Esophageal cancer - Knowledge (XXG)

1527: 1145: 1220: 1457: 1121: 1014: 1209: 1575: 1133: 959: 943: 1292:), although this is a difficult operation with a relatively high risk of mortality or post-operative difficulties. The benefits of surgery are less clear in early-stage ESCC than EAC. There are a number of surgical options, and the best choices for particular situations remain the subject of research and discussion. As well as characteristics and location of the tumor, other factors include the patient's condition, and the type of operation with which the surgical team is most experienced. 990: 975: 620: 864: 1469: 53: 1201: 1193: 1002: 854:, which seems to have a protective role against development of malignancy in people with celiac disease. However, the delay in diagnosis and initiation of a gluten-free diet seems to increase the risk of malignancy. Moreover, in some cases the detection of celiac disease is due to the development of cancer, whose early symptoms are similar to some that may appear in celiac disease. 1184:(a change in the cells lining the lower esophagus) are at much higher risk, and may receive regular endoscopic screening for the early signs of cancer. Because the benefit of screening for adenocarcinoma in people without symptoms is unclear, it is not recommended in the United States. Some areas of the world with high rates of squamous-carcinoma have screening programs. 1353:, followed by a right thoracotomy to excise the tumor and create an esophagogastric anastomosis. The three-stage McKeown approach adds a third incision in the neck to complete the cervical anastomosis. Recent approaches by some surgeons use what is called extended esophagectomy, where more surrounding tissue, including 1013: 1323:

Esophagectomy can be performed using several methods. The choice of the surgical approach depends on the characteristics and location of the tumor, and the preference of the surgeon. Clear evidence from clinical trials for which approaches give the best outcomes in different circumstances is lacking.

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Prevention includes stopping smoking or chewing tobacco. Overcoming addiction to areca chewing in Asia is another promising strategy for the prevention of esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma. The risk can also be reduced by maintaining a normal body weight. According to a 2022 umbrella review, calcium

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The location of the tumor is generally measured by the distance from the teeth. The esophagus (25 cm or 10 in long) is commonly divided into three parts for purposes of determining the location. Adenocarcinomas tend to occur nearer the stomach and squamous cell carcinomas nearer the throat,

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In Western countries, EAC has become the dominant form of the disease, following an increase in incidence over recent decades (in contrast to the incidence of ESCC, which has remained largely stable). In 2012, the global incidence rate for EAC was 0.7 per 100,000 with a strong male predominance (1.1

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is also used to estimate the extent of the disease and is regarded as more precise than CT alone. PET/MR as a novel modality has shown promising results in preoperative staging with fair feasibility and good correlation in comparison to PET/CT. It can enhance tissue differentiation with lowering the

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Female hormones may also have a protective effect, as EAC is not only much less common in women but develops later in life, by an average of 20 years. Although studies of many reproductive factors have not produced a clear picture, risk seems to decline for the mother in line with prolonged periods

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As of 2018, esophageal cancer was the eighth-most common cancer globally with 572,000 new cases during the year. It caused about 509,000 deaths that year, up from 345,000 in 1990. Rates vary widely among countries, with about half of all cases occurring in China. It is around three times more common

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The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has risen considerably in the UK in recent decades. Overall, esophageal cancer is the thirteenth most common cancer in the UK (around 8,300 people were diagnosed with the disease in 2011), and it is the sixth most common cause of cancer death (around 7,700

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ESCC (esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma) comprises 60–70% of all cases of esophageal cancer worldwide, while EAC (esophageal adenocarcinoma) accounts for a further 20–30% (melanomas, leiomyosarcomas, carcinoids and lymphomas are less common types). The incidence of the two main types of esophageal

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in their appearance and association with tobacco and alcohol consumption—and esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC), which are often associated with a history of GERD and Barrett's esophagus. A rule of thumb is that a cancer in the upper two-thirds is likely to be ESCC and one in the lower one-third EAC.

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males with a history of heavy smoking or alcohol use. Until the 1970s, squamous-cell carcinoma accounted for the vast majority of esophageal cancers in the United States. In recent decades, incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (which is associated with Barrett's esophagus) steadily rose in

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and became predominant in non-Hispanic whites. Esophageal cancer incidence and mortality rates for African Americans continue to be higher than the rate for Causasians. However, incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer has significantly decreased among African Americans since the early 1980s,

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procedure. The more recent transhiatial approach avoids the need to open the chest; instead the surgeon enters the body through an incision in the lower abdomen and another in the neck. The lower part of the esophagus is freed from the surrounding tissues and cut away as necessary. The stomach is

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expressing compartment that is more resistant to bile and acids as the normal squamous epithelium and that is prone to both intestinal differentiation as well as oncogenic transformation. Following GERD this HOXA13-expressing compartment outcompetes the normal squamous compartment, leading to the

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Esophageal cancer is the eighth-most frequently-diagnosed cancer worldwide, and because of its poor prognosis, it is the sixth most-common cause of cancer-related deaths. It caused about 400,000 deaths in 2012, accounting for about 5% of all cancer deaths (about 456,000 new cases were diagnosed,

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was better than other comparable regimens in advanced nonresectable cancer. Chemotherapy may be given after surgery (adjuvant, i.e. to reduce risk of recurrence), before surgery (neoadjuvant) or if surgery is not possible; in this case, cisplatin and 5-FU are used. Ongoing trials compare various

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of ESCC in 2012 was 5.2 new cases per 100,000 person-years, with a male predominance (7.7 per 100,000 in men vs. 2.8 in women). It was the common type in 90% of the countries studied. ESCC is particularly frequent in the so-called "Asian esophageal cancer belt", an area that passes through

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Ross P, Nicolson M, Cunningham D, Valle J, Seymour M, Harper P, et al. (April 2002). "Prospective randomized trial comparing mitomycin, cisplatin, and protracted venous-infusion fluorouracil (PVI 5-FU) With epirubicin, cisplatin, and PVI 5-FU in advanced esophagogastric cancer".

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The traditional transthoracic approach enters the body through the chest, and has a number of variations. The thoracoabdominal approach opens the abdominal and thoracic cavities together, the two-stage Ivor Lewis (also called Lewis–Tanner) approach involves an initial

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after treatment is a relevant factor when considering surgery. Surgical outcomes are likely better in large centers where the procedures are frequently performed. If the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, esophagectomy is nowadays not normally performed.

1503:(5YSR) in the United States is around 15%, with most people dying within the first year of diagnosis. The latest survival data for England and Wales (patients diagnosed during 2007) show that only one in ten people survives esophageal cancer for at least ten years. 1765:

men (over the age of 60) than it is in African Americans. Multiple reports indicate esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence has increased during the past 20 years, especially in non-Hispanic white men. Esophageal adenocarcinoma age-adjusted incidence increased in

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therapy is the use of high-intensity light to destroy tumor cells while affecting only the treated area. This is typically done if the cancer cannot be removed by surgery. The relief of a blockage can help with pain and difficulty swallowing.

5472: 5457: 5442: 843:(HPV) and esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma. The relationship is unclear. Possible relevance of HPV could be greater in places that have a particularly high incidence of this form of the disease, as in some Asian countries, including China. 1518:(muscle layer of the esophagus) suggests a 20% 5YSR, and extension to the structures adjacent to the esophagus predict a 7% 5YSR. Patients with distant metastases (who are not candidates for curative surgery) have a less than 3% 5YSR. 731:

infection (a common occurrence thought to have affected over half of the world's population) is not a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma and actually appears to be protective. Despite being a cause of GERD and a risk factor for

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In general, the prognosis of esophageal cancer is quite poor, because most patients present with advanced disease. By the time the first symptoms (such as difficulty swallowing) appear, the disease has already progressed. The overall

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Esophagectomy is the removal of a segment of the esophagus; as this shortens the length of the remaining esophagus, some other segment of the digestive tract is pulled up through the chest cavity and interposed. This is usually the

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is given before, during, or after chemotherapy or surgery, and sometimes on its own to control symptoms. In patients with localised disease but contraindications to surgery, "radical radiotherapy" may be used with curative intent.

1685:. In 2012, about 80% of ESCC cases worldwide occurred in central and south-eastern Asia, and over half (53%) of all cases were in China. The countries with the highest estimated national incidence rates were (in Asia) 736:, the infection seems to be associated with a reduced risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma of as much as 50%. The biological explanation for a protective effect is somewhat unclear. One explanation is that some strains of 350:

is used along with surgery. Larger tumors may have their growth slowed with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In the presence of extensive disease or if the affected person is not fit enough to undergo surgery,

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effect. Some data suggest that about half of all cases are due to tobacco and about one-third to alcohol, while over three-quarters of the cases in men are due to the combination of smoking and heavy drinking.

