Knowledge (XXG)

Off-the-record messaging

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136:, and Eric A. Brewer as an improvement over the OpenPGP and the S/MIME system at the "Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society" (WPES). The first version 0.8.0 of the reference implementation was published on 21 November 2004. In 2005 an analysis was presented by Mario Di Raimondo, Rosario Gennaro, and Hugo Krawczyk that called attention to several vulnerabilities and proposed appropriate fixes, most notably including a flaw in the key exchange. As a result, version 2 of the OTR protocol was published in 2005 which implements a variation of the proposed modification that additionally hides the public keys. Moreover, the possibility to fragment OTR messages was introduced in order to deal with chat systems that have a limited message size, and a simpler method of verification against man-in-the-middle attacks was implemented. 677: 597: 3190: 2529: 3180: 2539: 270:, and after a conversation is complete, anyone is able to forge a message to appear to have come from one of the participants in the conversation, assuring that it is impossible to prove that a specific message came from a specific person. Within the conversation the recipient can be sure that a message is coming from the person they have identified. 170:
Several solutions have been proposed for supporting conversations with multiple participants. A method proposed in 2007 by Jiang Bian, Remzi Seker, and Umit Topaloglu uses the system of one participant as a "virtual server". The method called "Multi-party Off-the-Record Messaging" (mpOTR) which was
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feature that starts the OTR session with the buddies that have it enabled, without interfering with regular, unencrypted conversations. Version 4 of the protocol has been in development since 2017 by a team led by SofĂ­a Celi, and reviewed by Nik Unger and Ian Goldberg. This version aims to provide
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Due to limitations of the protocol, OTR does not support multi-user group chat as of 2009 but it may be implemented in the future. As of version 3 of the protocol specification, an extra symmetric key is derived during authenticated key exchanges that can be used for secure communication (e.g.,
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Version 3 of the protocol was published in 2012. As a measure against the repeated reestablishment of a session in case of several competing chat clients being signed on to the same user address at the same time, more precise identification labels for sending and receiving client instances were
88:. This is in contrast with cryptography tools that produce output which can be later used as a verifiable record of the communication event and the identities of the participants. The initial introductory paper was named "Off-the-Record Communication, or, Why Not To Use 664:
uses the term "off the record", the feature has no connection to the Off-the-Record Messaging protocol described in this article, its chats are not encrypted in the way described above—and could be logged internally by Google even if not accessible by end-users.
186:(SCIMP). It brought about support for asynchronous communication ("offline messages") as its major new feature, as well as better resilience with distorted order of messages and simpler support for conversations with multiple participants. 2683: 1580: 2762: 2981: 2603: 2820: 2752: 1627: 743: 2772: 2658: 2757: 2740: 2710: 2608: 2886: 2720: 2693: 2673: 2698: 2648: 2618: 254:
protocol. The compromise of any long-lived cryptographic keys does not compromise any previous conversations, even if an attacker is in possession of
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Since OTR protocol v3 (libotr 4.0.0) the plugin supports multiple OTR conversations with the same buddy who is logged in at multiple locations.
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implementation in libotr. Instead of comparing key checksums, knowledge of an arbitrary shared secret can be utilised for which relatively low
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In addition to providing encryption and authentication — features also provided by typical public-key cryptography suites, such as
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exists for that purpose.) A project to produce a protocol for multi-party off-the-record messaging (mpOTR) has been organized by
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for the conversation participants while keeping conversations confidential, like a private conversation in real life, or
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Ian Avrum Goldberg; Berkant UstaoÄźlu; Matthew D. Van Gundy; Hao Chen (2009). "Multi-party off-the-record messaging".
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Chris Alexander; Ian Avrum Goldberg (February 2007). "Improved user authentication in off-the-record messaging".
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Currently, version 4 of the protocol has been designed. It was presented by SofĂ­a Celi and Ola Bini on PETS2018.
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Nik Unger; Sergej Dechand; Joseph Bonneau; Sascha Fahl; Henning Perl; Ian Avrum Goldberg; Matthew Smith (2015).
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introduced in version 3. Moreover, an additional key is negotiated which can be used for another data channel.
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protocol. This feature makes it possible for users to verify the identity of the remote party and avoid a
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plugin exists that allows OTR to be used over any IM protocol supported by Pidgin or Kopete, offering an
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As of OTR 3.1, the protocol supports mutual authentication of users using a shared secret through the
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on OTR users who don't check key fingerprints. OTR developers countered this attack by introducing a
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to facilitate support for instant messaging client developers who want to implement the protocol. A
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online and offline deniability, to update the cryptographic primitives, and to support
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These clients support Off-the-Record Messaging out of the box (incomplete list).
