864:
5856:
5841:
5835:
5827:
5819:
5811:
5803:
5795:
5787:
5779:
5771:
5763:
5755:
5747:
5739:
5731:
5723:
5715:
5707:
5699:
5691:
5683:
5675:
5667:
5659:
5651:
5643:
5633:
5625:
5610:
5604:
5596:
5588:
5580:
5572:
5564:
5556:
5548:
5533:
5524:
5518:
5505:
5499:
5469:
5460:
5414:
5317:
5316:Post-Napoleonic
5307:
5241:
5177:
5171:
5159:
5101:
5097:
5096:(1130β1816) and
5095:
5087:
5032:
5020:
4987:
4961:
4952:Emirate of Bari
4938:
4925:Theme of Sicily
4920:Duchy of Naples
4895:Duchy of Amalfi
4880:
4872:
4820:
4819:Other Republics
4814:
4792:
4784:
4778:County of Tenda
4758:County of Savoy
4718:Duchy of Reggio
4688:Duchy of Mantua
4616:March of Friuli
4548:
4546:
4544:
4536:
4532:Duchy of Urbino
4517:Duchy of Castro
4494:
4486:
4440:
4434:Duchy of Tuscia
4414:Duchy of Friuli
4377:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4358:
4337:(753 BCβ509 BC)
4321:
4236:
4231:
4201:
4196:
4182:Suebian kingdom
4162:Lombard kingdom
4132:Frisian kingdom
4103:
4094:
4060:
4051:
4043:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4010:
3993:
3990:
3988:Further reading
3985:
3979:
3966:
3960:
3947:
3941:
3928:
3922:
3905:
3899:
3880:
3863:
3832:
3827:
3796:
3790:
3777:
3771:
3758:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3724:
3714:
3708:
3695:
3689:
3676:
3670:
3655:
3649:
3630:
3624:
3606:
3569:
3563:
3550:
3544:
3531:
3512:
3506:
3491:
3485:
3472:
3466:
3451:
3445:
3432:
3426:
3413:
3407:
3394:
3388:
3371:
3365:
3352:
3346:
3329:
3323:
3308:
3302:
3289:
3272:
3266:
3253:
3236:
3230:
3217:
3211:
3198:
3177:
3152:
3146:
3133:
3116:
3097:
3091:
3078:
3061:
3055:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2953:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2887:
2879:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2770:, p. 41fn.
2766:
2762:
2758:, p. 12fn.
2754:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2695:, p. 119 .
2691:
2687:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2522:
2518:, p. 251 .
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2494:, p. 65fn.
2490:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2431:, p. 132 .
2427:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2291:
2287:, p. 135 .
2283:
2279:
2275:, p. 119 .
2271:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2152:
2146:Castritius 2005
2144:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2042:Martindale 1980
2040:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1767:
1763:
1753:Victor Vitensis
1749:Bellum Gothicum
1711:
1707:
1694:
1690:
1665:
1661:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1598:
1572:Hildebrandslied
1567:Old High German
1562:
1403:
1331:Arian Christian
1236:
1211:
1168:
1157:4 September 476
1154:
1140:
1111:
1090:
1054:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1022:
924:. The Germanic
847:John of Antioch
839:
762:
733:Paul R. Magocsi
718:), who invaded
535:
515:Battle of Bolia
486:John of Antioch
478:
451:Omeljan Pritsak
442:Robert S. Lopez
397:
392:
367:of present-day
320:Arian Christian
262:and became the
235:
225:
221:
189:
185:
133:
122:
95:
79:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6411:
6409:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6299:
6282:
6253:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6236:
6231:Frederick III
6228:
6220:
6212:
6204:
6196:
6188:
6180:
6172:
6164:
6156:
6148:
6140:
6132:
6124:
6116:
6108:
6100:
6092:
6084:
6076:
6067:
6065:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6039:
6025:
6017:
6009:
5995:
5981:
5973:
5959:
5944:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5924:
5916:
5908:
5900:
5892:
5884:
5876:
5868:
5860:
5851:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5831:
5823:
5815:
5807:
5799:
5791:
5783:
5775:
5767:
5759:
5751:
5743:
5735:
5727:
5719:
5711:
5703:
5695:
5687:
5679:
5671:
5663:
5655:
5647:
5637:
5629:
5620:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5600:
5592:
5584:
5576:
5568:
5560:
5552:
5543:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5502:Kings of Italy
5500:
5498:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5475:
5466:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5435:Italian Empire
5425:
5423:
5413:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5379:Roman Republic
5376:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5331:Duchy of Lucca
5328:
5325:Duchy of Genoa
5321:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5188:
5186:
5179:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5105:
5103:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5036:
5034:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4900:Duchy of Gaeta
4897:
4891:
4889:
4882:
4878:Southern Italy
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4821:(c.β1000β1797)
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4773:County of Nice
4770:
4768:Duchy of Aosta
4765:
4760:
4755:
4748:Savoyard state
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4683:Duchy of Milan
4680:
4678:Duchy of Ivrea
4675:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4451:
4449:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4419:Duchy of Ivrea
4416:
4411:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4385:Odoacer's rule
4381:
4379:
4370:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4350:
4349:(27 BCβ395 AD)
4344:
4343:(509 BCβ27 BC)
4341:Roman Republic
4338:
4331:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4280:Cisalpine Gaul
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4207:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4187:Vandal kingdom
4184:
4179:
4174:
4172:Rugian kingdom
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4044:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4008:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3977:
3964:
3958:
3945:
3939:
3926:
3920:
3903:
3897:
3878:
3861:
3825:
3794:
3788:
3775:
3769:
3756:
3712:
3706:
3693:
3687:
3674:
3668:
3653:
3647:
3628:
3623:978-6155053467
3622:
3604:
3584:10.1086/366807
3578:(1): 323β327.
3567:
3561:
3548:
3542:
3529:
3510:
3504:
3489:
3483:
3470:
3464:
3449:
3443:
3430:
3424:
3411:
3405:
3392:
3386:
3369:
3363:
3350:
3344:
3327:
3321:
3306:
3300:
3287:
3270:
3264:
3251:
3234:
3228:
3215:
3209:
3196:
3186:(1): 235β244.
3175:
3150:
3144:
3131:
3114:
3095:
3089:
3076:
3059:
3053:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3019:
3017:, p. 410.
3007:
3005:, p. 276.
3003:Frassetto 2003
2995:
2993:, p. 287.
2983:
2971:
2969:, p. 426.
2959:
2957:, p. 283.
2940:
2938:, p. 188.
2928:
2926:, p. 219.
2916:
2912:Prokopios 2014
2904:
2902:, p. 282.
2885:
2883:, p. 281.
2868:
2866:, p. 337.
2864:Frassetto 2003
2856:
2844:
2842:, p. 289.
2832:
2820:
2818:, p. 217.
2808:
2806:, p. 100.
2796:
2784:
2782:, p. 121.
2772:
2760:
2745:
2743:, p. 254.
2733:
2731:, p. 253.
2721:
2719:, p. 410.
2709:
2707:, p. 237.
2697:
2685:
2683:, p. 409.
2670:
2658:
2656:, p. 292.
2646:
2644:, p. 219.
2634:
2632:, p. 429.
2622:
2610:
2608:, p. 407.
2598:
2586:
2584:, p. 406.
2571:
2569:, p. 190.
2559:
2547:
2545:, p. 405.
2535:
2533:, p. 367.
2520:
2516:Prokopios 2014
2508:
2506:, p. 184.
2496:
2492:Eugippius 1965
2484:
2480:Eugippius 1965
2472:
2457:
2455:, p. 110.
2453:MacGeorge 2002
2445:
2433:
2418:
2406:
2404:, p. 282.
2394:
2392:, p. 325.
2382:
2380:, p. 286.
2378:MacGeorge 2002
2370:
2368:, p. 327.
2358:
2346:
2334:
2316:
2304:
2302:, p. 275.
2300:Frassetto 2003
2289:
2277:
2262:
2260:, p. 284.
2258:MacGeorge 2002
2250:
2248:, p. 326.
2235:
2223:
2211:
2196:
2177:
2175:, p. 324.
2165:
2150:
2133:
2131:, p. 329.
2121:
2109:
2094:
2092:, p. 141.
2082:
2070:
2068:, p. 716.