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of its association with this type of cancer, as well as with both GERD and Barrett's esophagus. This type of obesity is characteristic of men. Physiologically, it stimulates GERD and also has other chronic

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combinations of chemotherapy; the phase II/III REAL-2 trial – for example – compares four regimens containing epirubicin and either cisplatin or oxaliplatin, and either continuously infused fluorouracil or

958: 826:(i.e. lack of the involuntary reflex in the esophagus after swallowing) appears to be a risk factor for both main types of esophageal cancer, at least in men, due to stagnation of trapped food and drink. 1775:

whereas with whites it has continued to increase. Between 1975 and 2004, incidence of the adenocarcinoma type increased among white American males by over 460% and among white American females by 335%.

1120: 2284:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1168:, "diets high in cruciferous (cabbage, broccoli/broccolini, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts) and green and yellow vegetables and fruits are associated with a decreased risk of esophageal cancer." 3473:

Scherübl H, Steinberg J, Schwertner C, Mir-Salim P, Stölzel U, de Villiers EM (June 2008). "" [Coincidental squamous cell cancers of the esophagus, head, and neck: risk and screening].

588:(chemical compounds found both in tobacco smoke and certain foodstuffs) also appear to be a relevant risk factor. Unfavorable dietary patterns seem to involve exposure to nitrosamines through 422:. The pain can frequently be severe, worsening when food of any sort is swallowed. Another sign may be an unusually husky, raspy, or hoarse-sounding cough, a result of the tumor affecting the 1380:(feeding hole in the skin that gives direct access to the stomach). The latter two are especially important if the patient tends to aspirate food or saliva into the airways, predisposing for 6201: 3687:

Syrjänen K (January 2013). "Geographic origin is a significant determinant of human papillomavirus prevalence in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis".

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infection in Western populations over recent decades, which have been linked to less overcrowding in households, could be a factor in the concurrent increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma.

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Tobacco smoking increases risk, but the effect in esophageal adenocarcinoma is slight compared to that in squamous cell carcinoma, and alcohol has not been demonstrated to be a cause.

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Linder G, Korsavidou-Hult N, Bjerner T, Ahlström H, Hedberg J (September 2019). "F-FDG-PET/MRI in preoperative staging of oesophageal and gastroesophageal junctional cancer".

1450:, a type of laser therapy, involves the use of drugs that are absorbed by cancer cells; when exposed to a special light, the drugs become active and destroy the cancer cells. 2828:

Prabhu A, Obi KO, Rubenstein JH (June 2014). "The synergistic effects of alcohol and tobacco consumption on the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis".

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is particularly strong in this type of esophageal cancer, which occurs about 7 to 10 times more frequently in men. This imbalance may be related to the characteristics and

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Stahl M, Mariette C, Haustermans K, Cervantes A, Arnold D (October 2013). "Oesophageal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up".

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the United States to the point that it has now surpassed squamous-cell carcinoma. In contrast to squamous-cell carcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma is more common in

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If the cancer has been diagnosed while still in an early stage, surgical treatment with a curative intention may be possible. Some small tumors that only involve the

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Loomis D, Guyton KZ, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, et al. (International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working) (July 2016).

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and esophageal cancer. People with untreated celiac disease have a higher risk, but this risk decreases with time after diagnosis, probably due to the adoption of a

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Bruzzi JF, Munden RF, Truong MT, Marom EM, Sabloff BS, Gladish GW, et al. (November 2007). "PET/CT of esophageal cancer: its role in clinical management".

5579: 2439:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 1490:

Patients are followed closely after a treatment regimen has been completed. Frequently, other treatments are used to improve symptoms and maximize nutrition.

1047:, or surface lining, of the esophagus. Most esophageal cancers fall into one of two classes: esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas (ESCC), which are similar to 402:

is often an initial sign in cases of squamous-cell carcinoma, though not usually in cases of adenocarcinoma. Eventual weight loss due to reduced appetite and

5869: 6395: 4838: 4627:(September 2008). "The role of health-related quality of life outcomes in clinical decision making in surgery for esophageal cancer: a systematic review". 2938: 2282:

Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).

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Mendenhall WM, Werning JW, Pfister DG (2011). "Ch Chapter 72: Treatment of head and neck cancer". In DeVita Jr VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA (eds.).

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Kim TJ, Kim HY, Lee KW, Kim MS (2009). "Multimodality assessment of esophageal cancer: preoperative staging and monitoring of response to therapy".

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and location, together with the person's general condition and individual preferences. Small localized squamous-cell cancers may be treated with

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Akhtar S (February 2013). "Areca nut chewing and esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma risk in Asians: a meta-analysis of case-control studies".

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gene, present on chromosome 17: it involves thickening of the skin of the palms and soles and a high lifetime risk of squamous cell carcinoma.

4557: 4415: 4018: 3987: 3559: 3410: 2974: 2812: 2741: 2708: 2607: 2574: 2417: 2386: 2077: 1997: 5607: 1574: 1254:: in such cases a combined approach that includes surgery may be considered. Disease that is widespread, metastatic or recurrent is managed 6419: 5279:

Sun L, Yu S (November 2011). "Meta-analysis: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma".

4486:"Efficacy and complication of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 4055: 3349: 1888: 1745:

In the United States, esophageal cancer is the seventh-leading cause of cancer-related deaths among males (making up 4% of the total). The

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is thought to be protective, especially against esophageal adenocarcinoma. There is no evidence that vitamin supplements change the risk.

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per 100,000 in men vs. 0.3 in women). Areas with particularly high incidence rates include northern and western Europe, North America and

3565: 3416: 2747: 2423: 2003: 6168: 6124: 5624: 5487: 5154: 2980: 2392: 699:.The risk of developing adenocarcinoma in the presence of Barrett's esophagus is unclear, and may in the past have been overestimated. 6385: 1026:

appearance of an esophageal adenocarcinoma (dark blue – upper-left of image) and normal squamous epithelium (upper-right of image) at

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Rare histologic types of esophageal cancer include different variants of squamous-cell carcinoma, and non-epithelial tumors, such as

6412: 6345: 6340: 6281: 6276: 5731: 715: 911:(CT) of the chest, abdomen and pelvis can evaluate whether the cancer has spread to adjacent tissues or distant organs (especially 888:. This involves the passing of a flexible tube with a light and camera down the esophagus and examining the wall, and is called an 6485: 6027: 696: 457:(windpipe). Early signs of this serious complication may be coughing on drinking or eating. The tumor surface may be fragile and 4901: 671:

intestinal aspect of the esophagus and increased propensity to the development of esophageal cancer. Having symptomatic GERD or

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Mayer RJ (2008). "Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer". In Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (eds.).

2260: 1936:. Esophageal adenocarcinoma is characterized by complex tumor genomes with heterogeneity within the tumor micro-environment. 6390: 6360: 6311: 6306: 6261: 6246: 6129: 5932: 5889: 5860: 1474: 807: 655: 580:

Other relevant risk factors include regular consumption of very hot drinks (over 65 °C or 149 °F) and ingestion of

5840: 5073: 1439:(EMR) and mucosal ablation using radiofrequency ablation, photodynamic therapy, Nd-YAG laser, or argon plasma coagulation. 6434: 6266: 4769:"Trends in survival for both histologic types of esophageal cancer in US surveillance, epidemiology and end results areas" 4443:

Fernández-Esparrach G, Calderón A, de la Peña J, Díaz Tasende JB, Esteban JM, Gimeno-García AZ, et al. (April 2014).

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Rutegård M, Lagergren P, Nordenstedt H, Lagergren J (July 2011). "Oesophageal adenocarcinoma: the new epidemic in men?".

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Sultan R, Haider Z, Chawla TU (January 2016). "Diagnostic accuracy of CT scan in staging resectable esophageal cancer".

3640:"InterSCOPE study: Associations between esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and human papillomavirus serological markers" 3516: 1436: 1296: 1285: 924: 706:

both appear to be associated with increased risk. The association with obesity seems to be the strongest of any type of

4269:"Dietary fiber and the risk of precancerous lesions and cancer of the esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 829: 6355: 6318: 6301: 6098: 5874: 5850: 4169:"Diet and Esophageal Cancer Risk: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies" 1926: 627: 470: 5836: 4816: 1753:

estimated that during 2014, about 18,170 new esophageal cancer cases would be diagnosed, resulting in 15,450 deaths.

5576: 1102:. To help guide clinical decision making, this system also incorporates information on cell type (ESCC, EAC, etc.), 932:

can provide staging information regarding the level of tumor invasion, and possible spread to regional lymph nodes.

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Priante AV, Castilho EC, Kowalski LP (April 2011). "Second primary tumors in patients with head and neck cancer".

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must be assured, and appropriate dental care is essential. Factors that influence treatment decisions include the

6424: 6022: 5951: 5647: 3789:"Association Between Coeliac Disease and Risk of Any Malignancy and Gastrointestinal Malignancy: A Meta-Analysis" 2927: 1749:

estimated that there were about 18,000 new cases and more than 15,000 deaths from esophageal cancer in 2013; the

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and barbecued meats, pickled vegetables, etc., and a low intake of fresh foods. Other associated factors include

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Montgomery EA, Basman FT, Brennan P, Malekzadeh R (2014). "Oesophageal Cancer". In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.).