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published in 2009 works without a central management host and was introduced in
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Proceedings of the 16th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
972: 622: 495: 337: 255: 62: 1520:. Proceedings of the 2005 ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society. 1242: 954: 2953: 2263: 2253: 2241: 2231: 2196: 2161: 2156: 2069: 1975: 1877: 1809: 1746: 1657: 1202: 985: 949:. IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration. IEEE. 894: 535: 519: 489: 317: 313: 243: 172: 1417: 1349: 715: 2991: 2871: 2438: 2412: 2341: 2201: 2191: 2176: 2121: 1998: 1950: 1917: 1892: 1872: 1857: 1702: 1667: 1605: 839:
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society
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The following clients require a plug-in to use Off-the-Record Messaging.
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Proceedings of the 2007 ACM workshop on Privacy in electronic society
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Mario Di Raimondo; Rosario Gennaro & Hugo Krawczyk (2005).
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No evidence of communication: Off-the-Record Protocol version 4
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Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
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Off-the-Record Messaging: Useful Security and Privacy for IM
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Mario Di Raimondo; Rosario Gennaro; Hugo Krawczyk (2005).
1147:"multi-party OTR communications? (and other OTR details)" 980:. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 358–368. 76:
The primary motivation behind the protocol was providing
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was introduced, which is based on OTR Messaging and the
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Off-the-Record Instant Messaging for Group Conversation
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and released on 26 October 2004. They provide a client
716:"Off-the-Record Communication, or, Why Not To Use PGP" 482:(cross-platform), since 3.0 (optional at compile-time) 2604:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
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Association for Computing Machinery: 81–89. 786:"Off-the-Record Messaging Protocol version 4" 723:Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society 132:OTR was presented in 2004 by Nikita Borisov, 8: 2609:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities 742:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 331: 763:[OTR-users] Happy 10th anniversary! 656:Confusion with Google Talk "off the record" 2969: 2576: 2562: 2554: 1724: 1628: 1614: 1606: 330: 784:SofĂ­a Celi, Ola Bini (15 February 2019). 698: 696: 42:conversations. OTR uses a combination of 966: 964: 450:Native (supported by project developers) 184:Silent Circle Instant Messaging Protocol 1185:"pidgin-otr and libotr 4.0.0 released!" 692: 266:Messages in a conversation do not have 1545: 1534: 1501: 1490: 1268: 1266: 1094:"OMEMO Encrypted Jingle File Transfer" 1017: 806:"Add disclaimer · otrv4/otrv4@0c0847e" 735: 1591:at the University of Waterloo (video) 1443:"Chatting off the record - Talk Help" 1118:SofĂ­a Celi, Ola Bini (21 July 2018). 7: 3132:Microsoft Open Specification Promise 2538: 1092:Gultsch, Daniel (2 September 2015). 924: 922: 2599:Alternative terms for free software 1522:Association for Computing Machinery 1350:"Off the record plugin for HexChat" 1219:. Wiki.bitlbee.org. 25 January 2014 1061:Straub, Andreas (25 October 2015). 