2058:
2046:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1977:
1952:
1942:
1929:
1908:
1899:
1886:
1863:
1861:, pp. 127β129.
1850:
1833:
1820:
1807:
1801:See:Jordanes,
1794:
1781:
1761:
1705:
1688:
1659:
1640:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1561:
1558:
1441:Herwig Wolfram
1402:
1401:Fall and death
1399:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1034:Regnum Italiae
1032:
1029:
1021:
1018:
838:
834:Leader of the
832:
803:
802:
795:
761:
758:
716:Rex Rhvtenorvm
700:Petersfriedhof
688:Petersfriedhof
684:Rex Rhutenorum
534:
531:
477:
474:
396:
395:Name etymology
393:
391:
388:
287:Constantinople
264:ruler of Italy
258:child emperor
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
153:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
130:
126:
125:
117:
113:
112:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
92:
88:
87:
81:
80:
70:
62:
61:
58:
57:
52:
47:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6410:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6296:
6295:
6283:
6279:
6278:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6243:
6237:
6235:
6229:
6227:
6221:
6219:
6213:
6211:
6205:
6203:
6197:
6195:
6191:Frederick II
6189:
6187:
6181:
6179:
6173:
6171:
6165:
6163:
6157:
6155:
6149:
6147:
6141:
6139:
6133:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6117:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6101:
6099:
6093:
6091:
6085:
6083:
6077:
6075:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6024:
6018:
6016:
6010:
6008:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5994:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5980:
5974:
5972:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5958:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5917:
5915:
5909:
5907:
5901:
5899:
5893:
5891:
5885:
5883:
5877:
5875:
5869:
5867:
5861:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5832:
5830:
5824:
5822:
5816:
5814:
5808:
5806:
5800:
5798:
5792:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5776:
5774:
5768:
5766:
5760:
5758:
5752:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5736:
5734:
5728:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5712:
5710:
5704:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5680:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5664:
5662:
5656:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5636:
5630:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5601:
5599:
5593:
5591:
5585:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5569:
5567:
5561:
5559:
5553:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5531:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5503:
5496:
5491:
5489:
5484:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5417:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5314:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5166:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5119:Duchy of Sora
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4958:
4957:Muslim Sicily
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4479:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4461:Duchy of Rome
4459:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4361:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4335:Roman Kingdom
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4307:Magna Graecia
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4142:Hunnic empire
4140:
4138:
4137:Gepid kingdom
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4059:
4050:
4049:
4048:King of Italy
4041:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4011:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3978:0-520-08511-6
3974:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3959:0-520-05259-5
3955:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3940:0-12-728270-X
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3921:0-299-08700-X
3917:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3887:(in German).
3886:
3885:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3688:0-8122-1079-4
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3654:
3650:
3648:0-521-20159-4
3644:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2981:, p. 69.
2980:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2857:
2854:, p. 51.
2853:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2840:DelbrΓΌck 1990
2836:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2756:Ennodius 1942
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2693:Jordanes 1915
2689:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2596:, p. 19.
2595:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2555:Thompson 1982
2551:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2482:, p. 64.
2481:
2476:
2473:
2470:, p. 63.
2469:
2468:Thompson 1982
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2441:Springer 2004
2437:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2416:, p. 16.
2415:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2344:, p. 93.
2343:
2342:Sotiroff 1974
2338:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:Jordanes 1915
2281:
2278:
2274:
2273:Jordanes 1915
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2209:, p. 44.
2208:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2163:, p. 49.
2162:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2107:, p. 45.