1933: 1099: 631: 593: 391: 364: 193: 1288:(EMR). Otherwise, curative surgery of early-stage lesions may entail removal of all or part of the esophagus ( 5368:"Multi-omic features of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in patients treated with preoperative neoadjuvant therapy" 508:). Lung metastasis can cause, among other symptoms, impaired breathing due to excess fluid around the lungs ( 6444: 6407: 6380: 6370: 6163: 5912: 5681: 5189: 1750: 1500: 1239:

and cellular type of cancer (EAC, ESCC, and other types), along with the person's general condition and any

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Lao-Sirieix P, Caldas C, Fitzgerald RC (June 2010). "Genetic predisposition to gastro-oesophageal cancer".

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Individualized prognosis depends largely on stage. Those with cancer restricted entirely to the esophageal

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in October 2015 stated he has the disease and has described his experience when he first heard he had it.

1350: 1181: 659: 574: 376: 293: 3732:"Association between human papillomavirus (HPV) and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis" 2903: 1376:

may be necessary to continue feeding while treatment for the tumor is given, and some patients require a

6429: 5316:"The landscape of selection in 551 esophageal adenocarcinomas defines genomic biomarkers for the clinic" 965: 929: 688: 651: 289: 5864: 3581:"The aetiological role of human papillomavirus in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis" 544:. Tobacco is a risk factor for both types. Both types are more common in people over 60 years of age. 6009: 5379: 4720:"Endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection in esophageal and gastric cancers" 3592: 3109: 1899: 1838: 1447: 1381: 1228: 1048: 840: 768: 597: 446: 4922:"Esophageal cancer: A Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, staging workup and treatment modalities" 1001: 5476: 1649:

cancer varies greatly between different geographical areas. In general, ESCC is more common in the

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Causes of the squamous-cell type include tobacco, alcohol, very hot drinks, poor diet, and chewing

281: 2569:. Vol. 1 (18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division. pp. 764–5. 6069: 6051: 5991: 5820: 5816: 4870:

Conteduca V, Sansonno D, Ingravallo G, Marangi S, Russi S, Lauletta G, Dammacco F (August 2012).

4798: 4652: 4245: 3958: 3769: 3712: 3498: 3455: 3275: 2853: 2679: 2486: 2181: 1706: 1705:. The problem of esophageal cancer has long been recognized in the eastern and southern parts of 1515: 1338: 1236: 1083: 707: 562: 481: 454: 86: 5604: 4047: 4008: 3977: 2698: 2599: 379:

over 60% of the circumference of the esophageal tube, by which time the tumor is already in an

6136: 6088: 6079: 5802: 5704: 5538: 5509: 5405: 5345: 5296: 5165: 5136: 5052: 5003: 4953: 4893: 4790: 4749: 4700: 4644: 4605: 4553: 4517: 4466: 4411: 4385: 4344: 4290: 4237: 4198: 4149: 4100: 4014: 3983: 3950: 3915: 3880: 3845: 3818: 3761: 3704: 3669: 3620: 3555: 3547: 3490: 3447: 3406: 3398: 3372: 3327: 3267: 3227: 3186: 3137: 3078: 3014: 2970: 2895: 2845: 2808: 2800: 2781: 2737: 2729: 2704: 2671: 2603: 2570: 2531: 2478: 2413: 2407: 2382: 2313: 2231: 2173: 2131: 2073: 1993: 1985: 1906: 1872: 1334: 1325: 1023: 949: 787: 711: 347: 181: 161: 68: 5451: 2964: 394:, which is often experienced first with solid foods and later with softer foods and liquids. 6179: 5937: 5811: 5726: 5714: 5395: 5387: 5335: 5327: 5288: 5126: 5118: 5042: 5034: 4993: 4943: 4933: 4883: 4780: 4739: 4731: 4692: 4636: 4595: 4587: 4507: 4497: 4456: 4375: 4334: 4324: 4280: 4229: 4188: 4180: 4139: 4131: 4090: 3942: 3907: 3872: 3808: 3800: 3751: 3743: 3696: 3659: 3651: 3610: 3600: 3482: 3439: 3364: 3317: 3259: 3217: 3176: 3168: 3127: 3117: 3068: 3060: 3052: 3006: 2887: 2837: 2773: 2661: 2591: 2523: 2468: 2458: 2450: 2376: 2303: 2295: 2223: 2165: 2121: 2113: 1884: 1757: 1650: 1373: 1365: 1103: 1064: 851: 811: 692: 684: 509: 497: 269: 73: 646:

The long-term erosive effects of acid reflux (an extremely common condition, also known as

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Janmaat VT, Nesteruk K, Spaander MC, Verhaar AP, Yu B, Silva RA, et al. (June 2021).

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Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).

2362: 1809: 1803: 1654: 1478: 1309: 919:). The sensitivity of a CT scan is limited by its ability to detect masses (e.g. enlarged 650:

or GERD) have been strongly linked to this type of cancer. Longstanding GERD can induce a

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The two major risk factors for esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma are tobacco (smoking or

537: 465:. Compression of local structures occurs in advanced disease, leading to such problems as 352: 277: 242: 138: 99: 76: 5552: 5549: 5314:

Frankell AM, Jammula S, Li X, Contino G, Killcoyne S, Abbas S, et al. (March 2019).

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Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Grosse Y, Bianchini F, Straif K (August 2016).

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Sitas F, Egger S, Urban MI, Taylor PR, Abnet CC, Boffetta P, et al. (January 2012).

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Physical trauma may increase the risk. This may include the drinking of very hot drinks.

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Cancer arising at the junction between the esophagus and stomach is often classified as

3596: 3113: 2473: 1258:: in this case, chemotherapy may be used to lengthen survival, while treatments such as 863: 6093: 6056: 5986: 5884: 5824: 5767: 5696: 5686: 5571: 5340: 5315: 5131: 5106: 5047: 5022: 4948: 4921: 4744: 4719: 4600: 4575: 4552:(9th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 729–780. 4512: 4485: 4339: 4312: 4193: 4168: 4144: 4119: 4038: 3813: 3788: 3756: 3731: 3664: 3639: 3615: 3580: 3579:

Liyanage SS, Rahman B, Ridda I, Newall AT, Tabrizi SN, Garland SM, et al. (2013).

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M Naeini M, Newell F, Aoude LG, Bonazzi VF, Patel K, Lampe G, et al. (May 2023).

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DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology

2891: 2666: 2649: 2454: 2299: 2102:"Epidemiologic differences in esophageal cancer between Asian and Western populations" 6479: 6037: 5719: 5292: 5107:"Changing pattern of esophageal cancer incidence in New Mexico: a 30-year evaluation" 4871: 4267:

Coleman HG, Murray LJ, Hicks B, Bhat SK, Kubo A, Corley DA, et al. (July 2013).

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Lagergren J (June 2011). "Influence of obesity on the risk of esophageal disorders".

3206:"A meta-analysis of body mass index and esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma" 2857: 2592: 2463: 1878: 1850: 1411:(5-FU) either continuously or every three weeks. In more recent studies, addition of 1289: 1275: 1247: 1240: 1213: 1169: 797: 772: 753: 474: 339: 166: 5587: 5481: 4656: 3962: 3773: 3716: 3279: 3010: 2683: 2252: 2185: 1316:. Reconnection of the stomach to a shortened esophagus is called an esophagogastric 280:. A number of less common types also occur. Squamous-cell carcinoma arises from the 229:—the food pipe that runs between the throat and the stomach. Symptoms often include 6211: 5999: 4802: 4624: 4249: 3502: 2490: 1865: 1690: 1423: 1417: 1408: 1392: 1259: 741: 720: 601: 585: 566: 403: 343: 327: 177: 1027: 52: 17: 5566: 5503: 4735: 4380: 4363: 3700: 3605: 3041:"Barrett's oesophagus: epidemiology, cancer risk and implications for management" 2381:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 4. 288:

cells present in the lower third of the esophagus, often where they have already

6350: 6064: 6017: 5960: 5904: 5533: 4839:"Esophageal Cancer Treatment | How We Treat Esophageal Cancer | KAIZEN Hospital" 4095: 4078: 3804: 1894: 1734: 1722: 1678: 1404: 1400: 1377: 1354: 1317: 1200: 1192: 1111: 1087: 980: 881: 691:, appears to contribute to esophageal adenocarcinoma carcinogenesis by inducing 679:

that can ultimately lead to adenocarcinoma. Bile reflux containing unconjugated

672: 557: 541: 462: 430: 407: 399: 395: 360: 308: 254: 234: 154: 133: 107: 5391: 4998: 4981: 4233: 4184: 3946: 3172: 3122: 3056: 6150: 5514: 5331: 5122: 4640: 3747: 3523:. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – NIH. 18 January 2013. 3486: 3443: 3368: 2777: 2169: 1917:

The risk of esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma may be reduced in people using

1767: 1412: 1346: 1255: 1251: 1091: 1044: 1019: 920: 916: 814:

with autosomal dominant inheritance that has been linked to a mutation in the

780: 703: 680: 485: 458: 415: 411: 323: 250: 238: 142: 95: 5616: 5023:"Systematic review: epidemiology of oesophageal cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa" 4329: 3263: 662:, seems to appear about 20 years later in women than in men, possibly due to 6046: 5969: 5787: 5544: 5466: 5038: 4696: 4576:"Esophageal cancer: staging system and guidelines for staging and treatment" 3222: 3205: 3155:

Režen T, Rozman D, Kovács T, Kovács P, Sipos A, Bai P, Mikó E (April 2022).