53:with 1536 bits group size, and the 2939:Python Software Foundation License 1164:Nadim Kobeissi (1 February 2014). 25: 3002:Definition of Free Cultural Works 2619:Free software project directories 1515:"Secure Off-the-Record Messaging" 1183:Ian Goldberg (4 September 2012). 1098:XMPP Standards Foundation website 1067:XMPP Standards Foundation website 832:"Secure off-the-record messaging" 600:Off-The-Record authentication in 3189: 3188: 3178: 2639:Open-source software development 2537: 2528: 2527: 675: 151:, making it possible to perform 124:and asynchronous communication. 2997:Debian Free Software Guidelines 2829:Free Software Movement of India 1457:"Google Talk - Privacy Policy" 157:socialist millionaire protocol 57:hash function. In addition to 49:with 128 bits key length, the 1: 2987:Contributor License Agreement 2801:Open-source-software movement 2585:Free and open-source software 1024:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 38:that provides encryption for 3215:Cross-platform free software 3158:The Cathedral and the Bazaar 3012:The Free Software Definition 1145:Ian Goldberg (27 May 2009). 629:), with a third-party plugin 359:4.1.1 / 9 March 2016 291:through an outside channel. 3062:Mozilla software rebranding 3027:Permissive software license 2493:Cryptographic hash function 1257:"kopete-otr review request" 1239:"kopete-otr in KDE for 4.1" 645:, with a third-party plugin 619:, with a third-party plugin 252:Diffie–Hellman key exchange 250:keys, negotiated using the 246:with temporary per-message 51:Diffie–Hellman key exchange 3256: 3067:Proprietary device drivers 3017:The Open Source Definition 1203:"Off-the-Record Messaging" 3240:Internet privacy software 3174: 3152:Source-available software 3052:Digital rights management 2523: 1336:"Irssi Changelog - 1.2.0" 1189:OTR-announce mailing list 374: 348: 204:XMPP Standards Foundation 153:man-in-the-middle attacks 3147:Shared Source Initiative 2944:Shared Source Initiative 2897:Free Software Foundation 2834:Free Software Foundation 2684:Configuration management 2483:Timeline of cryptography 1583:30 December 2013 at the 1398:"OTR plugin for WeeChat" 1170:Cryptocat wiki on GitHub 955:10.1109/IRI.2007.4296601 682:Free software portal 285:man-in-the-middle attack 196:Double Ratchet Algorithm 194:in 2015, integrates the 28:Off-the-record Messaging 18:Off-the-Record Messaging 3220:Cryptographic protocols 3082:SCO/Linux controversies 2478:Outline of cryptography 2449:Anti–computer forensics 1384:"OTR plugin for Pidgin" 1041:"SoK: Secure Messaging" 986:10.1145/1653662.1653705 895:10.1145/1314333.1314340 592:Via third-party plug-in 289:public key fingerprints 262:Deniable authentication 175:by Ian Goldberg et al. 78:deniable authentication 47:symmetric-key algorithm 3230:Free security software 3225:Cryptographic software 2982:Comparison of licenses 2791:Free software movement 2505:Homomorphic encryption 2498:List of hash functions 1637:Cryptographic software 1573:Protocol specification 1544:Cite journal requires 1500:Cite journal requires 1418:"TingPing/hexchat-otr" 1151:OTR-users mailing list 609: 606:Socialist millionaires 36:cryptographic protocol 3057:License proliferation 2510:End-to-end encryption 599: 522:), since (mICQ) 0.5.4 361:; 8 years ago 281:socialist millionaire 206:for standardisation. 122:out-of-order delivery 3142:Open-source hardware 3077:Proprietary software 3072:Proprietary firmware 2773:Formerly open-source 2768:Formerly proprietary 2634:Open-source software 1370:"Miranda OTR Plugin" 1318:"Tkabber OTR Plugin" 1166:"mpOTR Project Plan" 580:), since version 1.1 506:Zom Mobile Messenger 343:OTR Development Team 71:malleable encryption 3022:Open-source license 2624:Gratis versus libre 760:(26 October 2014). 