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2078:Reichert 2002
2074:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:Age of Attila
1956:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1895:Age of Attila
1890:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1829:Age of Attila
1824:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:Edward Gibbon
1692:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1668:
1667:Ancient Greek
1663:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1152:
1143:23 August 476
1142:
1139:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1099:
1097:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1020:King of Italy
1019:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
984:
981:
977:
973:
968:
960:
956:
951:
947:
945:
941:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:
881:
877:
873:
872:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
837:
833:
827:
823:
820:
816:
812:
808:
800:
796:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:
779:
777:
773:
769:
768:
759:
757:
755:
750:
749:Patrick Amory
744:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
689:
685:
680:
676:
674:
670:
666:
665:
658:
656:
652:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
618:
613:
609:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:Middle Danube
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
553:called him a
552:
548:
544:
540:
532:
530:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
475:
473:
471:
467:
462:
458:
456:
455:Peter Heather
452:
448:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
394:
389:
387:
385:
381:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
325:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:Western Roman
253:
252:Middle Danube
249:
245:
241:
230:
229:
216:
183:
175:
172:
168:
165:
162:
158:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
127:
118:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
93:
89:
86:
85:King of Italy
82:
78:
74:
68:
63:
60:
56:
53:
51:
48:
46:
43:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6292:
6280:from Commons
6275:
6254:
6167:Frederick I
6034:Berengar II
6027:
5997:
5983:
5961:
5947:
5939:Non-dynastic
5911:Charles III
5855:Charlemagne
5847:Carolingians
5640:
5516:
5510:Non-dynastic
5431:(1861β1946)
5409:Papal States
5237:Transpadania
4810:Stato da MΓ r
4492:Papal States
4403:Lombard rule
4367:Early Modern
4355:(395β476 AD)
4347:Roman Empire
4327:Ancient Rome
4046:
4034:Julius Nepos
3997:
3968:
3949:
3930:
3909:
3883:
3865:
3840:
3836:
3807:(1): 36β53.
3804:
3798:
3779:
3760:
3748:. Retrieved
3741:the original
3720:
3697:
3678:
3658:
3636:
3612:
3575:
3571:
3552:
3533:
3515:
3494:
3474:
3454:
3434:
3415:
3396:
3375:
3354:
3333:
3311:
3291:
3274:
3255:
3238:
3219:
3200:
3183:
3179:
3165:(1): 26β33.
3162:
3158:
3135:
3118:
3100:
3080:
3063:
3044:
3022:
3010:
2998:
2991:Halsall 2007
2986:
2974:
2962:
2955:Wolfram 1988
2936:Wolfram 1997
2931:
2924:Heather 1996
2919:
2907:
2900:Wolfram 1988
2881:Wolfram 1988
2859:
2852:Heather 2013
2847:
2835:
2828:Heather 2013
2823:
2816:Heather 1996
2811:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2630:Heather 2005
2625:
2618:Heather 2005
2613:
2601:
2594:Bernard 1970
2589:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2511:
2504:Wolfram 1997
2499:
2487:
2475:
2448:
2436:
2409:
2397:
2390:Macbain 1983
2385:
2373:
2366:Macbain 1983
2361:
2354:Magocsi 2015
2349:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2307:
2280:
2253:
2246:Macbain 1983
2231:Heather 2005
2226:
2214:
2173:Macbain 1983
2168:
2129:Heather 2005
2124:
2117:Pritsak 1982
2112:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2054:Cameron 1988
2049:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1985:
1980:
1972:
1967:(11.55) and
1964:
1960:
1955:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1872:
1866:
1858:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1823:
1815:
1810:
1802:
1797:
1792:, s. a. 476.
1789:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1708:
1700:
1691:
1662:
1652:
1643:
1630:
1577:
1550:
1537:
1516:
1497:
1450:
1426:
1418:
1371:
1342:
1328:
1311:
1275:
1267:Julius Nepos
1255:
1252:
1200:Succeeded by
1199:
1194:
1171:15 March 493
1137:
1081:Vulgar Latin
1053:Italy in 476
1033:
1023:
989:
985:
979:
975:
964:
937:
933:
929:
925:
909:
907:
883:
880:Julius Nepos
869:
863:
840:
835:
810:
804:
766:
763:
760:Before Italy
745:
739:
737:
731:. Historian
693:
683:
662:
659:
648:
630:
625:
615:
611:
605:
567:
562:
536:
523:
504:
493:
479:
463:
459:
435:
430:
426:
420:
412:
404:
400:
398:
358:
350:Julius Nepos
331:
315:Roman Senate
272:
243:
239:
181:
180:
96:15 March 493
40:
29:
6313:430s births
6241:(1530β1556)
6233:(1452β1493)
6225:(1431β1437)
6217:(1355β1378)
6215:Charles IV
6209:(1327β1347)
6201:(1311β1313)
6193:(1212β1250)
6185:(1209β1212)
6177:(1186β1197)
6169:(1154β1186)
6161:(1138β1152)
6159:Conrad III
6153:(1125β1137)
6145:(1106β1125)
6137:(1093β1101)
6129:(1056β1105)
6121:(1039β1056)
6113:(1026β1039)
6105:(1004β1024)
6097:(1002β1014)
6020:Lothair II
5954:Berengar I
5949:Unruochings
5895:Charles II
5834:Desiderius
5810:Hildeprand
5786:Aripert II
5641:Interregnum
5457:(1947β1954)
5451:(1943β1945)
5445:(1920β1924)
5437:(1882β1960)
5421:unification
5411:(1814β1870)
5405:(1815β1866)
5399:(1816β1861)
5393:(1814β1860)
5387:(1859β1860)
5381:(1849β1850)
5375:(1848β1849)
5357:(1815β1859)
5351:(1814β1859)
5345:(1814β1859)
5339:(1814β1829)
5333:(1815β1847)
5327:(1815β1848)
5217:Parthenopea
5178:(1792β1815)
5136:(1647β1648)
5102:(1282β1816)
5084:(1324β1861)
5045:Agugliastra
4910:Longobardia
4547:independent
4397:Vandal rule
3884:Die Sachsen
3027:Shiels 2022
3015:Shiels 2022
2705:Clover 1999
2654:Bunson 1995
2414:Jensen 2018
2090:Voyles 1992
2066:Gibbon 1998
1950:Theodoric).
1719:, and some
1717:Cassiodorus
1713:Marcellinus
1585:Old English
1489:Burgundians
1453:Julian Alps
1417:. From the
1256:dux Italiae
1218:Roman Italy
1195:Preceded by
997:Valentinian
976:dux Italiae
776:Childeric I
690:, Salzburg)
521:about 469.
470:Walter Pohl
417:Old English
324:Trinitarian
6318:493 deaths
6307:Categories
6239:Charles V
6223:Sigismund
6199:Henry VII
6135:Conrad II
6119:Henry III
6111:Conrad II
6089:(996β1002)
6064:(962β1556)
5879:Lothair I
5802:Liutprand
5778:Raginpert
5738:Perctarit
5714:Perctarit
5698:Aripert I
5563:Theodahad
5555:Athalaric
5547:Theodoric
5539:Ostrogoths
5288:Pontecorvo
5246:Monarchies
5232:Subalpinia
5197:Cispadania
5192:Cisalpinia
5174:Napoleonic
4881:(774β1139)
4793:(697β1797)
4495:(754β1870)
4457:(584β751)
4405:(568β774)
3750:6 December
3505:0801832845
2979:Amory 1997
2780:Amory 1997
2768:Davis 2001
2741:Jones 1964
2729:Jones 1964
2666:Grant 1998
2642:Elton 2018
2402:Amory 1997
2021:References
1915:See also:
1840:Also see:
1737:autokrator
1509:Adda River
1477:Mediolanum
1386:Fredericus
1347:Epiphanius
1324:Anastasius
1153:abdicates
926:foederati,
914:J. B. Bury
788:Adovacrius
729:Ruthenians
645:Ostrogoths
590:Turcilingi
551:Theophanes
236: 433
123: 433
6207:Louis IV
6175:Henry VI
6127:Henry IV
6103:Henry II
6095:Arduin I
6087:Otto III
6081:(980β983)
6073:(962β973)
6044:(950β963)
6042:Adalbert
6036:(950β963)
6029:Anscarids
6022:(945β950)
6014:(926β947)
6006:(900β905)
6004:Louis II
5992:(922β933)
5978:(891β897)
5970:(889β894)
5963:Guideschi
5956:(887β924)
5921:(896β899)
5913:(879β887)
5905:(877β879)
5903:Carloman
5897:(875β877)
5889:(855β875)
5881:(818β855)
5873:(810β818)
5865:(781β810)
5857:(774β814)
5836:(756β774)
5828:(749β756)
5820:(744β749)
5804:(712β744)
5794:Ansprand
5788:(702β712)
5772:(700β702)
5770:Liutpert
5764:(689β700)
5762:Cunipert
5748:(688β689)
5746:Cunipert
5740:(671β688)
5730:Garibald
5724:(662β671)
5722:Grimoald
5716:(661β662)
5708:(661β662)
5706:Godepert
5700:(653β661)
5692:(652β653)
5684:(636-652)
5676:(626β636)
5668:(616β626)
5666:Adaloald
5660:(590β616)
5652:(584β590)
5644:(574β584)
5634:(572β574)
5626:(568β572)
5605:(552β553)
5597:(541β552)
5581:(540β541)
5573:(536β540)
5565:(534β536)
5557:(526β534)
5549:(493β526)
5519:(476β493)
5263:Guastalla
5253:Benevento
5185:Republics
5040:Judicates
4888:Byzantine
4545:and other
4483:(585β698)
4475:(554β752)
4469:(554β752)
4463:(533β751)
4448:(584β751)
4399:(435β534)
4393:(493β553)
4387:(476β493)
4378:(476β774)
4312:Iapygians
3874:906162550
3857:254294773
3737:0363-5570
3633:"Odoacer"
3600:162185151
3525:463056290
3416:The Goths
3283:422145289
3247:883796942
3110:963903029
3072:806326076
2967:Bury 1923
2717:Bury 1923
2681:Bury 1923
2606:Bury 1923
2582:Bury 1923
2567:Bury 1958
2543:Bury 1923
2192:Pohl 1986
1936:Also See:
1897:, p. 152.