2227: 1844: 1832: 1771: 1511: 1396: 1232: 1107: 1040: 897: 885: 823: 676: 605: 419: 359:

in men than in women. Outcomes are related to the extent of the disease and

319: 300: 285: 230: 226: 188: 146: 91: 5409: 5349: 5300: 5140: 5056: 5007: 4957: 4938: 4897: 4794: 4753: 4704: 4648: 4623:

Parameswaran R, McNair A, Avery KN, Berrisford RG, Wajed SA, Sprangers MA,

4609: 4521: 4502: 4470: 4461: 4444: 4389: 4348: 4294: 4241: 4202: 4153: 4104: 3954: 3919: 3884: 3849: 3822: 3765: 3708: 3673: 3624: 3494: 3451: 3376: 3331: 3271: 3231: 3190: 3141: 3082: 3018: 2899: 2849: 2785: 2675: 2535: 2482: 2317: 2235: 2177: 2135: 1227:

Treatment is best managed by a multidisciplinary team covering the various

903:

Additional testing is needed to assess how much the cancer has spread (see

4888: 4135: 3655: 2117: 1881:, singer and reality TV star, died of esophageal cancer in 2022, aged 50. 1341:) and is joined to the remaining upper part of the esophagus at the neck. 6109: 3911: 3876: 2527: 1821: 1817: 1686: 1068: 1060: 663: 501: 438: 384: 303:. The most common causes of the adenocarcinoma type are smoking tobacco, 246: 103: 79: 4982:"Global incidence of oesophageal cancer by histological subtype in 2012" 2928:"Q&A on Monographs Volume 116: Coffee, maté, and very hot beverages" 2841: 1875:, attorney and businessman, died of esophageal cancer in 2003, aged 59. 867:

Esophageal cancer as shown by a filling defect during an upper GI series

839:

There is some evidence suggesting a possible causal association between

675:

makes Barrett's esophagus more likely, which in turn raises the risk of

4285: 4268: 3322: 3305: 1918: 1730: 1726: 1714: 1313: 1305: 635: 513: 505: 466: 450: 335: 304: 150: 5434: 5250:"Morrissey Talks Trump, Cancer Diagnosis, TSA Groping With Larry King" 4785: 4768: 3064: 3039:

de Jonge PJ, van Blankenstein M, Grady WM, Kuipers EJ (January 2014).

1770:

from 1973 to 2002. This increase was found in non-Hispanic whites and

1435:

Forms of endoscopic therapy have been used for stage 0 and I disease:

5461: 5446: 4042: 3405:. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 157–161. 1841:, author and journalist, died of esophageal cancer in 2011, aged 62. 1702: 1694: 1682: 1670: 1507: 1329: 1281: 893: 816: 775:

in the region, including esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas, due to

667: 434: 315: 222: 111: 2438: 1530:

Incidence of oesophageal cancer in both sex per 100.000 population (

1086:, which classifies the amount of tumor invasion (T), involvement of 968:

images of a submucosal tumor in the central portion of the esophagus

654:

in the lower portion of the esophagus in response to erosion of its

540:

and alcohol. Adenocarcinoma has been linked to effects of long-term

363:, but generally tend to be fairly poor, as diagnosis is often late. 3098:"HOXA13 in etiology and oncogenic potential of Barrett's esophagus" 556:) and alcohol. The combination of tobacco and alcohol has a strong 449:

due to food entering the airways through the abnormal connections (

2873:"Carcinogenicity of drinking coffee, mate, and very hot beverages" 1922: 1698: 1573: 1525: 1514:

involvement brings this down to less than 50%. Extension into the

1442: 1369: 1263: 1218: 1207: 1199: 1191: 912: 862: 791: 618: 493: 489: 4079:"A cancer staging primer: esophagus and esophagogastric junction" 1932:

The genomics of esophageal adenocarcinoma is being studied using

1909:, chef YouTube star, died of esophageal cancer in 2024, aged 67. 623:

Esophageal cancer (lower part) as a result of Barrettʼs esophagus

536:. Squamous-cell carcinoma is linked to lifestyle factors such as 6106: 5492: 1860: 1813: 1674: 6183: 5620: 5220:"Christopher Hitchens' widow on his death: "God never came up"" 4010:

Perez and Brady's Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology

1324:

A first decision, regarding the point of entry, is between a

1266:

may be used to relieve symptoms and make it easier to swallow.

27:

Gastrointestinal system cancer that is located in the esophagus

4120:"Body Fatness and Cancer--Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group" 2648:

Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA, Luketich JD (February 2013).

2412:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 697. 375:

Prominent symptoms usually do not appear until the cancer has

1114:), and tumor location (upper, middle, lower, or junctional). 800:

to the esophagus by accidentally or intentionally swallowing

4980:

Arnold M, Soerjomataram I, Ferlay J, Forman D (March 2015).

666:. At a mechanistic level, in the esophagus there is a small 5164:. National Cancer Institute. September 2006. Archived from 3204:

Turati F, Tramacere I, La Vecchia C, Negri E (March 2013).

2594:

Oxford American Handbook of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

1718: 995:

Contrast CT scan showing an esophageal tumor (coronal view)

326:

camera). Prevention includes stopping smoking and eating a

884:, the diagnosis is best made with an examination using an 1891:

in 1923 and died of throat cancer shortly after aged 65.

1578:

Death from esophageal cancer per million persons in 2012

516:(the feelings often associated with impaired breathing). 445:

of food and coughing. There is also an increased risk of

268:(often abbreviated to ESCC), which is more common in the 4872:"Barrett's esophagus and esophageal cancer: an overview" 1992:. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby (Elsevier). pp. 389–391. 1223:

Typical scar lines after the two main methods of surgery

1110:– an indication of the biological aggressiveness of the 1094:(M). The currently preferred classification is the 2010 804:

substances is a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma.

480:

If the cancer has spread elsewhere, symptoms related to

1897:, host of the prominent self-titled television program 744:, thereby reducing damage by GERD. Decreasing rates of 634:

of other known risk factors, including acid reflux and

1903:, died of esophageal cancer in 1974 at the age of 73. 1756:

The squamous-cell carcinoma type is more common among

4013:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1137–. 3982:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 2047–. 3838:

JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association

3554:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 224. 1835:

died of esophageal cancer in 2002, at the age of 60.

1806:, actor, died of esophageal cancer in 1957, aged 57. 1717:. The countries with highest recorded rates were the 923:

or involved organs) generally larger than 1 cm.

5424: 4410:(6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 257. 3403:

Epidemiology of Chronic Disease: Global Perspectives

2807:(6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 254. 1869:

as Aku, died of esophageal cancer in 2006, aged 72.

1250:

is restricted to localized disease, without distant

284:

that line the esophagus. Adenocarcinoma arises from

6219: 6149: 6078: 6036: 5959: 5950: 5925: 5903: 5801: 5778: 5753: 5744: 5695: 5672: 5663: 5654: 5524: 5428: 3976:Shields TW, LoCicero JW, Reed CE, Feins RH (2009). 2378:

Gastrointestinal oncology: principles and practices

952:– a frequent precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma 208: 200: 187: 172: 160: 132: 117: 85: 67: 42: 37: 4218:"Diet and oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal cancer" 4083:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 3306:"Recent developments in esophageal adenocarcinoma" 2732:. In Posner MC, Vokes EE, Weichselbaum RR (eds.). 2643: 2641: 2639: 876:Although an occlusive tumor may be suspected on a 484:may appear. Common sites of spread include nearby 4865: 4863: 3550:. In Adami HO, Hunter DJ, Trichopoulos D (eds.). 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3252:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 3245: 3243: 3241: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 1337:(the hole where the esophagus passes through the 453:) that may develop between the esophagus and the 429:The presence of the tumor may disrupt the normal 390:The first and the most common symptom is usually 3350:"Risk factors for esophageal cancer development" 2992: 2990: 1824:, who collaborated with bandleader and composer 936:but either may arise anywhere in the esophagus. 5588:Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach 4077:Rice TW, Blackstone EH, Rusch VW (March 2010). 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 2590:Cheifetz AS, Brown A, Curry M, Moss AC (2011). 2072:. World Health Organization. pp. 528–543. 1828:, died of esophageal cancer in 1967 at age 51. 794:is a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. 714:seems to be of particular relevance, given the 584:substances. High levels of dietary exposure to 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4167:Qin X, Jia G, Zhou X, Yang Z (December 2022). 3730:Hardefeldt HA, Cox MR, Eslick GD (June 2014). 896:taken of suspicious lesions are then examined 710:, though the reasons for this remain unclear. 6195: 5632: 2766:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 1284:or lining of the esophagus may be removed by 983:scan showing an esophageal tumor (axial view) 608:(areca) is an important risk factor in Asia. 8: 4718:Wang KK, Prasad G, Tian J (September 2010). 4306: 4304: 3787:Han Y, Chen W, Li P, Ye J (September 2015). 3343: 3341: 2963:Jobe BA, Thomas CR, Hunter JG, eds. (2009). 2329: 2327: 1368:may be inserted to keep the esophagus open; 1161:intake could be associated with lower risk. 1150:Esophageal cancer with spread to lymph nodes 233:and weight loss. Other symptoms may include 5105:Vega KJ, Jamal MM, Wiggins CL (June 2010). 4920:Napier KJ, Scheerer M, Misra S (May 2014). 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4401: 4399: 3689:Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2759: 2757: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2502: 2500: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1462:Internal radiotherapy for esophageal cancer 1395:depends on the tumor type, but tends to be 387:due to the physical presence of the tumor. 6202: 6188: 6180: 5956: 5750: 5669: 5660: 5639: 5625: 5617: 5425: 5068: 5066: 4926:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 3357:Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 3157:"The role of bile acids in carcinogenesis" 2734:Cancer of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract 2703:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1590–1. 2567:Harrison's principles of internal medicine 2253:"SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Esophageal Cancer" 2247: 2245: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 1126:T1, T2, and T3 stages of esophageal cancer 928:radiation dose to the patient. Esophageal 51: 34: 5895:Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer 5399: 5339: 5130: 5046: 4997: 4947: 4937: 4887: 4784: 4743: 4599: 4511: 4501: 4460: 4379: 4338: 4328: 4284: 4192: 4143: 4094: 4048:"C16 - Malignant neoplasm of the stomach" 3812: 3755: 3663: 3614: 3604: 3321: 3221: 3180: 3131: 3121: 3072: 2966:Esophageal cancer principles and practice 2665: 2472: 2462: 2406:Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni J, eds. (2006). 2307: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2125: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 1946:Esophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma 1372:may also assist in occluding fistulas. A 477:(excess calcium in the blood) may occur. 383:. Onset of symptoms is usually caused by 6232:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 5600:Oesophageal Cancer at Cancer Research UK 4817:"Oesophageal cancer survival statistics" 4484:Sun F, Yuan P, Chen T, Hu J (May 2014). 4007:Halperin EC, Perez CA, Brady LW (2008). 3644:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2830:The American Journal of Gastroenterology 1364:If the person cannot swallow at all, an 6120:Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm 2969:. New York: Demos Medical. p. 93. 2507:Enzinger PC, Mayer RJ (December 2003). 2100:Zhang HZ, Jin GF, Shen HB (June 2012). 1957: 1645:representing about 3% of all cancers). 1452: 1116: 938: 779:(i.e. a regional reaction to long-term 642:GERD or Gastroesophageal reflux disease 1929:the current evidence is inconclusive. 1799:Category:Deaths from esophageal cancer 1204:Esophageal stent for esophageal cancer 1196:Esophageal stent for esophageal cancer 5605:National Comprehensive Cancer Network 5361: 5359: 5155:"Incidence and Mortality Rate Trends" 4669: 4430: 1709:, where ESCC appears to predominate. 63:image of an esophageal adenocarcinoma 7: 5260:from the original on 9 December 2015 5230:from the original on 30 October 2015 4564:Online edition, with updates to 2014 4364:"Controversies in Barrett esophagus" 4362:Dunbar KB, Spechler SJ (July 2014). 4058:from the original on 2 November 2015 3161:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 1889:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1098:for cancer of the esophagus and the 6329:Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease 6169:Desmoplastic small round cell tumor 5200:from the original on 6 October 2014 4724:Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 4592:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.03.11 4313:"Epidemiology of esophageal cancer" 4124:The New England Journal of Medicine 3527:from the original on 19 August 2014 3399:"Epidemiology of Esophageal Cancer" 2598:. Oxford University Press. p. 2516:The New England Journal of Medicine 290:transformed to intestinal cell type 276:(EAC), which is more common in the 5870:Polymerase proofreading-associated 5086:from the original on 29 April 2014 4445:"Endoscopic submucosal dissection" 2409:Cancer epidemiology and prevention 433:when swallowing. This can lead to 25: 5732:Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer 4876:International Journal of Oncology 4490:Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery 4317:World Journal of Gastroenterology 3304:Lagergren J, Lagergren P (2013). 2730:"Palliation of Esophageal Cancer" 1039:Esophageal cancers are typically 6028:Nodular regenerative hyperplasia 5293:10.1111/j.1442-2050.2011.01198.x 4904:from the original on 2013-05-17. 4827:from the original on 2014-10-08. 4406:Tobias JS, Hochhauser D (2010). 4256:from the original on 2008-04-30. 4027:from the original on 2015-10-19. 3996:from the original on 2015-10-25. 3568:from the original on 2015-10-25. 3517:"Tylosis with esophageal cancer" 3419:from the original on 2015-09-25. 3386:from the original on 2014-08-12. 2983:from the original on 2017-09-10. 2944:from the original on 5 July 2016 2750:from the original on 2015-10-30. 2717:from the original on 2015-09-20. 2426:from the original on 2015-10-31. 2395:from the original on 2015-09-25. 2263:from the original on 6 July 2014 2006:from the original on 2015-09-19. 1653:, and EAC is more common in the 1467: 1455: 1143: 1131: 1119: 1012: 1000: 988: 973: 957: 941: 846:There is an association between 5190:"Oesophageal cancer statistics" 5162:A Snapshot of Esophageal Cancer 5111:Digestive Diseases and Sciences 5074:"Cancer Facts and Figures 2014" 4773:International Journal of Cancer 3552:Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology 3011:10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.04.003 1475:Self-expandable metallic stents 648:gastroesophageal reflux disease 577:are relatively common in Asia. 6130:Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm 5933:Gastrointestinal stromal tumor 5890:Familial adenomatous polyposis 2728:Gerdes H, Ferguson MK (2002). 1569: No data / Not applicable 832:(a rare disease that involves 808:Tylosis with esophageal cancer 264:of the disease are esophageal 1: 5938:Krukenberg tumor (metastatic) 5572:Cancer.Net: Esophageal Cancer 4054:. World Health Organization. 2892:10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30239-x 2667:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60643-6 2455:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 2335:"Esophageal Cancer Factsheet" 2300:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 1990:Ferri's clinical advisor 2013 1388:Chemotherapy and radiotherapy 1246:In general, treatment with a 563:Risks associated with alcohol 431:contractions of the esophagus 6159:Primary peritoneal carcinoma 5833:traditional serrated adenoma 5021:Kachala R (September 2010). 