714:(28 October 2004). 568:Mozilla Thunderbird 333: 86:journalism sourcing 2097:Facebook Messenger 1358:. 2 December 2021. 1073:on 29 January 2016 1063:"OMEMO Encryption" 610: 268:digital signatures 242:Messages are only 163:can be tolerated. 134:Ian Avrum Goldberg 3235:Instant messaging 3202: 3201: 3102:Trusted Computing 3092:Software security 3040: 3039: 2721:Operating systems 2629:Long-term support 2551: 2550: 2401:Service providers 2135: 2134: 1941:Check Point VPN-1 1324:on 11 March 2014. 1245:on 28 March 2008. 660:Although Gmail's 627:Microsoft Windows 447: 446: 40:instant messaging 16:(Redirected from 3247: 3192: 3191: 3182: 3087:Software patents 2970: 2882:Creative Commons 2741:Web applications 2578: 2571: 2564: 2555: 2541: 2540: 2531: 2530: 2379:operating system 2377:Security-focused 2325: 2150: 1725: 1630: 1623: 1616: 1607: 1597: 1569: 1568: 1566:Official website 1553: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1519: 1509: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1461: 1460: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1326: 1325: 1320:. 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Retrieved 1493:cite journal 1481:. Retrieved 1451: 1437: 1425:. Retrieved 1421: 1412: 1401: 1392: 1378: 1364: 1353: 1344: 1330: 1322:the original 1312: 1300:. Retrieved 1298:. Github.com 1290: 1278:. Retrieved 1276:. Github.com 1274:"OTR Plugin" 1251: 1243:the original 1233: 1221:. Retrieved 1211: 1197: 1188: 1178: 1169: 1159: 1150: 1140: 1128:. Retrieved 1120: 1113: 1101:. Retrieved 1097: 1087: 1075:. Retrieved 1071:the original 1066: 1056: 1047: 1034: 973: 945: 938: 882: 875: 861: 847: 838: 825: 815:20 September 813:. Retrieved 809: 800: 789: 779: 767:. Retrieved 762: 758:Ian Goldberg 752: 726:. Retrieved 722: 708:Ian Goldberg 659: 611: 453: 433:.cypherpunks 338:Developer(s) 322: 298: 278: 216: 208: 177: 169: 165: 138: 131: 97:Ian Goldberg 94: 75: 31: 27: 26: 3097:Tivoization 2736:Video games 2711:Mathematics 2432:Educational 2237:Sentry 2020 2182:DriveSentry 2102:Google Allo 1708:Thunderbird 1483:5 September 1302:6 September 1280:6 September 1130:29 November 712:Eric Brewer 662:Google Talk 295:Limitations 256:ciphertexts 3209:Categories 3045:Challenges 2763:Commercial 2746:E-commerce 2731:Television 2423:NordLocker 2367:Tahoe-LAFS 2357:Rubberhose 2297:RetroShare 2172:Cryptoloop 2167:CrossCrypt 2147:Comparison 2117:TextSecure 2075:ChatSecure 2037:RetroShare 2027:Bitmessage 1966:strongSwan 1752:ChatSecure 1663:Claws Mail 1653:Apple Mail 1587:, talk by 1103:16 January 1077:16 January 994:11147/4772 688:References 623:Miranda NG 570:, since 68 496:ChatSecure 441:#downloads 379:Written in 366:2016-03-09 300:encrypted 143:published 63:encryption 2975:standards 2973:Types and 2954:Unlicense 2949:Sleepycat 2783:Community 2264:Anonymity 2254:VeraCrypt 2242:TrueCrypt 2232:Scramdisk 2197:FileVault 2162:BitLocker 2157:BestCrypt 2070:Cryptocat 1976:WireGuard 1878:MatrixSSL 1848:BoringSSL 1810:SecureCRT 1772:Profanity 1747:Centericq 1658:Autocrypt 1527:27 August 1020:cite book 867:"mod_otr" 542:Profanity 536:Unix-like 520:Unix-like 490:Unix-like 318:eQualitie 314:Cryptocat 244:encrypted 173:Cryptocat 3194:Category 3111:Related 2992:Copyleft 2912:GNU LGPL 2907:GNU AGPL 2872:Beerware 2867:Artistic 2844:Licenses 2811:Advocacy 2758:iOS apps 2699:Wireless 2694:Graphics 2661:packages 2659:Software 2649:Timeline 2533:Category 2439:CrypTool 2413:Tresorit 2342:eCryptfs 2302:Ricochet 2202:FreeOTFE 2192:eCryptfs 2177:dm-crypt 