1831:, p. 122.
1790:Chronicon
1745:Procopius
1678:romanized
1649:"Odoacer"
1500:Alaric II
1390:Onoulphus
1382:Feletheus
1359:Felix III
1299:Symmachus
1291:Venantius
1279:Consulate
1165:Theoderic
993:Aquitaine
972:Patrician
918:Placentia
910:foederati
885:foederati
876:patrician
859:Procopius
855:Anthemius
836:foederati
815:Severinus
809:, in his
807:Eugippius
696:catacombe
633:Procopius
602:Thuringii
377:Ostrogoth
307:patrician
248:barbarian
145:Sunigilda
102:Successor
77:moustache
50:Patricius
6378:Patricii
6183:Otto IV
6143:Henry V
6079:Otto II
5999:Bosonids
5990:Rudolph
5976:Lambert
5887:Louis I
5871:Bernard
5826:Aistulf
5818:Ratchis
5690:Rodoald
5682:Rothari
5674:Arioald
5658:Agilulf
5650:Authari
5616:Lombards
5579:Ildibad
5571:Vitiges
5517:Odoacer
5222:Piedmont
5072:Oristano
5065:Logudoro
5055:Cagliari
5030:Sardinia
4763:Piedmont
4512:Holy See
4363:Medieval
4317:Picentes
4260:Samnites
4052:476β493
3718:(1982).
3610:(2015).
3171:41540754
3127:62206973
2804:Lee 2013
2312:Kim 2013
2219:Kim 2013
1940:, 11.52.
1741:tyrannos
1729:Jordanes
1684:OdΓ³akros
1672:α½Ξ΄ΟΞ±ΞΊΟΞΏΟ
1607:Gaiseric
1602:Alaric I
1596:See also
1546:Honorius
1513:besieged
1469:defeated
1397:by 493.
1395:Lombards
1303:Sividius
1283:Basilius
1262:Gaiseric
1180:Currency
1005:Lombards
953:Odoacer
944:Campania
799:Alamanni
784:Aegidius
725:Ruthenes
708:Salzburg
570:Jordanes
547:Germanic
519:Pannonia
507:Jordanes
413:Eadwacer
354:Dalmatia
334:Herulian
311:Basilius
246:, was a
244:Odovacar
240:Odovacer
174:Arianism
170:Religion
6255:Odoacer
6071:Otto I
6057:within
5927:Ratold
5919:Arnulf
5754:Alahis
5624:Alboin
5595:Totila
5587:Eraric
5303:Corsica
5293:Tuscany
5258:Etruria
5207:Liguria
5060:Gallura
5050:Arborea
4966:Lombard
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1517:History
1507:on the
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1485:Ticinum
1473:Ravenna
1459:at the
1457:met him
1446:Armatus
1423:(1181).
1378:Noricum
1374:Rugians
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1163:β’
1149:β’
1123:History
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1059:Capital
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1013:Normans
1001:Vandals
955:solidus
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5318:states
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1009:Franks
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279:client
160:Father
142:Spouse
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