4736:10.1097/MOG.0b013e32833e4712 4685:Journal of Clinical Oncology 4381:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.01.022 3701:10.3109/00365548.2012.702281 3606:10.1371/journal.pone.0069238 2700:Textbook of Gastroenterology 1927:randomized controlled trials 1510:have about an 80% 5YSR, but 1437:endoscopic mucosal resection 1286:endoscopic mucosal resection 925:Positron emission tomography 904: 790:for other conditions in the 658:. This phenomenon, known as 569:and to mutations in certain 330:. Treatment is based on the 314:The disease is diagnosed by 249:, a dry cough, and possibly 6099:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma 5079:. American Cancer Society. 4629:Annals of Surgical Oncology 4580:Journal of Thoracic Disease 4096:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.11.002 3805:10.1097/MD.0000000000001612 2158:Cancer Causes & Control 565:appear to be linked to its 471:superior vena cava syndrome 204:746,000 affected as of 2015 145:, very hot drinks, chewing 6502: 6115:Serous microcystic adenoma 5710:Signet ring cell carcinoma 5648:Digestive system neoplasia 5392:10.1038/s41467-023-38891-x 4999:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308124 4311:Zhang Y (September 2013). 4234:10.1207/S15327914NC4402_01 3947:10.1016/j.crad.2019.05.016 3736:Epidemiology and Infection 3546:Nyrén O, Adami HO (2008). 3173:10.1007/s00018-022-04278-2 3123:10.1038/s41467-021-23641-8 3057:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305490 1856:Avatar: The Last Airbender 1796: 1273: 1138:Stage T4 esophageal cancer 890:esophagogastroduodenoscopy 771:is associated with second 6023:Focal nodular hyperplasia 5332:10.1038/s41588-018-0331-5 5281:Diseases of the Esophagus 5123:10.1007/s10620-009-0918-x 4641:10.1245/s10434-008-0042-8 4408:Cancer and its Management 3748:10.1017/S0950268814000016 3521:rarediseases.info.nih.gov 3487:10.1007/s00106-007-1616-7 3444:10.1007/s11912-010-0147-7 3369:10.1016/j.soc.2009.03.005 2805:Cancer and its management 2778:10.1016/j.gde.2010.03.002 2736:. PMPH-USA. p. 184. 2342:Global Cancer Observatory 2257:National Cancer Institute 2170:10.1007/s10552-012-0113-9 2106:Chinese Journal of Cancer 1747:National Cancer Institute 1407:) every three weeks with 1212:Before and after a total 1166:National Cancer Institute 900:for signs of malignancy. 524:The two main types (i.e. 424:recurrent laryngeal nerve 416:region around the stomach 338:alone with the hope of a 59: 50: 6403:Motor vehicle collisions 6125:Mucinous cystic neoplasm 5975:Hepatocellular carcinoma 5829:sessile serrated adenoma 4767:Polednak AP (May 2003). 4330:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 4185:10.1093/advances/nmac087 3979:General Thoracic Surgery 3432:Current Oncology Reports 3264:10.1038/nrgastro.2011.73 2361:Even by those using the 2070:World Cancer Report 2014 1934:cancer genome sequencing 1925:, but in the absence of 1333:then pushed through the 1100:esophagogastric junction 836:) is also a risk factor. 594:nutritional deficiencies 532:) have distinct sets of 504:and abdominal swelling ( 467:upper airway obstruction 398:is less usual at first. 392:difficulty in swallowing 365:Five-year survival rates 361:other medical conditions 231:difficulty in swallowing 194:Five-year survival rates 6486:Gastrointestinal cancer 6164:Peritoneal mesothelioma 5913:Squamous cell carcinoma 5682:Squamous cell carcinoma 5039:10.4314/mmj.v22i3.62190 4697:10.1200/JCO.2002.08.105 4368:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2650:"Oesophageal carcinoma" 1751:American Cancer Society 1501:five-year survival rate 1477:are sometimes used for 830:Plummer–Vinson syndrome 548:Squamous-cell carcinoma 526:squamous-cell carcinoma 367:are around 13% to 18%. 342:. In most other cases, 266:squamous-cell carcinoma 123:squamous-cell carcinoma 6252:Cardiovascular disease 6005:Hepatocellular adenoma 5793:Pseudomyxoma peritonei 5027:Malawi Medical Journal 4939:10.4251/wjgo.v6.i5.112 4843:www.kaizenhospital.com 4586:(Suppl 3): S289–S297. 4503:10.1186/1749-8090-9-78 4462:10.1055/s-0034-1364921 4216:Chainani-Wu N (2002). 2222:(Suppl 6): vi51–vi56. 1984:Ferri FF, ed. (2012). 1784:people died in 2012). 1641: 1571: 1349:and construction of a 1224: 1216: 1205: 1197: 868: 708:obesity-related cancer 624: 355:is often recommended. 292:(a condition known as 245:("glands") around the 6430:Risky sexual behavior 6214:of medical conditions 5567:NCI esophageal cancer 5372:Nature Communications 4889:10.3892/ijo.2012.1481 4574:Berry MF (May 2014). 4173:Advances in Nutrition 4136:10.1056/NEJMsr1606602 3348:Falk GW (July 2009). 3223:10.1093/annonc/mds244 3102:Nature Communications 2464:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 2365:spelling "oesophagus" 2228:10.1093/annonc/mdt342 2118:10.5732/cjc.011.10390 1577: 1529: 1274:Further information: 1222: 1211: 1203: 1195: 966:endoscopic ultrasound 964:Endoscopy and radial 930:endoscopic ultrasound 866: 689:chenodeoxycholic acid 622: 385:narrowing of the tube 92:Difficulty swallowing 6420:Periodontal diseases 6010:Cavernous hemangioma 5861:Familial adenomatous 5848:Polyposis syndromes: 5226:. 7 September 2012. 4222:Nutrition and Cancer 4052:ICD-10 Version: 2015 3912:10.1148/rg.276065742 3877:10.1148/rg.292085106 2880:The Lancet. Oncology 2528:10.1056/NEJMra035010 2294:(10053): 1545–1602. 1900:The Ed Sullivan Show 1839:Christopher Hitchens 1448:Photodynamic therapy 1382:aspiration pneumonia 1231:involved. Adequate 1049:head and neck cancer 1043:that arise from the 948:Endoscopic image of 841:human papillomavirus 769:Head and neck cancer 598:socioeconomic status 447:aspiration pneumonia 396:Pain when swallowing 243:enlarged lymph nodes 235:pain when swallowing 100:enlarged lymph nodes 5384:2023NatCo..14.3155M 3656:10.1093/jnci/djr499 3597:2013PLoSO...869238L 3548:"Esophageal Cancer" 3114:2021NatCo..12.3354J 2842:10.1038/ajg.2014.71 2509:"Esophageal cancer" 2449:(9859): 2095–2128. 1913:Research directions 1816:composer, pianist, 1788:Society and culture 1182:Barrett's esophagus 1096:AJCC staging system 909:Computed tomography 872:Clinical evaluation 777:field cancerization 728:Helicobacter pylori 660:Barrett's esophagus 652:change of cell type 567:aldehyde metabolite 294:Barrett's esophagus 6386:Metabolic syndrome 6070:Gallbladder cancer 6052:Cholangiocarcinoma 5992:Liver angiosarcoma 5926:Upper and/or lower 5875:Serrated polyposis 5610:2019-03-31 at the 5593:2009-05-15 at the 5582:2009-07-12 at the 5525:External resources 5194:Cancer Research UK 4821:Cancer Research UK 4286:10.1111/nure.12032 3935:Clinical Radiology 3397:Harris RE (2013). 3323:10.3322/caac.21185 3210:Annals of Oncology 2216:Annals of Oncology 1853:, voice actor for 1707:Sub-Saharan Africa 1642: 1572: 1516:muscularis propria 1248:curative intention 1243:that are present. 1225: 1217: 1206: 1198: 1084:TNM staging system 1061:malignant melanoma 869: 763:Related conditions 625: 482:metastatic disease 371:Signs and symptoms 112:blood in the stool 46:Oesophageal cancer 18:Oesophageal cancer 6473: 6472: 6460:Teenage pregnancy 6346:Domestic violence 6341:Diabetes mellitus 6177: 6176: 6145: 6144: 6137:Pancreatoblastoma 6089:exocrine pancreas 5946: 5945: 5921: 5920: 5740: 5739: 5705:Gastric carcinoma 5577:Esophageal Cancer 5562: 5561: 4786:10.1002/ijc.11029 4559:978-1-4511-0545-2 4417:978-1-118-71325-9 4323:(34): 5598–5606. 4273:Nutrition Reviews 4020:978-0-7817-6369-1 3989:978-0-7817-7982-1 3561:978-0-19-531117-4 3412:978-0-7637-8047-0 2976:978-1-935281-17-7 2814:978-1-118-71325-9 2743:978-1-55009-101-4 2710:978-1-4443-5941-1 2697:Yamada T (2011). 2660:(9864): 400–412. 2609:978-0-19-983012-1 2576:978-0-07-174889-6 2522:(23): 2241–2252. 2419:978-0-19-974797-9 2388:978-0-7817-7617-2 2375:Kelsen D (2007). 2079:978-92-832-0429-9 1999:978-0-323-08373-7 1907:Lynn Yamada Davis 1873:Robert Kardashian 1693:and (in Africa) 1335:esophageal hiatus 1164:According to the 1090:(N), and distant 1024:histopathological 1007:Esophageal cancer 950:Barrett esophagus 788:radiation therapy 712:Abdominal obesity 628:Male predominance 573:. Such metabolic 463:vomiting of blood 418:often feels like 348:radiation therapy 272:, and esophageal 225:arising from the 219:Esophageal cancer 216: 215: 182:radiation therapy 162:Diagnostic method 38:Esophageal cancer 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 6493: 6391:Mental disorders 6204: 6197: 6190: 6181: 5957: 5856:MUTYH-associated 5841:Cronkhite–Canada 5812:Colorectal polyp 5751: 5727:Linitis plastica 5715:Gastric lymphoma 5670: 5661: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5618: 5426: 5414: 5413: 5403: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5343: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5170: 5159: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5134: 5117:(6): 1622–1626. 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5085: 5078: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5050: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5001: 4977: 4962: 4961: 4951: 4941: 4917: 4906: 4905: 4891: 4867: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4845:. Archived from 4835: 4829: 4828: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4788: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4747: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4691:(8): 1996–2004. 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4635:(9): 2372–2379. 4620: 4614: 4613: 4603: 4571: 4565: 4563: 4545: 4526: 4525: 4515: 4505: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4464: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4403: 4394: 4393: 4383: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4342: 4332: 4308: 4299: 4298: 4288: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4196: 4179:(6): 2207–2216. 4164: 4158: 4157: 4147: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4098: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3906:(6): 1635–1652. 