2122:WhatsApp 1999:Linphone 1951:Openswan 1918:TeamNote 1903:SChannel 1893:mbed TLS 1873:LibreSSL 1858:cryptlib 1790:Dropbear 1703:Sylpheed 1668:Enigmail 1581:Archived 1427:14 March 913:17052562 769:27 April 669:See also 608:protocol 486:CenterIM 149:ejabberd 139:In 2007 3120:Forking 2902:GNU GPL 2796:History 2726:Routing 2689:Drivers 2644:Outline 2592:General 2543:Commons 2462:BusKill 2457:USBKill 2408:Freenet 2292:Vidalia 2247:History 2222:PGPDisk 2128:SimpleX 2087:Session 2082:Proteus 1956:OpenVPN 1946:Hamachi 1923:wolfSSL 1913:stunnel 1888:OpenSSL 1820:wolfSSH 1800:OpenSSH 1742:BitlBee 1688:Outlook 1683:Kontact 1677:Gpg4win 1601:YouTube 1012:6143588 728:6 March 649:HexChat 643:WeeChat 617:HexChat 574:Tkabber 510:Android 480:BitlBee 426:Website 414:License 364: ( 161:entropy 145:mod_otr 128:History 105:library 34:) is a 3184:Portal 3113:topics 2934:Python 2857:Apache 2806:Events 2706:Health 2679:Codecs 2515:S/MIME 2362:StegFS 2272:GNUnet 2112:Signal 2060:Matrix 1908:SSLeay 1863:GnuTLS 1815:WinSCP 1767:Kopete 1718:Secure 1422:GitHub 1403:GitHub 1355:GitHub 1223:15 May 1010:  1000:  911:  901:  810:GitHub 791:GitHub 633:Pidgin 604:using 602:Pidgin 532:Kopete 437:/index 332:libotr 231:S/MIME 225:, and 113:Kopete 109:Pidgin 2959:WTFPL 2669:Audio 2418:Wuala 2392:Qubes 2387:Tails 2332:EncFS 2307:Wickr 2065:OMEMO 2032:Briar 2009:Zfone 1994:Jitsi 1898:BSAFE 1853:Botan 1805:PuTTY 1762:Jitsi 1757:climm 1737:Adium 1518:(PDF) 1478:(PDF) 1125:(PDF) 1044:(PDF) 1008:S2CID 978:(PDF) 909:S2CID 887:(PDF) 835:(PDF) 719:(PDF) 584:irssi 526:Jitsi 516:climm 460:Adium 421:v2.1+ 308:with 227:X.509 223:GnuPG 188:OMEMO 55:SHA-1 2964:zlib 2887:CDDL 2862:APSL 2352:PEFS 2347:LUKS 2322:List 2217:LUKS 2212:geli 2207:GBDE 2004:Jami 1986:ZRTP 1971:Tinc 1868:JSSE 1550:help 1529:2013 1506:help 1485:2013 1429:2017 1304:2017 1282:2017 1225:2014 1132:2018 1105:2016 1079:2016 1026:link 998:ISBN 899:ISBN 817:2023 771:2015 744:link 730:2014 558:Psi+ 474:OS X 464:OS X 439:.php 419:LGPL 402:Type 310:ZRTP 306:SRTP 200:XMPP 147:for 111:and 99:and 69:and 61:and 2929:MPL 2924:MIT 2919:ISC 2892:EPL 2877:BSD 2852:AFL 2337:EFS 2287:Tor 2277:I2P 2187:E4M 2052:DRA 2042:Tox 2019:P2P 1933:VPN 1883:NSS 1795:lsh 1782:SSH 1729:OTR 1698:PGP 1693:p≡p 1673:GPG 1599:on 990:hdl 982:doi 951:doi 891:doi 548:Psi 500:iOS 435:.ca 431:otr 248:AES 219:PGP 92:". 90:PGP 84:in 44:AES 32:OTR 3211:: 1541:: 1539:}} 1535:{{ 1497:: 1495:}} 1491:{{ 1420:. 1400:. 1352:. 1265:^ 1187:. 1168:. 1149:. 1096:. 1065:. 1046:. 1022:}} 1018:{{ 1006:. 996:. 988:. 963:^ 921:^ 907:. 897:. 837:. 808:. 788:. 740:}} 736:{{ 721:. 710:, 706:, 695:^ 316:, 221:, 73:. 2577:e 2570:t 2563:v 2324:) 2320:( 2149:) 2145:( 1679:) 1675:( 1629:e 1622:t 1615:v 1552:) 1548:( 1531:. 1508:) 1504:( 1487:. 1459:. 1445:. 1431:. 1386:. 1372:. 1338:. 1306:. 1284:. 1259:. 1227:. 1205:. 1191:. 1172:. 1153:. 1134:. 1107:. 1081:. 1028:) 1014:. 992:: 984:: 957:. 953:: 932:. 915:. 893:: 869:. 855:. 819:. 794:. 773:. 746:) 732:. 635:( 625:( 576:( 564:) 560:( 554:) 550:( 538:) 534:( 518:( 512:) 508:( 502:) 498:( 488:( 476:) 472:( 466:) 462:( 383:C 368:) 258:. 229:( 30:( 20:)

Index

Off-the-Record Messaging
cryptographic protocol
instant messaging
AES
symmetric-key algorithm
Diffie–Hellman key exchange
SHA-1
authentication
encryption
forward secrecy
malleable encryption
deniable authentication
off the record
journalism sourcing
PGP
Ian Goldberg
Nikita Borisov
library
Pidgin
Kopete
auto-detection
out-of-order delivery
Ian Avrum Goldberg
Olivier Goffart
ejabberd
man-in-the-middle attacks
socialist millionaire protocol
entropy
Cryptocat
Signal Protocol

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