3895: 3889: 3888: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3816: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3759: 3742:(6): 1119–1137. 3727: 3721: 3720: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3667: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3618: 3608: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3325: 3301: 3284: 3283: 3247: 3236: 3235: 3225: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3184: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3135: 3125: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3076: 3036: 3023: 3022: 2994: 2985: 2984: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2943: 2932: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2908: 2902:. Archived from 2877: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2761: 2752: 2751: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2669: 2645: 2614: 2613: 2597: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2562: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2538:. Archived from 2513: 2504: 2495: 2494: 2476: 2466: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2372: 2366: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2339: 2331: 2322: 2321: 2311: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2249: 2240: 2239: 2211: 2190: 2189: 2153: 2140: 2139: 2129: 2097: 2084: 2083: 2065: 2008: 2007: 1981: 1885:Andrew Bonar Law 1758:African American 1673:, north-eastern 1651:developing world 1637: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1532:age-standardized 1471: 1459: 1431:Other approaches 1374:nasogastric tube 1366:esophageal stent 1147: 1135: 1123: 1082:is based on the 1071:, among others. 1065:rhabdomyosarcoma 1028:H&E staining 1016: 1004: 992: 977: 961: 945: 852:gluten-free diet 812:familial disease 798:Corrosive injury 693:oxidative stress 685:deoxycholic acid 664:hormonal factors 510:pleural effusion 498:Liver metastasis 346:with or without 282:epithelial cells 270:developing world 74:Gastroenterology 55: 35: 21: 6501: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6215: 6208: 6178: 6173: 6141: 6074: 6032: 5942: 5917: 5899: 5797: 5774: 5763:Duodenal cancer 5755:Small intestine 5736: 5691: 5650: 5645: 5612:Wayback Machine 5595:Wayback Machine 5584:Wayback Machine 5563: 5558: 5557: 5520: 5519: 5437: 5423: 5418: 5417: 5365: 5364: 5357: 5320:Nature Genetics 5313: 5312: 5308: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5064: 5020: 5019: 5015: 4979: 4978: 4965: 4919: 4918: 4909: 4869: 4868: 4861: 4852: 4850: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4547: 4546: 4529: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4405: 4404: 4397: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4310: 4309: 4302: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4046: 4036: 4032: 4021: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3990: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3562: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3413: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3352: 3347: 3346: 3339: 3303: 3302: 3287: 3249: 3248: 3239: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3038: 3037: 3026: 2996: 2995: 2988: 2977: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2875: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2744: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2711: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2647: 2646: 2617: 2610: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2564: 2563: 2550: 2542: 2511: 2506: 2505: 2498: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2420: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2389: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2363:British English 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2325: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2251: 2250: 2243: 2213: 2212: 2193: 2155: 2154: 2143: 2099: 2098: 2087: 2080: 2067: 2066: 2011: 2000: 1983: 1982: 1959: 1954: 1942: 1915: 1810:Billy Strayhorn 1804:Humphrey Bogart 1801: 1795: 1790: 1781: 1743: 1655:developed world 1640: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1524: 1496: 1488: 1481: 1479:palliative care 1472: 1463: 1460: 1433: 1390: 1310:large intestine 1308:or part of the 1297:quality of life 1278: 1272: 1190: 1178: 1158: 1151: 1148: 1139: 1136: 1127: 1124: 1108:differentiation 1077: 1037: 1030: 1017: 1008: 1005: 996: 993: 984: 978: 969: 962: 953: 946: 874: 861: 834:esophageal webs 765: 702:Being obese or 677:further changes 656:squamous lining 617: 571:related enzymes 550: 522: 373: 353:palliative care 278:developed world 139:Smoking tobacco 94:, weight loss, 77:General surgery 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6499: 6497: 6489: 6488: 6478: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6405: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6254: 6249: 6247:Binge drinking 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6184: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6094:Adenocarcinoma 6084: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6060: 6059: 6057:Klatskin tumor 6054: 6042: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6013: 6012: 6007: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5987:Hepatoblastoma 5984: 5983: 5982: 5965: 5963: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5909: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5885:Adenocarcinoma 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5858: 5853: 5844: 5843: 5807: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5784: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5768:Adenocarcinoma 5759: 5757: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5712: 5707: 5701: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5687:Adenocarcinoma 5684: 5678: 5676: 5667: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5602: 5597: 5574: 5569: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5553:article/368206 5550:article/277930 5541: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5506: 5495: 5484: 5469: 5454: 5438: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429:Classification 5422: 5421:External links 5419: 5416: 5415: 5355: 5326:(3): 506–516. 5306: 5287:(8): 544–549. 5271: 5256:. 2015-08-19. 5241: 5211: 5196:. 2015-05-14. 5181: 5146: 5097: 5062: 5013: 4992:(3): 381–387. 4963: 4932:(5): 112–120. 4907: 4882:(2): 414–424. 4859: 4830: 4823:. 2015-05-15. 4808: 4759: 4730:(5): 453–458. 4710: 4674: 4672:, p. S293 4662: 4615: 4566: 4558: 4527: 4476: 4455:(4): 361–370. 4435: 4433:, p. S292 4423: 4416: 4395: 4374:(7): 973–984. 4354: 4300: 4279:(7): 474–482. 4259: 4228:(2): 104–126. 4208: 4159: 4130:(8): 794–798. 4110: 4089:(3): 527–529. 4069: 4039:stomach cancer 4030: 4019: 3999: 3988: 3968: 3941:(9): 718–725. 3925: 3890: 3871:(2): 403–421. 3855: 3828: 3779: 3722: 3679: 3650:(2): 147–158. 3630: 3571: 3560: 3538: 3508: 3481:(6): 603–608. 3465: 3438:(2): 132–137. 3422: 3411: 3389: 3363:(3): 469–485. 3337: 3316:(4): 232–248. 3285: 3258:(6): 340–347. 3237: 3216:(3): 609–617. 3196: 3147: 3088: 3051:(1): 191–202. 3024: 3005:(3): 244–248. 2986: 2975: 2955: 2937:. IARC / WHO. 2919: 2886:(7): 877–878. 2863: 2836:(6): 822–827. 2820: 2813: 2791: 2772:(3): 210–217. 2753: 2742: 2720: 2709: 2689: 2615: 2608: 2582: 2575: 2548: 2545:on 2014-07-14. 2496: 2429: 2418: 2398: 2387: 2367: 2354: 2323: 2274: 2241: 2191: 2164:(2): 257–265. 2141: 2112:(6): 281–286. 2085: 2078: 2009: 1998: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1941: 1938: 1914: 1911: 1826:Duke Ellington 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1780: 1779:United Kingdom 1777: 1763:white American 1742: 1739: 1667:northern China 1662:incidence rate 1660:The worldwide 1634: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1565: 1563: 4.2–17.9 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1534:rate) in 2022 1523: 1520: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1473: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1454: 1432: 1429: 1389: 1386: 1271: 1268: 1241:other diseases 1189: 1186: 1177: 1174: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1118: 1076: 1073: 1057:leiomyosarcoma 1036: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1018: 1011: 1009: 1006: 999: 997: 994: 987: 985: 979: 972: 970: 963: 956: 954: 947: 940: 905:§ Staging 898:histologically 878:barium swallow 873: 870: 860: 857: 856: 855: 848:celiac disease 844: 837: 827: 821: 805: 795: 784: 773:primary tumors 764: 761: 734:gastric cancer 616: 615:Adenocarcinoma 613: 549: 546: 530:adenocarcinoma 521: 518: 404:undernutrition 381:advanced stage 372: 369: 332:cancer's stage 274:adenocarcinoma 255:vomiting blood 214: 213: 212:509,000 (2018) 210: 206: 205: 202: 198: 197: 191: 185: 184: 174: 170: 169: 164: 158: 157: 136: 130: 129: 127:adenocarcinoma 119: 115: 114: 108:vomiting blood 89: 83: 82: 71: 65: 64: 57: 56: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6498: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6435:Schizophrenia 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6205: 6200: 6198: 6193: 6191: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6038:Biliary tract 6035: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5981: 5980:Fibrolamellar 5978: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5837:Peutz–Jeghers 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5720:MALT lymphoma 5718: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5637: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5310: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5272: 5259: 5255: 5254:Rolling Stone 5251: 5245: 5242: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5171:on 2007-03-16 5167: 5163: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5098: 5082: 5075: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4849:on 2021-01-21 4848: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4779:(1): 98–100. 4778: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4070: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4003: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3972: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3900:Radiographics 3894: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3865:Radiographics 3859: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3799:(38): e1612. 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3591:(7): e69238. 3590: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3539: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3477:(in German). 3476: 3469: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2959: 2956: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2909:on 2016-10-05 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2586: 2583: 2578: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2402: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2278: 2275: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2075: 2071: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1879:Traci Braxton 1876: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1851:Mako Iwamatsu 1848: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1793:Notable cases 1792: 1787: 1785: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1741:United States 1740: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1576: 1557: 2.9–4.2 1551: 1.8–2.9 1533: 1528: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1493: 1491: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1465: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1357:, is removed 1356: 1352: 1348: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1330:transthoracic 1327: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1290:esophagectomy 1287: 1283: 1277: 1276:Esophagectomy 1269: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1221: 1215: 1214:esophagectomy 1210: 1202: 1194: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1170:Dietary fiber 1167: 1162: 1155: 1146: 1141: 1134: 1129: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1015: 1010: 1003: 998: 991: 986: 982: 976: 971: 967: 960: 955: 951: 944: 939: 937: 933: 931: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 871: 865: 858: 853: 849: 845: 842: 838: 835: 831: 828: 825: 822: 819: 818: 813: 809: 806: 803: 799: 796: 793: 789: 785: 782: 778: 774: 770: 767: 766: 762: 760: 757: 755: 754:breastfeeding 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 730: 729: 724: 722: 717: 713: 709: 705: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 643: 639: 637: 633: 629: 621: 614: 612: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 559: 555: 547: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 519: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 478: 476: 475:Hypercalcemia 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 443:regurgitation 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 388: 386: 382: 378: 370: 368: 366: 362: 356: 354: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 312: 310: 306: 302: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 260:The two main 258: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 192: 190: 186: 183: 179: 175: 171: 168: 167:Tissue biopsy 165: 163: 159: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137: 135: 131: 128: 125:, esophageal 124: 120: 116: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 90: 88: 84: 81: 78: 75: 72: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 6465:Tuberculosis 6376:Malnutrition 6220:Health topic 6212:epidemiology 6105: 6087: 6063: 6045: 6016: 5998: 5968: 5881: 5847: 5821:hyperplastic 5810: 5803:Colon/rectum 5673: 5543: 5532: 5508: 5497: 5486: 5471: 5456: 5441: 5375: 5371: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5262:. 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Retrieved 2256: 2219: 2215: 2161: 2157: 2109: 2105: 2069: 1989: 1931: 1916: 1905: 1898: 1893: 1887:resigned as 1883: 1877: 1871: 1866:Samurai Jack 1864: 1854: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1830: 1808: 1802: 1782: 1755: 1744: 1711: 1691:Turkmenistan 1681:and eastern 1659: 1647: 1643: 1638: 76-142 1522:Epidemiology 1505: 1497: 1489: 1441: 1434: 1424:Radiotherapy 1422: 1418:capecitabine 1409:fluorouracil 1393:Chemotherapy 1391: 1363: 1358: 1351:gastric tube 1343: 1326:transhiatial 1322: 1302: 1294: 1279: 1260:radiotherapy 1256:palliatively 1245: 1226: 1180:People with 1179: 1163: 1159: 1112:cancer cells 1078: 1054: 1038: 934: 902: 875: 815: 781:carcinogenic 758: 750: 745: 742:stomach acid 737: 726: 725: 721:inflammatory 701: 683:, including 645: 641: 640: 632:interactions 626: 610: 602:oral hygiene 586:nitrosamines 579: 551: 534:risk factors 523: 479: 428: 389: 374: 357: 344:chemotherapy 328:healthy diet 313: 298: 259: 239:hoarse voice 218: 217: 178:chemotherapy 134:Risk factors 96:hoarse voice 29: 6356:Hepatitis D 6351:Hepatitis C 6319:Chikungunya 6065:gallbladder 6018:hyperplasia 5534:MedlinePlus 5378:(1): 3155. 5264:11 November 5234:11 November 4062:14 November 3695:(1): 1–18. 3108:(1): 3354. 2935:www.iarc.fr 2799:Tobias JS, 1921:or related 1895:Ed Sullivan 1859:as General 1812:, American 1735:New Zealand 1723:Netherlands 1679:Afghanistan 1677:, northern 1669:, southern 1632: 60-75 1626: 46-59 1620: 37-45 1614: 27-36 1608: 16-26 1602: 11-15 1545: 1–1.8 1405:oxaliplatin 1401:carboplatin 1399:-based (or 1378:gastrostomy 1355:lymph nodes 1318:anastomosis 1312:(colon) or 1295:The likely 1229:specialties 1106:(degree of 1088:lymph nodes 981:Contrast CT 921:lymph nodes 917:lymph nodes 882:barium meal 786:History of 673:bile reflux 600:, and poor 558:synergistic 542:acid reflux 496:and bone. 486:lymph nodes 410:behind the 406:is common. 400:Weight loss 377:infiltrated 318:done by an 309:acid reflux 251:coughing up 155:acid reflux 121:Esophageal 102:around the 43:Other names 6440:Snakebites 6336:Depression 6282:esophageal 6277:colorectal 6151:Peritoneum 5510:DiseasesDB 5175:2007-03-21 4853:2021-01-17 4670:Berry 2014 4625:Blazeby JM 4431:Berry 2014 3167:(5): 243. 3065:1765/67455 2913:2016-10-03 2347:8 November 1952:References 1797:See also: 1768:New Mexico 1596: 7-10 1512:submucosal 1413:epirubicin 1347:laparotomy 1252:metastasis 1188:Management 1156:Prevention 1092:metastasis 1045:epithelium 1041:carcinomas 1020:Micrograph 907:, below). 810:is a rare 783:exposure). 704:overweight 697:DNA damage 681:bile acids 604:. Chewing 500:can cause 461:, causing 414:or in the 412:breastbone 324:fiberoptic 247:collarbone 104:collarbone 61:Endoscopic 6425:Pneumonia 6413:childhood 6110:neoplasms 6047:bile duct 5970:malignant 5952:Accessory 5882:Neoplasm: 5865:Gardner's 5788:Carcinoid 5674:Esophagus 5545:eMedicine 5204:3 October 4449:Endoscopy 3531:16 August 3460:207335139 2999:Maturitas 2948:3 October 2858:205103765 1845:Morrissey 1833:John Thaw 1772:Hispanics 1590: 5-6 1584: 0-4 1539: 0–1 1494:Prognosis 1486:Follow-up 1397:cisplatin 1339:diaphragm 1233:nutrition 1176:Screening 886:endoscope 859:Diagnosis 824:Achalasia 746:H. pylori 738:H. pylori 723:effects. 716:closeness 606:betel nut 590:processed 420:heartburn 320:endoscope 301:betel nut 286:glandular 262:sub-types 227:esophagus 201:Frequency 189:Prognosis 176:Surgery, 173:Treatment 147:betel nut 69:Specialty 6480:Category 6455:Syphilis 6366:HIV/AIDS 6324:Dementia 6297:prostate 6292:lymphoma 6272:cervical 6242:Bed bugs 6080:Pancreas 5851:Juvenile 5825:juvenile 5780:Appendix 5656:GI tract 5608:Archived 5591:Archived 5580:Archived 5410:37258531 5401:10232490 5350:30718927 5301:21539676 5258:Archived 5228:Archived 5224:CBS News 5198:Archived 5141:19688596 5090:28 April 5081:Archived 5057:21977849 5008:25320104 4958:24834141 4902:Archived 4898:22615011 4825:Archived 4795:12672037 4754:20703112 4705:11956258 4657:19933001 4649:18626719 4610:24876933 4522:24885614 4471:24671864 4390:24867396 4349:24039351 4295:23815145 4254:Archived 4242:12734057 4203:36041184 4154:27557308 4105:20176201 4056:Archived 4041:, as in 4025:Archived 3994:Archived 3963:80059143 3955:31221468 3920:18025508 3885:19325056 3850:26712189 3823:26402826 3793:Medicine 3774:21457534 3766:24721187 3717:22862509 3709:22830571 3674:22228147 3625:23894436 3585:PLOS ONE 3566:Archived 3525:Archived 3495:17928979 3452:21234721 3417:Archived 3381:Archived 3377:19500737 3332:23818335 3280:31598439 3272:21643038 3232:22898040 3191:35429253 3142:34099670 3083:24092861 3019:21602001 2981:Archived 2939:Archived 2900:27318851 2850:24751582 2803:(2013). 2786:20347291 2748:Archived 2715:Archived 2684:13550805 2676:23374478 2536:14657432 2483:23245604 2474:10790329 2424:Archived 2393:Archived 2318:27733282 2261:Archived 2236:24078662 2186:14356684 2178:23224324 2136:22507220 2004:Archived 1986:"Tumors" 1940:See also 1822:arranger 1818:lyricist 1687:Mongolia 1264:stenting 1069:lymphoma 1022:showing 894:Biopsies 575:variants 502:jaundice 451:fistulas 439:vomiting 87:Symptoms 80:oncology 6445:Suicide 6408:Obesity 6381:Measles 6371:Leprosy 6312:ovarian 6307:stomach 6262:bladder 6210:Global 5817:adenoma 5697:Stomach 5504:D004938 5380:Bibcode 5341:6420087 5132:2882567 5048:3345777 4949:4021327 4803:6539230 4745:3215503 4601:4037413 4513:4052291 4340:3769895 4250:1546319 4194:9776643 4145:6754861 4045:. 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